Introduction To Research PDF

INTRODUCTION
TO RESEARCH
METHODS
DANIELITO R. ESCAÑO
RESEARCH
Represents original investigation

for the advancement or the discovery
of new knowledge which may be in the
field of present or potential interest of
the reporting organization.
I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

RESEARCH
’Graduate students conduct research for

their theses or dissertations under the
guidance of selected faculty members.’

GUIDELINE FOR A RESEARCH PAPER
The research topic should be

consistent with the curriculum or
courses required of the degree
program being pursued by the
student.

Criteria for Selecting a Research Topic
1. Relevant to the student’s major field of

specialization;
2. Original;
3. Significant to knowledge;
4. Feasible and within the time and
resources available to the student; and
5. Reflective of the background and
research competence of the student.

STANDARDS FOR RESEARCH
REPORT WRITING
Preliminary Parts
1. Title Page
2. Approval Sheet
3. Acknowledgement Sheet
4. Abstract
5. Table of Contents
6. List of Tables
7. List of Figures
8. List of Appendix Tables (if there are any)
9. List of Appendix Figures (if there are any)
10.List of Appendices

ABSTRACT
The abstract is a brief summary of the research.

Generally, it gives a concise report of the
following:
Paragraph 1: The problem
Paragraph 2: The methodology used
Paragraph 3: The findings and
Paragraph 4: Conclusions of the study

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
The body of the thesis contains five main chapters.

These are:
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 4 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 5 : SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECCOMENDATIONS
REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 is headed as INTRODUCTION, the introductory

part of chapter 1 consists of the following:
1. Introductory paragraphs as background of the study

2. Statement of the Problem
3. Objectives of the Study
4. Conceptual Framework
5. Significance of the Study
6. Scope and Limitations of the Study
7. Definition of Terms

Background of the Study
This is a brief statement of the origin of the problem.

It is an account describing the circumstances which
suggested the research. It may include a justification of
the selection or choice of the study.
• Paragraph 1 : The problem
• Paragraph 2 : The proposed solution
• Paragraph 3 : Justification

Statement of the Problem
1. The problem should be stated precisely,

accurately, and clearly.
2. This can be written as declarative

statements in paragraph form or as
questions that need to be answered.
3. The problem should be defined in terms

of the data that can be obtained.

Objectives of the Study
The proposal should have a

general objective and a specific
objectives.

Formulating the Conceptual Model
This is the diagrammatic presentation of

the concept of the study.
The system model depicts the workflow
and the sequence of the activities to be
conducted until the project study is
completed.

Formulating the Conceptual Model
It usually involves the inputs, processes involved and the expected

output.
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUT
With reference to the INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT model, the basic

information required in pursuing the proposed project study must
be properly discussed in the Review of Related Literature and
Studies.
NOTE: It is very important that similarities and differences in the processes

involved be presented, thereby becoming the bases or justifications of how
you were able to identify the processes involved in your study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• A discussion of the significance of the study

typically includes an explanation of the work’s
significance, its potential benefits and it’s
overall impact.
• Is a part where you will tell the importance of

your study.
• This part tells how the study would be beneficial

to society, agencies, clients and specific person.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Example: Pocket sized chip based Medicine Organizer

This study will be beneficial to the following groups of people.
To patients - Through this study, they will become aware of using technology to
answer their problem.
To the institution - With this study, the management will realize that there is an
alternative way of administering medication. Nurses may assist out-
patients in programming the device based on their medication time. It will
also drive the institution to integrate technology in enhancing their health
care programs.
To the future researchers - Research and development has inspired many students
and researchers to seek answers from existing problems.
To the industry - companies involve with drug production could benefit from this
study. It will provide them some sight and information on how they could utilize the
device for their own purpose.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• The parameter of the research is indicated here,

because its refers for any type of variable that is
part or not part of the study.
Scope: the boundaries in terms of the time,

samples, locations, etc.
Limitations: the weaknesses of the study,
which are beyond the control of the
researcher.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Definition of Terms that will be written in this section

can be “operational” or “general” or both.
Operational – means how the term is used in the study
General – is the meaning of the term as written in

general references like a dictionary.
The acronyms should always be spelled out fully

especially if it is not commonly known or if it is used for
the first time.
CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• The purposes of this section are to tell what

research has or has not been done on the
problem (so that there will be no duplication) and
to explain or clarify the theoretical rationale of the
problem.

• Help and guide the researcher in making

comparison between his findings with the
findings of other researches on similar
studies with the end in view of formulating
generalizations or principles which are the
contributions of the study to the fund of
knowledge.

Related literature – is composed of discussion of

facts and principles to which the present study is
related. (e.g. books, encyclopedias, professional
journals, magazines, newspapers, and other
publications)
Related studies – are studies, inquiries or

investigations already conducted to which the
present proposed study is related or has some
similarity. (e.g. manuscripts, theses, and
dissertations)
NOTE:
Only studies which are related in
purpose, method, or findings to the current
study should be included in the review.

CHAPTER 2 – RRL (List of Transition Words)
A. To introduce another item un a series:
First, second...
In the second place
For one thing…. for another…..
Next…. then…
Furthermore…
Moreover
In addition
Finally
Lastly
Also,
Similarly
Besides
and
As well as

B. To introduce an illustration or other

specification:
In particular
Specifically
For instance
For example
That is
Namely

C. To introduce a result or a cause:

Consequently
As a result
Hence
Accordingly
Thus
So
Therefore
Then
Because
Since
For

D. To introduce a restatement:
That is
In other words
In simpler terms
To put it differently

E. To introduce a conclusion or a summary:
Finally
All in all
Evidently
Clearly
Actually
To sum up
Altogether
Of course

F. To introduce an opposing point:

But
However
Yet
Nevertheless
On the contrary
On the other hand
In contrast
Conversely
Still
Neither….. nor

G. To introduce a concession to an opposing

view:
Certainly
Naturally
Of course
It is true
To be sure
Granted

H. To resume the original line of reasoning

after a concession :
Nonetheless
All the same
Even though
Nevertheless

I. To indicate a frequency:
Frequently
Hourly
Often
Occasionally
Now and then
Day and Day
Again and again

J. To indicate duration:
During
Briefly
For a long time
Minute by minute
For many years

K. To indicate a particular time:
Then
At that time
In those days
A the beginning of..
When this first started

L. To indicate the beginning:
At first
In the beginning
Before then
In the preceding….

M. To indicate the middle:
In the meantime

While this was going on
Meanwhile
As it was happening
At that moment
At the same time
Simultaneously
Next… then

N. To indicate the end and beyond:
Eventually
Finally
At last
In the end
Subsequently
Later
Afterwards

O. To indicate closeness:
Close to
Near
Next to
Alongside
Adjacent to
Facing
Here

P. To indicate distance:
Far
Beyond
Away
There

Q. To indicate direction:
Up or down
Forward
Backward
Side ways
Along
Across
At an angle
To the right or left
In front of
Behind
Above
Below
Inside
Outside

CHAPTER 2 – RRL (Synthesis)
Synthesize
To synthesize is to combine two or more elements to

form a new whole.
“elements” = findings of the literature you gather

and read;
“new whole” =conclusion you draw from those
findings

Purpose of synthesizing
To draw conclusions about the findings in the

literature so that you can identify how the literature
addresses your research question.




CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Project Design
Project Development
Operation and Testing Procedures
Evaluation Procedure

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 5 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECCOMENDATIONS

REFERENCES
• It is a list of literatures used in the conduct of the

study.
• It is the concluding section of a research paper,

thesis, dissertation and is usually in alphabetical
listing of source materials.
• The style and form of preparing the bibliography

must conform to some standards being adopted by
the college / university.

REFERENCES
Incidentally, the type most frequently

required for both undergraduate and graduate
research papers is the American Psychological
Association (APA) form and style. Author may be a
person, a corporation, an association, a city or a
bureau.
Example;
Buclatin, W., 2018. Title of the Book. Place of

Publication: Publisher

CvSU Manual for Thesis Writing

---end of presentation---
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INTRODUCTION

Represents original investigation

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

’Graduate students conduct research for

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

The research topic should be

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

1. Relevant to the student’s major field of

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

The abstract is a brief summary of the research.

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

The body of the thesis contains five main chapters.

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

Chapter 1 is headed as INTRODUCTION, the introductory

1. Introductory paragraphs as background of the study

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

This is a brief statement of the origin of the problem.

• Paragraph 1 : The problem

• Paragraph 2 : The proposed solution

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

1. The problem should be stated precisely,

2. This can be written as declarative

3. The problem should be defined in terms

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

The proposal should have a

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

This is the diagrammatic presentation of

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

It usually involves the inputs, processes involved and the expected

With reference to the INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT model, the basic

NOTE: It is very important that similarities and differences in the processes

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

• A discussion of the significance of the study

• Is a part where you will tell the importance of

• This part tells how the study would be beneficial

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

Example: Pocket sized chip based Medicine Organizer

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

• The parameter of the research is indicated here,

Scope: the boundaries in terms of the time,

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

• Definition of Terms that will be written in this section

Operational – means how the term is used in the study

General – is the meaning of the term as written in

The acronyms should always be spelled out fully

• The purposes of this section are to tell what

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

• Help and guide the researcher in making

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

Related literature – is composed of discussion of

Related studies – are studies, inquiries or

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

B. To introduce an illustration or other

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C. To introduce a result or a cause:

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I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU

E. To introduce a conclusion or a summary:

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F. To introduce an opposing point: