2005 AGA Measurement of Natural Gas by Turbine Meter

This report is the property of AGA and is part of its process to revise or update a recommended practice.
This document or any of

its parts should not be copied, disseminated or discussed by persons other than members of the American Gas Association (AGA)
and the American Petroleum Institute (API) who are part of its revision process without prior approval from AGA.
BALLOT DRAFT 16
March 2005
Measurement of Natural Gas

by Turbine Meters
400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4th Floor

Washington, DC 20001
U.S.A.
Phone: (202) 824-7000

Fax: (202) 824-7082
Web: www.aga.org
TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE

REPORT NO. 7
AGA TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE – REPORT NO.7 Third Revision, TMC Ballot Draft
March 2005
Page 1 of 64
This report is the property of AGA and is part of its process to revise or update a recommended practice. This document or any of
DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT
Nothing contained in this publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the
manufacture, sale, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, or as
insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.
The American Gas Association’s Transmission Measurement Committee developed this publication as a service to
the natural gas industry and to the public. Use of this publication is voluntary and should be taken after an
independent review of the applicable facts and circumstances.
Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in this publication; however, the
American Gas Association (AGA) makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this
publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use
or from the use of any product or methodology described herein; for any violation of any federal, state, or
municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict; or for the infringement of any patent from the use of
this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be viewed as an endorsement by AGA of any
particular manufacturer’s products.
Permission is granted to republish material herein in laws or ordinances, and in regulations, administrative orders,
or similar documents issued by public authorities. Those desiring permission for other publications should consult
the Operating and Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4th Floor,
Washington, DC 20001, USA.
COPYRIGHT  2005 AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
March 2005
Page 2 of 64
FOREWORD
This Report is published as a recommended practice and is not issued as a standard. It is presented in the
form of a performance-based specification. Research conducted in support of this report has
demonstrated that turbine meters can accurately measure natural gas when calibrated and installed
according to the recommendations contained herein. Turbine meters should meet or exceed the
requirements specified in this Report and users should follow the applicable installation and maintenance
recommendations. This version of AGA Report No. 7 is intended to supersede all prior versions of this
document.
Appendix B of this Report contains the equations needed to convert volume measured at actual (line)
conditions to equivalent volume at base conditions, or to mass. These equations may be used to perform
such calculations with any type of positive displacement or inferential meter that registers in units of
volume.
This Report is the cumulative result of years of experience of many individuals and organizations
acquainted with the measurement of natural gas. Changes may become necessary from time to time.
When revisions to this Report are deemed advisable, recommendations can be forwarded to: Operating
and Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4th Floor,
Washington, DC 20001, USA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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Report No. 7, Measurement of Natural Gas by Turbine Meters, was developed by a Task Group of the
American Gas Association’s Transmission Measurement Committee. Individuals who made substantial
contributions to the creation of this document are:
Larry Fraser, Fraser & Associates (Chairman)
Angela Floyd, Panhandle Energy
Dan Peace, Sensus Metering Systems
Mark Pelkey, National Fuel
Alex Podgers, American Meter Co.
Research conducted by Dr. Darin George of Southwest Research Institute at Southwest Research
Institute and the Colorado Experimental Engineering Station was instrumental in developing the scientific
basis for the provisions of this Report.
Staff support was provided by Ali Quraishi of the American Gas Association.
Other individuals who contributed to the development of the document are:

Ed Bowles, Southwest Research Institute
Joe Bronner, Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
Steve Caldwell, CEESI
Cary Carter, Texas Gas Transmission
Craig Chester, Williams Gas Pipeline
Chuck French, GTI
Garnet Grudeski, TransCanada Calibrations
Danny Harris, Columbia Gas
Jim Hagen, Great Lakes Gas
Zaki Husain, Chevron Texaco
Jim Keating, Consultant
Paul LaNasa, CPL & Associates
John Lansing, Daniel M&C
Rick Ledesma, El Paso Pipeline Group
Brad Massey, Southern Star Central Gas Pipeline
George Mattingly, Consultant
Dannie Mercer, Oncor Pipeline Services
Roy Meyer, Exxonmobil
Kevin Moir, DTE Energy
John Naber, Daniel M&C
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Thanh Phan, Duke Energy

Reese Platzer, Questar Pipeline
Dan Rebman, Universal Ensco
Blaine Sawchuk, Canada Pipeline Accessories
Bill Schieber, Solar Turbines
Tushar Shah, Eagle Research Corporation
Jerry Paul Smith, Consultant
Walt Seidl, CEESI
Karl Stappert, Daniel M&C
John Stuart, Stuart Consulting
Jim Witte, El Paso Pipeline Group
Table of Contents
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Section
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.2 Principle of Measurement
2 Terminology
3 Operating Conditions
3.1 Gas Quality
3.2 Operating Pressures
3.3 Temperatures, Gas and Ambient
3.4 Effect of Gas Density
3.5 Gas Flow Rate Considerations
3.6 Upstream Piping and Flow Profiles
4 Meter Design Requirements

4.1 Codes and Standards
4.2 Meter Body
4.2.1 Meter Body End Connections
4.2.2 Corrosion Resistance
4.2.3 Meter Lengths and Bores
4.2.4 Pressure Tap
4.2.5 Sealing
4.2.6 Miscellaneous
4.3 Meter Markings
4.4 Documentation
5 Performance Requirements
5.1 General Performance Tolerances
5.2 Temperature and Gas Composition Influences
5.3 Pressure Influences
5.4 Meter Body Interchangeability
5.5 Influence and Disturbance Factors
6 Individual Meter Testing Requirements

6.1 Integrity Test
6.2 Leakage Test
6.3 Calibration
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6.3.1 Calibration Conditions

6.3.1.1 Reynolds Number
6.3.1.2 Calibration Gases
6.3.1.3 Density
6.3.2 Calibration Guidelines
6.3.3 Calibration Configuration
6.3.4 Calibration Facilities
6.3.5 Calibration Results
6.3.5.1 Change Gears
6.3.5.2 K-Factor(s)
6.3.5.3 Meter Factors and Final Meter Factor
6.3.5.4 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters
6.3.5.5 Meter Verification Test
6.4 Test Reports
6.5 Quality Assurance
7 Installation Specifications
7.1 General Considerations
7.1.1 Flow Direction
7.1.2 Meter Orientation and Support
7.1.3 Meter Run Characteristics
7.1.4 Internal Surfaces
7.1.5 Thermowell Location
7.1.6 Pressure Tap Location
7.2 Environmental Considerations
7.2.1 Temperature
7.2.2 Vibration
7.2.3 Hydrate Formation and Liquid Slugs
7.3 Recommended Installation Configurations
7.3.1 Recommended Installation for In-line Meters
7.3.2 Optional Installation Configurations for In-line Meters
7.3.2.1 Short-Coupled Installation
7.3.2.2 Close-Coupled Installation
7.3.2.3 Integral Flow Conditioning
7.3.3 Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters
7.4 Pulsations
7.5 Flow Conditioning
7.5.1 Tube Bundle Type Straightening Vanes
7.5.2 Other Flow Conditioners
7.6 Associated Devices
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7.6.1 Filtration and Strainers

7.6.2 Throttling Devices
7.7 Precautionary Measures
7.7.1 Installation Residue
7.7.2 Valve Grease
7.8 Over-Range Effects and Protection
7.8.1 Run Pressurization
7.8.2 Blow Down Precautions
7.8.3 Flow Limiting Devices
7.9 Accessory Installation
7.9.1 Density Measurement Devices
7.9.2 Volume Correctors and Instrumentation
8 Meter Maintenance and Field Verification Checks

8.1 General
8.2 Visual Inspection
8.3 Cleaning and Oiling
8.4 Spin Time Test
8.5 Dual-Rotor Meter Field Checks
8.6 Retesting Considerations
Appendices
A Turbine Meter Designs
A.1 Single Rotor Turbine Meters
A.1.1 Gas Meter Design
A.1.2 Liquid Meter Design
A.2 Dual-Rotor Turbine Meters
A.2.1 Dual-Rotor Designs
A.2.2 Secondary Rotor Designs
A.2.3 Secondary Rotor Functions
A.3 Dual-Rotor Meter Electronics
B Volumetric and Mass Flow Measurement

B.1 Equations for Calculating Volumetric Flow
B.1.1 Basic Gas Laws
B.1.2 Flowrate at Flowing Conditions
B.1.3 Flowrate at Base Conditions
B.1.4 Pressure Multiplier
B.1.5 Temperature Multiplier
B.1.6 Compressibility Multiplier
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B.2 Equation for Calculating Mass Flow
C Computing Flow
C.1 Meter Register Reading
C.2 Electronic Computation
C.3 Mechanical Integrating Devices
C.4 Pressure, Volume and Temperature Recording Devices
D Meter Outputs and Adjustments

D.1 Change Gears
D.2 K-Factor(s)
D.3 Meter Factor
D.4 Final Meter Factor
D.5 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters
E Calibration Guidelines
E.1 Reynolds Number and Flowrate Matching
E.2 Pressure and Flowrate Matching
E.3 Density and Reynolds Number Matching
E.4 Example Calculations
E.4.1 To Match Reynolds Numbers and Flowrates
E.4.2 To Match Reynolds Numbers and Density
References
Figures
1 Turbine Meter Performance Requirements at Atmospheric Pressure
2 Recommended Installation Configuration for In-line meters
3 Typical Meter Set Assembly: Recommended Installation
4 Short-Coupled Installation
5 Close-Coupled Installation
6 Dimensional Parameters for Integral Flow Conditioning
7 Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters
8 Critical Orifice Dimensions
9 Typical Decay Curve for Turbine Meter Spin Time
A.1 Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Gas Design)

A.2 Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Low Torque Design)
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A.3 Independent Tandem Turbine Rotors separated by Flow Guides

A.4 Dual-Rotor Turbine with Fluid Coupled Sensing Rotor
A.5 Fluid-Coupled Counter-Rotating Second Turbine Rotor
A.6 Dual-Rotor Turbine with Friction Reducing Slave Rotor
D.1 Change Gear Shift Example
D.2 Example - Polynomial Curve Fit
D.3 Example - Linear Interpolation Curve Fit
D.4 Example - Polynomial and Linear Curve Fitting Errors
D.5 Example - Piecewise Curve Fit
D.6 Example - Piecewise Curve Fit Errors
D.7 Example - Averaged and Weighted Final Meter Factors
D.8 Example - Shifts of Averaged and Weighted Final Meter Factors
Tables
1 Blow Down Valve Sizing
2 Sonic Venturi Nozzle and Critical Orifice Sizes
D.1 Example - Change Gear Shift
D.2 Example - K-factor Calculations
D.3 Example - Single K-factor
D.4 Example - Multiple K-factors
D.5 Example - Meter Factors
D.6 Example - Polynomial Curve Fit and Errors
D.7 Example - Linear Interpolation Curve Fit and Errors
D.8 Example - Piecewise Curve Fitting
D.9 Example - Final Meter Factor
1 Introduction
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1.1 Scope
These specifications apply to axial-flow turbine flow meters for measurement of natural gas, typically
two-inch and larger bore diameter, in which the entire gas stream flows through the meter rotor. Typical
applications include measuring single-phase gas flow found in production, process, transmission, storage,
distribution, and end-use gas measurement systems. Typical use is the measurement of fuel grade natural
gas and associated hydrocarbon gases either as pure hydrocarbons, or as a mixture of pure hydrocarbons
and diluents. Although not within the scope of this document, turbine meters are used to measure a broad
range of fluids other than natural gas.
This report does not address the characteristics of electronic pulse signal generating devices within or
attached to the meter although it does address the use of their outputs.
Also not addressed are the characteristics of mechanical or electronic instruments that convert meter
outputs from line conditions to base conditions. However, Appendix B does contain the equations
establishing the mathematical basis for the conversion process. Although these equations appear in this
Report, they may be used to convert volume registered by any type of meter.
1.2 Principle of Measurement

Turbine meters are inferential meters that measure flow by counting the revolutions of a rotor, with
blades, which turns in proportion to the gas flow velocity. From the geometry and dimensions of the
rotor blades and flow channel, for a particular turbine meter size and model, the gas volume at line
conditions can be inferred from counting the number of rotor revolutions. The revolutions are transferred
into digital readout or electronic signals by some combination of mechanical gearing, generated electronic
or optical pulses, or frequency. The accumulated line volume can be converted to base volume at
standard or contract conditions by accessory devices. Turbine meters can operate over a wide range of gas
and ambient conditions. Their high flow capacities are established and limited by maximum local internal
gas velocities, noise generation, erosion, rotor speed, shaft bearing wear, and pressure losses. The
maximum flow capacity at line conditions is fixed for a particular turbine meter regardless of the
operating pressure and temperature. The maximum base flow capacity increases with Boyle’s and
Charles’ laws. Minimum flow capacities are limited by fluid and non-fluid drags, (i.e., windage and
mechanical friction losses respectively), that cause a particular turbine meter design to exceed the desired
or prescribed accuracy performance limits. Because of design differences, manufacturing variations,
bearing load, and sensitivity to changes in Reynolds number, turbine meters require individual
calibrations to characterize their performance over the intended operating conditions.
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2 Terminology
For the purposes of this report, the following definitions apply:
Change gears A set of mating gears in the output gear train of a turbine meter that
can be changed during the calibration process. A gear combination can
be selected, with the appropriate ratio of teeth, to correct the
mechanical output to reduce registration errors
Designer A company that designs and constructs metering facilities
Error The result of a measurement minus the true value of the measurand.
Note: Since a true value cannot be determined, in practice a
conventional true or reference value is used, as determined by means
of a suitable reference meter.
% Error = [(Indicated value – True value) / True value] x 100%
Final meter factor A factor developed either by averaging the sum of the individual meter
factors over the range of the meter or by weighting more heavily
towards the meter factors over flowrates at which the meter is more
likely to be used. The value is used as a correction factor. In addition,
multi-point linearization or polynomial curve fitting techniques may be
used.
K-factor The number of output pulses per unit volume. If a meter has more than
one pulse output, each may have its own K-factor. There may be
different K-factors associated with specific flowrates as determined by
calibration.
MAOP Maximum allowable operating pressure
Manufacturer A company that designs, manufactures, sells and delivers turbine flow
meters.
Maximum peak-to-peak error The difference between the largest and the smallest errors throughout
the calibrated range of the meter.
Measurement cartridge An internal assembly, removable from some meters, which includes
the measurement components, but excludes the meter body.
Meter factor A factor by which the result of a measurement is multiplied to

compensate for systematic error. The non-dimensional multiplying
value is determined for each flowrate at which the meter is calibrated.
The number is calculated by dividing the true value of the reference
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meter by the indicated value of the meter under test. It can be applied
to individual flowrates or averaged to provide a single factor (final
meter factor) for the meter.
Operating range The range of ambient and flowing gas conditions over which a meter is
designed to operate.
Pressure drop The permanent loss of line pressure across the meter.
Qi The flowrate through a meter under a specific set of test or operating

conditions.
Qmax The maximum gas flowrate through the meter that can be measured
within the specified performance requirements.
Qmin The minimum gas flowrate through the meter that can be measured
within the specified performance requirement.
Qt The transition flowrate. The flowrate through the meter at which

performance requirements may change.
Rangeability The ratio of the maximum to minimum flowrates over which the meter
meets specified performance requirements. (sometimes called
turndown ratio)
Reference meter A meter of known accuracy.
Repeatability Closeness of agreement between results of successive measurements of

the same measurand carried out under the same conditions.
Rotor factor The number of output pulses per unit volume for individual rotor(s)
provided by the meter manufacturer for use in a proprietary algorithm.
Rotor factors are associated with the electronic pulse output(s) from
each rotor, typically of a dual-rotor turbine meter.
User The individual or company that uses a turbine meter for measurement
purposes.
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3 Operating Conditions
3.1 Gas Quality

The meter should, as a minimum requirement, operate with any of the normal range natural gas
composition mixtures specified in Table 1 of AGA Report No. 8 – Compressibility Factors of Natural
Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases (Reference 1).
The manufacturer should be consulted if any of the following are expected:
Operation near the hydrocarbon dew point of the natural gas mixture.
Total sulfur levels exceeding 20 grains per hundred cubic feet including, mercaptans, H2S, and elemental
sulfur compounds, or exceeding those specified in the National Association of Corrosion Engineers
(NACE) guidelines for the materials of which the meter is manufactured.
Exposure to other contaminants. Deposits due to condensates or traces of oil mixed with mill-scale, dirt
or sand may affect the meter’s accuracy by reducing the cross-sectional flow area or building up on
accuracy sensitive features. Deposits may also contaminate bearing lubrication and lead to reduced
service life.
3.2 Operating Pressures

The operating pressure of the meter should be within the range specified by the meter manufacturer.
The manufacturer should specify the maximum allowable operating pressure for the meter design and
construction. Turbine meters, in general, do not have a minimum operating pressure limit although
accuracy may be affected if used under conditions for which the meter has not been calibrated. Section 6
provides information on calibration requirements.
3.3 Temperatures, Gas and Ambient

The meter should be used within the manufacturer’s flowing gas and ambient air temperature
specifications. Depending upon material of construction, turbine meters can operate over a flowing gas
and ambient temperature range of - 40 to +165°F (- 40 to 74°C). It is important that the flowing gas
temperature remain above the hydrocarbon dew point of the gas to avoid possible meter damage and
measurement inaccuracy. The manufacturer should provide gas temperature and ambient air temperature
specifications for the meter, as they may differ from the above.
3.4 Effect of Gas Density

Gas density can have three principal effects on the performance of the gas turbine meter:
Rangeability - The rangeability of a turbine meter increases as gas density increases.
Pressure Drop - The pressure loss across a turbine meter increases as the gas density increases.
Accuracy – Operating characteristics may change as gas density changes.
3.5 Gas Flow Rate Considerations

The manufacturer should provide the operating flowrate range at various pressures. The user needs to
consider the relationship between flowrate, accuracy, pressure loss, and service life. The accuracy
requirements for operation are stated in Section 5.1 of this document. The pressure loss across a turbine
meter increases with the square of a flowrate increase. Bearing lubrication or visual inspection
frequencies may need to be adjusted in accordance with the operating flowrate. Flow limiting devices
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may be required to provide over-range protection for the meter. Designers and users are cautioned to
evaluate noise, piping safety and meter integrity concerns at maximum operating velocity. Refer to
Section 7 of this document for more information on installation considerations.
3.6 Upstream Piping and Flow Profiles

Considerable research on the effects of installation configuration on turbine meter accuracy has been
conducted and the results published in Reference 2. Section 7 provides information on installation
requirements.
4 Meter Design Requirements
4.1 Codes and Standards

The meter body and all other parts comprising the pressure containing structures should be designed and
constructed of materials suitable for the service conditions for which the meter is rated and in accordance
with any applicable codes, regulations and specifications of the designer. The meter body should operate
without leakage or permanent deformation over the expected range of operating pressures, flowing gas
temperatures and environmental conditions.
4.2 Meter Body
4.2.1 Meter Body End Connections

The body end connections should be designed in accordance with appropriate flange or threaded
connection standards.
4.2.2 Corrosion Resistance

All wetted parts of the meter should be manufactured of materials suitable for use in their intended
application. All external parts of the meter should be made of corrosion-resistant materials or sealed with
a corrosion-resistant coating suitable for use in environmental conditions typically found in the natural
gas industry, and/or as specified by the designer.
4.2.3 Meter Lengths and Bores

Manufacturers should publish their standard overall face-to-face length of the meter body for each meter
size and pressure rating. Turbine meters are generally tolerant of minor diameter differences such as pipe
schedule size changes. However, the designer should make sure that installation-piping recommendations
of Section 7 are followed.
4.2.4 Pressure Tap

The manufacturer should provide at least one pressure tap on the meter body. The static pressure from
the meter tap provided and identified by the manufacturer should be used for pressure correction of the
meter registration volume.
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4.2.5 Sealing
The meter may be provided with sealing arrangements to prevent access to its internal working parts,
adjustments and reprogramming. The sealing arrangements should be such that they do not prevent access
to routine maintenance features of the meter, such as lubrication points. Where measurement cartridges
are interchangeable, the sealing means should be designed to prevent access to means of adjustment and
reprogramming with the cartridge removed from the meter body. Any means provided to seal the
cartridge to the meter body should be independent of any other sealing means provided. Independent
sealing should allow the body-to-cartridge seal to be removed without permitting access to the cartridge’s
internal working parts or adjustments.
4.2.6 Miscellaneous
The construction should be mechanically and electrically sound, and the materials, finish, etc., should be
such as to provide assurance of long life and sustained accuracy.
The meter may provide one or more outputs, (mechanical or electrical), proportional to the volume of gas,
which has passed through it, expressed at line conditions of pressure and temperature.
The meter should be designed in such a way that the body will not roll when resting on a smooth surface
with a slope of up to 10 percent. The meter design should also permit easy and safe handling of the meter
during transportation and installation. Threaded holes for hoisting eyes or clearance for lifting straps
should be provided.
4.3 Meter Markings

A name plate(s) containing the following information should be affixed to the meter.
• Manufacturer
• Model and size (internal nominal diameter)
• Serial number
• Date of manufacture or date code
• MAOP
• Maximum rated capacity at flowing conditions
• K-factor and/or rotor-factor(s) if applicable
Other markings on the meter should indicate:

• Inlet end or direction of flow
• Direction of output shaft rotation
• Units of volume per revolution of the output shaft
• Material of pressure containing components, (body, flanges, top plate, etc.)
• Pressure reference tap (e.g., “PR”, “Pr” or “Pm”)
• Orientation of measurement cartridge (if applicable)
• Serial number of measurement cartridge if applicable
4.4 Documentation
The manufacturer should provide all necessary data, certificates, and documentation for correct
configuration, set-up, and use of the particular meter upon request by the user or designer. The user or
designer may also request and arrange for copies of hydrostatic-test or leak-test certificates, material
certifications, and casting or weld radiographs to be supplied with delivery of the meter.
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The manufacturer should provide or make available the following documents with the meter or when
requested: All documents should be dated.
a. A description of the meter giving technical characteristics and principle of operation.
b. A perspective drawing or photograph of the meter.
c. A listing of parts with a description of constituent materials of such parts.
d. A dimensional drawing.
e. A drawing showing locations of seals.
f. A drawing of the data plate or badge, showing arrangement of inscriptions.
g. Instructions for installation, operation, and periodic maintenance.
h. A general description of operation.
i. A description of available mechanical outputs and electronic output signals, and any
adjustment mechanisms.
j. A description of available electronic interfaces, wiring points, and essential characteristics.
k. Documentation of compliance with applicable safety codes and regulations.
l. Test report of meter accuracy performance.
5 Performance Requirements
5.1 General Performance Tolerances

The manufacturer should specify flowrate limits for Qmin, Qt and Qmax for each meter design and size.
Meter performance should be within the following specifications (See also Figure 1) after calibration.
Repeatability: ±0.2% from Qmin to Qmax,

Maximum peak-to-peak error: 1.0% above Qt,
Maximum error: ±1.0% from Qt to Qmax, and,
±1.5% from Qmin to Qt,
Transition flowrate: Qt not greater than 0.2 Qmax.
Note 1. The tolerances apply after adjustment of the change gears (if any) and/or setting of K-
factors and application of the final meter factor.
Note 2. The tolerances apply after any corrections performed within the meter itself but prior to
the application of any linearization algorithms by equipment auxiliary to the meter.
Note 3. These specifications are applicable at atmospheric pressure. As operating gas pressure
increases, the performance of the turbine meter can be expected to improve dramatically, with
smaller values for repeatability, maximum peak to peak spread, and error, provided the meter is
calibrated close to the intended operating conditions.
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1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75 Repeatability +/-0.2%
Percent error
0.50
0.25
Maximum peak-to-peak error
0.00
1.0% (Qi ≥ Qt)
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-1.25
-1.50
-1.75
Qmin Flowrate
Qt ≤ 0.2 Qmax Flow (Qi)
rate (qi)
Figure 1: Turbine Meter Tolerances at Atmospheric Pressure
5.2 Temperature and Gas Composition Influences

The turbine meter should meet the above accuracy requirements over the full operating range of
temperature and gas composition. Variations in temperature and gas composition of the gas being
metered affect calibration of turbine meters only minimally.
5.3 Pressure Influences

Research on the effects of pressure on turbine meter accuracy was conducted in 2002 and 2003, and the
results published in Reference 3. The research shows that most turbine meters are not capable of meeting
the requirements of Section 5.1 over their full range of operating pressure. All the turbine meters tested
shifted calibration by more than one percent when the calibration pressure changed from atmospheric to
700 psig. Some of the meters tested changed by several percent. Calibration factors of all but one of the
meters tested in the research program shifted in a positive direction as the pressure was increased. This
means that a meter that has been calibrated at atmospheric pressure can generally be expected to over-
measure when placed in high-pressure service. To ensure measurement accuracy, turbine meters must be
calibrated under conditions that reflect expected operating conditions. Guidance on calibration
requirements is provided in Section 6.
5.4 Meter Body Interchangeability

Meters with interchangeable measurement cartridges are designed such that the measurement cartridge
can be removed from the meter body without removing the meter body from the installation. This design
permits inspection of the cartridge and allows it to be calibrated at a central location under controlled
conditions. A previously calibrated cartridge can be used to replace one that is due to be changed out or
has been damaged.
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The construction of a meter with an interchangeable measurement cartridge should be such that the
performance characteristics specified in Section 5.1 are maintained after installation of the cartridge in
other meter bodies of the same manufacturer, size and model, or after repeated removal and installation of
the measurement cartridge in the same meter body. However, slight differences in geometry from the
body in which the cartridge was calibrated, body wear, cartridge-body misalignment, or other influences
may affect the performance of the cartridge and result in measurement errors.
Research (Reference 4) has been conducted to assess measurement uncertainties due to cartridge change
out practices. Tests were performed on meters from several different manufacturers, including both new
and used meters and single-rotor and dual-rotor models. The results demonstrated that operating a
cartridge in a body other than the one in which it was calibrated can introduce measurement errors of as
much as ±0.35%. The magnitude and direction of the measurement error varied from one body to another
and from model to model, and were not predictable. Turbine meter users should bear in mind that
calibration of measurement cartridges on a stand-alone basis, while convenient and less expensive than
calibrating a cartridge and body as a combination, will add to the overall uncertainty of the measurement.
5.5 Influence and Disturbance Factors

The manufacturer should make available documentation, as required and arranged by the user,
demonstrating any change in error when exposed to specified influence and disturbance factors as set out
in Sections 9 and 11.5.3 of International Organization of Legal Metrology R-6 "General Provisions for
Gas Volume Meters - 1989” (Reference 5).
Note 1. Normally, these tests need only be conducted by the manufacturer on a representative
sample of a particular meter design. However, some users may wish to conduct them on each
individual meter.
Note 2. Tests are to be conducted with the meter exposed to the influence and disturbance factors
one at a time.
Note 3. Meters not incorporating electrical components are not subject to electrical tests.
The performance requirements should be met under all combinations of installation configurations and
flow conditioners recommended by the manufacturer.
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6 Individual Meter Testing Requirements

The following tests should be conducted prior to placing each meter in service. The responsibility for
conducting the tests should be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the user. The results of all tests
and checks performed on each meter should be documented and reports provided for retention in the
user’s record system. Facilities conducting the tests should also retain copies of the test reports.
6.1 Integrity Test

The manufacturer shall test all major pressure-containing components for every turbine meter for
integrity. The test should be conducted in compliance with the appropriate industry standard,
(ANSI/ASME B16.1, B16.5, B16.34 or other as applicable).
6.2 Leakage Test

Every turbine meter shall be leak-tested by the manufacturer after final assembly and prior to shipment to
the customer or flow-calibration facility. The test should be conducted in compliance with the
appropriate industry standard. In the absence of specific standard(s), it is customary for manufacturers to
conduct the test as follows: The test medium should be inert gas such as nitrogen or air. The leak test
pressure should be 1.10 to 1.25 times the MAOP and held for a minimum of five minutes. To pass these
tests, the meter must not have detectable leaks.
6.3 Calibration
In order to establish satisfactory performance characteristics, every turbine meter should be calibrated
under conditions acceptable to and agreed upon between the buyer and the seller of the gas being
measured. Ideally, calibration conditions would closely duplicate the anticipated in-service conditions,
including considerations such as fluid characteristics, operating pressure, expected flowrates, the use of a
dedicated meter body, inlet and outlet piping characteristics, and other factors that can affect meter
accuracy. However, limitations on the capability and availability of calibration facilities, and the costs
associated with transportation and testing may result in decisions to calibrate meters under conditions
which, while not identical to those expected in-service, provide a reasonable approximation thereof.
Attention to replication of the crucial in-service parameters described below will ensure adequate
accuracy for most commercial applications.
6.3.1 Calibration Conditions

Research (Reference 3) has shown that the accuracy of turbine meters varies most greatly with changes in
flowrate and operating pressure. These variations are related to changes in Reynolds number and are
particularly significant at low and intermediate operating pressures and flowrates. Attention to these
issues at the time of calibration is crucial for acceptable measurement accuracy. The following sections
provide further guidance in this regard.
6.3.1.1 Reynolds Number

Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that takes into account the flowrate and physical
properties of a moving fluid. Reynolds number can be correlated to the velocity profile of a fluid flowing
in a pipe, as well as used to characterize the operating condition of a turbine meter under various
flowrates, pressures and fluid types.
March 2005
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Reynolds number may be calculated from either of the following formulae:
Re = 4(Q f) / π (D) (ν) Eq. (6.1)
Re = 4 (Q f) (ρ) / π (D) (µ) Eq. (6.2)
Where, Re = Reynolds number

Qf = Volumetric flowrate
ν (nu) = Kinematic viscosity
D = Meter diameter
ρ (rho) = Density
µ (mu) = Absolute viscosity
The relationship between dynamic and kinematic viscosity and density is:
ν = µ /ρ Eq. (6.3)
The research described in Reference 3 shows that meter calibration curves obtained over a wide range of
flowrates and fluid properties typically collapse onto one smooth curve when the meter factors are plotted
against Reynolds number. Thus, Reynolds number has been shown to incorporate the most important
variables affecting meter accuracy.
This means that meters calibrated in a test facility over a particular range of Reynolds number will
perform accurately when used to measure gas over the same range of Reynolds number. In other words,
the meter factors established during such a calibration can reliably be used to compute flow measured by
the meter in service.
6.3.1.2 Calibration Gases

The research described in Reference 3 was conducted using natural gas and air as test media. In addition,
Reference 6 describes research that has been conducted to establish the suitability of other gases for
calibration of turbine meters. The data show that natural gas turbine meters can be effectively calibrated
in different gases, and that satisfactory measurement will result provided calibration is conducted over the
range of Reynolds numbers expected in-service. Further information on calibration in alternate gases is
provided in Appendix E.
6.3.1.3 Density
Research (Reference 3) has shown that some meters may also be somewhat sensitive to variations in gas
density. Two of the twelve meters tested showed effects of greater than one percent, both at Reynolds
numbers below 200,000. Variations in calibration tend to be larger at lower gas densities. Users with
low-pressure, low-flow applications may wish to obtain calibration data at the in-service density to ensure
that no significant measurement errors exist. Additional information is provided in Appendix E.
6.3.2 Calibration Guidelines
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As discussed above, the expected in-service Reynolds number range for a meter needs to be taken into
account when designing a calibration program. This means establishing the expected range of flowrates
and the properties of the gas to be measured at the intended meter location. The gas properties may be
determined directly by measurement or by calculation from empirical equations.
A test plan, taking into account the expected in-service conditions for the meter and any limitations of the
test facility can then be finalized. Test points should be selected throughout the range of flowrates over
which the meter is to be tested, although it may be decided to concentrate the majority of the test points in
the lower flowrates (usually the area of a meter’s most significant non-linearities) or in the range of the
meter’s heaviest expected usage.
Further information and sample calculations appear in Appendix E.
6.3.3 Calibration Configuration

For best accuracy, meters should be calibrated in the same configuration as that intended in service.
However, most test facilities routinely perform calibrations in the recommended configuration described
in Section 7.3.1. Research (Reference 2) has shown that the accuracy of meters calibrated in this manner
will not be substantially degraded when installed in any of the configurations described in Section 7.3.
For applications with more severe installation configurations, the user should consult the manufacturer or
test facility operator for experimental data to determine an adequate calibration configuration.
6.3.4 Calibration Facilities

Test facilities used for meter calibration should be able to demonstrate traceability to relevant national
primary standards and to provide test results that are comparable to those from other such facilities. This
latter requirement is normally demonstrated through successful participation in inter-facility
intercomparisons from time to time.
6.3.5 Calibration Results

During calibration, the appropriate K-factor(s), meter factors, change gears ratios, and rotor factors will
be established. The applicable factors will be established for each output for meters with more than one
output. Refer to Appendix D for detailed information and examples of determining and applying these
factors.
6.3.5.1 Change Gears

For turbine meters with mechanical output(s), internal gearing is typically used to adjust the registration
to produce a (nearly) finite indicated volume (e.g., 100 cubic feet, 10 cubic meters, etc.) for each
revolution of the output shaft. Differing change gear sets, comprised of two replaceable mating gears
incorporated within the gear train, allow for adjustments to be made to the overall gear ratio. While
change gear sets with many ratios are available, it is not always possible to install gears with the precise
ratio needed. Thus there may be some residual bias in the meter’s calibration even after the best available
change gears have been installed. The change gears are usually located in a non-pressurized region of the
meter that is accessible during calibration, but that can be sealed to prevent unauthorized access. When
an interchangeable measurement cartridge is moved to a new body, the change gears should be moved
also.
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6.3.5.2 K-Factor(s)
For turbine meters with electronic output(s), the appropriate K-factor(s) are established at the time of
calibration. These value(s) are then entered into an electronic accessory device. The K-factor(s) are
expressed in units of pulses/unit volume. By dividing the accumulated pulses by the K-factor or by
dividing the instantaneous pulse frequency by the K-factor, the accumulated volume or the instantaneous
flowrate, respectively, can be determined.
6.3.5.3 Meter Factors and Final Meter Factor

Meter factors are non-dimensional multiplier values. They are derived from calibration data by dividing
the true volume of the reference meter by the indicated volume of the test meter, both volumes having
first been corrected to the same base conditions. Alternately, meter factors can be calculated from the
percent error values provided at each calibration flowrate, by the formula: Meter factor = (1.000 –
(percent error/100)). Thus the meter factor example of 1.005 would be the same as -0.5 percent error.
The mechanical or electronic outputs of a turbine meter may be adjusted by the application of individual
meter factors, for specific flowrates, or by that of a single final meter factor, over the range of flowrates.
This may be done offline manually or online in an electronic accessory device. The calibration facility
may provide meter factors in addition to or in place of percent error values for each test flowrate of a
meter.
6.3.5.4 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters

For dual-rotor turbine meters, with associated algorithms for enhanced performance and diagnostics, the
manufacturer will supply unique K-factors for, each rotor’s electronic pulse output. These are referred to
as rotor factors to distinguish them from K-factor, which is the term historically used to apply to the
single rotor electronic output of a meter. Refer to Appendix A, sections A.2 and A.3 and to Appendix D,
section D.5 for more details
6.3.5.5 Meter Verification Test

Following an adjustment, at least one test point should be repeated to verify that the adjustment was
calculated and applied correctly.
6.4 Test Reports

The results of each test required in Section 6.3, should be documented in a report including, as a
minimum:
a. The name and address of the manufacturer
b. The name and address of the test facility
c. The model, size and serial number of the meter
d. The date(s) of the test
e. The name and title of the person(s) who conducted the tests
f. The meter accuracy performance data
g. Test pressure and temperature
h. Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure,
i. Test fluid, composition and properties at each test point, if varying
j. A description of the test configuration used
k. The value of any adjustment made and the results of the verification test
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A copy of the report should be available from the testing organization for a period of five years.
6.5 Quality Assurance

The manufacturer should establish and follow a comprehensive quality-assurance program for the
assembly and testing of the meter and its electronic system (e.g., ISO 9000, API Specification Q1, etc.).
The user should have access to the quality assurance documents and records.
7 Installation Specifications
The impact on measurement accuracy has been assessed for the configurations described below. Various
organizations have published test data. Configurations other than those described below may not achieve
satisfactory measurement accuracy and are therefore not recommended without further testing.
7.1 General Considerations
7.1.1 Flow Direction

Turbine meters which are designed for flow in only one direction should be installed accordingly.
Reverse flow may not damage the meter internals but will result in registration error. The manufacturer
may be consulted if reverse flow has occurred. Where reverse flow is expected, special valving is
necessary to allow gas to flow only in the forward direction, unless the turbine meter is recommended for
bi-directional flow.
7.1.2 Meter Orientation and Support

Turbine meters, designed for horizontal orientation, should be installed accordingly. A vertical in-line
installation may be used; however, the manufacturer’s recommendations for piping configuration and
maintenance should be followed. The meter and meter piping should be adequately supported and
installed so as to minimize strain on the meter body.
7.1.3 Meter Run Characteristics

Large changes in internal diameters (i.e. reducers/expanders) and protrusions into the gas stream of any
sort should be avoided near the meter inlet. The meter bore flanges and adjacent upstream pipe should
have the same nominal diameter, but schedule changes are permitted. Meter inlet and outlet connections
and companion pipe flanges should be aligned concentrically. Gaskets should not protrude into the bore
or flow pattern of the meter connection. Gasket protrusion into the flow pattern and/or flange
misalignment can affect meter accuracy. Thermowells are excluded from the above protrusion limits.
7.1.4 Internal Surfaces

The internal surface of the meter should be kept clean of any deposits that may affect the meter’s cross-
sectional area. The meter’s operation depends on a known cross-sectional area. Pipe interior surfaces
should be of commercial roughness or better. Welds on piping at the meter inlet and outlet should be
ground to the smoothness of the pipe in order to not protrude into the gas stream.
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7.1.5 Thermowell Location

To keep disturbances to a minimum, the recommended location of a thermowell is downstream of the
meter. Generally it is installed between one and five diameters from the meter outlet but upstream from
any valve or flow restrictor. It is important that the thermowell be correctly installed to ensure that heat
transfer from the piping and thermowell attachment and radiation effects of the sun do not influence the
temperature reading.
7.1.6 Pressure Tap Location

The pressure tap is provided by the manufacturer on the meter and is the basis of the meter’s performance
claims. It should be used as the point of pressure sensing for recording or integrating instruments and
during calibration.
7.2 Environmental Considerations
7.2.1 Temperature
The meter should be installed and used within the specified ambient and flowing gas temperature limits
specified by the manufacturer.
7.2.2 Vibration
Turbine meters are in general not susceptible to vibration. However, vibration frequencies that might
excite the natural frequencies of the piping set, potentially leading to excessive noise, structural damage
to the pipe, and / or reduced bearing service life of the meter should be avoided.
7.2.3 Hydrate Formation and Liquid Slugs

Slugs of liquid or solids entering the meter may damage turbine meter rotors. The presence of hydrates in
the meter installation will cause inaccurate measurement. The meter piping should be designed to prevent
liquid accumulation in the meter body and meter run.
7.3 Recommended Installation Configurations

Considerable research on the effects of installation configuration on turbine meter accuracy has been
conducted and the results published in Reference 2. The research shows that turbine meters may be
operated according to the recommendations in this section with acceptable error. More severe piping
arrangements may result in unacceptable measurement error. The magnitude of the error, if any, will be a
function of the extent of the flow disturbances, the meter’s design, the quality of external and integral
flow conditioning, and/or the meter’s ability to adjust for such conditions. The designer or user should
consult the manufacturer for experimental data on how the accuracy of a turbine meter may be affected by
installation configurations not recommended here.
7.3.1 Recommended Installation for In-Line Meters

The recommended installation (Figure 2) includes at least 10 nominal pipe diameters of straight pipe of
commercial roughness or better upstream of the meter inlet, with a flow conditioner outlet located 5
nominal pipe diameters upstream of the meter inlet, unless another distance is recommended by the flow
conditioner or meter manufacturer. Any such recommendations should be based on experimental data.
A minimum length of 5 nominal pipe diameters of straight pipe should be provided downstream of the
meter. There should be no pipe connections or protrusions within the upstream or downstream piping
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other than pressure taps, temperature wells or flow conditioners. Both inlet and outlet pipe should be of
the same nominal pipe size as the meter.
A typical recommended installation meter run is shown in Figure 3 with accessories and optional devices.
The maximum pipe reduction upstream or downstream of the recommended installation should be one
nominal pipe size. Valves, filters, or strainers may be installed upstream or downstream of the
recommended installation piping. Any valve immediately ahead of the installation should be fully open
during meter operation. Strainers and filters should be kept clean for optimum performance.
Turbine
Meter Optional
Temperature Well
Pressure Tap Reference
Temperature Well
or Sample Probe
10 Nominal Pipe Diameters 1-5

Dia.
Inlet
[1] Minimum
5 Nominal Pipe
5 Nominal Pipe
Straightening Vanes Diameters Diameters
or Flow Conditioner
NOTE: [1] Unless otherwise recommended by the flow conditioner or meter manufacturer.
Figure 2: Recommended Installation Configuration for In-line meters
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Turbine
Optional
Optional Meter
Temperature Well Optional Flow Limiting Device
Filter or
Pressure Tap Reference
Strainer Optional
Temperature Well
90 º Elbow or Tee Purge Valve
or Sample Probe Downstream
Maximum Reduction 10 Nominal Pipe Diameters 1–5
One Nominal Pipe Size
Dia.
Inlet
Minimum
5 Nominal Pipe
5 Nominal Pipe
Diameters
Diameters
Optional Optional
Valve Recommended Straightening Vanes Valve
pressure bleed/ Optional
bypass line and or Flow Conditioner Bypass Line
valve for operation and Valve
over 200 psig
Figure 3: Typical Meter Set Assembly: Recommended Installation
7.3.2 Optional Installation Configurations for In-Line Meters

The use of the following optional installation configurations may result in somewhat higher, but still
acceptable, measurement uncertainty.
7.3.2.1 Short-Coupled Installation

The short-coupled installation configuration shown in Figure 4 may be used where space is limited.
Research (Reference 2) has confirmed that locating a short-coupled installation downstream of a high-
level perturbation (as defined in Reference 7) has little effect on meter accuracy, provided the meter
incorporates integral flow conditioning. See Section 7.3.2.3 for a discussion on flow conditioning. The
short-coupled configuration includes at least four nominal pipe diameters of straight pipe upstream of the
meter inlet, with a flow conditioner located at the inlet of the straight pipe, unless the flow conditioner or
meter manufacturer recommends otherwise. In addition, the distance between the flow conditioner outlet
and the meter inlet should be at least two nominal pipe diameters, unless the flow conditioner or meter
manufacturer recommends otherwise. Any such recommendations should be based on experimental data.
The meter may be connected to the vertical risers using elbows or tees. Tees enable visual inspection of
the meter run. The maximum difference in size between the run and the risers should be one nominal
pipe size. The installation of optional valves, filters or strainers in the risers is permitted although users
are cautioned that inclusions in the risers have not been confirmed by published research. Any valve in
the inlet riser should be fully open
90 º Elbow or Tee Pressure Tap Turbine

Optional Filter
AGA TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT
Maximum Reduction One
or Strainer
COMMITTEE – REPORT NO.7 Meter
Third Revision,Temperature
TMC Ballot Draft
Nominal Pipe Size Spool Assembly
March 2005 Well
4 Nominal Pipe
Page
Diameters Long27 of 64
Inlet
Figure 4: Short-Coupled Installation
7.3.2.2 Close-Coupled Installation
The close-coupled installation configuration shown in Figure 5 may be used where space is severely
limited. Research (Reference 2) has confirmed that locating a close-coupled installation downstream of a
high-level perturbation (as defined in Reference 7) affects meter accuracy only marginally, provided the
meter incorporates integral flow conditioning. See Section 7.3.2.3 for a discussion on integral flow
conditioning.
The meter may be connected to the vertical risers using elbows or tees. Tees enable visual inspection of
the meter run. The maximum difference in size between the run and the risers should be one nominal
pipe size. The installation of optional valves, filters or strainers in the risers is permitted although users
are cautioned that inclusions in the risers have not been confirmed by published research. Any valve in
the inlet riser should be fully open during meter operation and strainers and filters should be kept clean
for optimum performance.
Pressure Tap
Turbine
AGA TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE – REPORT
90 º Elbow or Tee Meter NO.7 Temperature
Third Revision, TMC Ballot Draft
Maximum Reduction One
March 2005 Well
Nominal Pipe Size
Page 28 of 64
Inlet
Figure 5: Close-Coupled Installation
7.3.2.3 Integral Flow Conditioning

Research (Reference 2) has confirmed that turbine meters with adequate integral flow conditioning and
nosecone flow passages operate satisfactorily in short and close-coupled installations. Adequate integral
flow conditioning will have, in general, aspect ratios of H/D < 0.15 and S/L < 0.35. See Reference 8.
These parameters are illustrated in Figure 6 below.
Integral Flow Conditioning on Nosecone
Figure 6: Dimensional Parameters for Integral Flow Conditioning
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7.3.3 Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters

A suggested installation for angle-body meters is shown in Figure 7. The meter inlet piping may be
connected using a 90° elbow or tee. When a flow conditioner is not used, ten nominal pipe diameters of
straight pipe should be provided upstream of the meter. When a flow conditioner is used, the length of
straight upstream pipe may be reduced to five diameters. The flow conditioner inlet should be a
minimum of five nominal pipe diameters from the meter inlet, unless the flow conditioner or meter
manufacturer recommends otherwise. Any such recommendations should be based on experimental data.
There are no restrictions on the downstream piping except that the flange attached to the meter outlet
should be full-size. Any valve immediately ahead of the installation should be fully open during meter
operation.
The installation may be oriented vertically.
Users are cautioned that the accuracy of this configuration has not been confirmed by published research.
Contact the manufacturer for specific installation requirements.
Optional Filter or
Strainer Pressure Tap
Turbine
90 º Elbow or Tee
Meter
Maximum Reduction One Inlet Piping 10 Nominal Pipe Diameters Long
Nominal Pipe Size (5 Nominal Pipe Diameters with Straightening Vanes)
o
Inlet
Straightening Vanes
or Flow Conditioner Temperature
Optional Well
Purge Valve
Downstream
Optional
Valve
Recommended
pressure bleed/
90 º Elbow bypass line and
valve for
operation over
200 psig
Horizontal Installation (Inlet in Horizontal Plane, Outlet Down)
Figure 7: Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters
7.4 Pulsations
Pulsations may occur in several forms depending on the design of the system and the operating
conditions. Turbine meters installed near compressors and fast cycling regulators can register incorrectly.
Flow pulsations generated by this type of equipment will generally cause a turbine meter to over register
because the meter responds more readily to an increase in flow than to a decrease in flow. Pulsation
dampeners installed between the source of pulsation and the turbine meter are an effective way of
eliminating pulsation-induced measurement errors. Slowly repeated flow surges from pipeline liquid
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movement or regulators do not affect turbine meter accuracy to a great degree because turbine meters in
general have the ability to follow slow changes in flowrate.
7.5 Flow Conditioning

A flow conditioner correctly located upstream of a turbine meter may be used to reduce or eliminate the
effects of swirl and/or asymmetric flow. Headers, pipefittings, valves and regulators preceding the meter
inlet may cause perturbed flow conditions. An integral flow conditioner meeting the requirements of
Section 7.3.2.3 should be integral to meters used in the close and short-coupled installations.
7.5.1 Tube Bundle Type Straightening Vanes

For specifications for these devices refer to the latest revision of AGA Report No. 3: Orifice Metering of
Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids (Reference 10). This design has demonstrated its
effectiveness in the reduction of swirl but does not eliminate asymmetric flow. When used, tube bundles
should be installed as recommended in Section 7.3.
7.5.2 Other Flow Conditioners

Isolating flow conditioners offer an alternative to tube bundles. They are recommended for use if the
contracting parties agree. Isolating flow conditioners generally consist of perforated plates in various
patterns, sometimes accompanied by vane assemblies. Several of these devices have been evaluated for
performance and found to be effective in reducing swirl and asymmetric flow. They should be installed
according to the recommendations of the flow conditioner or meter manufacturer, based on supporting
experimental data.
7.6 Associated Devices
7.6.1 Filtration and Strainers

Filtration of the flowing gas may not be necessary in all cases but is recommended for most meter
applications. The accumulation of deposits due to a mixture of dirt, mill scale, condensates and/or
lubricating oils will deteriorate meter performance. Bearing wear and measurement cartridge damage
and/or, failure can be caused by foreign material in the flowing stream. Normal pipeline gas quality may
deteriorate during peak demands, plant upsets, new tie-ins, or from normal internal pipeline corrosion
resulting in dust, dirt, and/or scale. Under such conditions it is recommended that a strainer with a basket
of 3/32 inch maximum hole size and 40 mesh wire liners be installed upstream of the meter to catch the
major part of this foreign material. In some instances, it may be preferable to install 10-micron maximum
filters for the removal of fine dust, thus increasing bearing life and minimizing deposits on the meters
internal parts. A differential pressure gauge should be installed across the filter or strainer to indicate an
increase in pressure drop resulting from a build-up of foreign matter in the filter or strainer. Normal
pressure drop should be observed and recorded at various flowrates when the strainer or filter is clean.
Inspection of the devices should then be performed whenever higher than normal pressure drops are
indicated on the differential pressure gauge.
A greater degree of meter protection can be accomplished through the use of a dry-type or separator-type
filter installed upstream of the meter inlet piping.
When commissioning a pipeline, it is recommended that the meter be bypassed or a temporary strainer
element installed to protect the meter from dirt and debris entrained within the initial flow.
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7.6.2 Throttling Devices

The installation of a throttling device such as a regulator or partially closed valve is not recommended in
close proximity to the meter. Where such installations are necessary, the throttling device should be
placed an additional eight nominal pipe diameters upstream or an additional two nominal pipe diameters
downstream in the in-line recommended installation in Figure 2. In the configurations illustrated in
Figures 3, 4, 5 and 7 the throttling device should be placed eight additional nominal pipe diameters ahead
of the inlet vertical riser or an additional two nominal pipe diameters downstream of the outlet vertical
riser. Placement of such a device in closer proximity to the meter may result in loss of accuracy and/or
reduced bearing life.
7.7 Precautionary Measures
7.7.1 Installation Residue

The measurement cartridge or meter should always be removed if work such as welding, hydrostatic
testing, etc., is under way in the immediate area of the meter in order to prevent possible damage. The
inside of the meter body and piping should be thoroughly cleaned and inspected for construction debris
prior to replacement.
7.7.2 Valve Grease

Some pipeline valves allow grease to flow into the gas stream when being lubricated. Valve grease can
adhere to turbine meter blades resulting in a loss of rotor balance thereby affecting meter accuracy. Such
valves should not be located immediately upstream of a turbine meter.
7.8 Over-Range Effects and Protection

Surges of high velocity gas through a turbine meter can severely damage the rotor. Extreme gas velocities
can occur when pressurizing, blowing down or purging the meter run. The operation of flow or pressure
control devices in the downstream piping system can also create extreme gas velocities.
7.8.1 Run Pressurization

It is good practice to provide isolation block valves for meter runs so that the meter(s) can be maintained
and calibrated without service interruptions. For single meter run stations, a flow bypass line should also
be considered (see Figure 3). The isolation block valves must be operated in the proper sequence and
slowly to avoid reverse spinning and/or over-speeding the meter during startup. If operating pressures are
over 200 psig, a small bypass line and valve around a large or fast acting inlet block valve will allow the
meter run to be pressurized slowly to avoid over-speeding damage to the stationary rotor.
7.8.2 Blow Down Precautions

While most turbine meters can be operated beyond rated capacity for short periods of time with no
damaging effects, oversized blow down valves can cause rotational speeds greatly in excess of this
amount. Therefore, blow down valves should be sized as follows:
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TABLE 1 – BLOW DOWN VALVE SIZING

Meter Run Valve Size
mm Inches mm Inches
50 2 6 0.25
80 3 13 0.50
100 4 13 0.50
150 6 25 1.0
200 8 25 1.0
300 12 25 1.0
Some meters and secondary devices may be damaged when they are operated in a reverse direction. In
such cases, the blow down valve should be located downstream of the meter.
7.8.3 Flow Limiting Devices

In those installations where excessive flow can occur as a result of the operation of the downstream
piping system or as a result of the operation of flow or pressure control equipment, a restrictive device
may be installed in the piping downstream of the meter run to prevent meter over-ranging. An over-
range protection device may be sized to limit the flow through the meter to approximately 120 percent of
the maximum rated meter capacity. Meters should not be operated beyond their rated capacity under
normal circumstances. Refer to the sonic nozzle and critical orifice sizes in Table 2. A permanent
pressure loss will occur even at sub-critical flowrates when one of these devices is installed. Therefore,
adequate pressure needs to be available at the location. A critical orifice may result in up to a 50 percent
permanent pressure loss at critical conditions. Any flow-limiting device may generate significant noise.
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TABLE 2 - SONIC VENTURI NOZZLE AND CRITICAL ORIFICE SIZES

(Based On Turbine Meter Rated Capacity, 0.6 Relative Density Gas)
(See Note & Figure 8 below)
TURBINE "D" "D" "T"
CRITICAL
METER 120% of SONIC CRITICAL ORIFICE
MAX.
RATING RATING VENTURI ORIFICE THICKNESS
cubic meters/h cubic feet/h cubic meters/h cubic feet/h mm inch mm inch mm inch
100 3500 120 4200 13.0 0.51 15.2 0.60 1.88 0.074
115 4000 138 4800 13.7 0.54 16.3 0.64 2.03 0.080
130 4500 156 5400 14.7 0.58 17.3 0.68 2.13 0.084
250 8800 300 10600 20.6 0.81 24.1 0.95 3.00 0.118
255 9000 306 10800 20.8 0.82 24.4 0.96 3.02 0.119
280 10000 336 12000 21.8 0.86 25.7 1.01 3.20 0.126
450 16000 540 19200 27.7 1.09 32.3 1.27 4.04 0.159
510 18000 612 21600 29.5 1.16 34.3 1.35 4.29 0.169
680 24000 816 28800 33.8 1.33 39.6 1.56 4.95 0.195
760 27000 912 32400 35.8 1.41 42.2 1.66 5.26 0.207
850 30000 1019 36000 37.8 1.49 44.2 1.74 5.54 0.218
1000 35000 1200 42000 40.9 1.61 47.8 1.88 5.99 0.236
1020 36000 1224 43200 41.4 1.63 48.5 1.91 6.07 0.239
1420 50000 1704 60000 49.0 1.93 57.2 2.25 7.16 0.282
1620 57000 1944 68400 52.3 2.06 61.2 2.41 7.65 0.301
1700 60000 2040 72000 53.6 2.11 62.7 2.47 7.82 0.308
2550 90000 3060 108000 65.5 2.58 76.7 3.02 9.60 0.378
2830 100000 3396 120000 69.1 2.72 81.0 3.19 10.11 0.398
4000 140000 4800 168000 81.8 3.22 95.8 3.77 11.96 0.471
4250 150000 5100 180000 84.6 3.33 99.1 3.90 12.40 0.488
6230 220000 7476 264000 102.6 4.04 120.1 4.73 15.01 0.591
6520 230000 7824 276000 104.9 4.13 122.7 4.83 15.34 0.604
7650 270000 9180 324000 113.5 4.47 132.8 5.23 16.61 0.654
March 2005
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Q D (inch)  2
Ventur Ai Rat (ACFH = 
i )  0.00893 
Gas rate (ACFH) = 1 / 0.6 × air rate = 1.291 × air rate
(0.00893) 2 × Gas rate

D(inch) (Venturi) =
1.291
(0.00893) 2 × Gas rate (ACFH)
D(inch) (Venturi) =
1.291
D(inch) (Venturi) = (0.00786) Gas rate
D (Orifice) = 1.17 x D (Venturi)
Note: To be sure that the orifice performs as a thin-plate, sharp-edged orifice in critical flow, the ratio of
orifice plate thickness to the hole diameter should be less than or equal to 0.125. Refer to Reference 9 for
additional information. If the thickness-to-diameter ratio is larger than 0.125 then discharge coefficients
can have large and uncertain values within the range of 0.8 to 0.95 (vs. 0.73). This is caused by boundary
layer/shock interactions within the orifice.
T or less
Flow
Diameter - D T or less
Symmetric plate, Flow directional plate,

both orifice edges sharp leading edge sharp,
trailing edge beveled
Figure 8: Critical Orifice Dimensions
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7.9 Accessory Installation
7.9.1 Density Measurement Devices

When using densitometers it is desirable to sample the gas as closely as possible to the meter. Care
should be exercised not to disturb the meter inlet flow or to create an unmetered bypass. Densitometers
should be installed downstream of turbine meters. Refer to manufacturers’ installation instructions for
further information.
7.9.2 Volume Correctors and Instrumentation

Accessory devices and instrumentation such as mechanical or electronic correction devices should be
installed and maintained in accordance with manufacturers’ guidelines. Care should be taken to ensure
that mechanical correcting devices or recorders do not create excess torque loads on the meter that could
increase measurement uncertainty at low flowrates. Accessory devices should not be allowed to
significantly reduce the spin time of the turbine meter. (Refer to Section 8.4)
8 Meter Maintenance and Field Verification Checks
8.1 General
In addition to sound design and installation practices, turbine meter performance is dependent on good
maintenance procedures, regular inspections and periodic field checks. The frequency of maintenance is
dependent on the flowing gas conditions, station operation and/or contract requirements. Meters that
operate under dirty flowing gas conditions will require more frequent inspections. Additionally, the
flowing gas condition will influence the oiling frequency for lubricated turbines. Changes in the
performance of a meter may be detected by visual inspection of the internal mechanism, by spin time
tests, by self-checking features, or by testing the meter’s accuracy.
Some dual rotor turbine meters have output readings that can be used for periodic or continuous checking.
These readings can be used to determine the need for maintenance or inspection. A turbine meter can also
be field-checked by either another meter in series or a check rotor in tandem with the metering rotor in a
two-rotor turbine meter. In the case of two meters in series, the check meter (a turbine meter or other
suitable meter) must be installed relative to the field meter so that there is no effect on either meter’s
performance from the presence of the other. The effects of flowing pressure and temperature on both
meters should be considered along with the accuracy of the check meter at the operating conditions. In
the case of a dual-rotor meter, both rotors can be calibrated, and field checking achieved by comparing
the ratio of the two rotor outputs.
8.2 Visual Inspection

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A visual inspection of flow conditioners, upstream and downstream piping, and the meter internals should
be performed periodically to ensure there is no accumulation of debris, particularly in the flow passage
area, drains, breather holes, and lubrication systems. Removing the measurement cartridge from the
meter body facilitates an inspection of the internal mechanisms. If the cartridge is not removable, remove
the meter from the piping or use a borescope. The closures on the ends of the run may be removed or
opened for internal inspection of the piping.
An inspection of the measurement cartridge consists of examining the rotor for damaged or missing
blades, accumulation of solids, erosion or other damage that would affect rotor balance and blade
configuration. When a meter is disassembled for any purpose, the mechanism should be thoroughly
cleaned to remove dirt or foreign material. Meters in operation can often yield information by the noise
they generate or by vibrations felt through the body. If the meter has severe vibration, it usually indicates
damage. This condition will lead to complete rotor failure. Rotor rubbing and deteriorated bearings can
often be heard at relatively low flowrates where such noises are not masked by normal flow noise.
Concurrent with the internal meter inspection, checks should be performed to ensure that gaskets are
properly aligned and that flow conditioners are free of obstructions.
8.3 Cleaning and Oiling

The manufacturer's recommendations should be followed concerning oiling of new meters prior to service
start-up and then periodically during service. Frequency of oiling is dependent upon the quality of the
gas and operating conditions. Meters operating at high flowrates, high flowing temperatures or metering
gas containing solids, liquids or other contaminants may require more frequent oiling or bearing
replacement than those metering relatively clean gas at low flowrates. Monthly oiling is the generally
recommended starting frequency. Excessive oil can cause additional drag resulting in a temporary
decrease in spin time. Inadequate oil can cause friction and wear in the bearing and result in bearing
failure. The rotor bearings operate at a high rpm. Because of this, many turbine meters have provisions
for externally oiling the rotor shaft bearings. Various methods may be available to accomplish the
lubrication. A pressurized system provides a positive pressure in excess of the operating line pressure
(e.g. manual pump gun). This ensures positive oiling and flushing of the rotor shaft bearings. A gravity
method should be used in the absence of a pressure system. Automated, time-based oilers are also
available for use on meters needing more frequent lubrication. Points other than the rotor shaft bearings
may require periodic oil as recommended by the manufacturer.
When a meter is disassembled, the mechanism should be thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt and foreign
material. Additionally, oil should be added through the outside oil fitting and a visual check made to
ascertain that oil is flowing freely to the main bearings. The user should also consider that significant
accumulation of dirt on the nose cone, integral straightening vanes and the area inside the meter body
may affect the performance characteristics.
Turbine meters intended for use as transfer master meters or for laboratory controlled comparison testing
may not require oiling prior to service. The manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed in these
cases.
8.4 Spin Time Test

Spin time tests are not intended to take the place of inspection, maintenance, or periodic verification of
the meter’s accuracy via a calibration check. However, a spin time test can be a practical indicator of the
relative level of mechanical friction in the meter. Increased mechanical friction can result in degradation
of meter performance and registration errors, especially at low flow rates. As mechanical friction
increases, the potential for bearing or other component failure increases.
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Spin time is not indicative of overall accuracy. Conditions such as damage or wear to the rotor and
internal components, or debris or foreign material inside the meter can affect accuracy with minimal
change to the spin time. Thus, a thorough inspection should also be carried out when conducting a spin
test.
The manufacturer provides spin times for individual meters and may provide spin times for the meter at
various stages of disassembly. Such guidelines may also include minimum spin times for various models
and sizes of meters. The manufacturer’s published guidelines and procedures for conducting spin tests
should be followed.
It is recommended that an initial spin test be conducted to establish a baseline for the meter with the meter
or measurement cartridge completely assembled except for register or recording gauges. When accessory
devices (register, integrating gauge, pulse generators, etc.) are installed, care should be taken to ensure
that no excess friction is introduced. A spin test should be performed to ascertain that the accessory
device has not affected the meter.
After oiling, the meter should be operated according to the manufacturer’s guidelines and procedure to
throw off excess oil from the bearings before performing a spin test. When a meter that has been idle for a
long period of time fails to meet the manufacturer's specified minimum spin time it should be oiled and
then operated for a period of time before repeating the spin test.
Spin tests may be conducted on complete meters or on measurement cartridges alone. When removed
from the run, the test should be conducted in a draft-free environment with the mechanism supported in
its normal operating position. Conducting a spin test with the meter in line requires depressurizing the
meter run. Ensure that the meter run shutoff valves do not leak because leakage of the valves and/or
drafts in the meter run will affect the test. Low-pressure gas from a hose or tubing can be used to rotate
the turbine rotor. Bypasses around the shutoff valves can be installed for this purpose. Care should be
taken to ensure that vented gas does not accumulate.
Regardless of location, the test is conducted by setting the rotor in motion, manually or by a jet of air or
gas, in the same direction as under flowing conditions. The rotor is timed until it stops rotating. When
the rotor is set in motion by a jet, significant time may be added if the rotor is turned at exceptionally high
speeds. Ambient temperature, lubrication, the presence of accessories, the manner of initiating the blade
rotation and other factors affect spin times and thus must be considered to obtain repeatable and
comparable results from test to test.
A typical decay curve for meter spin time is provided in Figure 9.
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Figure 9: Typical Decay Curve for Turbine Meter Spin Time
A spin test should be repeated three times, with deviations less than 10% from the average. If spin times
are less than those recommended by the manufacturer, the tests may be repeated at various levels of
disassembly until the source of the abnormal friction is determined. Cleaning, oiling, or replacing the
bearings or other components may bring the spin time back to an acceptable value. Bearings, shafts,
magnetic coupling assemblies or gearing may be replaced on some meters without affecting the meter's
accuracy. Consult the manufacturer for specific recommendations. Only qualified personnel should
make repairs. A follow-up spin time test should be performed after repairs or component replacement. If
an acceptable result is not obtained, the meter should be removed from service.
8.5 Dual-Rotor Meter Field Checks

Dual-rotor turbine meters may offer the ability to check the operation of the meter in-situ by comparing
the rotor outputs. Consult the manufacturers’ literature for further information.
8.6 Retesting Considerations

Meters, or their measurement cartridges, should be retested on a periodic basis to ensure no degradation in
accuracy. The period between tests should be commensurate with meter usage and line conditions. In
some cases regulatory agencies establish the test intervals.
Often, when a meter or cartridge is returned for repair/recalibration, the user requests an as found
calibration in order to have a record of the meter accuracy when it was removed from service. Such
information is useful in the event of a measurement dispute and may be helpful in establishing
recalibration intervals.
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Appendix A: Turbine Meter Designs
A.1 Single Rotor Turbine Meters
A.1.1 Gas Meter Design

Schematics of axial-flow single rotor gas turbine meters are shown in Figures A.1 and A.2. Gas entering
the meter increases in velocity through the annular passage formed by the nose cone and the interior wall
of the body. The movement of gas over the angled rotor blades imparts a force to the rotor, causing it to
rotate. The ideal rotational speed is directly proportional to the flowrate. The actual rotational speed is a
function of the passageway size and shape, and the rotor design. It is also dependent upon the load that is
imposed due to internal mechanical friction, fluid drag, external loading, and the gas density.
Mechanical or
Rotor Electrical Readout
Body
End Connection
1 2 3 4 5 6
Inlet Annular Nose Cone

Outlet
Passage
Electronic Mechanism Housing

Pickup and Tail Cone
Figure A.1 - Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Gas Design)
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Body Electronic
Pickup
Rotor
Annular Nose Cone

Inlet Outlet
Passage
Tail Cone
Figure A.2 - Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Low Torque Design)
A.1.2 Liquid Meter Design

The basic designs of axial-flow gas turbine meters differ significantly from liquid turbine meters due to
density, viscosity and compressibility differences of the fluids. The need to extract sufficient kinetic
energy from the flow to provide the torque to overcome internal and external frictional losses results in
the proportions of the nosecone and annular passages typical of those shown in Figures A.1. However,
gas turbine meter designs similar in proportions to liquid turbine meters, as shown in Figure A.2, have
been successfully used for particular sizes and applications, (i.e., sizes smaller than 4 inch and require
higher operating flowrates or pressures). Typically these designs provide low torque at similar flowrates
and pressure and cannot drive mechanical readout devices or instruments.
A.2 Dual-Rotor Turbine Meters
A.2.1 Dual-Rotor Designs

Schematics of various dual-rotor turbine meters are shown in Figures A.3, A.4, A.5 and A.6. The primary
rotor or main metering rotor of each of these designs is basically the same as that of a single rotor turbine
meter as shown in Figure A.1. The blades of the primary rotor will typically have pitch angles in the
range of 30 to 60 degrees. This rotor may have an output drive for a mechanical register or for an
accessory device.
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Readout
Main Master Rotor
Body
Rotor or Proving Rotor
1 2 3 4 5 6
Inlet Annular Nose Cone Outlet

Passage
Electronic
Pickups Flow Guides
Figure A.3 - Independent Tandem Turbine Rotors separated by Flow Guides
Main
Readout
Rotor Sensing
Body
Rotor
1 2 3 4 5 6
Inlet Annular Nose Cone

Outlet
Passage
Electronic
Pickups
Figure A.4 - Dual-Rotor Turbine with Fluid-Coupled Sensing Rotor
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Main Secondary
Body Rotor
Rotor
Annular Nose Cone

Outlet
Inlet Passage
Electronic
Pickups
Figure A.5 - Fluid-Coupled Counter-Rotating Second Turbine Rotor
Main Secondary
Body
Rotor or Slave Rotor
Inlet Annular Nose Cone Outlet

Passage
Electronic
Piggy-Back
Pickups
Bearing
Arrangement
Figure A.6 - Dual-Rotor Turbine with Friction Reducing Slave Rotor
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A.2.2 Secondary Rotor Designs

The secondary rotors are downstream of the main rotors in Figures A.3, A.4, A.5 and A6.. They may be
separated from the primary rotors and isolated from them by flow conditioners between the two rotors
(Figures A.3 and A.6). Some designs provide for fluid coupling of the secondary rotor to the primary
rotor by positioning the rotors in close proximity to each other (Figures A.4 andA.5). In either case,
rotation of the secondary rotor may be in the same or opposite direction as that of the primary rotor.
Typically the secondary rotor operates at a lesser speed than the primary rotor in order to extend its
service life and to differentiate the measurements of the two rotors for checking purposes.
A.2.3 Secondary Rotor Functions

The secondary rotor is provided for checking the accuracy and/or improving the measurement integrity of
the primary rotor under various flow and metering conditions. In some dual-rotor turbine meters, the
secondary rotor can provide for measurement adjustments to improve the output accuracy of the primary
rotor and provide diagnostics under certain operating conditions.
A.3 Dual-Rotor Meter Electronics

Electronic pulse outputs corresponding to the speed of the rotors in dual-rotor turbine meters are provided
by sensors that detect the passage of individual turbine blades, spaces in chopper disks, or the teeth of
gears that are driven by the rotors. These signals are fed to a manufacturer’s electronic accessory device
or to a user device with appropriate algorithms that calculates volumes from both rotors, checks accuracy,
and/or performs diagnostics.
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Appendix B: Volumetric and Mass Flow Measurement
B.1 Equations for Calculating Volumetric Flow

The turbine meter is a velocity-measuring device. It depends upon the flow of gas to cause the meter rotor
to turn at a speed proportional to the flowrate. Rotor revolutions are counted mechanically or electrically,
and can be converted to a continuously totalized volumetric registration. Since the registered volume is at
flowing pressure and temperature conditions, it must be corrected to the specified base conditions for
accounting purposes. The register of the turbine meter indicates volume at flowing conditions so this
value needs to be corrected to the base conditions.
B.1.1 Basic Gas Laws

The basic gas law relationship is expressed as follows:
(P f) (Vf) = (Z f) (N) (R) (T f) For Flowing Conditions Eq. (B.1)
and
(P b) (V b) =(Z b) (N) (R) (Tb) For Base Conditions Eq. (B.2)
Where P= Absolute pressure

V = Volume
Z = Compressibility
N = Number of moles of gas
T = Absolute temperature
R = Universal gas constant
Subscripts f = Flowing conditions

b = Base Conditions
Since R is a constant for the gas regardless of pressure and temperature, and for the same number of
moles of gas N, the two equations can be combined to yield:
 P f   Tb   Z b 
Vb = V f    Eq (B.3)
 
 Pb   T f   Z f 
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B.1.2 Flowrate at Flowing Conditions
Vf
Qf = Eq (B.4)
t
Where Qf = Volumetric flowrate at flowing conditions
Vf = Volume measured at flowing conditions during time interval t
t = Time
B.1.3 Flowrate at Base Conditions
 Pf   Tb   Zb 
Q b =Q      Eq (B.5)
f   Z 
 Pb   Tf  f 
B.1.4 Pressure Multiplier
Pf
Pressure Multiplier = Eq (B.6)
Pb
Where P f = Pg + Pa
P g = Flowing pressure, gauge units
P a = Atmospheric pressure, absolute units
P b = Base pressure, absolute units
Atmospheric pressure can be determined using the meter elevation above mean sea level as follows:
Pa = 14.6960 × (1 − 0.00000686 × Elevation )

5.2554
English units Eq. (B.7)
Where Pa - Atmospheric pressure at 60 oF, psia

Elevation - Height above mean sea level, feet
Pa = 101.325 × (1 − 0.00002256 × Elevation )

5.2554
SI units Eq. (B.8)
Where Pa - Atmospheric pressure at 15 oC, kilopascals
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Elevation - Height above mean sea level, meters
B.1.5 Temperature Multiplier

Tb
Temperatur Multiplie = Eq. (B.9)
Tf ( 9)
Where T b = Base temperature, absolute units
T f = Flowing temperature, absolute units
Absolute temperature: °R = °F + 459.67°, or

°K = °C + 273.15°
B.1.6 Compressibility Multiplier
Zb
Compressibilit Multiplie = Eq.(B.10)
Zf
Where Z b = Compressibility at base conditions
Z f = Compressibility at flowing conditions
The compressibility multiplier can be evaluated from the supercompressibility factor Fpv, as follows:
Zb
=( pv )2 Eq (B.11)
Zf
Compressibility values may be determined from the latest edition of AGA Report No. 8 (Reference 1) or
as specified in contracts or tariffs or as mutually agreed to by both parties.
B.2 Equation for Calculating Mass Flow

Mass flow measurement can be employed to arrive at base volume (Vb) or base volume flowrate (Qb)
through the use of a turbine meter and densitometer. Gas density at flowing conditions may be determined
by an on-line densitometer. Refer to the manufacturer’s manuals. The mass or mass rate of flow is:
M = (Vf) (ρf) Eq. (B12)
Where M = Total mass through meter

V f = Total volume through meter
ρ f = Density of flowing gas
and
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Q m = (Q f) (ρf) Eq. (B.13)
Where Q m = Mass rate of flow through meter

Q f = Volume rate of flow (actual or register)
ρ f = Density of flowing gas
Since the mass or mass rate of flow at flowing conditions equals the mass at base conditions it can be
stated that:
(Vb ) ( ρb ) = (V f ) ( ρ f ) Eq (B.14)
ρf
(Vb ) = (V f ) Eq (B.15)
ρb
or,
ρf
(Qb ) = (Q f ) Eq (B.16)
ρb
The above equations show that the base volume (Vb) or base volume flowrate (Qb) can be calculated by
knowing the density of the fluid at both flowing and base conditions without the need to measure the
flowing pressure (Pf ) or the flowing temperature (Tf ) and calculating the compressibility multiplier.
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Appendix C: COMPUTING FLOW
C.1 Meter Register Reading

When computing total uncorrected volume from the turbine meter register, two register readings are taken
over a period of time as defined by the contract; e.g., one reading at the first of the month and the second
reading at the end of the month. The first reading is subtracted from the second to obtain the uncorrected
volume measured during the month. If the smallest unit of volume that can be read from the register is
greater than one cubic foot, e.g., 10, 100, 1000, etc., then the difference of the two readings is multiplied
by the smallest volume unit shown on the register.
C.2 Electronic Computation

Electronic outputs from meters may be applied to computers in conjunction with temperature and pressure
transducers to obtain volumes for billing and/or telemetering at base conditions.
C.3 Mechanical Integrating Devices

These instruments apply a pressure, or combined pressure and compressibility factor, to the metered gas
volume correcting it to base pressure. An additional mechanism may also apply a temperature factor thus
providing registration at base conditions.
C.4 Pressure, Volume and Temperature Recording Devices

Various types of recording devices are available to record pressure, temperature, and uncorrected volume
during the recording period. The resulting charts can be integrated to arrive at volume at base conditions.
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Appendix D: Meter Outputs and Adjustments
Turbine meters have outputs that can be adjusted pursuant to calibration. The following are specific
examples of mechanical and electronic adjustment methods and the associated calculations. Also shown
are example applications of various curve-fitting techniques to accomplish the implementation of K-
factors and meter factors in accessory devices.
D.1 Change Gears

Calibration adjustment of the mechanical output of a turbine meter is typically accomplished by choosing
an appropriate set of change gears. Change gears are a set of mating gears, one gear driving and the other
being driven, that are part of the mechanical output shaft gearing reduction. The overall gear reduction
allows for one complete output shaft revolution of the meter to represent a finite volume, for example
(100 cubic feet, 1000 cubic feet, 1 cubic meter or 10 cubic meters). Each set of available change gears
has a different combination of teeth, thus changing them can provide for an adjustment to the overall gear
ratio. The basic turbine meter design for each model uses a base set of change gears to achieve a specific
ratio of internal reduction gearing. However, due to manufacturing variations within a meter, or due to
specific customer accuracy requirements, the initial factory calibration test results with the base set of
change gears may not provide the required mechanical output accuracy. Another set of change gears is
then installed to shift the gear ratio so as to adjust the mechanical volume registration output accuracy.
The adjustment shift will be the same amount for all flow rates. Table D.1 and Figure D.1 show an
example of a turbine meter mechanical output accuracy performance before and after installation of new
change gears, (i.e. resulting in a registration shift of –0.24 %).
Table D.1: Example – Change Gear Shift

Test Master Meter Test Meter Test Meter Test Meter
Point Ref. Flow Rate Indicated Flow Rate "As-Found" "As-Left"
(at same conditions as Test meter) with 72/51 Change Gears with 75/53 Change Gears
% of Qmax % of Qmax % Error (% Error – 0.24% Shift)
1 10.025 10.00 -0.25 -0.49
2 20.000 20.00 0.00 -0.24
3 49.875 50.00 0.25 0.01
4 74.750 75.00 0.33 0.09
5 99.650 100.00 0.35 0.11
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Figure D.1: Change Gear Shift Example

Notes:
1. Percent error = (Indicated Volume - Reference Volume) / Reference Volume x 100
2. Indicated and Reference Volumes must be at the same temperature and pressure conditions
prior to performing the error calculation.
3. Percent error shift, for example (- 0.24 %) = - {[(75/53) - (72/51)] / (72/51)} x 100 going
from the as-found change gears (72/51) to the as-left change gears (75/53).
4. Change gear adjustments can only be in discrete increments dependent upon the gear teeth
combinations available.
D.2 K-Factor(s)
Turbine meters K-factor(s), in pulses/volume units, are established at the time of calibration. K-factors
are used to convert pulses, accumulated from the electronic output of a meter, into indicated volume units.
(See equation D.1):
Pulses f
Vf = Eq (D.1)
(Kfactor)
Where: Pulsesf = Electronic pulses collected at flowing conditions during time interval t
Vf = Volume measured at flowing conditions during time interval t
t = Time interval (not used in equation)
Kfactor = K-factor established at calibration for the electronic output
This calculation is usually accomplished in an electronic accessory device by dividing the pulses,
accumulated over a time period, by the K-factor. Note that, there may be unique K-factors for each
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electronic pulse output of the meter. Also, there may be different K-factors associated with specific
flowrates as determined by calibration. The manufacturer or calibration facility will provide the K-factor
or K-factors for the meter electronic output(s). These values must be properly entered into an accessory
electronic device in order to produce the correct registration volume(s) from the meter electronic pulse
output(s).
Table D.2 shows an example calculation of a single K-factor, related to change gear and internal gear
ratio of a turbine meter. Also shown is a K-factor that is determined as an average of individual K-factors
from five flow rates of a calibration of a turbine meter that has only an electronic output.
Table D.2: Examples of K-factors Established by Calibration

K-factor
1. High frequency pulse output from rotor shaft sensor (Calculated)
(Change Gears established by calibration) (from gearing)
4 x 15 x 122.0556 x 72 / 51 / 100 = 103.3882 pulses/cu ft
pulses per internal External Driven driving cubic feet
rev of main Gearing Gearing Change change per
rotor shaft Reduction Reduction Gear gear output rev
K-factor
2. High frequency pulse output from rotor shaft sensor (Average of)
(Individual K-factors established by calibration) (5 calibration values)
103.5303 pulses/cu ft
% Qmax
Test flow rate No. 1 10 10000 / 96.965 = 103.1304
Test flow rate No. 2 25 10000 / 96.723 = 103.3882
Test flow rate No. 3 50 10000 / 96.481 = 103.6474
Test flow rate No. 4 75 10000 / 96.400 = 103.7340
Test flow rate No. 5 100 10000 / 96.384 = 103.7514 pulses/cu ft
pulses cubic ft
collected Volume*
from of
Test Mtr Ref. Mtr
* Volumes corrected to P & T conditions
of the test meter.
There may be a single K-factor for use with all flow rates over the operating range of the meter. A single
K-factor may be based on change gear calculations, as in the above table, or upon arithmetic average of
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individual K-factors determined from calibration at various flow rates, or the single K-factor may be
weighted for an operating flow rate range. Table D.3 shows a single K-factor calculated from change
gears and an example of an “As-Found” meter test.
Table D.3: Example - Single K-factor

Test Test Meter Test Meter
Point Indicated Flow Rate "As-Found" K-factor
% Qmax % Error (pulses/cubic foot)
1 10.00 -0.25 103.3882
2 20.00 0.00 103.3882
3 50.00 0.25 103.3882
4 75.00 0.33 103.3882
5 100.00 0.35 103.3882
Note: The single K-factor shown here in Table D.3 is based on high frequency pulse output from a
sensor on a rotor shaft (see example 1. in the Table D.2 above).
A single K-factor for all flow rates, or individual K-factors for each calibration flow rates, may be entered
into an electronic accessory device or flow computer for use in converting turbine meter output pulses to
volume. Table D.4 shows an example of individual K-factors for each flow rate of the test meter. These
individual K-factors have been adjusted by the "as-found" percent errors to bring each flow rate test point
to zero error.
Table D.4: Example – Individual K-factors

Test Test Meter K-factor (1/ Meter Factor) Multipliers Individual K-factors
Point "As-Found" (single value) (1.000 + % Error/100) (for individual flow rates)
% Error (pulses/cubic foot) (pulses/cubic foot)
1 -0.25 103.3882 0.9975 103.1304
2 0.00 103.3882 1.0000 103.3882
3 0.25 103.3882 1.0025 103.6474
4 0.33 103.3882 1.0033 103.7340
5 0.35 103.3882 1.0035 103.7514
Note that the multiplier values shown in Table D.4 are derived from the as-found meter error and are used
to calculate the individual K-factors. These multiplier values are equivalent to the (1/meter factor) values
shown in Section D.3. Also, note that the techniques of curve fitting or linearization, as shown in Section
D.3 for meter factor, may be applied to the individual K-factors, as well, for use within an accessory
device or flow computer.
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D.3 Meter Factor

A calibration facility may provide meter factors in addition to or instead of percent error values for a
meter. These may apply to either the mechanical or to the electronic pulse output(s) of a meter. Meter
factors are non-dimensional numeric multipliers. The meter factor is the ratio of the reference volume to
the indicated test meter volume, for a particular flow rate. Volumes for both test meter and the reference
must be at the same conditions. The meter output is multiplied by the meter factor to adjust the meter
output, in an effort to eliminate known errors. Table D.5 shows meter factors for the example test meter.
Table D.5: Example - Meter Factors

Test Master Meter Test Meter Test Meter
Point Ref. Flow Rate Indicated Flow Rate
(at same conditions as Test meter) Meter factors
% Qmax % Qmax (Reference Volume or Flow Rate ) / (Indicated Test Meter Volume or Flow Rate)
1 10.025 10.000 1.0025

2 20.000 20.000 1.0000
3 49.875 50.000 0.9975
4 74.750 75.000 0.9967
5 99.650 100.000 0.9965
Measurement accuracy can be improved by programming a flow computer to curve fit or linearize the
meter factor calibration curve. Multi-point linearization or polynomial curve-fitting techniques may be
used to apply the meter factors across the operating flowrate range. Tables D.6 thru D.8 and Figures D.2
thru D.6 show examples of various curve-fitting techniques: Also shown are examples of the relative the
percent errors that may result from the imperfections inherent to each technique.
Table D.6: Example - Polynomial Curve Fit and Errors
Qi Test Meter Polynomial Curve Fit Adjusted K-factors Polynomial Curve Fit
Flow
Rate "As-found" Meter factors Meter factors (103.3882 / Meter factors) (of Meter factors)
% Qmax % Error (from flow calibration) (see Figure D-2) pulses / cubic foot Resulting % Error
10 -0.25 1.0025 1.0021 103.1759 -0.04
20 0.00 1.0000 1.0006 103.3271 0.06
50 0.25 0.9975 0.9974 103.6484 -0.01
75 0.33 0.9967 0.9963 103.7628 -0.04
100 0.35 0.9965 0.9966 103.7368 0.01
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Figure D.2: Example - Polynomial Curve Fit
Figure D.3: Example - Linear Interpolation Curve Fit
Table D.7: Example - Linear Interpolation Curve Fit and Errors
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Qi Meter factors Meter factors Adjusted K-factors Linear Interpolation

Linear interpolation
Flow Rate (see Table above) Curve Fit (103.3882 / Meter factors) (of Meter factor)
% Qmax (from flow calibration) (see Figure D-3) pulses / cubic feet Resulting % Error
10 1.0025 1.0025 103.1304 0.00
15 1.0013 103.2593 0.04
20 1.0000 1.0000 103.3882 0.00
35 0.9988 103.5178 0.02
50 0.9975 0.9975 103.6474 0.00
62.5 0.9971 103.6907 0.01
75 0.9967 0.9967 103.7340 0.00
87.5 0.9966 103.7427 0.00
100 0.9965 0.9965 103.7514 0.00
Figure D.4: Example - Polynomial and Linear Curve Fitting Errors
Figure D.4 shows comparison plots of polynomial to linear interpolated curve fitting for the example test
meter.
For “piecewise” curve fit linearization, the meter factors are applied in steps that are constant over regions
of flowrates. An example is shown in Table D.8 and in Figure D.5.
Table D.8: Example - Piecewise Curve Fitting
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Qi Meter factors Piecewise Curve Fit Adjusted K-factor Test Meter

Flow Rate (see Table above) Meter factors (103.3882 / Meter factors) (with Meter factor)
% Qmax (from flow calibration) (see Figure D-5) pulses / cubic foot Resulting % Error
5 1.0025 103.1304 -0.25
10 1.0025 1.0025 103.1304 0.00
14.9999 1.0025 103.1304 0.16
15 1.0000 103.3882 -0.09
20 1.0000 1.0000 103.3882 0.00
34.9999 1.0000 103.3882 0.14
35 0.9975 103.6474 -0.11
50 0.9975 0.9975 103.6474 0.00
62.4999 0.9975 103.6474 0.06
62.5 0.9967 103.7340 -0.03

75 0.9967 0.9967 103.7340 0.00
87.4999 0.9967 103.7340 0.01
87.5 0.9965 103.7514 -0.01
100 0.9965 0.9965 103.7514 0.00
105 0.9965 103.7514 0.00
Figure D.5: Example - Piecewise Curve Fit
The resulting error for the application of piecewise curve fitting to the example data shows step changes
for flowrates where the meter factor changes can be seen in Figure D.6.
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Figure D.6: Example - Piecewise Curve Fit Errors
D.4 Final Meter Factor

The final meter factor may be the arithmetic average or mean of the meter factors, (see Section D.3), over
the range of flow rates at which the meter is to be used. The final meter factor may also be weighted
more heavily toward the individual meter factors at the higher flow rates at which the meter is to be used.
The final meter factor is a single multiplier value that can be applied either to the mechanical output or to
the single or individual electronic outputs. The final meter factor may be applied to compensate for
systematic calibration offsets. It is applied to any volume output of the meter by multiplying by the final
meter factor. It is applied to any K-factor(s) by dividing by the final meter factor. The following Table
D.9 and Figures D.7 and D.8 illustrate an example of percent error performance for a test meter before
and after the final meter factor is applied. Both an arithmetic average and a flow weighted final meter
factor are shown.
Table D.9: Example - Final Meter Factor

Qi Test Meter K-factor Test Meter K-factor Test Meter
Flow
(103.3882 / Average final (103.3882 / weighted
Flow Final meter Final meter meter factor Final meter Final meter final meter
Rate "As-found" Meter factor factor) applied factor factor) factor applied
% (Arithmetic pulses / cubic Flow weighted pulses /
Qmax % Error factors average) foot % Error (see Note 1) cubic foot % Error
10 -0.25 1.0025 0.9986 103.5290 -0.39 0.9975 103.6474 -0.50
20 0.00 1.0000 0.9986 103.5290 -0.14 0.9975 103.6474 -0.25
50 0.25 0.9975 0.9986 103.5290 0.11 0.9975 103.6474 0.00
75 0.33 0.9967 0.9986 103.5290 0.19 0.9975 103.6474 0.08
100 0.35 0.9965 0.9986 103.5290 0.21 0.9975 103.6474 0.10
Note 1: In this example, the meter factor has been weighted by normalizing percent error at 50 percent
Qmax to zero. Different flow weighting methods may be used for other applications.
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Figure D.7: Example - Averaged and Weighted Final Meter Factors
Figure D.8: Example - Shifts of Averaged and Weighted Final Meter Factors
D.5 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters

For dual-rotor meters, there may be individual and unique rotor factors, in units of pulses/volume unit,
associated with each rotor’s electronic pulse output. Examples of rotor factors for the primary and
secondary rotors of a dual-rotor turbine meter are shown below:
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Rotor factor (for primary rotor) = 95.2000 pulses / cubic foot
Rotor factor (for secondary rotor) = 143.4000 pulses / cubic foot
Rotor factors are to be used with the proprietary algorithms as directed by the dual rotor turbine meter
manufacturer. Note that the rotor factor(s) should not to be confused with the K-factor(s). Even though
rotor factors have the same units as K-factors and may even be similar in value, their applications are very
different and they should not be used interchangeably.
For example, the K-factor for primary rotor of the meter may be 103.3882 pulses / cubic foot.
Users should consult with the manufacturer of dual-rotor turbine meters for specific instructions on the
correct use of rotor factors and/or K-factors.
March 2005
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Appendix E: Calibration Guidelines
E.1 Reynolds Number and Flowrate Matching

Reference 3 shows that meters should be calibrated under conditions that are similar to those expected in
service. For many meters and service conditions, calibrating over the expected range of Reynolds
numbers and flowrates will result in best accuracy. Reynolds numbers may be calculated from equation
6.2. (Repeated here for convenience.)
Re = 4 (Q f) (ρ) / π (D) (µ) Eqn. (E.1)
Where Re = Reynolds number

Qf = Volumetric flowrate
D = Meter diameter
ρ = Density
µ = Absolute viscosity
The subscripts “f”, denoting field conditions, and “t”, denoting test conditions are used in this appendix.
To match both Reynolds numbers and flowrates requires the relationship: Ret = Ref , Qft = Qff, and:
ρf /µf = ρt /µ t Eqn. (E.2)
From this relationship, the density of the test gas can be calculated. From the test density, the necessary
pressure of the test gas can be determined.
The resulting conditions will be such that Reynolds numbers found in the field will be matched in the test
facility when the meter is tested at flowrates also matching those in the field. The K-factors measured at
each test flowrate can then be programmed directly into a flow computer for linearization purposes, or
used to calculate the meter’s final meter factor.
K-factors determined in this manner can be used directly for measurement of natural gas regardless of the
calibration gas used. In the event that natural gas is used as the test medium, the densities and viscosities
between field conditions and test conditions need only be adjusted for temperature and composition
differences. In the event an alternate test gas is used, the properties of the test gas will determine its
density and viscosity characteristics. In either case, the pressure of the test gas is adjusted to create
equivalent conditions of Reynolds numbers and flowrate. An example calculation using air as the test gas
is provided in E.4.1.
E.2 Pressure and Flowrate Matching

The Reynolds matching approach described in Section E.1 differs from a commonly used method of
establishing test conditions for turbine meters in alternate gases. Traditionally, the practice has been to
match both in-service pressure and flowrates during tests. When the test medium is air or another gas of
high relative density, this practice results in density and Reynolds conditions in the meter that are
significantly higher than those in service. According to the results of the research described in Reference
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3, calibrating meters in this manner could lead to under-measurement for applications at low and
intermediate service pressures.
In addition, testing with heavy gases at matched pressure and flowrates results in high momentum at the
rotor. This means that the rotor thrust bearing could be overloaded, with detrimental effects on accuracy
and meter life. The manufacturer should be consulted before conducting calibrations in this manner.
E.3 Density and Reynolds Number Matching

Reference 3 shows that some turbine meters can exhibit density-related performance effects. In the
research described in reference 3, this effect was only observed at low pressures and low flowrates in a
few meters. (Refer to Section 6.3.1.3 for a discussion). It is possible to use a similar approach to that
described in Section E.1 to assess this aspect of meter performance. Density and Reynolds number would
be matched instead of flowrate and Reynolds number. Using the same notation as above, equating the
field and test Reynolds number and densities, and dropping the constant terms leads to the relationship:
Q f / µ f = Q t / µt Eq. (E.3)
As can be seen from the above, the test flowrate range will differ from that in the field by the ratio of the
viscosities involved. The example calculation below also illustrates this option.
Note that when using density and flowrate matching in typical alternate calibration fluids, it is not
possible to calibrate the meter over its designed flowrate range. This limitation is further discussed in the
example in E.4.2.
E.4 Example Calculations

A four-inch meter is to be installed in 150-psig natural gas, at flow rates from 1,600 to 16,000 cubic feet
per hour. It is intended to calibrate the meter at a facility that uses air as the test medium. The properties
of the natural gas are:
Pressure 150 psig

Density (ρf) 0.5191 lbm/ft3
Viscosity (µf) 0.01086 cp
Range of flowrates 1,600 – 16,000 acfh
The resulting Reynolds number range is 120,762 to 1,207,602. (Note that it is not necessary to calculate
Reynolds number to use this method. Equations E.2 and E.3 are sufficient. The range of Reynolds
numbers is shown here for reference purposes only.)
The test gas is air. The viscosity (µ t) of air at 60° F is 0.01774 cp.
E.4.1 To Match Reynolds Numbers and Flowrates

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Equation E.2 can be rearranged in the form:
ρ t = (ρ f ) ( µ t / µ f ) Eq. (E.4)
The resulting density of the test air (ρt) would therefore be 0.8479 lbm/ft3. Air has this density (at 60° F)
at a pressure of about 148 psig. Thus the meter would be calibrated in 151-psig air at the in-service
flowrates, and the resulting k-factors applied directly to correct the meter’s output.
This approach is recommended for most applications.
E.4.2 To Match Reynolds Numbers and Density

The field gas density to be matched is 0.5191 lbm/ft3. In air, this density results in a test pressure of about
85 psig. Equation E.3 can be rearranged in the form:
Q t = (Q f) (µ t / µ f) Eq. (E.5)
The resulting flowrate range would therefore be: 2614 to 26,136 acfh. CAUTION: The resulting upper
flowrate is beyond the maximum for this meter. Tests cannot be conducted above the maximum rated
flowrate without severe risk of damaging the meter. With density matching in typical (i.e. heavy)
alternate calibration fluids, the field flowrate range can only be matched if it does not approach the
maximum for a particular meter size.
March 2005
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Reference List
Reference 1: A.G.A. Transmission Measurement Committee Report No. 8, “Compressibility Factors of

Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases”, American Gas Association, Washington, D.C.,
November 1992.
Reference 2: George, D. L., GRI Topical Report GRI-01-0226, “Metering Research Facility Program:
Turbine Meter Research in Support of the Planned AGA Report No. 7 Revision” Gas Research Institute,
Des Plaines, Illinois, January 2003.
Reference 3: George, D. L., GRI Topical Report GRI-03-0172, “Metering Research Facility Program:
Effects of Line Pressure and Gas Density on Turbine Meter Measurement Accuracy at Conditions from
Atmospheric Air to 700 psig in Natural Gas”. Gas Research Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, August 2004.
Reference 4: Siebenaler, S. P., and George, D. L., GRI Topical Report GRI-04/0207, “Metering Research
Facility Program: Effects of Turbine Meter Cartridge Changeout on Measurement Uncertainty”. Gas
Research Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA, March 2005.
Reference 5: International Organization of Legal Metrology R-6 "General Provisions for Gas Volume
Meters – 1989”, International Organization of Legal Metrology, Paris, France, 1989.
Reference 6: George, Fraser, Nored and Tang, “Carbon Dioxide as a Test Fluid for Calibration of
Turbine Meters”, American Gas Association Spring Conference 2004, American Gas Association,
Washington, D.C., May 2004.
Reference 7: ISO 9951: “Measurement of Gas Flow in Closed Conduits – Turbine Meters”, International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1994.
Reference 8: Peace, D.W., “Installation Effects on Turbine Meters”, AGA Operations Conference, May
1995, American Gas Association, Washington, D.C.
Reference 9: Arnberg, B.T., “Review of Critical Flowmeters for Gas Flow Measurements”, ASME
Journal of Basic Engineering, December 1962.
Reference 10: A.G.A. Transmission Measurement Committee Report No. 3 “Orifice Metering of Natural
Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids”, American Gas Association, Washington, D.C.
March 2005
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2005 AGA Measurement of Natural Gas by Turbine Meter

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Measurement of Natural Gas

400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4th Floor

Phone: (202) 824-7000

TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE

DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT

COPYRIGHT  2005 AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Larry Fraser, Fraser & Associates (Chairman)

Angela Floyd, Panhandle Energy

Dan Peace, Sensus Metering Systems

Mark Pelkey, National Fuel

Alex Podgers, American Meter Co.

Other individuals who contributed to the development of the document are:

Thanh Phan, Duke Energy

4 Meter Design Requirements

6 Individual Meter Testing Requirements

6.3.1 Calibration Conditions

7.6.1 Filtration and Strainers

8 Meter Maintenance and Field Verification Checks

B Volumetric and Mass Flow Measurement

B.2 Equation for Calculating Mass Flow

D Meter Outputs and Adjustments

A.1 Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Gas Design)

A.3 Independent Tandem Turbine Rotors separated by Flow Guides

1.2 Principle of Measurement

For the purposes of this report, the following definitions apply:

Designer A company that designs and constructs metering facilities

MAOP Maximum allowable operating pressure

Meter factor A factor by which the result of a measurement is multiplied to

Qi The flowrate through a meter under a specific set of test or operating

Qt The transition flowrate. The flowrate through the meter at which

Reference meter A meter of known accuracy.

Repeatability Closeness of agreement between results of successive measurements of

3.1 Gas Quality

3.2 Operating Pressures

3.3 Temperatures, Gas and Ambient

3.4 Effect of Gas Density

3.5 Gas Flow Rate Considerations

3.6 Upstream Piping and Flow Profiles

4 Meter Design Requirements

4.1 Codes and Standards

4.2 Meter Body

4.2.1 Meter Body End Connections

4.2.2 Corrosion Resistance

4.2.3 Meter Lengths and Bores

4.2.4 Pressure Tap

4.3 Meter Markings

Other markings on the meter should indicate:

5.1 General Performance Tolerances

Repeatability: ±0.2% from Qmin to Qmax,

5.2 Temperature and Gas Composition Influences

5.3 Pressure Influences

5.4 Meter Body Interchangeability

5.5 Influence and Disturbance Factors

6 Individual Meter Testing Requirements

6.1 Integrity Test

6.2 Leakage Test

6.3.1 Calibration Conditions

6.3.1.1 Reynolds Number

Reynolds number may be calculated from either of the following formulae:

Re = 4(Q f) / π (D) (ν) Eq. (6.1)

Re = 4 (Q f) (ρ) / π (D) (µ) Eq. (6.2)