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2reviewer Psych of Learning PDF
2reviewer Psych of Learning PDF
Habituation
it is when repeated exposure to a stimulus
decreases on organisms responsive to the
stimulus
Sensitization
it is learning that occurs when stimulus is
repeated, and each time your response to it The Conditioned stimulus
increase as it goes on and on The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral
stimulus that, after becoming associated with the
2. Associative Learning unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to
is the process by which an association between trigger a conditioned response.
two stimuli or a behavior and stimulus is learned
Stage 3: After Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning The Conditioned Response
It is a learning process in which an innate The conditioned response is the learned
response to a potent stimulus comes to be response to the previously neutral stimulus.
elicited in response to a previously neutral
stimulus: this is by repeated pairings of the
neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus.
1. Law of Similarity
recall of the similar objects
2. Law of Contrast
recall that things are opposite
3. Law of Contiguity
recall of an activities related to a previous
Rene De Cartes’
Studied the relationship between mind and body.
John Locke
believes the infant mind at birth is tabula rasa
.
Franz Joseph Gall
examine the shape of the skull and concluded
that its faculties are located in specific parts of the
brain
Charles Darwin
Introduced the theory of evolution. He perceived
that human beings as a combination of biological
heritage and human experiences
Herman Ebbinghaus
Stated that learning and memory can be studied
experimentally. He is introduced a nonsense
material.
WHAT IS LEARNING
Learning means gaining knowledge or skills, it
process by which experiences or practice results
in a relatively permanently change of behavior,
which helps to attain goals or needs.
EARLIEST THEORY OF LEARNING
Essential aspects of Learning
PLATO and ARISTOTLE Term learning does not apply to temporarily
were called rationalists because they change in behavior as those resulting from drugs,
emphasized the role of mind in acquiring or illness.
knowledge It does not refers to change resulting from
maturation or biological influences
Nativism Learning can result from vicarious all as well as
Plato direct experiences. Once that can be affected by
which says knowledge is inherited and is observing events and behavior in the
therefore a natural or innate component of the environment, as well as by participating in them.
human kind Changes produced by learning are not always
positive in nature.
Empiricism
Aristotle THEORIES OF LEARNING
he focused on sensory information ate the basic
knowledge Theory
is a set of interrelated constructs, concepts,
principles, hypotheses, which attempt to explain,
predict, control of a set phenomenon
A theory of learning describes, explain or predicts
condition under which learning does or does not
occur, and the very nature of the learning
process.
Learning should be facilitated and accelerated The shape of the learning curve depends on the
rather than hindered by the behavior of teacher. skill learned and type of performance measure
being employed. In interpreting the curves, it is
Learning should be occur because of rather than important to note what aspect of performance being
in spite of the teacher. recorded.
EXAMPLE:
A person who is successfully acquiring a new habits
Essential aspects of Learning Process likely to have curve of decreasing errors and curve
and a curve increasing correct responses.
1. Motivation If he or she performing more and more poorly. The
Is constantly bombarded by with stimuli from graph will show a curve of increasing energy cost and
the environment. One’s response to any decreasing speed of responses.
stimulus is directly proportional to the
strength of one’s motive Any curve depicting learning will show chance
fluctuations, moving upward and downward at
2. Goal different parts of its course. To prevent these from
confusing the final result, it is common practice to
Behavior being purposive, in oriented
combine the results of a large number of subjects into
towards a goal. The perceives probability of
one curve, on the assumption that the subjects will
success determines whether
not be distracted all the same moment or will have the
Goal Achievement does not always result
same difficulty with a particular item.
from a reduction of tension but from the
strengthening of expectancy.
Learning has ups and downs, it is not always
manifested by good performance.
3. Readiness
Learning is faster during the first trials and slows
depends on training, experiences and heredity down as the final trial is reached.
When the plateau is reached, learning slows down. At
It is rated to: this point rest is vital to overcome fatigue or boredom.
Physiological factors- maturation of sense
organs. Two (2) types of Learning Curve
Psychological factors- motives, emotional
factors and self-concept.
1. Positively Accelerated
Experiential factors- previously learned
Were performance increases in every trial
skills and concepts.
5. Attitudes
as we go through life, we learn to respond readily
to select aspects of environment
6. Emotional response
we learn what to fear and what we love
7. Problem solving
Thinking perhaps is the most impressive kind of
learning human being are capable of. It involves
the complex applications of old experiences and
new and different situations
8. Language
We learn words and word combinations. We learn
mathematical symbols and learn to present the
world in terms of words and symbols and to
describe this words to others.
9. Personality
We viewed personality as the pattern of
characteristics of the whole organism, then it
follows that much of personality is learned.
Although some characteristics of the human
system are based clearly in heredity and reach
their mature
State through the biological processes, most
behavioral traits, such as extroversion or
sociability are largely result in learning.