Pengantar Struktur Geologi

Geological Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
Wahyu WILOPO

Tujuan
• Mengatahui berbagai macam struktur geologi
• Mampu mengidentifikasi, mengukur dan
menentukan jenis struktur geologi di lapangan
• Mampu mengidentifikasi dampak struktur
geologi terhadap konstruksi teknik
1
The word structure is from Latin struere (to build)
Structural Geology: Deals with the origin,

geometry and kinematics of structures’
formation. it requires an ability to visualize
objects in three dimensions

Structural Geology
Rocks below the earth's surface are hot and tend to

flow, whereas rocks at the surface are relatively
cool and tend to be more brittle. Thus, rocks at the
surface (or near-surface) fracture while rocks deep
inside the earth flow.
Deformation: when rocks are subjected to stresses

(forces) greater than their own internal strength.
Caused by stress and resulting in strain
Stress -- force acting upon an object to create

deformation
Strain -- resultant of the stress applied; end product
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2
There are several types of stresses that can be applied

to a rock unit:
1. Extension or tension (pulling apart)

2. Compression (pushing together)
3. Shearing or twisting (one portion in one direction,
the other portion in another direction)

3
There can be two (4) resulting responses

to stress:
• DUCTILE DEFORMATION: Is a continuous
deformation that produces certain kind of folds,
ductile faults, cleavage and foliation.
• BRITTLE DEFORMATION: Is a discontinuous
deformation that produces folds, brittle faults and
joints.
• PLASTIC DEFORMATION: Permanent change
in shape of a solid that does not involve failure
by rupture
• ELASTIC DEFORMATION: A nonpermanent
deformation, which
disappears when the stress is released
7

Ductile deformation produces folds:

1. Anticline -- upwarping of rocks to produce an "A-
like" structure
2. Syncline -- downwarping of rocks to produce
"spoon-like" structure
3. Dome -- three-dimensional anticline resembling
inverted cereal bowl
4. Basin -- three-dimensional syncline resembling
upright cereal bowl
4
When brittle deformation occurs and rocks

fracture, they can simply crack producing a
fracture with no offset, called a joint.
When brittle deformation occurs and rocks

fracture, they can also crack producing a
fracture with offset, called a fault.

Geologic Structures
• Different stresses result in
various forms of strain
(geologic structures)
– Joints
– Faults (Any type of stress
may cause brittle strain.
The type of fault depends
on the type of stress)
– Folds (compressive
stresses may cause
ductile strain)
– Unconformity
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5
Stikes and Dips are used to identify geologic structures
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KLASIFIKASI KEKAR (Genetik)

• Kekar Gerus (Shear Joint), yaitu kekar yang terjadi
akibat stress yang cenderung mengelincir bidang satu
sama lainnya yang berdekatan.
• Kekar Tarikan (Tensional Joint), yaitu kekar yang
terbentuk dengan arah tegak lurus dari gaya yang
cenderung untuk memindahkan batuan (gaya tension).
Hal ini terjadi akibat dari stress yang cenderung untuk
membelah dengan cara menekannya pada arah yang
berlawanan, dan akhirnya kedua dindingnya akan saling
menjauhi.
• Kekar Hibrid (Hybrid Joint), yaitu merupakan campuran
dari kekar gerus dan kekar tarikan dan pada umumnya
rekahannya terisi oleh mineral sekunder.
12
6
Brittle Strain Joints

• When shallow crust is strained rocks
tend to exhibit brittle strain
Types of genetic
joints:
Tension joint,
Shear joint,
Extension joint,
Release joints
13

type of tension joints

• Sheeting joints; parallel to topography, can form in any
rock, but common in igneous-plutonic rocks that are
exposed
• Columnar Joints; extension fractures characteristic of
tabular extrusive igneous rocks i.e., form in lava flow,
sill, dike
14
7
A B D E
C
A Extension joints
B Shear joints
C Release joints
D Shear Joints
E Release Joints
15

Kekar tarikan dapat dibedakan

• Tension Fracture, yaitu kekar tarik yang bidang
rekahannya searah dengan tegasan.
• Release Fracture, yaitu kekar tarik yang
terbentuk akibat hilangnya atau pengurangan
tekanan, orientasinya tegak lurus terhadap gaya
utama. Struktur ini biasanya disebut
STYLOLITE.
16
8
Ciri-ciri Kekar Gerus

• Biasanya bidangnya licin.
• Memotong seluruh batuan.
• Memotong komponen batuan.
• Bidang rekahnya relatif kecil.
• Adanya joint set berpola belah ketupat.
17

Ciri-ciri Kekar Tarik

• Bidang kekar tidak rata.
• Bidang rekahnya relatif lebih besar.
• Polanya sering tidak teratur, kalaupun teratur
biasanya akan berpola kotak-kotak.
• Karena terbuka, maka dapat terisi mineral yang
kemudian disebut vein.
18
9
Source: AR Geologic Commission 7.5’ Geologic Quads 19

Joints and Geotechnical engineering

– An example is in road cuts. Joints or bedding planes sloping
into the opening made by a road cut makes that road cut
unstable.
Which side of the hill do you
recommend the road goes around?
Unstable Stable
cut cut
Joints, with another set ⊥ to them (not shown)

20
10
C. Geotechnical engineering
– Another example is in excavations for foundations.
– In cases like this, or in many cases with road cuts in which
there is not a choice as to which side of the hill you go
around, rock bolts are used to help stabilize the unstable cut.
Foundation Rock
bolts
excavation
21

Faults
• Fault: When
movement
occurs along a
discontinuity
• Fault type
depends on the
type of stress
22
11
Faults
Fault
a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
Three parts of a Fault include;

1) Hanging Wall - the top part of the rock above the fault plane.
2) Foot Wall - the bottom part of the rock below the fault plane.
3) Fault Plane - the surface that separates the two moving pieces.
Fault Plane
Foot Wall
Hanging Wall
23

Faults Faculty of Engineering
24
12
Faults
Different Types of Faults;
1) Normal Fault (dip-slip)

Caused by tensional forces.
Hanging wall drops in relation to the foot wall.
Hanging Wall
2) Reverse Fault (dip-slip)

Foot Wall
Caused by compressional forces.
Hanging wall moves upward in relation to the foot wall.
25

Faults
Horst and Graben:
Horst
An uplifted block of crust
bounded by two normal faults. Graben
Horst
Graben
A valley formed by the
downward displacement of a
block of crust bounded by
two faults.
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13
Normal Faults, Horsts and Grabens
27

Faults
Different Types of Faults;
3) Thrust Fault (dip-slip) Hanging Wall
Caused by Compressional forces.

Foot Wall
Hanging wall moves up over foot wall.
Low angle reverse fault.
4) Transform Fault (strike-slip)

Caused by shearing forces.
Two plates slide side by side.
No vertical movement.
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14
Reverse and Thrust Faults

• Compressive stress
causes the hanging wall
to move upward relative
to the foot wall
Reverse Fault
• At convergent plate
boundaries ancient
rocks can be thrust over
younger rocks
Thrust Fault
29

30
15
Structures at a Convergent Boundary
31

Strike Slip Faults

• Physiographic Features
32
16
33

Folds
Parts of a Fold Include;

1) Anticline
Caused by compressional forces. Anticline
Crust moves upward forming a hill.
Referred to as an up-fold.
2) Syncline
Caused by Compressional forces.
Crust moves downward forming a valley. Syncline
Referred to as a down-fold.
34
17
Anticline (fold)
35

Anticline
18
Syncline (fold)
37

Syncline
19
Folds
Parts of a Fold Include;

3) Limbs
side part of a syncline or anticline
4) Fold Axis Strike Dip
Point where limbs change angle of dip.

Limb
Fold Axis
5) Strike
Direction of fold (axis)
6) Dip
Angle of limb with the horizontal.
39

Types of Folds
• Monocline:
– A local steepening in otherwise uniformly dipping strata.
• Isoclinal fold:
– Limbs are parallel to the axial plane.
• Recumbent fold:
– Fold with horizontal axial plane. Commonly isoclinal
• Symmetric vs. asymmetric folds
40
40
20
41

Plunging
Anticline
42
21
43

Common Types of Folds

• Monoclines – Large, step-like folds in otherwise
horizontal sedimentary strata.
• Domes -Upwarped circular or slightly elongated
structure. Oldest rocks in center, younger rocks outside.
• Basins – Downwarped circular or slightly elongated
structure. Youngest rocks are found near the center,
oldest rocks on the flanks.
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22
Domes and Basins
45

Engineering properties of faulted or folded

rock
• shear strength
– loose materials
– compressive materials
– permeable materials
46
23
hydrology of fault zones

• water in fault zones common due to fractured
rock
– fault zone may be either an aquifer or an aquiclude
• crushed to gravel
• crushed to clay
47

Problems due to water in fault zones

• leakage of waste water under a landfill
• leakage of water under a dam
• sudden collapse and inflow of water into a tunnel
• hydrothermal alteration of rocks to clay minerals
along faults – variable physical, mechanical and
hydrological properties
• soluble rocks - cavities
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24
Baldwin Hill reservoir – failed

1963
• 1 principle embankment, 47 m
high, and 5 smaller embankments
• excavated hollow in between at
the top of a mountain range
49

Baldwin Dam
• Failure 1971
• cracks in the floor
extended across the entire
reservoir along the trace of
the fault
• 50 mm displacement
• open voids along the fault
• movement along the fault
had fractured the lining
• rupture of the asphalt
membrane
• water eroded cavities into
the foundation rock
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Geological Engineering Department

Geological Engineering Department

The word structure is from Latin struere (to build)

Structural Geology: Deals with the origin,

Geological Engineering Department

Rocks below the earth's surface are hot and tend to

Deformation: when rocks are subjected to stresses

Stress -- force acting upon an object to create

There are several types of stresses that can be applied

1. Extension or tension (pulling apart)

Geological Engineering Department

There can be two (4) resulting responses

Geological Engineering Department

Ductile deformation produces folds:

When brittle deformation occurs and rocks

When brittle deformation occurs and rocks

Geological Engineering Department

Stikes and Dips are used to identify geologic structures

Geological Engineering Department

KLASIFIKASI KEKAR (Genetik)

Brittle Strain Joints

Geological Engineering Department

type of tension joints

Geological Engineering Department

Kekar tarikan dapat dibedakan

Ciri-ciri Kekar Gerus

Geological Engineering Department

Ciri-ciri Kekar Tarik

Source: AR Geologic Commission 7.5’ Geologic Quads 19

Geological Engineering Department

Joints and Geotechnical engineering

Joints, with another set ⊥ to them (not shown)

Geological Engineering Department

Three parts of a Fault include;

Geological Engineering Department

Different Types of Faults;

1) Normal Fault (dip-slip)

2) Reverse Fault (dip-slip)

Geological Engineering Department

Caused by tensional forces.

Normal Faults, Horsts and Grabens

Geological Engineering Department

Different Types of Faults;

3) Thrust Fault (dip-slip) Hanging Wall

Caused by Compressional forces.

4) Transform Fault (strike-slip)

Reverse and Thrust Faults

Geological Engineering Department

Structures at a Convergent Boundary

Geological Engineering Department

Strike Slip Faults

Geological Engineering Department

Parts of a Fold Include;

Geological Engineering Department

Geological Engineering Department

Parts of a Fold Include;

4) Fold Axis Strike Dip

Point where limbs change angle of dip.

Geological Engineering Department

• Symmetric vs. asymmetric folds

Geological Engineering Department

Geological Engineering Department

Common Types of Folds