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Chapter 05 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
Chapter 05 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
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Outline
• Concept of compressible fluid
• Mach number – a criteria for compressible fluid flow
characterization.
• Processes of compressible fluid flow:
• Isentropic flow
• Adiabatic flow with friction
• Isothermal flow with friction
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• Compressibility, Z
– A measure of the change in density that will be
produced in the fluid by a specified change in
pressure.
• Gases – highly compressible.
• Liquid – very low compressibility.
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In fluid flow, there are usually occur changes
in pressure associated with changes of other
parameters of the flow
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These pressure changes will, in general,
cause density changes which will
have an influence on the flow
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When density changes are important,
temperature change in the flow that may arise
due to the kinetic energy change (velocity change)
also influence on the flow
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In other words
when compressibility is important,
the temperature changes in the flow
are usually important.
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Although the density changes in the flow field
can be very important, there exist many situations
of great practical importance in which the effects
of these density and temperature changes
are negligible.
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Incompressible fluid flow
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There are however, a number of flows that are of great
practical importance in which this assumption is not
adequate.
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The study of these flows in which
the changes in density and temperature are important
is known as
compressible fluid flow or gas dynamics.
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Applications
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• Gas and steam turbines
– the flow in the blading and nozzles is treated as compressible.
• Reciprocating engines
– the flow of the gases through the valves and in the intake and
exhaust systems.
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Processes of Compressible Flow
Convergent Divergent
Thermal insulation
Isentropic flow
(Steady, frictionless, adiabatic flow)
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Isentropic Friction section
Thermal insulation
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Isentropic
Friction section
Reservoir Receiver
Flow
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Speed of Sound, c
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Sound
A series of small air-pressure disturbances oscillation in
sinusoidal fashion in the frequency range from
20 – 20,000 cycles per second.
More rigid material, speed of sound greater.
Note: Other text use the notation a for speed of sound.
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A property of a material / compound.
1 1
P
2 kP
2
……..(1)
c kRT
S
• Where:
k = specific heat ratio, Cp/Cv
P = absolute pressure of the fluid (kPa, psi or equivalent)
= density of the fluid (kg/m3 or equivalent)
R = specific gas constant (kJ/kg·K or equivalent)
T = absolute temperature of the fluid (K or oR)
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Mach Number, Ma
• For incompressible fluid, Reynolds number, Re is
useful in characterizing the flow (laminar or turbulent).
• In compressible fluid, Mach number, Ma is useful in
characterizing the flow.
• Mach number, Ma
– Ratio of fluid velocity and speed of sound.
– Dimensionless.
V
Ma
c
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February 18, 1838
Born Brno, Austrian Empire
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• Characteristic of compressible fluid flow:
• Ma < 1 : Subsonic flow
• Ma = 1 : Sonic flow
• Ma > 1 : Supersonic flow
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Boeing 747, Ma = 0.85 – 0.95 Concorde, Ma = 2
(high speed, subsonic aircraft) (supersonic aircraft)
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MIG 29 – Ma 2.25
Sukhoi 30 MKM – Ma 2.3
RESERVOIR Receiver
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• Stagnation conditions are those that would exist if the
flow at any point in a fluid stream is isentropically
brought to rest (velocity = 0)
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• Assumptions:
– Flow is steady
– Flow is one-dimensional
– Velocity gradients within a cross section are
neglected
– Friction is restricted to wall shear
– Shaft work is zero
– Gravitational effects are negligible
– Fluid is an ideal gas of constant specific heat
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Steady, frictionless, adiabatic
flow
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Convergent Divergent
Throat
Thermal insulation
V2 V2
h gz h gz
2 R 2 1
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• For ideal gas: CP R C v
CP
k
Cv
Rk
CP
k 1
• Then Eq. (2) V12 2 hR – h1 2CP TR – T1 will become;
V 22Rk
TR – T1
1
k 1
2 TR
V RkT1
2
– 1
1
k 1 T1
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• Taking the term RkT1 to the left hand side:
V12 2 TR
– 1
RkT1 k 1 T1
• From Eq. (1), for condition at point 1 c1 kRT1
1 1
P kP
c kRT1
2 2 2
c kRT
S 1
V12 2 TR
– 1 ………….(3)
• Then; 2
c1 k 1 T1
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V
Ma
c
• From Eq (3), substitute Ma and rearrange:
TR Ma12 k 1
1 …………..(4)
T1 2
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• For compressible fluid, pressure and density change
accordingly to the change in temperature:
• The isentropic (frictionless, adiabatic) relation is given
by:
k
PR TR k 1
………(a)
P1 T1
1
R TR k 1
………(b)
1 T1
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• Substituting Eq. (4) into (a) and (b):
k
PR Ma12 k 1 k 1 ………..(5)
1
P1 2
1
R Ma12 k 1 k 1 ………..(6)
1
1 2
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Reservoir Flow Receiver
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• In any such flow there will be a state where Ma = 1.
• This is called the critical state.
• Properties related to critical state is called critical
conditions or asterisk (*) condition.
(Don’t confuse yourself with definition of Pcr or Tcr)
A1 V
A 1V1
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• Relation between area perpendicular to the
flow and area at critical state:
k 1
Ma12 k 1 2k 1
1
A1 1 2
A Ma1 k 1 1
2
PR A
• For air with k = 1.4: m 0.6847
TRR
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• When the gas is blown down, there will be a decrease
in the amount of gas in the reservoir.
• Then, minitial mmax
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Example 1
• Air flowing through an insulated, frictionless nozzle is
supplied from a large supply tank at 500 kPa, 400 K.
Determine:
– The Mach number, Ma,
– The temperature, T
– The density,
– The air velocity, V
at a location in the duct where the pressure is 430 kPa.
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Solution
• Assumption:
– Frictionless, insulated duct adiabatic
– Air is an ideal gas
k = 1.4, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K,
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
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Solution
• For isentropic gas flow: k
k
PR TR k 1
PR Ma k 1
2 k 1
1
1
P1 T1
P1 2
k 1
k 1
P1 k
2 PR T1 TR
1
k
Ma1
k 1 P1 PR
1.4 1
430
400
1. 4
1.4 1
2 500 500
1
1 .4
1.4 1 430
383 K
0.469
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Solution
P1
• Density, 1 The speed of sound
RT1 c kRT
430
1
0.287 383
1.4 0.287
kPa m3
383 K
2
kg kg K
3.91 3
m 1
kPa m3 2
12.41
• Fluid velocity, V1 kg
m
V1 Ma c 12.41
s
0.469 12.41
m
5.82
s
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Example 2
Gas flow through a Converging-Diverging Duct
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Adiabatic Flow with Friction
Isentropic Friction section
Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation
dx
m V dV V AP dP P dFfriction
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dFfriction
P P + dP
T T + dT
V V + dV
+ d
dx
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dFfriction
P P + dP
T T + dT
V V + dV
+ d
dx
CP T
V2
CP T dT
V dV
2
2 2
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dFfriction
P P + dP
T T + dT
V V + dV
+ d
dx
Ma dMa2 V dV 2
kR T dT
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dFfriction
P P + dP
T T + dT
V V + dV
+ d
dx
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dFfriction
P P + dP
T T + dT
V V + dV
+ d
dx
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• Solving from the equation (for circular pipe):
1 2
2 1 k 1 Ma2
4 f Dx 1 1 1 k 1 Ma1 2
2 2 ln 2
D k Ma1 Ma2 2k Ma2 1 2
1 k 1 Ma1
2
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• When friction is involved, flows tend to reach sonic
condition Ma 1. (Ma2 approaching 1)
4 f L * 1 Ma12 k 1
ln
k 1 Ma12
2
D kMa1 2k 2 1 1 k 1 Ma2
1
2
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Example
Air flows in a 5 cm diameter pipe. The air enters
at Ma = 2.5 and is to leave at Ma = 1.5. Determine
the length of pipe required. What would be the
maximum length of pipe?
Assume f = 0.002 and adiabatic flow.
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Solution
• Flow is adiabatic.
1 2
2 1 k 1 Ma2
4 f Dx 1 1 1 k 1 Ma1 2
2 2 ln 2
D k Ma1 Ma2 2k Ma2 1
1 k 1 Ma1
2
2
1 2
1 1.4 11.5
40.002 L 1 1 1 1.4 1 2.5 2 2
2 2 ln 2
0.05 1.4 2.5 1.5 2(1.4) 1.5 1
1 1.4 12.5 2
2
L 0.185 m
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• Maximum pipe length, L*:
4 f L * 1 Ma12 k 1
ln
k 1 Ma12
2
D kMa1 2k 2 1 1 k 1 Ma2
1
2
40.002 L * 1 2.5 1.4 1 1.4 12.5
2 2
ln
1.42.5 21.4 2 1 1 1.4 12.5 2
2
0.05
2
L* 2.7m
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• Pressure relation:
k 1 2
1 Ma2
P1 Ma2 2
P2 Ma1 k 1 2
1 Ma1
2
• Temperature relation:
k 1 2
1 Ma2
T1 2
T2 k 1 2
1 Ma1
2
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• Density relation:
k 1 2
1 Ma1
1 P1 T2 Ma2 2
2 P2 T1 Ma1 1
k 1 2
Ma2
2
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Isothermal Flow with Friction
Isentropic
Friction section
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dQ
dFfriction
P P + dP
V V + dV
+ d
dx
dx
m V dV V AP dP P dFfriction
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dQ
dFfriction
P P + dP
V V + dV
+ d
dx
dq = V dV
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dQ
dFfriction
P P + dP
V V + dV
+ d
dx
dP d
P
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dQ
dFfriction
P P + dP
V V + dV
+ d
dx
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dQ
dFfriction
P P + dP
V V + dV
+ d
dx
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dQ
dFfriction
P P + dP
V V + dV
+ d
dx
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Isothermal Flow with Friction
Q
P1 P2
V1 V2
1 2
Ma1 Ma2
Dx
V2 1 P1 Ma2
V1 2 P2 Ma1
2fL 1 1 1 Ma2
2 2 ln
D 2k Ma1 Ma2 Ma1
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Q
P1 P2
V1 V2
1 2
Ma1 Ma2
Dx
1
• For isothermal flow with friction, Ma tend to reach
k
1
• When Ma ~ k , dq ~ infinity.
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Isothermal Flow with Friction
1
• By setting Ma2 = , maximum length Lmax or L*
is obtained: k
4 f L * 1 kMa12
D
kMa 2
lnkMa1
2
1
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Example
Air flows through a 5 cm diameter pipeline. The flow
enters at a temperature of 20oC, Ma = 0.1 and
pressure of 900 kPa, and exit at Ma = 0.5. Determine:
– Length of the pipe.
– Maximum pipe length and the corresponding
pressure.
– Mass flow rate of the air.
The specific heat ratio for air and the mean friction
factor may be taken as 1.4 and 0.004 respectively.
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Solution
• Length of pipe:
20.004 L 1 1 1 0.5
2 2 ln
0.05 21.4 0.1 0.5 0.1
L 204.2 m
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• Pressure at the maximum length:
P2 Ma1
From
P1 Ma2
1
at L*, P P * and Ma2
1.4
0.1
P* 900 106.5 kPa
1
1.4
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• At T = 293 K,c = kRT = 10.85 m/s
V1 = Ma1 c = (0.1)(10.85) = 1.85 m/s
1
P1
900 kPa kg
10.7 3
RT kPa m
3
m
0.287 293K
kg K
m 1AV1
10.7 0.05 1.85
2
4
kg
0.0389
s
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Example
• Natural gas flows through a 0.075 m diameter pipeline
which has a length of 750 m. The flow can be
assumed to be isothermal with a temperature of 15oC.
The Mach number and pressure at the inlet are 0.09
and 900 kPa, respectively. If the mean friction factor
for the flow is 0.002, determine the Mach number at
the pipe exit. Also find the maximum possible length
of the pipe and the exit pressure with this length of
pipe.
Assume the flow is steady and the specific heat ratio
for the natural gas is 1.3.
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Solution
• Assumption: Isothermal, steady flow, ideal gas
2fL 1 1 1 Ma2
2 2 ln
D 2k Ma1 Ma2 Ma1
20.002 750 1 1 1 Ma2
2 ln
0.075 21.3 0.09 Ma2
2
0.09
1 1 1 Ma2
40 2 ln
2.6 0.0081 Ma2 0.09
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
Error
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P2 Ma1
P1 Ma2
0.09
P2 900 330.6 kPa
0.245
4 f L * 1 kMa12
D
kMa 2
ln
kMa 2
1
1
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Choking
• Condition of flow at location where Ma = 1 (sonic flow)
• Normally occurs in throat area of the nozzle.
• No more mass can get through the nozzle (constant
mass flow rate) as flow is choked, without changing
the upstream (reservoir) condition.
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