CHAPTER 6: CELL DIVISION

6.2: Cell Cycle and Mitosis

6.2.1 Describe the phases in a cell cycle: interphase, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase,
M phase, mitosis & cytokinesis
6.2.2 Arrange the stages of mitosis in the correct order.
6.2.3 Communicate about the cell structure of each stage of mitosis and cytokinesis
by using labelled diagrams.
6.2.4 Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal and plant cells
6.2.5 Discuss the necessity of mitosis in, development of embryo, growth of
organisms, healing of wounds on the skin, regeneration and asexual reproduction
Cell Cycle
• Most of the cell's life is spent doing its regular
function.
• Cells divide along a rough time frame called its
Cell Cycle.
Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle consists of
– Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in
preparation for cell division)
– Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
• Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into
subphases:
– G1 phase (“first gap”)
– S phase (“synthesis”)
– G2 phase (“second gap”)
 Cell Cycle
• G1 (Gap 1) Phase - Cell performs
its normal function (cells which do
not divide stay in this stage for
their entire life span)
• S (Synthesis) Phase - Here the cell
actively duplicates its DNA in
preparation for division
• G2 (Gap 2) Phase - Amount of
cytoplasm (including organelles)
increases in preparation for
division.
• Mitosis - Actual division occurs
 CELL CYCLE
 Summary of cell cycle: 5 steps
1 G1 gap (growth) phase 1 Interphase
 Stage between cell
2 S synthesis divisions
 Cell engaged in
3 G2 gap (growth) phase 2 metabolic activities
4 Cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)  Nuclear membrane intact
 Chromosome replication
a) Prophase occurs
b) Metaphase Four Stages  Individual chromosomes
c) Anaphase of Mitosis not visible
d) Telophase
5 G0 gap (growth) mitotic dormancy or
differentiation.
Cells become specialized in their function.
Interphase: G1 Phase
• First growth stage after cell division
• Cells mature by making more cytoplasm &
organelles
• Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities
• Cells which do not divide stay in this stage for
their entire life span
Interphase: S Phase
• Synthesis stage
• DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies of
DNA

Original
DNA
Interphase: G2 Phase
• Second Growth Stage
• Occurs after DNA has been copied
• All cell structures needed for division are made
(e.g. centrioles)
• Both organelles & proteins are synthesized
 Mitosis
Definition: a type of nuclear division which results in two
genetically identical daughter cells, each having the same
number and same kind of chromosomes as the parent cell

Division of the nucleus, also called karyokinesis.

Importances:
• for growth,
• as a form of asexual reproduction
• to repair / replace damage / death cell  Occur in all body cells
except gametes
(meiosis), brain cells.
Mitosis
• Mitosis is conventionally divided into four phases:
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase

 Cytokinesis is well
underway by late
telophase
STAGE OF M DIAGRAM NOTES

Chromosomes gets thicker, shorter

and condense
PROPHASE Nuclear membrane breaks down and
nucleolus disappears
Spindle fiber begin to form

Centromere of all chromosomes, line

up on the metaphase plate.
METAPHASE Each sister chromatid attached to a
spindle fiber from opposite poles.

Sister chromatin of each

chromosomes separates at the
ANAPHASE
centromere, are pulled apart and
moves towards the opposite poles.

Chromosomes reaches the poles and

starts to discondense
TELOPHASE
Nuclear membrane is formed
Spindle fiber disappears
Mitosis: TeloPhase
• Short and thick chromosomes
begin to elongate to form long
and thin chromatin
• Spindle disassembles
• Nuclear envelope forms
around each set of sister
chromatids
• Nucleolus reappears
• CYTOKINESIS occurs
• Formation of the cleavage
furrow - a shallow groove in
the cell near the old metaphase
plate
Mitosis: TeloPhase
 After Mitosis: cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis = division of the
cytoplasm
• Cleavage of cell into two halves
• Animal cells
– Constriction belt of actin
filaments
• Plant cells
– Cell plate forms at the equator to
divide cell
• Fungi and protists
– Mitosis occurs within the nucleus
 After Mitosis: cytokinesis
• Cytokenesis differs significantly between Animal &
Plant cells.
• With animals, the membranes pinch together to form
a Cleavage Furrow, which eventually fuses to form
two daughter cells
 After Mitosis: cytokinesis
• With Plants, a cell wall must be formed between the 2
daughter cells.
• Vesicles containing Cellulose form and fuse
between the two daughter cells, eventually forming a
complete cell wall.
Mitosis in Plant cells