Reservoir Simulation& Numerical Simulators

Khaled FEKI
2019

K.FEKI 1
 Course Objectives…

 Learn about reservoir simulation using ECLIPSE Blackoil.

 Understand how the simulator initializes and executes.
 Define corner point grid geometry.
 Describe rock and fluid properties.
 Allocate initial pressure and saturation distributions.
 Define aquifers.
 Control wells under history matching and prediction.

K.FEKI 2
 LECTURE TOPICS

 Introduction
 Data preparation
 Gridding
 Upscaling
 Fluid description
 Initialisation
 Aquifer representation
 Wells representations
 History matching
 Prediction
 Numerical simulator :Eclipse
 Petrel
 Eclipse/Petrel worshop
K.FEKI 3
 Course Objectives…

 Lecture:
• Introduction to simulation
• Introduction to ECLIPSE
• ECLIPSE model: Discuss each section of the data file.
• Convergence issues

 Exercises:
• Build a model from scratch.
• Use Petrel to compare results.

K.FEKI 4
THE CHALLENGE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION …

K.FEKI 5
DYNAMIC RESERVOIR SIMULATION

K.FEKI 6
Incentives for running a flow simulation

K.FEKI 7
 Reservoir Simulation Basics

 The reservoir is divided into many cells.

 Basic data is provided for each cell.
 Wells are positioned within the cells.
 The required well production rates are specified as a function of
time.
 The equations are solved to give the pressure and saturations for
each block as well as the production of each phase from each well.

K.FEKI 8
 Simulating Flow

 Flow from one grid block to the next

 Flow from a grid block to the well completion
 Flow within the wells (and surface networks).

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry Fluid Well

and Properties Productio
Properties n

K.FEKI 9
Reservoir simulator

K.FEKI 10
Reservoir simulation model

K.FEKI 11
Reservoir simulation model

K.FEKI 12
Main modeled phenomena

K.FEKI 13
Definitions

K.FEKI 14
Types of models

K.FEKI 15
Types of simulators

K.FEKI 16
Types of simulators

K.FEKI 17
Black Oil model

K.FEKI 18
NUMERICAL MODELS: DISCRETIZATION

K.FEKI 19
Reservoir Simulation PLANNING

K.FEKI 20
 Prediction Future performance

Reservoir Simulation Model

Geological Model
History Matching

Prediction
Reduce Operation Expenses
Increase Recovery

K.FEKI 21
Problem definition

K.FEKI 22
Data review

K.FEKI 23
Main Types of Data

K.FEKI 24
Study approach

K.FEKI 25
Study approach

K.FEKI 26
Gridding

K.FEKI 27
GRID TYPES

K.FEKI 28
 GRID TYPES

Cartesian

Block-Centered Corner Point

Unstructured
Radial (PEBI)

K.FEKI 29
Sugar box geometry \ Block-Centered

K.FEKI 30
Sugar box geometry \ Block-Centered

K.FEKI 31
Block-centered grid

K.FEKI 32
Block-centered grid

K.FEKI 33
Block-centered grid

K.FEKI 34
Dip or fault ?

K.FEKI 35
Corner point geometry

K.FEKI 36
CPG grid intercell flow

K.FEKI 37
Fault description in CPG grid

K.FEKI 38
Example of CPG reservoir model

K.FEKI 39
Block-Centered vs. Corner Point: Geometry

K.FEKI 40
 Block-Centered vs. Corner Point: Geometry

Block-Centered: Corner Point:

– Cell description is simple. – Cell description can be

– Pre-processor is not
required.
– Geometry data is small.
– Geologic structures are
modelled simplistically.
– Pinchouts and
unconformities are difficult
to model.
– Incorrect cell connections
across faults (user must
modify transmissibility).
complex.
– Pre-processor is required.
– Geometry data is
voluminous.
– Geologic structures can be
modelled accurately.
– Pinchouts and
unconformities can be
modelled accurately.
– Layer contiguity across fault
planes is accurately
modelled.

K.FEKI 41
Reservoir description : PROPERTIES

K.FEKI 42
Reservoir description : PROPERTIES

K.FEKI 43
 Cartesian Data Reading Convention

Cell data is read with i cycling fastest, followed by j, then k.

K.FEKI 44
 Cartesian Data Reading Convention

Cell data is read with R cycling fastest, followed by , then k.

K.FEKI 45
 Block Identification and Ordering

• Natural ordering
• Zebra ordering
• Diagonal D2 ordering
• Alternating diagonal
D4 ordering
• Cycle ordering
• Cycle-2 ordering

K.FEKI 46
ACTIVE and DEAD CELLS

K.FEKI 47
NUMBER OF GRID CELLS

K.FEKI 48
GRID ORIENTATION

K.FEKI 49
CHOICE OF VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION

K.FEKI 50
Using LGR to model gas coning

K.FEKI 51
Grid definition: Quiz

K.FEKI 52
Reservoir layering

K.FEKI 53
Reservoir layering: Use of log Correlation

K.FEKI 54
Reservoir layering: Quiz

K.FEKI 55
 Upscaling

• Optimum level of
and techniques for
upscaling to Gurpinar, 2001

minimize errors

K.FEKI 56
Rock properties: Main parameters

K.FEKI 57
Rock properties: Net thickness and porosity

K.FEKI 58
Rock properties: Compressibility

K.FEKI 59
Rock properties: Compressibility

K.FEKI 60
Horizontal & Vertical Permeability

K.FEKI 61
Horizontal Permeability

K.FEKI 62
Vertical Permeability

K.FEKI 63
Fluid description

K.FEKI 64
Fluid description: Influence of reservoir temperature

K.FEKI 65
Fluid description: Black oil assumptions

K.FEKI 66
Fluid description: Black oil relationships

K.FEKI 67
Fluid description: Black oil representation

K.FEKI 68
Black oil: From surface to reservoir conditions

K.FEKI 69
Fluid description: PVT Regions

K.FEKI 70
Initial state : Summary

K.FEKI 71
Initial state : Pressure calculations

K.FEKI 72
Example of the initial reservoir condition calculations

K.FEKI 73
Computing the initial pressure distribution

K.FEKI 74
Computing the initial pressure distribution

K.FEKI 75
Initial state: Saturation calculation

K.FEKI 76
Initial state: Water-Oil contact definition

K.FEKI 77
Initial state: Saturation calculation

78
Initial state: Saturation Height function

79
Initial state: Water-Oil contact discretization

80
Aquifer Representation

81
Aquifer Representation

82
Use of large grid cells

83
Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

84
Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

85
Van Everdingen and Hurst

86
Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

87
Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

88
Wells’ representation

K.FEKI 89
Wells representation

K.FEKI 90
Wells representation: Inflow performance

K.FEKI 91
Wells representation: Inflow performance

K.FEKI 92
 HISTORY MATCHING

OBJECTIVE

Validate (Calibrate) the reservoir characterization by comparing performance of the model

with historical performance (rates, pressures, saturations)

PRINCIPLE
Reproduce with the model the measured evolutions of pressure, BSW and GOR by well, by
zone or for the entire field.

Difficulties

Uncertainties on fault and flow barriers network.

 RULE OF THUMB

Predictions are reliable on a period twice the production period.

93
 HISTORY MATCHING: Main issues

 Observed flows are imposed on wells during the history period.

 One expect to reproduce:

 pressure evolution
 WOR and GOR
 WOC and GOC contacts

 This is not a simple work as:

 Many data are unknown (no information is available far from wells)
 It is not obvious to detect the most influent data (all data act together)
 Some artefacts must be corrected (grid size, grid orientation,…)

 It is possible to distinguish between two main types of problems:

 Pressure match
 Saturation match

94
 Steps IN HISTORY MATCHING

STEP 1 : Identification of available data that have to be matched

• Adapt data to grid size
STEP 2 : Data Analysis
• Identification of main uncertainty in the Geomodel
STEP 3 : Selection of matching parameters
• Identification of probable range for each matching parameter
STEP 4 : Modification of matching parameters
• Trial and error process

 G&G must work hard to help the reservoir engineer to maintain the
consistency of the geological model, It is better to have rough, consistent
matching than matching which is accurate but destroys the model.

 It is better to have rough, consistent matching than matching which is

accurate but destroys the model.

95
History Matching

K.FEKI 96
 History matching: Data to match
 Determine the accuracy and frequency of measurements

• Which kind of separator (Gas-Liquid, 3 phase separator)

• How is measured WOR, GOR if no 3 phase separator?
• Frequency of measurements (weekly, monthly?)
• Activity factor (% of activity of the wells)

 Allocation of rates to perforated interval

• Completion and well status (casing, cement) to be known

• Production logging is the best tool to allocate rate
• If no production logging, estimate the accuracy of allocation to intervals
• When possible, draw the maps of injected fluid breakthrough for each Interval

 Shut-in pressures of wells

• look at pressure curves to estimate the pressure in the cell

97
 History matching: Data to match

 RFT in wells drilled after the start of production

• Differential depletion by interval

• Communication through faults

 Observation wells

• Shut-in wells should be changed to observation wells

 WHP of wells not usually used

• Flow in tubing difficult to match exactly, interference with surface flow lines

98
 History matching strategy

First Phase: pressure match

 Look at total fluid production and average pressure (kind of material balance):

• Of the whole field

• Of parts of the field (compartments, or zones determined from the geological analysis,
layers)

 Change first the more uncertain parameters by zone

• Aquifer transmissibility (kh) , storativity (kh ct),

• Reservoir permeability
o Multiplying factor to reproduce pressure gradients
o Vertical connections to account for pressure discrepancies between layers
(RFT useful)
o Connections through faults to account for different pressure regimes

99
 Pressure match : Material balance

Objective
• Get a correct evolution with time of the average reservoir pressure

 Main parameters
• Volumes Originally in Place
• Aquifer size & water influx
• Pore & Fluid Compressibility

 Important notice
• The material balance should address the whole reservoir voidage (no material balance per
fluid in surface conditions)
• It is useful to get an energy balance to have an estimation of the importance of each
individual production mechanisms (pore volume contraction, fluid expansion, water sweep,
gas sweep …)

K.FEKI 100
 Pressure match : Material balance

Reservoir voidage calculation:

Q res = Qo . Bo (P) + {Qg - Rs (P) . Qo (P)}. Bg (P) + Qw . Bw (P)

 Important notice

• Reservoir voidage has to be calculated and is depending on the reservoir pressure.

• ECLIPSE keyword for reservoir voidage is RESV.

K.FEKI 101
 Pressure match : Darcy’ law

Objective
• Get a correct geometry of the flow lines and pressure drop along flow lines

Main parameters

o One phase flow

• Transmissivity distribution

o Multi phase flow

• Transmissivity distribution
• Transfer functions (relative permeability & capillary pressure).

K.FEKI 102
 Pressure match : Diffusivity equation

Objective
• Get a correct evolution of reservoir pressure versus time and space.

Diffusivity equation:

Main parameters:

K.FEKI 103
Numerical production indices
PEACEMAN formula

K.FEKI 104
 History matching strategy

Second step: Fluid distribution matching

 By zones (compartments, or zones determined from the geological analysis, layers)

look at contacts movements, WOR and GOR of wells. Try to match fluid BT (break-
through), fluid produced volumes.

 Adjust first the permeability distribution

• Vertical distribution by layer and connection between layers (vertical permeability)

• Areal distribution of permeability (barriers, high permeability zones, sealing or
conductive faults)

 change Kr only if changes in permeability distribution cannot achieve a satisfactory

match
• First check if initial water saturation is correctly represented

105
 History matching strategy

Final step: well by well match

 Once the global and zonal matches are correct, look at each well
 Check if the cell size is not the cause of an incorrect match
 Check if coning can be suspected and is not taken into account
By specific well Kr functions
 Check if the discrepancy does not reveal a completion problem(cement or casing
leak, fluid entry from another interval)
 Corrections should remain in the vicinity of the well

106
FIRST STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 1

K.FEKI 107
FIRST STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 1

K.FEKI 108
FINAL STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 3

K.FEKI 109
 History matching : Some advices

Flow directions are not correct if pressure is not matched

• Don’t try to match saturations if you are not matched in pressure

 Early well behaviour correspond to area close to the wells

• Concentrate on well data to match early production times

 Late well behaviour correspond to area far from the wells

• Don’t limit your analysis close to the wells to match late production times

 Modification of matching parameters

• Try to anticipate model reactions by using simple calculations
• Don’t introduce new parameters without a look back to G&G

K.FEKI 110
 History matching : Some advices

Flow directions are not correct if pressure is not matched

• Don’t try to match saturations if you are not matched in pressure

 Early well behaviour correspond to area close to the wells

• Concentrate on well data to match early production times

 Late well behaviour correspond to area far from the wells

• Don’t limit your analysis close to the wells to match late production times

 Modification of matching parameters

• Try to anticipate model reactions by using simple calculations
• Don’t introduce new parameters without a look back to G&G

K.FEKI 111
 NUMERICAL SIMULATOR (ECLIPSE)
 ECLIPSE 100 is a three phases, three dimensional, general purpose black
oil simulator with gas condensate option.

 Program is written in FORTRAN77 and operate on any computer with an

ANSI-standard FORTRAN77 compiler and with sufficient memory.

 ECLIPSE 100 can be used to simulate 1, 2 or 3 phase systems. Two phase

options (oil/water, oil/gas, gas/water) are solved as two component systems
saving both computer storage and computer time. In addition to gas
dissolving in oil (variable bubble point pressure or gas/oil ratio), ECLIPSE
100 may also be used to model oil vaporizing in gas (variable dew point
pressure or oil/gas ratio).

 Both corner-point and conventional block-center geometry options are

available in ECLIPSE. Radial and Cartesian block-center options are
available in 1, 2 or 3 dimensions. A 3D radial option completes the circle
allowing flow to take place across the 0/360 degree interface.

New Names for the ECLIPSE Simulators:

• ECLIPSE 100 = ECLIPSE Black Oil
• ECLIPSE 300 = ECLIPSE Compositional
• ECLIPSE 500 = ECLIPSE Thermal 112

K.FEKI
 How to start?

To run simulation you need an input file with all data concerning reservoir and
process of its exploitation. Input data for ECLIPSE is prepared in free format
using a keyword system. Any standard editor may be used to prepare the input
file. Alternatively ECLIPSE Office may be used to prepare data interactively
through panels, and submit runs.
The name of input file has to be in the following format: FILENAME.DATA

Input data file

An ECLIPSE data input file is split into sections, each of which is introduced by a
section-header keyword. A list of all section-header keywords is given in
following, together with a brief description of the contents of each section and
examples of keywords using in file code.
Note that all keywords in input file have to be in proper order

The keywords in the input data file (including section-header keywords) are each
of up to 8 characters in length and must start in column 1. All characters up to
column 8 are significant. Any characters on the same line as a keyword from
column 9 onwards will be treated as a comment
.
K.FEKI 113
 ECLIPSE files and file extensions

User defined data

• General data set: ~ . Data
• General data set: ~ . GRDECL
• Include: ~ . INC

Error / warnings + Text outputs

• Text file: ~ . PRT

Results

• Geometry: ~ . EGRID / ~ . GRID

• INITIAL state: ~ . INIT
• 1 D results: ~ . SUMMARY
• 2 D / 3 D results: ~ . RESTART
114
Use Windows NOTEPAD and NOT Word to edit files. K.FEKI
 ECLIPSE DATA FILE - GENERAL INPUT RULES
SECTION KEYWORDS

The input data file for ECLIPSE

consists of 8 sections, in the order
shown

• Each section must begin with the

section keyword before specifying any
data or keywords for that section.

• All section keywords must start in

column 1.

K.FEKI 115
 ECLIPSE DATA FILE - GENERAL INPUT RULES
TABLES

• Multiple tables are specified using only one keyword.

• Each table is ended with a slash.
• ECLIPSE will perform interpolation in a table if a 1* is
specified.

116
K.FEKI
 ECLIPSE DATA FILE - Format

132
Comments character
denoted by limit

--
Any unset
Defaults are items after
taken for the terminating
next four slash are
items defaulted

Keywords
start in the Comments can
first column be placed after
terminating
slash

K.FEKI 117
 Section header keywords
The list of section-header keywords in proper order

RUNSPEC

GRID
EDIT

PROPS

REGIONS

SOLUTION

SUMMARY

SCHEDULE

A data record has to be ended with a slash [/]

118
K.FEKI
 How ECLIPSE Sections Relate to the Equation

• Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry Well
Fluid
and Production
Properties
Properties

GRID PROPS SCHEDULE

EDIT REGIONS

SOLUTION

K.FEKI 119
 Section header keywords
RUNSPEC

Title, problem dimensions, switches, phases present, components etc.

GRID

The GRID section determines the basic geometry of the simulation grid and
various rock properties (porosity, absolute permeability, net-to-gross ratios) in
each grid cell. From this information, the program calculates the grid block pore
volumes, mid-point depths and inter-block transmissibilities.

EDIT

Modifications to calculated pore volumes, grid block centre depths and

transmissibilities.

K.FEKI 120
 Section header keywords

SUMMARY

Specification of data to be written to the Summary file after each time step.
Necessary if certain types of graphical output (for example water-cut as a function
of time) are to be generated after the run has finished. If this section is omitted no
Summary files are created.

SCHEDULE

Specifies the operations to be simulated (production and injection controls and

constraints) and the times at which output reports are required. Vertical flow
performance curves and simulator tuning parameters may also be specified in the
SCHEDULE section.

K.FEKI 121
 RUNSPEC section
TITLE title

DIMENS number of blocks in X,Y,Z directions

OIL, WATER, GAS, VAPOIL, DISGAS

FIELD/METRIC/LAB unit convention

WELLDIMS well and group dimensions

UNIFIN indicates that input files are unified

UNIFOUT indicates that output files are unified

START start date of the simulation

NOSIM data checking only, with no simulation

NB: ECLIPSE automatically creates the RUNSPEC 122

section for cases built in Petrel. K.FEKI
GRID section

Depths of top faces of grid blocks

TOPS for the current box; data is taken
from Structure map, and
geological model from IRAP

X,Y,Z-direction grid block sizes for the

DX, DY, DZ
current box; data is taken from Isopac
map, and geological model

PERMX, X,Y,Z-direction permeabilities

for the current box; data is
PERMY,
taken from Isopac map, and
PERMZ geological model from IRAP

Grid block porosities for the current box;

PORO data is taken from Isopac map, and
geological model from IRAP

123
K.FEKI
 Minimum GRID Section

 Required properties for each cell in the model:

o Geometry:
• Cell dimensions
• Cell depths.
o Properties:
• Porosity
• Permeability
• Net-to-gross or net thickness.

 If net thickness is not included, ECLIPSE assumes it is 1.

K.FEKI 124
Block-Centered vs. Corner Point: Geometry
Eclipse Keyword

K.FEKI 125
Define Corner Point Grid

COORD
--4 coordinate lines
--xtop ytop ztop xbot ybot zbot
0 0 7000 0 0 7100 -- line 1
500 0 7000 500 0 7100 -- line 2
0 500 7000 0 500 7100 -- line 3
500 500 7000 500 500 7100 -- line 4
/

ZCORN
--depths of 16 corners
7000 7000 7000 7000 -- 4 corners on face A
7050 7050 7050 7050 -- 4 corners on face B
7050 7050 7050 7050 -- 4 corners on face C
7100 7100 7100 7100 -- 4 corners on face D
/

K.FEKI 126
 Define Corner Point Grid

One property per cell (NX * NY * NZ):

 Values must also be defined for inactive cells.

 Explicit values only.
 ECLIPSE has no facilities for entering data as a function.
 Petrel, FloGrid, Office, and FloViz have property calculators:

• Define the property with the pre-processor.

• Export the property as a text file (*.grdecl).
• Use the INCLUDE keyword.

 If the case is built in Petrel, drop the property in the Define

Simulation Case process.

K.FEKI 127
Input Examples (1)

K.FEKI 128
Input Examples (2)

K.FEKI 129
 Cell Property Definition Using Petrel

 Properties are assigned to each cell during upscaling and

exporting to a file.
 The INCLUDE keyword is used to load the properties from
Petrel.
 If the case is built in Petrel, drop the property in the Define
Simulation Case process.

INCLUDE
BRILLIG_props.GRDECL /

K.FEKI 130
 Introducing a Cartesian LGR

CARFIN
--Name I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 NX NY NZ Wells
LGR1 2 4 2 7 1 1 6 18 1 1 /

1. Choose global cells to refine.

2. Decide on LGR size.
3. Insert CARFIN.
4. Update LGR in RUNSPEC.

K.FEKI 131
 LGR Property Modification

 Local cells automatically inherit properties from global host

cells.
 Can be overridden using most GRID section keywords.
 Must be placed after specification keyword (CARFIN) and
before ENDFIN or subsequent specification keyword.

CARFIN
--Name I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 NX NY NZ Wells
LGR1 2 4 2 7 1 1 6 18 1 1 /
EQUALS
PORO 0.18 /
PERMX 150 /
/
ENDFIN
K.FEKI 132
 Non-Neighbor Connections (NNCs)

 An NNC allows flow between cells without adjacent IJK indices.

 Pinchouts and unconformities (PINCH and/or MINPV)

 Faults
 Aquifers often require NNCs
 Local grid refinement (LGRs)
 User-defined NNCs.

K.FEKI 133
 Non-Neighbor Connections (NNCs)

LGR
Global cell (1,2,1) has NNCs to
LGR cells (1,1,1), (1,2,1), and
(1,3,1). ECLIPSE calculates.
Fault Throw
(4,2,1) has NNCs to (3,2,3) and
(3,2,4). ECLIPSE calculates in
Corner Point grids (default
transmissibility NEWTRAN).

Unconformity
(12,2,5) has NNC to
(12,2,7). PINCH or MINPV
must be used.

K.FEKI 134
 Transmissibility Options in ECLIPSE:NEWTRAN

Based on the mutual interface area of the two cells

A dip correction is automatically accounted for (using the vector
distance from the cell center to the cell face center).
Default for corner point grids

K.FEKI 135
Transmissibility Modifications

K.FEKI 136
 Transmissibility Modifications

 For a report in the PRT file, use

 RPTGRID (requests report of many GRID section keywords,

including ALLNNC)

 For 3D viewable output, use

 Geometric data (*.egrid),

GRIDFILE
0 1/
 Static properties (*.init), INIT.

K.FEKI 137
EDIT Section

Cell geometry, pore volume, and transmissibility are calculated

in the GRID section.

These properties are modified in the EDIT section.

EDIT is optional.

K.FEKI 138
EDIT Section

Some GRID section output can be modified in EDIT section:

DEPTH, PORV, and TRAN (X, Y, R, THT, Z)

Operators:

MULTIPLY, BOX, EQUALS, COPY, MINVALUE, and MAXVALUE

Others:

EDITNNC, MULTPV, and MULTFLT

MULT (X, Y, R, THT, Z, etc.) are allowed but not recommended.

K.FEKI 139
PROPS Section

 The PROPS section contains pressure-dependent and

saturation-dependent properties of the reservoir fluids and
rocks.

 Fluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):

• Fluid PVT as a function of pressure

• Density or gravity

 Rock information required:

• Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
• Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
• Rock compressibility as a function of pressure.
140
K.FEKI
PROPS section

SWFN water relative permeability and

capillary pressure as functions of Swv

saturation tables

core analysis
from special
SOF3 oil relative permeability as a function
of So in three phase system

SGFN gas relative permeability and capillary

pressure as functions of Sg

FVF and viscosity of live oil as

PVTO
functions of pressure and Rs

properties from
reservoir fluid

PVT analysis
FVF and viscosity of wet gas as
PVTG
functions of pressure and Rv

PVTW FVF, compressibility and viscosity of

water

DENSITY stock tank fluid densities

ROCK rock compressibility

K.FEKI 141
Dead Oil Entry Data Using PVDO and PVCDO

K.FEKI 142
Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO

K.FEKI 143
 Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTG

PVTG
--Pg Rv Bg Mu
60 0.00014 0.05230 0.0234 /
120 0.00012 0.01320 0.0252 /
180 0.00015 0.00877 0.0281 /
240 0.00019 0.00554 0.0318 /
300 0.00029 0.00417 0.0355 /
360 0.00049 0.00357 0.0392 /
560 0.00060 0.00356 0.0393 /
/

K.FEKI 144
 Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG

PVDG
--P Bg Mu
1214 13.947 0.0124
1414 7.028 0.0125
1614 4.657 0.0128
1814 3.453 0.0130
2214 2.240 0.0139
2614 1.638 0.0148
3014 1.282 0.0161 /

RVCONST
--Rv Pd
0.0047 1214 /

K.FEKI 145
Reference Densities

K.FEKI 146
 EXTRAPMS

 This keyword instructs ECLIPSE to warn you whenever

extrapolations are made to PVT (or VFP) tables.

 ECLIPSE stores PVT tables internally as the reciprocals of

FVF and Viscosity * FVF.

 If insufficient PVT data is supplied, ECLIPSE may extrapolate

the PVT table data to inaccurate or non-physical values!

K.FEKI 147
 Using Multiple PVT Regions

 Necessary keywords:

• In RUNSPEC, check TABDIMS

and EQLDIMS.
• In PROPS, include multiple
tables (some may be
defaulted).
• In REGIONS, include PVTNUM
and EQLNUM.

K.FEKI 148
 ROCK Keyword

Required because the pore volume varies under pressure

Simplest approach:

•ROCK keyword
•Rock compressibility is reversible and the same
everywhere.

K.FEKI 149
 Make fluid model using PETREL

1. Process panel.
2. Simulation
3. Make fluid model
4. Define Compositional Reservoir Fluid (Oil, Gas, water)
5. Build Fluid Model from Different Correlations

K.FEKI 150
Purpose of Saturation Functions

K.FEKI 151
Significant Saturation Endpoints 1

K.FEKI 152
Significant Saturation Endpoints 2

K.FEKI 153
Saturation Function Keyword Family 1

K.FEKI 154
Saturation Function Keyword Family 2

K.FEKI 155
 Saturation Function using PETREL

1. Process panel.
2. Simulation
3. Make rock physics functions
4. Create relative permeabilities from Corey correlation
5. Create a Rock Compaction Function
6. Create Rock Compressibility

K.FEKI 156
 Saturation Function Keyword Family 2

RPTPROPS

•Controls output from PROPS section to the PRT file INIT

•Saturation functions and PVT data are written to the INIT file.
•Can be displayed in 2D and 3D (Petrel, Office, FloViz, FloGrid)

FILLEPS

All saturation end points written to the INIT file

K.FEKI 157
REGIONS section

FIPNUM fluid-in-place regions

SATNUM saturation table regions

EQLNUM equilibration regions

PVTNUM PVT data regions

K.FEKI 158
 Use: Reporting Purposes

• FIPNUM (fluid in place regions)

are defined in the REGIONS
section.

In the SOLUTIONS section:

RPTSOL
FIP=2 /
• The PRT file now shows the
fluids in place both originally
and at each report step.

K.FEKI 159
Output Controls

K.FEKI 160
 SOLUTION Section

The objective is to set up:

• Initial pressures
• Initial saturations

The SOLUTION section contains the information needed to initialize

the model. ECLIPSE will then define:

• Initial pressures and phase saturation in each grid cell

• Variation of reservoir fluid properties with depth
• Initial ANALYTICAL AQUIFER conditions

K.FEKI 161
SOLUTION section

fluid contact depths and other

EQUIL
equilibration parameters;
data taken from well testing

RESTART name of the restart file

RPTSOL report switches for SOLUTION data

162
K.FEKI
ECLIPSE Initialization Options

Equilibration:

ECLIPSE computes initial pressures and saturations using data

entered with the EQUIL keyword.

Restart:

ECLIPSE reads the initial solution from a restart file created by an

earlier run of ECLIPSE.

K.FEKI 163
 EQUIL

 Sets the contacts and pressures for conventional hydrostatic

equilibrium.
 EQUIL items are interpreted differently, depending on the
phases present.
 May have more than one equilibration region (see EQLDIMS).

EQUIL
-- D P OWC Pcow GOC Pcog RSVD/PBVD RVVD/PDVD N
7000 4000 7150 0 1* 1* 1* 1* 0 /

K.FEKI 164
Block-Centered Equilibrium (1)

K.FEKI 165
Block-Centered Equilibrium (2)

K.FEKI 166
Block-Centered Equilibrium (3)

K.FEKI 167
 Matching Initial Water Saturation

You often have initial water saturation distribution BUT need

EQUIL for pressure, other phase saturations, and more.

1. Input saturation tables as usual, with non-zero Pcow.

2. Enter initial water saturation array using SWATINIT in PROPS
section.
3. Enter EQUIL keyword as usual.

ECLIPSE scales Pcow to match initial water saturation given in

SWATINIT.
 Check that scaled Pcow is physically reasonable (INIT file).
 PPCWMAX limits maximum capillary pressure scaling.

K.FEKI 168
 Initial conditions using PETREL

1. Process panel.
2. Simulation
3. Make fluid model
4. Initial conditions

K.FEKI 169
 Restart Runs

 The solution at the end of (Initialization Run)

the initialization is set as
Cell
start conditions for the
saturations
history match.

Field Production Rate

and
 Why bother to recalculate pressures
initial saturations and recorded
pressures?
 Restarts save simulation
time! (Restart Run)

Time

K.FEKI 170
 Aquifer Modeling

 ECLIPSE Blackoil includes these aquifer options:

 Numerical aquifer
 Analytical aquifer

• Carter-Tracy aquifer
• Fetkovich aquifer

 Flux aquifer
 Grid cell aquifer.

K.FEKI 171
 Numerical Aquifer

Nominate grid cells below the OW contact (AQUNUM).

Attach the aquifer to the reservoir using AQUCON.
Leave a row of water cells between the aquifer and the oil zone.

K.FEKI 172
 Fetkovich Aquifer

Fetkovich aquifers are based on a pseudo-steady state

productivity index and the material balance between aquifer
pressure and cumulative influx.

These are best suited for smaller aquifers which may approach
psuedo-steady state quickly.

In the SOLUTION section:

1. Set up lists of aquifers with AQUALIST.

2. Define the aquifer with AQUFETP.
3. Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON.

K.FEKI 173
 Carter-Tracy Aquifers

Carter-Tracy aquifers use tables of dimensionless time td

versus dimensionless pressure Pd(td) to determine the influx.

Carter-Tracy approximates a fully transient model.

In the SOLUTION section:

1. Set up lists of aquifers with AQUALIST.

2. Define the aquifer with AQUCT.
3. Define pressure response with AQUTAB.
4. Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON.

K.FEKI 174
 Flux Aquifers

 The user directly specifies the flux rate:

Fa = the flux
Qai  Fa Ai mi Ai = the area of the connecting cell block
mi = an aquifer influx multiplier

 It can be negative, representing flux out of the reservoir.

The flux rate can be modified in the SCHEDULE section.

 In the SOLUTION section:

1. Set up lists of aquifers with AQUALIST.

2. Specify the aquifer with AQUFLUX.
3. Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON.
K.FEKI 175
 Grid Cell Aquifer

Simulation model extends over the water zone.

No extra keywords are necessary.

K.FEKI 176
 Aquifer modeling: PETREL

Define Aquifer area (polygon)

Define Aquifer Type (Numerical, Carter tracy,
Fetkovich)
Describe Aquifer Properties

K.FEKI 177
SUMMARY section

FOPT Field Oil Production Total

FOPR Field Oil Production Rate

FGOR Field Gas-Oil Ratio

FWIR Field Water Injection Rate

FOE Field Oil Efficiency

FPR Field PRessure

WBHP Well Bottom Hole Pressure

FWCT Field Water CuT

WOPR Well Oil Production Rate

178
K.FEKI
SUMMARY section

K.FEKI 179
 SCHEDULE section
report switches to select which
RPTSCHED simulation results are to be printed at
report times
TUNING time step and convergence controls

introduces a new well, defining its name, the

WELSPECS position of the wellhead, its bottom hole
reference depth and other specification data

specifies the position and properties of one

COMDAT or more well completions; this must be
entered after the WELSPECS
WCONPROD control data for production wells

WCONINJE control data for injection wells

WCONHIST observed rates for history matching wells

advances simulator to new report time(s)

TSTEP or DATE
or specified report date(s)

180
K.FEKI
 SCHEDULE section

 The SCHEDULE section is used to specify:

• Well operations to be simulated
• Times (TSTEP and DATES) to be simulated
• Simulator tuning parameters.

 The SCHEDULE section often is used in two modes:

• History matching: Specify actual wells, facilities, and
production/injection.
• Prediction: Specify control mechanisms, new wells, and
economic limits.

K.FEKI 181
History Matching vs. Prediction

K.FEKI 182
 History Matching vs. Prediction

1. Specify output.
2. Specify wells, VFP tables, completions, and rates.
3. Advance the simulation:
• Specify old well rates.
• Specify any workovers.
• Specify any new wells.
4. Repeat.(Step 3)
5. End of history match.

K.FEKI 183
 VFP Curve Specification

The VFP table is a table of BHP versus FLO, THP, WFR, GFR,
and ALQ.

FLO is the oil, liquid, or gas production rate.

WFR is the water-oil ratio, water cut, or water-gas ratio.
GFR is the gas-oil ratio, gas-liquid ratio, or oil-gas ratio.
ALQ is a variable that can be used to incorporate an
additional parameter, such as the level of artificial lift.

Petrel can be used to create and analyze VFP tables using the
PIPESIM engine and the VFP manager.

VFPi is the ECLIPSE family preprocessor that can be used to

generate this keyword.

K.FEKI 184
VFP Table Usage

K.FEKI 185
 Well Specification: WELSPECS

 Introduces new well and specifies some of its general data.

 Compulsory keyword: A well must be introduced with this
keyword before it can be referenced in any other keyword.

WELSPECS
--nm grp I J refD phase drad
P1 G 2 2 1* OIL -1 /
P21 G 8 1 1* OIL -1 /
I20 G 20 1 1* WAT -1 /
/

K.FEKI 186
 Well Specification: WELSPECS

 Productivity index (PI) and rd

P*
well drawdown depend upon

Physical
average

Model
grid block size in ECLIPSE. reservoir
pressure
Pw, well BHP
 A significant part of history Pw rd, re drainage
matching is adjusting well radii
parameters to achieve the
correct inflow performance.
re

ECLIPSE
Model
Pc, cell
pressur
e

K.FEKI 187
 Measure of Pressure

 Appropriate drawdown behavior is achieved by adjusting the

productivity index.
• Request WBP and WBP9 in the SUMMARY section.
• Use the approximation:

WBP 9  WBHP  H WBP WBP

WPIMULT  9 9
WBP  WBHP  H WBP
Where:
WBHP = bottomhole pressure from well test WBP WBP
9 9
H = hydrostatic correction (midperfs to ECLIPSE
datum)

K.FEKI 188
 Completion Specification: COMPDAT

 Specifies the position and properties of one or more well

completions.

COMPDAT
--nm I J Ku Kl status sat CF Dwell Kh
S
P1 2* 1 10 OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 /
P21 2* 1 10 SHUT 1* 1* 0.583 /
I20 2* 1 5 AUTO 1* 1* 0.583 /
/

K.FEKI 189
 Historical Flow Rate: WCONHIST

 Used to set a history-matching well’s observed flow rate.

 Control modes: ORAT, WRAT, GRAT, LRAT, and RESV
 WCONINJH is the injection counterpart.

DATES
1 'FEB' 1970 /
/
WCONHIST
--nm stat ctl-by oil wat gas VFPtbl
P1 OPEN ORAT 822.3 0.58 6122.5 5* /
/

Repeated for each date

K.FEKI 190
 Simulation Advance and Termination

• DATES
• 1 JAN 2012 / Advance to 12.00 am on 1/1/2012
• 1 JUN 2012 / Advance to 12.00 am on 1/6/2012

• TSTEP
• 1 / Advance to 12.00 am on 2/6/2012

• TSTEP
• 0.2 / Advance by 0.2 days

• END -- Conclude simulation

K.FEKI 191
 Common Workover Keywords

 WELOPEN
• Open and shut wells at a known time

 COMPDAT
• Alter completion properties to simulate plugs, squeezes,
and frac jobs

 WELPI and WPIMULT

• Modify well PI

K.FEKI 192
 History Strategy in Petrel

 Import
• Well paths (deviation
surveys)
• Well completion data
o Completion intervals
o Workover events
o Production/injection
data.
 Create history strategy.
 Export case:
• ECLIPSE SCHEDULE section keywords

K.FEKI 193
Predictions

K.FEKI 194
 Predictions

1. Specify/change output frequency.

2. Specify wells, VFP tables, and completions.
3. Specify groups.
4. Specify group and well:
• Economic limits and well tests Choose keywords that will
cause ECLIPSE to treat
• Automatic workovers, drilling, etc.
wells according to the
5. Advance the simulation. company operating the
6. End of prediction. field.

K.FEKI 195
Production Forecasts

K.FEKI 196
Well Controls

K.FEKI 197
Well Controls: ECLIPSE keywords

K.FEKI 198
 Primary and Secondary Well Controls

Primary controls

•Target rate of a principal phase; or

•Fixed pressure(either bottom-hole or tubing-head)

Secondary constraints
•maximum rates of one or more phases
•maximum ratios (GOR, WCT, WGR)
•limiting pressures
•limiting ΔP

Eclipse will operate the well under the primary control unless one of the secondary
constraints is violated
Controls may be re-set at any time during the simulation

K.FEKI 199
Production Well Controls –Example 1

K.FEKI 200
Production Well Controls –Example 2

K.FEKI 201
Production Well Controls –Example 3

K.FEKI 202
 Production Well Controls –Example 4

WCONPROD
--nm status ctl-by Oil W-G-Limit BHP THP VFP#
P1 OPEN ORAT 4000 2000 3* 3000 2* /

 P1 is under oil Water cut is

rate control. rising and
BHP is BHP rises due to
The waterflood has pressure support
dropping.
 P1 is moved to reached P1 but is not from the aquifer
providing enough and injector.
BHP control. pressure support.

 P1 is switched to
control by water
rate.

K.FEKI 203
Other Well Control Keywords -WELTARG

K.FEKI 204
 Group Production Control

 Group control is used to mimic field operation.

 Examples:
• Platform A has a certain water-handling capacity
(GCONPROD).
• Facility B uses 25% of its gas production to run a treater and
sells the remaining gas (GCONSUMP).
• A voidage replacement scheme is implemented in Block C
(GCONINJE).
• To maintain pipeline capacity, Company D drills wells
whenever the field production falls below a rate (PRIORITY).

K.FEKI 205
 RESTART

 The solution at the end of

Cell Saturations and
the history period is set as Pressures Recorded
start conditions for the
prediction runs.

Field Production Rate

 Why bother to recalculate History Period Prediction Period
past saturations and
pressures?

 Restarts save simulation (Base Run)

(Restart Run)

time!
Time

K.FEKI 206
 Convergence problems

– Data errors:
• Special characters and
missing values.
Plot and
– Grid geometry: Fix!
• Small PV cells next to large
PV cells.
– LGRs:
• LGR smaller than drainage
radius.
• Initial contacts outside LGR.
– Dual porosity: High value of
sigma. Inactivate with PINCH or
MINPV!
K.FEKI 207
Report

K.FEKI 208
Petrel Interface

K.FEKI 209
 Explorer Panes

Contain all
Contains all Fault models
imported data and 3D grids
and all subjects
that
are not a part
of the 3D grid

Bold item
Click on an object
name to activate it

K.FEKI 210
 Explorer Panes

Anew case is
Used to select Only one
added
lines to show in process can
the function each time a be active at
window. simulation the time
Used to display or volume case
3D properties in is defined
3D window.

K.FEKI 211
 Display Tools

target zoom

Move

Select/Pick mode- allows for

View all displayed data View from specific position selecting objects and getting
information bout them in the status
bar

K.FEKI 212
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP

Field SNARK is at its primary recovery stage. The geological information indicates that there
are 12 reservoirs layers. Seismic data indicates that there is an aquifer attached to the field,
probably from southern direction.

In order to estimate future production from the field, a simulation study will be conducted
using ECLIPSE. The first stage of the process is to construct a base case simulation model
which will be later calibrated to past production measurement by history matching.

Model dimension

Based on the amount of data available and the computer resources, its has been decided to
carry out the simulation using a 3D model comprising 12 simulation layers, corresponding to
the 12 geological layers, and 24 columns of cells in the lateral direction and 25 rows of cells
in the tranverse direction(ie. 24X25X12). The aquifer volume will be modeled by an
analytical aquifer(Fetkovich). There are 5 producers. Producers that are close to the aquifer
may be converted to injectors later. Up to two infill wells may be drilled at a later date.

K.FEKI 213
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP

Fluid Properties

The reservoir oil is initially undersatured. But with production, the reservoir pressure has

dropped below the bubble point pressure. The fluid properties are believed to be constant

throughout the reservoir.

1.Create the RUNSPEC section appropriate for the simulation model described above.

(Hint: Make sure to insert all the necessary dimensioning keywords such as WELLDIMS).

2. Request unified input and output and field units.

3.Choose START date for this simulation of 1st January 1998.

4.Ensure the data file is named SNARK.DATA.

Save it in a convenient location in a sub diretory of your home directory

K.FEKI 214
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
Kx, Ky poro
Layer (md)

5.The data in the table above has been obtained from

1 231 0.17
wells drilled throughout the reservoir.
2 244 0.17

The Kz/Kx ratio of all layers is 0.1 3 29 0.06

A corner-point geometric representation of the reservoir 4 250 0.17

has been exported from petrel –SNARK.GRDECL 5 257 0.17

6 191 0.17
6. update the PROPS section by PVT and saturations
7 333 0.19
tables, the water formation volume factor Bw is 1.013
8 334 0.19
rb/stb at 3118 psia with constant water viscosity 0.4cp and
9 291 0.18
compressibility 2.7x10-6 (psi)-1. the rock compressibility is
10 335 0.18
2.8x10-6 (psi)-1 @ 5801.5 psia, the relative density of oil,
11 287 0.18
water and gaz are 42.28 lb/ft3 , 62.43 lb/ft3 and 0.0971
12 262 0.17
lb/ft3.
Kz/Kx=0.1 throughout
reservoir

K.FEKI 215
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
7. From special core analysis the following two phase relative permeability and
capillary pressure curves have been obtained.

Sw S0 Krw kro Pcow Sg S0 Krg kro Pcog

0.20 0.8 0.00 0.9 50 0.00 0.8 0.000 0.900 0

0.22 0.78 0.000 0.803 45 0.06 0.74 0.000 0.525 0

0.3 0.7 0.001 0.487 25 0.10 0.7 0.000 0.375 0

0.4 0.6 0.009 0.221 12.5 0.14 0.66 0.000 0.213 0

0.5 0.5 0.045 0.078 6.3 0.19 0.61 0.002 0.106 0

0.6 0.4 0.154 0.014 2.5 0.24 0.56 0.006 0.042 0

0.7 0.3 0.387 0.001 1.3 0.29 0.51 0.013 0.011 0

0.73 0.27 0.480 0.000 1.1 0.33 0.47 0.035 0.001 0

0.8 0.2 0.800 0.000 0.8 0.37 0.43 0.061 0.000 0

1 00 1 0.000 0 0.80 0.00 0.900 0.000

Oil-water relative permeability Oil-Gas relative permeability and

and Capillary Pressure Capillary Pressure
K.FEKI 216
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP

8-Create REGIONS section of SNARK.DATA. Remember to update the RUNSPEC section

as necessary

9. Include file FIPNUM.GRDECL, which has four fluid-in place (FIP) regions, one for each
fault block, using the FIPNUM keyword. The property may be created and exported from
Petrel.

10. Create additional flui-in-place regions, one for each layer, named FIPLAYER

10. Run SNARK.DATA. Verify that the saturation functions and PVT data are correct.

PVT analysis indicates that only one oil type exists throughout the reservoir. It had a bubble
point of 1062.2 psia, and has a solution GOR of 0.973 scf/stb.

From the results of wells drilled throughout the reservoir the OWC has been determined as
8200 ft. This is coincident with the free water level. From well logs, the pressure is 3035.7
psia at depth of 7000ft.

K.FEKI 217
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
The geologist believes that an aquifer is attached to the reservoir on the southern side of
the central fault block. It is stimated to contain approximately 1X10^7 stb of water and
could supply the reservoir at a rate of 5 bbl/day/psi. A fetkovich aquifer model should be
used. Place its datum depth at the OWC and ensure it is in initial equilibrium with the
reservoir. Total compressibility is around 1X10^-5 1/psi, PI is 5 stb/day/psi.

10. Create the appropriate SOLUTION section for SNARK.DATA using the above
information. Use center Block equilibration (EQUIL item9=0).

11. Request output of an initial restart file at time zero. Request output of Fluid-in-place
reports for the field, fault blocks and layers to the PRT file.

12.Review the summary vectors in SUMMARY section of SNARK.DATA.

K.FEKI 218
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
13.Advance the simulation vectors by several months(or years) by inserting the following into the
SCHEDULE section. This will allow you to check the stability of the simulation.

RPTSCHED

‘FIP’=3’ ‘ RESTART=2’ /

TSTEP

10*30 /

END

14. Run SNARK.DATA, ensure that NOSIM is commented out if it is present in your data file.

Is the model stable? Find the OIIP (total), OIIP FIPNUM=1, OIIP FIPLAYER=10

Five vertical oil producers have been drilled in the reservoir. Four are located in the central fault block
and one in western block. They are named PROD1, PROD2, PROD3, PROD4 and PRODUCER,
respectively. All wells have an internal diameter of 0.625 feet and a skin factor of 7.5. Their well head
location and perforation intervals in I, J and K format are:
K.FEKI 219
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP

Well Group Well Head Perforation

Name
I J k1 K2
PROD1 Center 13 8 1 12
PROD2 center 7 20 1 10
PROD3 center 16 16 2 9
PROD4 Center 17 21 1 2
PRODUCER West 6 8 1 10

All wells were measured with production rates and bottom hole pressure every three
months. The history keywords were prepared with shedule or Petrel and exported in File
HIST.SCH file. The history match phase is complete on 1st January 2008.

For the history matching exercise, new grid properties are available in the file
GRID_PROPS.INC, which has varying permeability and porosity values in each layer. The
geologist suspects that the fault between the well Producer and the others is not fully open.

K.FEKI 220
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
15.Copy SNARK.DATA to SNARK_HIST.DATA

16.Reolace the Grid properties (PERMX, PORO, ect) with the INCLUDE file
GRID_PROPS.INC and INCLUDE FAULTS.INC

17.Remove the Keywords from the SCHEDULE section that we added during the previous
exercise.

To history match our models, we must compare actual well production and pressure to
simulation results. Well information, including locations, completions and rates are gathered
and entered into the SCHEDULE section.

18. Create keywords for well location and completions from scratch for SNARK_HIST.DATA

19. Include well production history file HIST.SCH.

20.Request restart file output at every reporting step. Request also output of fluid in-place
reports, CPU usage and a summary of the convergence of the Newton iteration.

K.FEKI 221
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP

21. To compare the simulation results with observed data you need to request output of
the production rate history for oil, water and gas as well as bottom-hole pressure(BHP) for
all wells to the summary file.

22.Run SNARK_HIST. DATA, this becomes our base case for history matching. Use
SNARK_HIST.GRF to analyze the results in ECLIPSE office. Use the Jump the well icon
(OR view>Jump to well/Group) to look at the results of each well.

23.The geologist suspects that FAULT1 is not fully open to fluid flow. You need to do a
sensitivity analysis on the fault’s transmissibility. *Copy the base case,
SNARK_HIST.DATA, to SNARK_FTM05.

K.FEKI 222
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
*Define the faults using the provided INCLUDE file, FAULTS.INC. Use a fault

transmissibility multiplier of 0.5 for fault1. Run this case. Build another sensitivity

run in a similar manner SNARK_FTM0.

24.You can use FTM_SENSITIVITY.GRF to help analyse the differences

between the three cases.

25. There is also a high amount of uncertainty assiciated with the size

and deliverability of the aquifer. Your next task is to perform sensitivity

analysis on the aquifer volume and its productivity index.

*Copy the base case, SNARK_HIST.DATA, to SNARK_AQV9.DATA

*Change the value of the aquifer’s initial volume to 1x10^9 stb, run the case.

*Built a set of sensitivity runs in a similar fashion. Consider the following cases:

SNARK_AQV11-aquifeVolume =1x10^11 stb

SNARK_AQPI50-Aquifer Productivity index=50 stb/day/psi

SNARK_AQPI500-Aquifer Productivity index=500 stb/day/psi

K.FEKI 223
 ECLIPSE/PETREL WORKSHOP
*Use AQ_SENSITIVITY.GRF to analyse the results of the fault transmissibility, aquifer volume
and aquifer productivity index sensitivity studies. Fill in the table below with your Observation.

Fault Transmissibility Multiplier Improves/Worsens

0.5

0
Aquifer initial volume (stb) Improves/Worsens

1 x 10^7

1 x 10^9

1 x 10^11

Aquifer PI Improves/Worsens

10

500

K.FEKI 224
Thank You!

K.FEKI 225