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Placing the Java™ EE Model in Context: Roberto Jesus Aguilar Bernabe this Student Guideฺ
Placing the Java™ EE Model in Context: Roberto Jesus Aguilar Bernabe this Student Guideฺ
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B E
Java Technology O
R Platforms
o t ma is St
Java EE technology@ h to develop
is used th distributed, enterprise-scale applications that, by their
very nature, are a e quite complex and resource intensive.
boften
er n
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g u i
(ra
se
enterprise and legacy related technologies
applications
to u
Service location assistance
B E ense
Naming service technologies
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B E t
Enterprise Application
tma his S Technologies
RO hoInfrastructure
The figure in the slide @ shows thetenterprise infrastructure technologies that are required to
expose the applicatione
aanbenterprise
logic and functionality that is provided in a single-user business
application e r n
as application.
la r b
g u i
Developing enterprise-scale applications is a difficult and time-consuming task that requires
(ra technical expertise, typically from a group of people who have separate roles and
responsibilities, such as system architects, designers, and component developers.
When developing an enterprise application, a host of design considerations must be made,
some of which involve trade-offs and compromises. The work performed by separate
development teams must also be managed and coordinated. It is important to remember that
the Java EE model exists to make a difficult job tractable, not to make it easy.
Entity
Classes ebXML
Java SE
JAX-WS
JNDI API, RMI,
EJB CORBA, SQL, JTA
Components Connectors
u se
Declarative JMX
to
Transaction
Management B E ense
Specification
Declarative
R NA le lic
Security
B E rab
I L AR nsfe
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Container Management
A
S an
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B E
Java EE Technology
RO Suite o t ma is St
The figure in the slide
@ h a piethchart that breaks down the Java EE Technology suite into
shows
three regions:a
n be
Application Components, Container Management, and Integration.
The Java b r
eEE specification incorporates a suite of other technologies and specifications, in
a r
il to those defined by Java SE, to provide a rich feature set and enhanced server-side
addition
g u
(ra functionality for enterprise application developers.
• Application components: Application developers use application components to
create the application business logic and control elements.
• Integration: Integration elements allow a Java EE application to interact with and
incorporate the functionality from other applications and systems, such as legacy
systems or databases.
• Container management: Container management elements provide runtime support for
Java EE application components.
• Java EE
• EJB Component
• Servlet
T
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B E
RO hoand
Java EE Specifications
tmathehJavai s StCommunity Process
The figure in the slide@ shows howt a set of specifications that are maintained as part of the
e
nab tools providers, and component developers.
Java Community Process (JCP ) defines the roles and responsibilities of Java EE
SM SM
platform e r
vendors,
Thei l a rb
specifications outline the rules that each of these participants must follow when they
g u
(ra develop Java EE technology components and supporting services. The standards-based
approach helps to ensure that Java EE applications and application components are portable
across a wide variety of deployment platforms. To find out more about the JCP, visit the JCP
home page: http://jcp.org/en/home/index.
The Java EE specification defines the types of components and the associated APIs that are
available to Java EE application component developers. The Java EE specification also
defines the infrastructure requirements for a robust, scalable, and reliable runtime
environment for distributed, enterprise applications. Java EE server vendors use these
specifications when they develop server elements.
Component
Vendor neutral
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Layer
Service
Vendor specific
Layer
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Databases and other B E rab
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B E
RO hEE
Functions of the Java
o tmAPIa
i s St
The Java EE APIs define
@ th between the application component developer and the
the contract
platform provider
a e the interface mechanism that is defined by the Java programming
busing
language. n
r long as the application server implements the API set for the Java EE platform,
eAs
a r b
theilapplication component developer need not be concerned with how the vendor has chosen
u
( ragto implement the APIs. The figure in the slide shows how the Java EE platform provides
vendor neutrality in the component layer using the APIs.
Embedded
EJB
Container
Web EJB
Container Container
Application
Database
Client
Container
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B E
Java EE Component
RO Containers
o t ma is St
Java EE application@ h
components threside in containers from which they obtain runtime support.
The figure in thea e shows the four types of containers that are available in the Java EE
bslide
platform,e r n
including the web container, the enterprise bean container, an embedded EJB
r b
la and the application client container.
container,
g u i
(ra Each container type provides a support infrastructure that is customized to the specific needs
of the respective component types. Application components interact with other components
and platform services using the protocols and methods that are provided by the container. All
interactions with container-based components pass through the container. Consequently, the
container can inject service and runtime support when necessary as part of this interaction.
Persistence
Transaction management
Multithreading
Security management
Build from the
ground up Networking
Service publishing
Developer’s Checklist
Business services
Security management R
E rab
B
Use Application Networking
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Component Server
Service publishing
S an A
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B E t
RO hoLogic
Separation of Business
tma hfrom i s SPlatform Services
A key feature of the@ Java EE platform t is the strict separation of the application components
from the general e
abservices and infrastructure. One of the main benefits of the Java EE platform
e r n
for the application developer is that it makes it possible for developers to focus on the
la r b
application business logic while leveraging the supporting services and platform infrastructure
u i
gprovided by the container and application server vendor.
(ra For example, in an online banking application, the application component developers need to
code the logic that underlies the transfer of funds from one account to another, but they do not
need to be concerned about managing database concurrency or data integrity in the event of
a failure. The application server infrastructure and services are responsible for these
functions.
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• Deployment-based services
• API-based services
• Inherent services
• Vendor-specific functionality
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B E
Java EE Platform O
R APIshoand
a
tmServices i s St
The Java EE component@ th on both container-based and platform services for
model relies
n a be that is not directly related to the application business logic. The Java EE
ancillary functionality
platform e
b r beyond the traditional middleware server in terms of the range of services that it
goes
offers
i r
la and the generality of applications that can be supported.
g u
(ra Java EE Service Categories
Java EE services can be grouped into the following categories:
• Deployment-based services: You request deployment-based services declaratively
using XML in a file called a deployment descriptor or by using Java annotations.
Deployment-based services may include:
- Persistence
- Transaction
- Security
- URL mapping
HTTP
Applet JSP Servlet EJB
SSL
Java SE
HTTP
SSL
Java Persistence
Java Persistence
Web Services
WS Metadata
Management
Connectors
Web Beans
Web Services
WS Metadata
JavaMail
Management
Connectors
Web Beans
JAX-RPC
JAX-RPC
JavaMail
JMS
JAX-WS
JAX-WS
JAX-RS
JAX-RS
JTA
JASPIC
JASPIC
JACC
JACC
JAXR
JAXR
JSTL
JMS
JTA
JSF
Application Client
Container
Application
SAAJ SAAJ
Client
Java SE Java SE
se
Java Persistence
to u
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SAAJ
R NA le lic Database
Java SE B E rab
I L AR nsfe New in Java EE 6
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B E
Java EE API-Based
RO Serviceso t ma is St
The figure in the slide
@ h howththe Java EE containers have access to a range of important
shows
r b er list identifies the most important supporting services and APIs that are included
The following
in
u i la Java EE 6 platform:
the
g
(ra • Java DataBase Connectivity™ (JDBC™) API for database connectivity. This API
provides a vendor-neutral way for applications to complete relational database
operations in the Java programming language, with SQL as the query medium.
• Java Naming Directory Interface (JNDI) API. This API is used for vendor-neutral access
to directory services, such as Network Information Service Plus (NIS+) and Lightweight
Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). Java EE applications also make use of the JNDI API
to locate components and services using a central lookup service.
• RMI over Internet Inter-Object Request Broker (ORB) Protocol (IIOP) and the Interface
Definition Language (IDL) for the Java application. Together, these services form a
CORBA-compliant remote method invocation strategy. The strength of this strategy over
Java RMI schemes is that it is programming language–independent, so not all clients of
a particular enterprise application need to be written in the Java programming language.
• Java Transaction (JTA) API. This is an API by which software components can initiate
and monitor distributed transactions. Java Transaction Service (JTS) specifies the
implementation of a transaction manager, which supports the JTA 1.0 Specification at
the high level, and implements the Java programming language mapping of the Object
Management Group (OMG) Object Transaction Service (OTS) 1.1 specification at the
low level.
The previous features were part of the J2EE 1.3 platform. The following features are
mandated by the J2EE 1.4 platform.
• Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS). In the Java EE platform, JAAS
may be used to integrate an application server with an external security infrastructure.
u se
• Java API for XML Processing (JAXP). This API provides access to XML parsers. The to
B E ense
parsers themselves might be vendor specific, but as long as they implement the JAXP
NA le lic
interfaces, vendor distinctions should be invisible to the application programmer.
R
B E rab
• Web services integration features JAX-RPC was part of J2EE 1.4; JAX-PRC was
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updated and renamed to JAX-WS in Java EE 5: These services include, Simple Object
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Access Protocol (SOAP) for the Java application, SOAP with Attachments API for
A
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Java™ (SAAJ), Streaming API for XML (StAX), Java API for XML Registries (JAXR),
J E S
JAX-WS, and JAX-RS. Together these services allow Java EE software applications to
a Gui
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respond to SOAP and RESTful-based web services requests and to initiate SOAP
operations. R TO com ent
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• Java Management Extensions (JMX) API. This API exposes the internal operation of the
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application server and its components for control and monitoring vendor-neutral
a b e@
management tools.
r n
• Timer services. These services provide the ability to run scheduled background tasks.
e
a r b
g u il
• Java Persistence API (JPA). This API provides access to object relational mapping
a services enabling object-oriented applications to persist object state in a database
(r management system (DBMS).
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EIS/Data
Client Presentation Business Integration
(Resource)
Tier Tier Tier Tier
Tier
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B E a t
N-Tier Architecture
RO hotm this S
The figure in the slide
@ shows the five standard tiers in an N-Tier architecture design.
The presentation
e
abtier components and runtime infrastructure for an application that interacts
with browser r n
e clients over the Internet must be able to process HTTP requests and generate
a r b
g u il
responses that are formatted using HTML. Similarly, the integration tier runtime infrastructure
(r a and associated components may support functionality for representing a back-end data store
as an object model. The integration tier components synchronize changes in the data model
across a set of data resources that are provided by the enterprise information system (EIS).
The programmatic interfaces are contracts that define the functionality that is available from a
tier, as well as the data elements that are passed between the tiers. These interfaces must be
well-designed and stable within the system. Changes to any tier have minimal impact on any
other tier, as long as the interface definitions do not change.
The responsibility for developing and maintaining application components in each tier is often
delegated to separate programming teams based on their area of expertise. For example,
developers, who specialize in the creation of user interfaces, create presentation-tier
components, whereas developers, who have specific knowledge about a business domain,
develop the related business-tier components.
EIS/Data
Client Presentation Business Integration
(Resource)
Tier Tier Tier Tier
Tier
Entities
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Client Presentation Business Resource
R
E rab
Java EE Application Boundary
B
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B E t Model
Java EE Application
RO Mappedo t mato ithes SN-Tier
As shown in the figure
@ h the slide,
in thyou can typically map the functionality contained within a
n a be to the middle tiers of an N-tier model.
Java EE application
As per b
r erexample used in the figure, the Java EE web container hosts the presentation-tier
the
i la and the EJB container hosts the business-tier elements and integration-tier
elements,
u
g
(ra elements that interface with the database management system (DBMS). The Java EE
technology elements can be configured to support many application architectures. Each
architecture provides a framework that best supports specific application categories.
• Web-centric architecture
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Entities
UI Views Model
u se
The introduction of EJB Lite in Java EE 6 allows the use to
B E of ense
some EJB technology in web-centric architectures. NA lic
B ER rable
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B E a t
RO hotm this S
Web-Centric Architecture
The figure in the slide @ illustrates the web-centric configuration of the Java EE technology
application server e
ab (Java EE server) middle tier.
e r
The configuration
n shown in the figure in the slide uses only the web container of the Java EE
l a r b
g u i
technology server. The web container hosts all of the components that are required to
(ra generate the client view, process the business logic, and connect with the back-end data
store.
Entities
UI Views
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B E
Combined Web and
RO EJB o t ma is St
Component–Based Architecture
The figure in the slide @ h
illustrates h
t EJB component–based configuration of the Java EE
the
e
ab server middle tier.
technology application
e r
The configuration
n shown in the figure in the slide uses both the web container and EJB
l a r b
g u i
containers of the Java EE server. In this model, the business logic and data access
(ra components are located in the EJB container. The web-tier components process the incoming
request and generate the view based on the results of the business process.
Java EE Profiles
T
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B E a t
Java EE Profiles O
R hotm this S
Java EE 6 adds the@ standardization of profiles. The definition in the Java EE 6 specification is:
“A profile is a a b e
configuration of the Java EE platform targeted at a specific class of
applications”.
e r n Many Java EE applications will never use all the features an enterprise
la r b
application server. Application server vendors have provided proprietary configuration options
u i
gto selectively enable and disable application server features. The problem with this proprietary
(ra approach is that application developers cannot rely on specific features being enabled and,
therefore, have difficulty maintaining application portability.
One profile has been created for inclusion in the Java EE 6 platform, the Java EE 6 Web
Profile.
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Web EJB
Container Container
Java EE Server
Web EJB
Container Container
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Java EE Server
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EIS Resources
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B E a t
RO hotm this S
B2B Application Architecture
The figure in the slide @ illustrates the Java EE technology B2B application architecture.
The B2B application
e
ab architecture is an extension of the Java EE technology EJB component–
e r n
based architecture. It involves two EJB servers, one in each business location. Each Java EE
l a r b
g u i
server hosts a web container and an EJB container.
(ra This architecture allows for peer-to-peer communications between the corresponding
containers in the two Java EE servers. The two web containers communicate using XML
messaging over HTTP. This communication is loosely coupled. Java EE technology
components in the two EJB containers communicate directly with one another. This
communication is tightly coupled.
Web Container
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Service
Endpoint POJO
Interface
Web Service
Client
EJB Container
Web Service Requester
se
Service
Stateless
Endpoint
Interface
Session Bean
to u
B E ense
A lic
NServer
R
Java EE Application
E rable
B
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B E
ma is St
RO hotArchitecture
Web Service Application
Starting with the Java™
@ 2 Platform,th Enterprise Edition (J2EE™) 1.4 platform, a Java EE
n a be can expose the functionality of Java EE business components by using
component developer
web service
r b er technology. The figure in the slide illustrates the Java EE web service application
u i la
architecture.
g
(ra The web service model for the J2EE 1.4 platform uses a stateless session EJB component as
the web service endpoint, which serves as the access point to the service functions. The Java
EE 5 platform defines a web service endpoint class that can be extended to create a web
service endpoint. Communication between a web service client and the server-side endpoint
is typically performed using SOAP-formatted messages that are transmitted over HTTP. The
functionality that is exposed by a web service is typically defined by a web services
description language (WSDL) file. The Java EE 6 platform adds support for RESTful web
services with the introduction of JAX-RS. Web services can support both B2B and
business-to-consumer (B2C) interactions.
Note: A web service registry is an optional component of a web service architecture.
Java EE Patterns
programming problems.
• The Java EE pattern catalog:
– Helps a developer create scalable, robust, high-performance,
Java EE technology applications
– Presupposes the use of the Java programming language and
the Java EE technology platform
– Is, in many places, closely related to the Gang of Four (GoF)
patterns
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B E a t
Java EE Patterns O
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In addition to the basic
@ architecture types that are supported by the Java EE platform, a set of
architecture patternse
abare exist to help the Java EE developer deal with some of the issues and
complexities
e r nthat involved in creating a Java EE application.
r b
la The Gang of Four is a common term used as shorthand for the four authors who wrote
g u i
Note:
(ra one of the most popular books on the topic of software patterns.
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Architectural Principles
E ense
Design Principles
B
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B E a t
RO hotm this S
Java EE Pattern Catalog
As illustrated in figure@ in the slide, within the Java EE pattern catalog, the patterns are
e
ab to the tier in which they are applied.
categorized according
The three r n
etiers for which patterns are described are the presentation tier, the business tier,
a r b
g
and
u il the integration tier. In the same way that the GoF patterns were derived from a set of
(ra basic design principles, the Java EE patterns are derived from a set of standard architectural
principles.
The description of each pattern includes at least a statement of the problem that the pattern is
intended to solve. You can use a single pattern to solve a single problem. However, in many
cases, a developer will face more than one problem within a single system. It is reasonable to
expect that a developer will use more than one pattern within the overall system.
View
JSP View
Page Helper
Controller Model
Session Facade
Service Business
Locator Delegate
T
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B E t
Application of Java
tma his S
RO EEhoPatterns
The figure in the slide@shows howt a Java EE application developer might apply a set of
e
ab EE application.
patterns to a Java
The example r n
e used in the figure in slide uses the following Java EE patterns:
a r b
u•il Service Locator: A business tier pattern that abstracts components from the
ra g
( mechanism that is required to look up and connect to remote objects
• View Helper: A presentation tier pattern for a component that provides ancillary
functions, such as constructing an intermediate data model, that are required by view
components
• Session Facade: A business tier pattern that exposes the business functions that are
implemented as coarse-grained services by the business logic components of the EJB
tier
• Data Access Object (DAO): An integration tier pattern for creating a component that
encapsulates the data access code that is required to interact with a data store
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Java EE BluePrints
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Summary
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B E a t
Summary
RO hotm this S
The Java EE platform @ is an architecture for implementing enterprise-class applications using
Java and Internet e
abenterprise-class
technology. A primary goal of Java EE technology is to simplify the
developmente r nof applications through a vendor-neutral, component-based
la r b
application model.
u i
( ragAt the heart of the Java EE platform is the Java Standard Edition (Java SE). The Java EE
specification incorporates a suite of other technologies and specifications, in addition to those
defined by Java SE, to provide a rich feature set and enhanced server-side functionality for
enterprise application developers.
A set of specifications maintained as part of the Java Community Process (JCP) defines the
roles and responsibilities of Java EE platform vendors, tools providers, and component
developers. The Java EE APIs define the contract between the application component
developer and the platform provider using the interface mechanism defined by the Java
programming language.
application server vendor. The Java EE containers have access to a range of important API-
based services, as defined by the Java EE specification.
There are several basic Java EE application architectures. The four most common are: web-
centric, EJB-centric, B2B, and web services. In addition to the basic architecture types that
are supported by the Java EE platform, a set of architecture patterns exist to help the Java EE
developer deal with some of the issues and complexities that are involved in creating a Java
EE application. The Java EE pattern catalog contains architectural patterns that focus on the
creation of scalable, robust, high-performance, Java EE technology applications.
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Answer: c
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a. API services
b. Inherent services
c. Deployment services
d. Inheritance services
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Answer: d
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a. Server tier
b. Client tier
c. Business tier
d. Presentation tier
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B ER ailฺc tude
Answer: b
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Answer: c, d
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Quiz
6 platform?
a. WSDL
b. JAX-RS
c. Web service end points
d. Stateless session beans
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Answer: b
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a. Facade
b. Composite
c. Service Locator
d. Session Facade
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Practice 1: Overview
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