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29th CIRP Design 2019 (CIRP Design 2019)

29th CIRP Design 2019 (CIRP Design 2019)
Design tool based on Sensory Perception, Usability and Universal
Design tool based28th CIRPon Design
Sensory Perception,
Conference,
Design
May 2018,Usability
Nantes, France and Universal
Design
A new methodology to analyze the functional and physical architecture of
Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silvaª*,Angelina Dias Leão Costaa,Guillaume Thomannb
existing products
Renato Fonseca for an assembly
Livramento da Silvaª*,Angelina oriented Diasproduct
Leão Costa family
a
identification
,Guillaume
ªUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, PPGAU, João Pessoa - PB, 58033-455, Brasil
Thomannb
b
Univ. Grenoble
ªUniversidade Alpes,da
Federal CNRS, Grenoble
Paraíba, INP,João
PPGAU, G-SCOP,
Pessoa38000
- PB, Grenoble,
58033-455,France
Brasil
Paul Univ.
StiefGrenoble
b
*, Jean-Yves Dantan,
Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP,Alain
G-SCOP,Etienne, AliFrance
38000 Grenoble, Siadat
École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: renato.fonseca-livramento-da-silva@grenoble-inp.fr
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: renato.fonseca-livramento-da-silva@grenoble-inp.fr
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu
Abstract
Abstract
The knowledge of the functioning of the human sensory system, by architects and designers, can contribute significantly to the
Abstract
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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
from
systems the(use)
environment,
and universaltogether with usability
principles criteriaand
(broad access thatparticipation).
establish principles of good functioning of environments, products and
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Design Conference 2018.
systems (use) and universal principles (broad access and participation).
© 2019 The
Keywords: Authors.
Assembly; Published
Design byFamily
method; Elsevier B.V.
identification
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review
© under responsibility
2019 The Authors. Published byof Elsevier
the scientific
B.V. committee of the CIRP Design Conference 2019
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CIRP Design Conference 2019.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CIRP Design Conference 2019
Keywords: Design Tool, Human Sensory System, Usability, Universal Design.
1.Keywords:
Introduction Design Tool, Human Sensory System, Usability, Universal of theDesign.
product range and characteristics manufactured and/or
assembled in this system. In this context, the main challenge in
Due to the fast development in the domain of modelling and analysis is now not only to cope with single
1. Introductionand an ongoing trend of digitization and the concepts of accessibility due to the diversity of factors to
communication products, a limited product range or existing product families,
1. Introduction the concepts ofand
be understood accessibility
attended due to the diversity
to. Otherwise, we areof factors
in a way to
digitalization, manufacturing enterprises are facing important but also to be able to analyze and to compare products to define
Cities have been distancing themselves from the needs of be understood
neglecting the and attended
possibility of to. Otherwise,
using and we are
understanding in a way
spaces
challenges in today’s market environments: a continuing newequitably.
product families. It can be observed that classical existing
Cities predominantly
societies have been distancing themselves
characterized from the
by human needs In
diversity. of neglecting the possibility of using and understanding spaces
tendency towards reduction of product development times and product families are means
equitably.
Accessibility regrouped easein of
function of clients
approach, inputororfeatures.
use of
societies
this sense,predominantly characterized
and mainly referring to thebyscale
human diversity.
of the In
building
shortened product
the architecture
this sense, and mainlylifecycles. In
of thereferring addition,
last thirty years
to the there
scalehas is an increasing
of adopted the
the building However, assembly
Accessibility
something. oriented
means
It also product families
easeanof assessment
involves are
ofhardly
approach, input touse
find.
theorpractical of
demand of customization,
the architecture
psychological being
of theof last
strategy at the
thirty years
advertising same time in
has adopted
and instant a global
the
persuasion; On the product
something.
adequacy ofItwhat family level,
also isinvolves
available products
anand differ
assessment
is not only mainly
of connectedin two
the practical to
competition
psychological
the buildings with competitors
strategy
became ofvisual all
advertisingoverand
products the[1].
world.
instant This trend,
persuasion;
However, the main characteristics:
adequacy
physical factors, (i)
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as number
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and connected
comfort, the
to
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and servicesthe type of components
physical
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to social, (e.g. as
such
economic mechanical,
distance,
and cultural electrical,
location and
aspects electronical).
comfort,
[2]. However, but
markets,
developmentresults
that integrate of in
the newdiminished
environments,
cities, lot sizes
lacks a project due to
products
approach and augmenting
services
oriented to Classical
also
projects methodologies
to social, economic considering
of environments and and
cultural mainly
aspectssingle
products occur products
[2]. However,
through
product varieties (high-volume to low-volume production)
that integrate the cities, lacks a project approach oriented to [1]. or solitary,
projects already
of existing
environments product
and families
products analyze
occur throughthe
To cope with this augmenting variety as well as to be able to product structure on a physical level (components level) which
2212-8271 possible
identify © 2019 The optimization
Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
potentials in the existing causes difficulties regarding an efficient definition and
Peer-review©under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientific committee
B.V.of the CIRP Design Conference 2019
production system, it is important tobyhave
2212-8271 Published Elsevier
a precise knowledge comparison of different product families. Addressing this
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CIRP Design Conference 2019

2212-8271©©2017
2212-8271 2019The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V. B.V.
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
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of the the scientific committee
committee of the of theCIRP
28th CIRP Design
Design Conference
Conference 2019.
2018.
10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.272
 Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silva et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 618–623
2 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
methods that guide and organize the steps to be followed.
This occurs in distinct areas and is no different for
architecture and design.
However, while basic visual processes have been
extensively studied under controlled conditions in
laboratory, little is known about other modes of meaning
(knowledge of sensory perceptions, through touch, hearing,
smell and taste) and about how people perceive the products
and what meaning they attribute to it. [3] Systematic access
to this information by architects and designers during the
design process can contribute to the structuring of proposals
in order to minimize the difficulties arising from the
incompatibility between the characteristics of the medium
built and the needs of the people who live in it.
Therefore, this article looks at relationships and the
possible systematization of sensory systems concepts [4], the
principles of usability [5] and universal design [6] for the
development of a design tool for architects and designers. It
has to be used in creative stages during development of
Assistive Technologies, inserted in the built environment. In
order to do so, first a bibliographical research has been done
to understand and discuss how the human sensory system is
organized to collect information about the environment.
Then, usability principles to develop friendly and easy to use
environments and products, universal design principles with
its strong equitable approach and lastly the user-centered
design approach are studied.
Next, information was collected with opinion formers
through questionnaires in project discipline with students
from architecture, design and engineering. Thus, this
research to date brings information based on the literature
and the participation of opinion formers
(students/volunteers), about the importance of
systematization and availability of the themes described
above in the form of a project tool for creativity steps.
2. Literature review
2.1 The process of interaction and perceptual sensory
systems
Architecture and design play an important role in the
interpretation of the actions and manifestations of human
diversity in structuring proposals for the improvement of the
material world. In this context, it is important to understand
that the human senses provide information on the physical
state of the body and the environment, result of the sum of
objective values, such as shape, function, color, texture,
aeration, ambient temperature, lighting, sonority and
symbology [7]. However, in order to perceive something
and, consequently, to establish an interaction with the
environment, the precedence of a sensation is a primordial
factor. It occurs through the processing of sensory stimuli,
giving them meaningful stimuli received are organized and
integrated by the interlocutor, who uses information already
stored in his memory about objects and environment to
transform sensations into definitions, relationships and
judgment. Therefore, the more clearly, safer and more
equitable the information available in the environment, the
more people will have access and understanding of the
619
spaces. With that, the living in these places will occur in a
more fair and friendly way [8].
In The Senses Consciousness the Perceptual Systems [4],
Gibson defines that the information acquisition is established
through five sensorial systems: Basic Guidance System,
Haptic System, Visual System, Auditory System and the
Smell System/Taste. Such information can be obtained with
any of the perceptual systems alone, or by any combination
of them.
2.2 Usability as a primary aspect of user-centered design
Usability is the extent to which the product can be used
by users to achieve specific objectives with effectiveness,
efficiency and satisfaction in a context of specific use [5]. In
relation to the usability criteria, there are similarities to those
of universal design: usability being used to facilitate the use
of products, systems and services and the universal ones to
ensure the use to the greatest possible number of
environments, products and services [8] (Fig 1).
Fig.1 - structure representation and relationship between usability
terms [8]
For purposes of usability, analysis effectiveness refers to
the "extent to which an objective or task is achieved,"
efficiency relates to the "amount of effort required to meet a
goal" and satisfaction refers to the "level of comfort that the
user and how acceptable the product is to the user as a means
of achieving their goals" [5]. The usability principles [5] are
considered necessary to guide the design process project.
They are related to the attendance of the characteristics of the
future users or group of users of environments and products:
Consistency, Compatibility, Considering user resources,
Feedback, Visual clarity, Error prevention and recovery,
User control, Clarity of operation, Functionality and
information priority, Appropriate technology transfer.
Although the numbers can tell whether a product works
or not, there is a distinct qualitative element to the usefulness
of something, which is difficult to capture with numbers and
it is difficult to define [9]. In reality, people's behavioral
information tells why there is a problem and it is the good
interpretation of this information to know how to give
adequate answers to the problem. This will make us
understand more clearly the importance of information about
620 Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silva et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 618–623
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
how we capture information from the environment through
our sensory systems during the design process.
2.3 From Inclusive Design (DI) to Universal Design (DU)
The inclusive and universal approaches to design translate
a critical position towards the development of environments,
products and services for building a more democratic and
sustainable society. In this sense, it is possible to design and
produce products, services or environments suitable for
human diversity including children, the elderly, the disabled,
the sick or injured, or simply people placed at a disadvantage
by circumstances. This approach is called inclusive design
[10].
Inclusive Design should be incorporated into product
design steps, which are desirable and functional. In this way,
it considers that a good product must be functional, usable,
desirable and viable [11]. Each of these aspects can be
understood as:
• Functional: Many features do not guarantee that a product
is functional. The product should provide the right resources
so that users can meet their expectations;
• Usable: A product should not require demands that result
in frustrations on some users and that completely exclude
others. These factors can have a negative impact on the
brand. The product should be pleasurable to use. Prolonged
difficulties with everyday products may induce users to think
that they are no longer able to lead independent lives;
• Desirable: a product may be desirable for a number of
reasons, among them the aesthetic character, the social status
provided and the positive impact on quality of life;
• Viable: this measure brings together the previous three. For
a product to be considered viable, it must be functional,
usable and desirable. The success of the product can be
measured by its profitability and its chances of success
increase if it is made available to the right market at the right
price.
The Universal Design approach tends to extend the
potentialities of the built environments and products, to a
greater number of possible people of different
characteristics, not being restricted only to meet the demands
of people with specific restrictions, whether or not they are
deficient. 7 principles developed at The Center for Universal
Design - North Carolina State University, aim to guide
architects and designers in designing projects and testing
products for users to develop more functional and enjoyable
products and environments [12].
Universal design is responsible for the creation of
products that can be used in an equitable way, excluding as
few people as possible from its use, while the inclusive
design involves the creation of products for a public with
limited characteristics, which requires equipment that
attenuate constraints and maximize their integration into
daily activities. [13].
3. Brief course of project methodologies
The general design practice occurs through the trajectory
of the method that treats the data until its final response, in
phases structured traditionally in a linear way. However, the
3
product design method is nothing more than a series of
necessary operations, arranged in a logical order, dictated by
experience [14]. The design methods, developed in the 1960s
and called the first generation were strongly related to the
cartesian paradigm and were considered systematic, rational,
and scientific. However, we can say that this reality met the
design demands in a period marked by the functionalism
[15], [16] and [17]. However, the methodologies of the 1960s
did not give special emphasis to some aspects that are
considered essential today. These include respect for certain
minority populations such as the elderly and those with
disabilities [18].
Already in the decade 1970, in his work Design Methods
[19] arises a grouping of techniques to assist the conduction
of projects, and reflections in relation to the own process of
design in three stages called: divergence, transformation and
convergence. In this period, user-collaboration, or co-design
studies also emerged amid interaction design and design
studies for the experience that attempted to understand the
user in a more holistic way [20]. Mainly after the works of
Jones, whose first edition appears in 1970, a significant
amount of new methods emerged, and were most
experienced in the field of design.
This fact has occurred in several industrialized countries,
including in the peripheral countries, mainly due to the
constant advances of the products in terms of formal and
constructive complexity in the most diverse scales.
However, in general, the process of projecting
environments, as well as products, assumes a structure that
commonly suggests stages composed by analysis, synthesis
and independent evaluation of the demand to be met.
For the fulfillment of a good design process, it is important
to pay attention to the three functions that will give the
attributes to the solution of the problem [21].
1 - Practical function, which refers to all relations between
the product and its users that are located at the organic -
bodily level. They are the functions of all the physiological
aspects of the use
2 - Aesthetic function, which is configured in the
relationship between the user and a product at the level of
sensory processes. The aesthetic function of products is a
psychological aspect of sensory perception during its use.
Thus, to create aesthetic function of the product means to
configure the products according to the perceptive conditions
of the user.
3 - Symbolic function, which occurs when user perceives
products by establishing connections with experiences and
sensations he has already lived. The symbolic function of
products is determined by all the spiritual, psychic, and social
aspects of use.
These functions contribute to a more careful look at the
physical and cognitive characteristics of future users. In this
context, more recently and with a concern to put the user at
the center of the process, design thinking has been widely
used outside the design industry to describe how designers
work, with an emphasis on the cognitive aspects that drive a
design approach [20]. Its premise is strongly related to the
active and integrated participation of the actors involved in
the process, in particular the users [22], [20]. In essence, the
Design Thinking incorporates creative thinking, in a non-
 Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silva et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 618–623 621
4 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

linear, abductive, pragmatic, divergent and convergent way.
The methodological repertoire includes toolkits for different
situations that insert users and other stakeholders, in design
processes [20].
There is a greater tendency nowadays in project actions
that aligns with the effort to put man as a fundamental piece
of the whole process. Thus, a wide field for the development
of resources (tools) that collaborate for the access to
information about the man himself, especially during the
creative process of development of environments and
products, opens up in an exciting way.
User-centered design
Nowadays, there is a notable return to social orientation
themes and, more recently, the focus of discussions has
should be appreciated. It can be seen that these concepts, if
articulated among themselves, can be configured in a
significant part of resources (tool) for project configuration
processes, mainly to anticipate important information during
the development of environments, products and services.
Thus, it means that we would have knowledge about how we
get the information in the environment (sensitization),
together with usability criteria that establish principles of
good functioning of the products, systems and that privileges
users as the central figure of the process (use), together with
universal principles (broad access and participation).
The scheme below seeks to elucidate the possibilities of
associations between the themes mentioned and treated so
far in this work (Fig. 2).

ALT
ERN
become the user, focusing the project on the perspective of

ATIV
NS
NCTIO S

E
user interfaces [23]. In this context, based on his research in AL FUFUNCTIONNS

ACTIO
SE T IC
VE U C
PRA THETIC FUNCTIO
UITI
cognitive science, [24] addressed design issues through the

NS
INT AES BOLIC
HEARING SYM

D
user's gaze and coined the term "user-centered design." User-

AN
B

VERY
E

TO APPROACH AND USE

ASI
AST
Centered Design (UCD) takes into account the social,

AND RECO

C OR
SMELL AND T

IENTATION
physical and cognitive aspects of the audience, and uses an

AND INFORM
approach that does not impose the preferences and solutions.
In contrast, it prints and translates the will of the audience as

L
A HAP

ATION
VISU TIC
well as stimulates them to understand their own needs
N
TIO
A
RM
through the final solution of the project [25].
INFO

TR
AN
The importance of diverse tools such as storyboards, rapid Y SFE
RIT
CLA
prototyping, mental maps and others to compose user- OF OPERATION

centered project development is significant in the sense of

expanding the possibilities for exploring information in Fig.2 - In representation of the possible relations between the
creative activities and problem solving during the course of concepts under study [4], [5], [6].
a project. User and human-centered design requires
immersion in the context or activity of the user rather than In order to make the tool model viable, this research work
simply considering the user from a particular interpretation. proposes a reorganization and synthesis of the principles of
A strong feature of this design approach is the possibility of Usability, strongly linked to the (good) use of environments,
bringing the future user or group of users as an active agent products and services during activities carried out daily by
in the project development process in the early stages. people, and principles of the Universal Design, strongly
In this sense, design approaches in architecture, design linked to the accessibility of the (context) environment.
and ergonomics employ approaches that are predominantly In this context [27], proposal of grouping and new
qualitative, systemic and anthropocentric. More specifically denominations based on the principles of usability and
in the context of housing, their methodologies have several universal design principles were used with one of the stages
methods, but they do not have a human-centered method or with the purpose of simplifying and reducing elements in
toolkit that is specific to the development of such projects order to define their scope and/or scope, thus seeking the
[26]. reduction of variables as described below Fig. 3.
However, proposals for structuring methods, techniques
and tools that incorporate the previously discussed aspects 4.1 Fusion of Usability and Universal Design principles
are appropriate. Above all, to expand the possibility of design
resources, and specifically for this study, the development of Usability Universal design Denomination
tools that assist in the development of assistive technologies consistency compatibility
aimed at the built environment, that collaborate to better compatibility simple and
evidence intuitive use
communicate its attributes to its users.
feedback fault tolerance warning
error prevention
4. Relations identified between themes visual clarity communication
prioritization of perceptible
If we consider the importance of the understanding of the information information
sensorial systems for a better understanding of how we functionality
receive the stimuli in the environment, it is suggested that transfer of materialization
usability principles related to the good use of environments technology
and products taking into consideration not only physical capacity flexibility of use adaptability
issues, characteristics of people, but also cognitive issues, user control and equitable use
622 Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silva et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 618–623
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
minimum physical force
effort
space dimensioning
dimensioning
Fig. 3 - Fusion of Usability [5] and Universal Design [6]
principles [27].
The scheme below seeks to elucidate the first possibilities
of configurations that can be experimented, for example
using the groupings and new denominations proposed by
[18] together with the sensorial systems described by [8].
This second representation already consists of a significant
reduction of combinations, thus facilitating the feasibility of
setting up the tool proposal Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 - Representation of possible relationships with new groupings
[27] with the sensory systems described [4].
4.2 How to use the developing tool model.
The operation of the model proposes two distinct moments,
the first through a digital interface similar to the
representation of (Figure 4), where the designer can choose
the order of associations (35 possibilities) among the
concepts of sensorial systems [4] and the principles of
usability and universal design grouped by [27]. This allows
the designer to consult and fill in information regarding the
associated themes, as well as the design functions (practical,
aesthetic and symbolic) to form a database. The second step
is to print full-size panels (A3, A2, A1, A0) via digital
interface to carry out creative activities (drawings, collages
and writing). The sum of these two steps will result in
concepts and design alternatives.
5. Initial tool development
Data collect
This step presents the approach to the public of potential
users of the proposed project tool. Data collection was
carried out in the first half of 2018, in two stages. The first
one took place through a questionnaire with 13 students, all
of whom were regularly enrolled in the subject (User-
Centered Design) of the Post-Graduate Program in
Architecture and Urbanism of the Federal University of
Paraíba/PPGAU. The students had a degree in architecture,
5
engineering and economics, with 4 men and 9 women
between 25 and 43 years old. All of them have experience in
projects.
The questionnaire was divided into three parts:
participant characterization (part 1), field activity (part 2) and
projection (part 3). In (part 2) of this questionnaire two
questions (7 and 8) were devoted to the structuring themes of
the present research (human sensory systems, usability
principles and universal design).
The main objective of the questionnaire was to collect
information about the importance or not of the previously
mentioned subjects, from the perspective of the students
participating in the course during the course of creativity
(generation of concepts and design alternatives) in the
process of designing environments, products and services in
projects with a user-centered approach.
In the second stage, follow-up was carried out (focal
group) was carried out at the ENSCI – Ecolenationale
Supérieure de Création Industrielle at the Alpes Design Lab,
with 20 students divided into four groups during the
development of creative design steps. Students were between
the ages of 18 and 27, with 13 women and 7 men; all of them
have some experience in product design and/or
environments. The teams were composed of students of
architecture, design and product engineering of different
French universities and of different periods in their
respective courses. All students had already had contact with
at least one of the structuring themes of the tool proposal
(sensory systems, usability and universal design). The
purpose of the activity was to collect opinions about the
importance of considering the themes mentioned in the
creative phase of the project, and what formal characteristics
and use, would be more interesting to adopt for the tool
model being developed.
6. Conclusion
The thirteen students of the first stage voluntarily
answered the questionnaire that contained two questions
related to the themes (sensorial systems, usability and
universal design). Regarding the importance of the topic of
sensory systems, two people representing 13% of the sample
answered that yes, they consider important the possibility of
using information about the human sensory systems
(smell/taste, Haptic, auditory, basic and visual orientation
system) during stages creativity in project development, but
did not justify it, as the questions suggested. They answered
by justifying their answers, 11 people, which represented
87% of the sample.
Participants who justified their answers made statements
mainly about the importance of these themes as support for
improving the quality of projects, with clearer information
about users' potentialities as to their experience of use and
perception of environments and products. In relation to the
principles of usability and universal design, the importance
of these principles was evidenced in most of the answers as
an integral part of the project. Above all, to avoid rework,
ensure the fairness of the environments and products
developed and ensure pleasant, comfortable and accessible
experiences. It was clear in the responses that should be
 Renato Fonseca Livramento da Silva et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 618–623
6 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
inserted and/or thought of as the nature of the creative
process of the projects, any project that takes into account
such principles from its inception, is more likely to reach a
higher level of inclusion and integration of most people,
including by understanding that they are premises, starting
points of the project and not just a subsequent stage to be
contemplated.
In the second stage, the initial results presented in the
dialogues (focus group) and questionnaire showed some
important points to be considered in the next phases of tool
development. On the use of design tools in phases of
creativity 100% of the participants stated that they use, but
none of the mentioned tools consider the themes (sensory
systems, usability and universal design) together. Regarding
the importance of the structuring themes of the research
(sensory systems, usability and universal design), 100% of
participants affirmed to be significant. When asked about the
formal question of the tool, 2 stated that it should have
support, paper (drawing boards/concepts and forms), 2 stated
that it would be more interesting to be digital (software), 2 a
combination of digital (software ) and three-dimensional
(physical) elements, 4 agreed that it should have digital
(software) and three-dimensional (physical) support, 2 only
three-dimensional (physical) and 5 participants opted for
digital software) and papers (drawing boards/concepts and
forms).
The data that have been accessed so far through a review
of the literature, an approach with experts and future users,
reinforce that knowledge about the functioning of the human
sensory system associated with usability and universal
design
principles by architects and designers can contribute
significantly for the development of more interactive
concepts and design alternatives through the systematic
provision and application of this information. It was found
that access to these concepts and principles is still an
incipient practice in both architecture and design. Therefore,
it is possible to proceed with the information collected and
presented in this work, for the structuring of the project
requirements and the formal and systematic development of
the use of the proposed project tool.
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