《冶金过程原理》Assignment Chapter 2

你所在的班级/学号/姓名(class/ID/Chinese name）
：193519014 / Emil Salim (李

米)

1. What is the difference between crystal and metal crystal?

Crystal, an entire volume of atoms or ions arranged periodically and repeatedly at
a distance in a three-dimensional direction -- the distant ordering of the structure
of material. And metal crystal is metal ions occupy the nodes of the lattice and
make tiny vibrations at these equilibrium positions.
2. What is the difference between a liquid metal and solid metal?
a. The difference between liquid metal and solid metal is the structure change
because the average spacing between atoms in a liquid metal is slightly larger
than that in a solid metal, and the coordination number is slightly smaller,
usually in the range of 8 to l0.

b. The formation of voids during melting increases the free volume slightly, and
the distant ordered arrangement in the solid will disappear in the molten state
and become the near ordered arrangement.
3. The typical liquid metal models.
There are typical of liquid metal models:
a. Random dense heap hard ball model (quick filling of a large number of hard
balls of the same size into a container with an irregular surface, resulting in a
disordered but stable configuration).
b. Crystal defect model (based on the fact that the volume and energy of molten
metal change very little).
4. The properties of ionic melt.
In an ionic melt:
a. The first coordination layer of each cation is surrounded by anions.
b. The first coordination layer of each anion is surrounded by cations.
c. Anions and cations are randomly and statistically distributed in the melt.
5. The hole model of molten salt structure.
The hole model of molten salt structure showed:
a. The volume of molten salt increases markedly as it melting.
b. Assuming that the increase in volume is due to the increase in ionic spacing in
the liquid lattice,
c. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a slight decrease in ion spacing.
d. In order to show that the volume of molten salt increases significantly during
melting, the existence of holes must be assumed
e. The average coordination number decreases after the holes are inserted into
the crystal lattice. For example, the coordination number of LiCl decreases
from 6 to 4 with melting.
f. Holes are formed between spherical anions and ions acting as harmonic
oscillators
g. The hole volume is equivalent to the volume expansion in melting.
h. Calculations show that for alkali halides, the holes occupy 1/6 to 1/5 of the
lattice.

Figure of Cavity model of molten salt structure

6. The structure and properties of solid oxides.
The structure and properties of solid oxides showed:
a. X-ray diffraction results show that the basic components of simple oxides and
 complex compounds are ion-charged particles.
b. Oxides such as FeO, MnO and CaO belong to NaCl lattice - octahedral
structure. Each metal cation, Me2+, is surrounded by six oxygen anions O2−,
and each O2− ion is also surrounded by six metal ions, with a coordination
number of six.
c. Unit cell of SiO2: a tetrahedral structure of four oxygen ions of O2−
surrounding the silicon ion Si4+, with a coordination number of 4. These
tetrahedrons form an ordered three-dimensional network of oxygen ions at a
common apex Angle.
d. Complex compounds: for example, 2CaO·SiO2 is composed of Ca2+ and SiO44-,
2CaO·P2O5 is composed of Ca2+ and PO43-, and FeO·Al2O3 is composed of
Fe2+ and AlO2-.

Figure of Crystal structure diagram of CaO and SiO2

7. The classification of oxides.
Depending on the behavior of oxides to O2, they are classified into:

a. Basic oxides：the oxides which can supply O2–

such as ：CaO, MnO, FeO, MgO, Na2O, TiO, etc.

CaO ＝ Ca2+ + O2–

b. Acidic oxides：An oxide that can absorb O2– forms a complex anion

Such as ：SiO2, P2O5, V2O5, etc.

SiO2 + 2O2– = 4SiO22–

c. Amphoteric oxides：which can supply O2–in strongly acidic slag, and can
 absorb O2– in a strong basicity condition

Such as： Al2O3、Fe2O3、Cr2O3、ZnO etc，

Al2O3 ＝ 2Al3+ + 3O2–

Al2O3 + O2– = 2AlO2

8. The structure of silicate melt.
Based on polymer theory, there are four main structure of silicate melt:
a. Differentiation of fused quartz
b. Condensation and deformation of polymers
c. Equilibrium between differentiation and condensation
d. Degree of polymerization of silicate melt
9. The degree of melt polymerization and NBO/T value.
NBO/T with the smaller value, the higher the degree of aggregation.
a. Monotetrahedron (island) : NBO/T=4
b. Chain structure: NBO/T=2
c. Layered structure: NBO/T=1
d. Three-dimensional frame structure: NBO/T=0

10. The ion distribution state in liquid slag.

There are ion distribution in liquid slag:
a. When the slag is melted and the temperature rises, the range of ions increases
and they can move freely. The equivalence of the bonds disappears when the
ions are in the solid state, and they have their own electrostatic field
strengths.
The distribution of cations and anions in the slag showed the microscopic
unevenness, and there were ordered ionic groups.
b. For example, since the electrostatic field of Fe2+ is stronger than that of Ca2+ ,
and the force of O2- ions on cations is greater than that of complex ions, in the
 slag of the CaO-FeO-SiO2 system, most of the Fe2+ ions are around O2-, while
Ca2+ ions are around SiO44– , thus forming the ionic groups Fe2+·O2−and
Ca2+•SiO44 respectively .
c. The strong cations in the electrostatic field and the strong anions in the
electrostatic field are distributed together to form strong ion pairs or ion
groups.
d. Cations with small electrostatic field strength and anions with small
electrostatic field strength are distributed together to form weak ion pairs or
ion groups.