Lourebie De los Reyes BSCE-5A

Engr. Marciano Apilado Engineering Construction

Road Layout and Construction

◦ Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various places with adequate
road network
◦ Roads constitute the most important mode of transportation in areas where railways
have not developed much
◦ Road pavements deteriorate over time due to-
1. The impact of traffic, particularly heavy vehicles.
2. Environmental factors such as weather, pollution.
Stages of Road Construction

Stage 1: Surveying
Involve measuring and computing horizontal and vertical angles, vertical heights
(elevation), and horizontal distances.
Stage 2: Site Clearance
Clearing – removed all objects on the ground (trees, bushes, plants, etc.)
Stage 3: Earthwork
The Process of earthworks is to excavate the existing land to a suitable level so that road
construction may begin. The earthworks can take the form of either excavation in the form
of cuts or the construction of embankments to carry an elevated highway.
The sub-grade soil is prepared by bringing it to desire grade.
I. Soil filling
II. Spreading and Levelling
III. Compaction

Stage 4:
Surface Drainage – remove surface water (rain)
Subsurface Drainage – remove underground water
Stage 5: Laying of Pavement Layers
 Pavement is finished with a hard-smooth surface. It helped make them durable and able to
withstand traffic and the environment. They have a life span of between 20- 30 years.

Layer 1: Preparation of Subgrade

Excavating & Leveling of earth to the required level.
Layer 2 and Layer 3: Subbase and Base
Subbase and base material are laid and compacted to required thickness.
Layer 4: Prime coat
Material for prime coat – cutback bitumen is sprayed on the road base surface for
bondage between non bituminous layer and bituminous layer.
Binder course
Premix Asphalt is the binder course laid to the base course by pavers then
compacted mechanically by rolling.
Tack coat
A thin layer of bituminous emulsion sprayed onto the binder course for bondage
between wearing course and binder course.
Wearing course
On the top coat, asphalt is laid and compacted by steel wheeled tandem roller
and pneumatic tired roller.

Stage 6: Road Furniture

Include traffic signs, road markings, guardrails, street lightings and traffic signals.

ROAD TYPES
1. Earth Road
2. Water bound macadam Road
3. Bituminous Road
4. Cement concrete Road

GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF ROADS

The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the
positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints. The
basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost
and environmental damage. Geometric design also affects an emerging fifth objective called
"livability," which is defined as designing roads to foster broader community goals, including
providing access to employment, schools, businesses and residences, accommodate a range of
travel modes such as walking, bicycling, transit, and automobiles, and minimizing fuel use,
emissions and environmental damage.
Geometric roadway design can be broken into three main parts: alignment, profile, and cross-
section. Combined, they provide a three-dimensional layout for a roadway.
The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves
The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight
grade lines connecting them.
The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks,
along with their cross slope or banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement
structure and other items outside the category of geometric design.

HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
The horizontal alignment is a series of horizontal tangents (straight roadway sections), circular
curves, and spiral transitions used for the roadway’s geometry. This design shows the proposed
roadway location in relation to the existing terrain and adjacent land conditions. The main
objective of geometric roadway design is to integrate these elements to produce a compatible
speed with the road’s function and location. Safety, operational quality, and project costs can be
significantly influenced by coordinating the horizontal and vertical alignments.
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
The vertical alignment of highway generally defined as the presence of heights and depths in
vertical axis with respect to horizontal axis of alignment. These heights and depths in roads may
be in the form of gradients (straight lines in a vertical plane) or vertical curves.

Vertical alignment of highways consists of

 Gradients
 Grade compensation
 Vertical curves (valley curve, summit curve)

Prepared by: Lourebie B. de los Reyes