WRITING

By
juliarto, S.Pd., M.Pd
 In writing
1. Direct quote
2. Paraphrase
 Direct quotes
• for a short quotation, use quotation marks " "
to indicate that these are someone elses
words

For example:
In fact, Rumelhart suggests that schemata "truly
are the building blocks of cognition" (1981: 33).
 Direct quotes
for quotations longer than three lines, take a new line and indent
the quote to separate it from the main text (in this case you do
not require quotation marks), For example:

In fact, Rumelhart suggests that schemata

“truly are the building blocks of cognition. They are the
fundamental elements upon which all information processing
depends. Schemata are employed in the process of interpreting
sensory data (both linguistic and non linguistic), in retrieving
information from memory, in organising actions, in
determining goals and subgoals, in allocating resources, and
generally, in guiding the flow of processing in the system (1981:
33-34).

Rumelhart (1981) attempts to unravel the functions of schemas,

explaining them through a series of analogies.
 Paraphrasing
• Be careful about rewriting someone else’s
words. If your sentences use many of the
same words and grammatical structure as the
original source, it could be construed as
plagiarism. Just put the text in your own
words.
 When Paraphrasing…
• Be sure you are not just rearranging or
replacing words.
• Rewrite the phrase in your own words and
credit the original source.
• Double check what you have written by
comparing it with the original writing.
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking
notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact
transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester,
James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

In research papers students often quote excessively,

failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level.
Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it
is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim
(Lester 46-47).
 Paraphrase with synonyms
1. More than half for the women who attended the one
day meeting were business with their spouses.
2. Approximately 30.000 students may be assisted by
the proposed “free lunch program.
3. With the development of flash memory cards, the
market for portable music player jumped sharply
4. Although the coach’s strategy was a little dangerous,
the team was successful.
5. Therefore, the effect was an increase in student
examination result.
 Passive form
Tense /group Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
continuous

Past

Present

Future
 Practice
1. Someone gave them free tickets for the concert.
2. Poisonous chemicals have polluted the river.
3. She is telling the children a story
4. Millions of people use the Internet every day
5. Two men were following Tom
6. Mr Elliot will pay the workers.
7. They had picked the oranges before the storm.
8. The children send me messages every day.
9. They can’t find Joanna
10. They should decorate the room with flowers.
 Practice
• Some people saw a UFO in the sky above London last night. They
reported it to the police. The army sent a helicopter to look at it more
closer. The UFO shot the helicopter down and killed both men in it.
People have given photographs of the UFO to the police. Experts are
looking at them now.

• Our school is organizing a contest. The teachers will choose the best
project about the environment. The students must include pictures
and drawings in their projects. The students will also have to do all the
writing themselves. The school will give the winner a set of
encyclopaedias.

• Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had
just locked up the shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The
robber told him to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in
the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organized a
search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days.
Doctors are treating the owner of the shop for shock.
 Practice
The United States, Germany, Japan and other industrial powers
are being transformed from industrial economies to knowledge
and information based service economies, whilst manufacturing
has been moving to low wage countries. In a knowledge and
information based economy, knowledge and information are the
key ingredients in creating wealth.