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Biochemistry Kaplan (AutoRecovered)
Biochemistry Kaplan (AutoRecovered)
Biochemistry Kaplan (AutoRecovered)
acid)
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
Nucleoside= Nitrogen Base + Sugar
3 cách đọc:
1. 3′-GACT-5′
3. dTdCdAdG d” (deoxy)
– Endonucleases cut within the nucleic acid and release nucleic acid fragments
Red circle is telomeres
tumor cell
Telomeresshorthen
Apostosis
Shorthen: ngắn đi
Longthen: dài ra
Leading Strand Synthesis (Continuous)
Lagging Strand Synthesis (Discontinuous)
strand synthesis).
• Levofloxacin
• Ciprofloxacin
• Moxifloxacin
Autoimmune disease:
Scleroderma
Damage Cause Recognition/ Repair
Excision Enzyme Enzymes
Deficient in Xeroderma
Pigmentosum(XP)
Mismatched DNA replication A mutation one of two genes:
base (G2) errors
1. hMSH2
2. hMLH1
DNA polymerase
Hereditary nonpolyposis
DNA ligase
colorectal cancer—HNPCC
(Lynch syndrome)
microsatellite instability
may be used as a diagnostic
tool
Cytosine Spontaneous/ heat Uracil glycosylase
deamination G1
AP endonuclease
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which is also only found in the nucleus
of eukaryotes.
Antiparallel
Complementary
Polycistronic:
many gene have
one promoter
No intron
Trancription(TC)
and
Translation(TL)
are coupled
Acceptor+ A.axit
Anticodon+Codon
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Important
Important Points About Transcription and RNA Processing
Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
May be polycistronic Always monocistronic
Beta- Thalasemia
Gaucher diseaser
Tay-Sachs
TRANSLATION
(PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS)
Peptide bond is very strong
Steps of Translation
The process of protein synthesis occurs in 3 stages: initiation( IF), elongation(EF) , and
termination(TF)
Anticipation used to describe a disease that, from generation to generation, shows a decrease
in the age of onset and an increase in the severity of symptoms
Toxin+ Mech block eEF-2 decrease Aa synthesis Use Aa for bacteria synthesis
Tertiary—3-dimensional shapes
Quaternary—in proteins such as hemoglobin Sub-unit
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Copper( Cu2+) absorbed into the mucosal cell, but cannot be transported into the bloodstream.
1. A DNA-binding domain
– Helix-loop-helix
2. An activation domain
Important Specifc Transcription Factors
Glucagon
Cortisol
development
Local chromatin-modifying Acetylation of histones increases gene expression (many
activities genes)
Methylation of DNA silences genes in genetic imprinting
syndrome results:
• Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Protein degradation rate ALA synthase has a half-life of 1 hour in the hepatocyte
BLOTTING TECHNIQUES
Detect and visualize specifc DNA, RNA, and protein among complex mixtures
DNA
Restriction endonuclease
DNA Fragment( restriction fragments) DNA
Notes:
RNA= small
Protein= denature
Easy analyze
DNA restriction
fragments are
analyzed on a
Southern blot.
Tandem repeat:
đoạn lặp lại ngẫu
nhiên
Variable from
person to
person
Đỉnh(-): Largest
Đáy(+): Smallest
AA homozygous for
A
AB heterozygous
BB homozygous for
B
Màu đậm:
homozygous
Tạo 2 copies
AA,BB giống
nhau nên đậm
Tạo 2 copies
khác nhau ,
chia ra nên
nhạt
Northern Blots: genes expressed extracted from: trích xuất
Analyze RNA extracted from a tissue and are typically used to từ
determine which genes are being expressed
Fragile X
Syndrome
Pattern of gene
expression= Gene
expression profling=
Microarrays( Vi mô)
sequence.
forensic cases
• Paternity testing
infections
Answer: Yes, the results are consistent with Huntington disease( CAG
repeat)
In comparison with the normal control PCR products, one of the
patient’s PCR products (170 bp) is well out of the normal range.
The 2 bands from the control are 95 base pairs and 101 base pairs, a
difference of 2 triplet repeats.
The patient sample shows a 104 base pair band, a difference of one
triplet repeat from
the larger control band.
170-101=69 23 triplet repeats.
Case 2: Cannot be the father, his bands is not shared with the child.
Smallest largest
PositiveNegative
(viral load).
2. The infection’s
response to
antiviral drugs.
Classifed as hydrophobic or hydrophilic Only 20 are used as
building blocks of
Hydrophobic side chains are in the interior of the molecule where
proteins in humans
they are protected from water
•Alanine: gluconeogenesis
•Lysine + Vita C form Hydroxylysine
•Phenylalanine and Tyrosine: precursors for
•Arginine: percursor for Urea
catecholamines.
•Aspartate: Urea cycle
• Tryptophan: form serotonin and niacin. • Serine, Threonine(-OH): sites for O-linked
• Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine is abnormal in glycosylation Golgi apparatus
Hemoglobinopathy
• Uncontrolled diabetes
Malnutrition: suy dinh
• Infection
dưỡng
incorporated
• Pregnancy
balance
Increase Vmax.
[S] or [E]
Đặt
1/V= Y
1/[S]= X
Y= X+
Nếu X=0 Y=
Nếu Y=0 Y=
cAMP PKA
cGMP PKG
Phosphorylation:
G protein
Water-Soluble
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) Water-Soluble
Water-Soluble
The Insulin Receptor: A Tyrosine Kinase
Water-Soluble
(+)P Glycogenolysis
G proteins (GTP-binding):
2. Gt (transducin)
subunits
Vitamin or
Enzyme Pathway Deficiency
Coenzyme
MCC= Most Common Cause:
excessive consumption of raw eggs
(contain Avidin, a biotin-binding
protein tight bind)
Pyruvate Gluconeogenesi
carboxylase s
Acetyl
Fatty acid
Biotin synthesis
Odd-carbon
Propionyl CoA fatty acids, Val,
carboxylase Met, Ile, Thr
Convulsions
Corneal neovascularization
Cheilosis or stomatitis (cracking or
scaling of lip borders and corners of
the mouth)
Riboflavin (B2)
FAD(H2)
Dehydrogenases Many
Light
sensitive
Magenta-colored tongue
Ascorbate (C) Prolyl and lysyl Collagen MCC: diet deficient in citrus fruits and
hydroxylases synthesis green vegetables
No
enzyme
form Dopamine Catecholamine Scurvy: poor wound healing, easy
hydroxylase synthesis bruising (perifollicular( nang long)
hemorrhage)
Dopamine
hydroxylase Absorption of
iron in GI tract
Hepatic
synthesis of bile
Purpura, and ecchymoses are seen most
commonly
bleeding gums, increased bleeding
time, painful glossitis, anemia
In scurvyNot hydroxylatedCollagen
Overdoses:
Pyruvate PDH
CoA
dehydrogenase TCA cycle
α-Ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
calcium levels
(cholecalciferol)
Vitamin D deficiency is caused by
• Bone demineralization
Vitamin A deficiency: caused by fat Retinal is important in rod( black and white) and
malabsorption or a fat-free diet. cone( color) cells for vision Not hormon
Symptoms:
• Night blindness
spots
của mắt.
blindness
• Alopecia
+ Bipolar cell
cGMP
Ca2+-binding proteins
occlusion)
anticonvulsants(chống co giật)
(Dilantin)
precoagulation factors
Anticoagulants
activity
activity.
Antioxidant in the lipid phaseProtects membrane
E (α-tocopherol)
lipids from peroxidation
Vitamin E deficiency is caused by fat High blood levels of vitamin E can cause
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Ataxia
tố
0-90
common metabolic
• Phosphorylation (glucagon) and dephosphorylation (insulin) of
1. Metabolic fuels are hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into monomeric building
intermediate: acetyl-CoA
Used by an ATP synthase to produce ATP( requires O2) Not store ATP, Store
Cacbonate
Metabolic Profile of the Well-Fed (Absorptive) State
Two major roles of the liver in fuel metabolism are to maintain a constant
•In the well-fed state, the liver derives most of its energy from the oxidation
• Between meals and during prolonged fasts, the liver releases glucose into
the blood
Adipose Tissue
tissue.
Insulin also stimulates fatty acid release from VLDL and chylomicron
induced by insulin.
• The fatty acids that are released from lipoproteins are taken up by adipose
• Insulin is also very effective in suppressing the release of fatty acids from
adipose tissue.
• During the fasting state, the decrease in insulin and the increase in
Skeletal Muscle
Resting muscle: The major fuels of skeletal muscle are glucose and fatty
acids
Active muscle: The major fuels of skeletal muscle are fatty acids and ketone
bodies
Cardiac Muscle
During fetal life, cardiac muscle primarily uses glucose as an energy source,
acids.Thus, in humans, fatty acids serve as the major fuel for cardiac
myocytes.
When ketones are present during prolonged fasting, they are also used. Thus,
not surprisingly, cardiac myocytes most closely parallel the skeletal muscle
Brain
Although the brain represents 2% of total body weight, it obtains 15% of the
cardiac output, uses 20% of total O2, and consumes 25% of the total glucose.
Therefore, glucose is the primary fuel for the brain.
levels that enable sufficient glucose uptake into the brain via GLUT 1 and
GLUT 3 transporters.
•Because glycogen levels in the brain are minor, normal function depends
Food into the stomach, the acid pH destroys the salivary amylase
Normal=90 min
after meal
Independent Insuline:
thể)
2. Renal vascular
3. Hemoglobin
Involve pathology
GLUCOSE TRANSPORT Insuline binds to receptor
Dimerize activated
Cytoplasmic side of receptor: tyrosine kinase
Increase Vmax= increase uptake, Km not
change
GLUT
Hight Km
proInsuline
radf
Transfused blood has lower than the expected 2,3-BPG levels, making it
Bl
FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
Aldol
ase B
Fructosekinase deficient: fructose not accumulate in the cell, return the blood
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE
Treatment: Met-Hb + CN
Inhibit CN + Complex IV
Lipoproteins are named according to their density, which increases with the percentage of
Glutamin( Intestine)
Glutamate( Liver)