Atoms

and
Elements

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ISBN 0-15-343894-0
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ISBN 0-15-343894-0

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CXENL07ARD612_LLR_CVI.indd 4 3/30/05 5:13:02 PM

 Atoms and
Elements

Lesson 1
What Is Matter Composed Of? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Lesson 2
What Are Elements and Compounds? . . . . . . . . . .8

Lesson 3
What Are the States of Matter?. . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

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CXENL07ARD612.indd 1 9/13/05 7:32:40 PM

 1 What Is
VOCABULARY
atom
Matter
proton
nucleus
neutron
Composed
electron
atomic number Of?

A helium atom has 2

protons in its nucleus.
All atoms with an atomic
number of 2 are helium atoms.

A proton is a particle inside an

An atom is the smallest unit
of an element that still has the
properties of that element. The
picture shows atoms of gold.
atom. It has a positive electric
charge. The blue colored particles
in this picture represent protons.
The number of protons in an
atom is its atomic number.

CXENL07ARD612.indd 2 9/13/05 7:32:42 PM

 A neutron is another particle inside an atom.
It has the same mass as a proton, but it has no
electric charge. The yellow colored particles in
this picture represent neutrons. Protons and
neutrons are found in the center of an atom.
This center is called the nucleus.

Electrons go around the center of an atom. An

electron has a negative charge. It has much less
mass than a proton or neutron.

CXENL07ARD612.indd 3 9/13/05 7:32:44 PM

 READING FOCUS SKILL
MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS
The main idea is what the text is mostly about. Details are
pieces of information about the main idea.
Think about the main idea of each page. Then look for details
about how atoms and elements make up matter.

The Atom
What happens when you break something into pieces? You
get smaller pieces. The smallest pieces of any matter are called
atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still has the
properties of that element. All matter is made up of atoms.
Atoms are so small that you cannot see them. But they are not
the smallest things that exist. Inside of each atom are smaller parts.
These parts are called subatomic particles. They are smaller than an
atom.

All matter is made up

of atoms. This picture
shows that gold is
made of atoms.

CXENL07ARD612.indd 4 9/13/05 7:32:45 PM

 Inside each atom is a center
area called the nucleus. The
nucleus contains at least
one proton. A proton is a
subatomic particle. It has a
positive electric charge. The
number of protons in an atom
is its atomic number. Different
kinds of atoms have different
atomic numbers. This means
they have different numbers of
protons. This also means they
have different properties. For example, every atom of carbon has 6
protons. Carbon’s atomic number is 6. Carbon is greasy and black.
We use it in pencils for writing. Every atom of oxygen has 8 protons.
Its atomic number is 8. It is a gas that we breathe.
The nucleus also contains neutrons. Neutrons are also subatomic
particles. They have the same mass as protons. Neutrons do not
have an electric charge. In most atoms, the nucleus has one or more
neutrons.
Outside of the nucleus are smaller particles with negative charges.
They are called electrons. They have much less mass than protons
or neutrons. They orbit, or go around, the nucleus at great speeds.
Usually, the number of an atom’s positive protons equals the
number of negative electrons. So the atom does not have an overall
charge.

What parts make up an atom?

CXENL07ARD612.indd 5 9/13/05 7:32:46 PM

 Models of the Atom
Scientists tried many different models to try to figure out what
an atom looks like. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford suggested that an atom was mostly
empty space. In 1920, he predicted the presence of neutrons in
an atom. In 1913, Niels Bohr was the first scientist to suggest
that the electrons orbited the nucleus at different levels. In 1932,
James Chadwick provided evidence that supported the presence
of neutrons.
Today, electrons are shown as a cloud around the nucleus. This
cloud is the area where electrons probably are.

How are atoms depicted in models today?

CXENL07ARD612.indd 6 9/13/05 7:32:47 PM

 Isotopes
1
The atoms in an element all have
the same number of protons. For
example, all helium atoms have
2 protons. But helium atoms may
have different numbers of neutrons.
This does not change the kind
of atom it is. These atoms with
different numbers of neutrons are 2
called isotopes. Isotopes of atoms
have the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes have different mass 3
numbers. The mass number is the
sum of the number of protons and
the number of neutrons in an atom. Hydrogen has three
isotopes. Hydrogen-1 has
Why do isotopes have one proton. Hydrogen-2
different mass numbers? has 1 proton + 1 neutron.
Hydrogen-3 has 1 proton
+ 2 neutrons.

Review
Complete this main idea statement.
1. An atom’s contains protons and neutrons.
Complete these detail statements.
2. The is the number of protons an atom
has.
3. Today’s models of atoms show as a cloud
around the center of the atom.
4. An atom of an element that has extra neutrons is
called an .
7

CXENL07ARD612.indd 7 9/13/05 7:32:47 PM

 2 What Are
VOCABULARY
element
Elements and
metal
nonmetal
periodic table
Compounds?
compound

A metal is an element that

An element is a pure substance. conducts heat and electricity well.
It is made up of only one type It is malleable. Aluminum is a
of atom. Sodium is an element. metal.

CXENL07ARD612.indd 8 9/26/05 10:55:32 PM

 Elements can come together to
make a compound. A compound
A nonmetal is an element that is a substance made up of atoms
does not conduct electricity. It is of two or more elements. Table
not capable of being shaped or salt is a compound. It is made of
formed. Chlorine is a nonmetal. sodium and chlorine.

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CXENL07ARD612.indd 9 9/13/05 7:32:51 PM

 READING FOCUS SKILL
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
When you compare different things, you look for similarities
between them. Differences between the things are the ways
they contrast.
As you read, look for ways you can compare and contrast
elements and compounds.

Elements
A substance made up of only one kind of atom is called an
element. All the atoms of an element have the same atomic
number. Scientists have identified more than 110 different
elements. But only 90 elements are found in nature. The others are
made in laboratories. These elements last less than a second.
Common elements are gold, silver, lead, carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and hydrogen. These elements can be found all over Earth.
Scientists sort elements by their properties. Most elements are
metals. A metal is an element that conducts heat and electricity
well. Metals are malleable, which means they can be bent and
shaped easily. A nonmetal is an element that does not conduct
electricity and is not malleable.

How are metals and nonmetals different?

Magnesium 2%
Potassium 2% Other 2%
Calcium 3%
Sodium 3%
Iron 5%
Aluminum 8% Oxygen
49%

Silicon 26%
Elements in Earth’s Crust

10

CXENL07ARD612.indd 10 9/13/05 7:33:08 PM

 Periodic Table
Scientists have to keep track of more than 110 elements. They
do this with the periodic table. The periodic table organizes
the elements by their atomic numbers. You may remember that
the atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
Each element has its own place in the table. Its box shows
the name and symbol of the element. The symbol stands for
the element. H is the symbol for hydrogen. Ca is the symbol
for calcium. Sometimes symbols come from foreign words. Au
is the symbol for gold. Aurum means “gold” in Latin. The box
also shows the element’s atomic number.
Each column of elements is called a family. These elements
have similar properties. Some tables use different colors to tell
you an element’s state at room temperature. In the table shown,
red is for solids and blue is for gases.

Why is it useful to group like elements together?

Periodic Table
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CXENL07ARD612.indd 11 9/13/05 7:33:08 PM

 How Compounds Are Formed
Most of the time, elements are not found in their pure form. They
are usually found in compounds. A compound is a substance made
of atoms of two or more elements.
Compounds have different properties from the elements that
make them up. For example, sodium reacts violently when it
touches water. Chlorine is a poisonous gas. But when these two
elements come together, they make table salt. Hydrogen and
oxygen are both gases. When they combine, they explode. A
compound of hydrogen and oxygen is drinking water.
You can use element symbols to show a compound. You know
that water is called H2O. This means it has two parts of hydrogen
to one part of oxygen. Or, for every atom of oxygen there are two
atoms of hydrogen. The shorthand for table salt is NaCl. Table salt
has one atom of sodium for every atom of chlorine.

How are compounds different

from elements?

Table salt is a common

compound. It is made from
sodium and chlorine gas.

12

CXENL07ARD612.indd 12 9/13/05 7:33:15 PM

 Compounds in Nature and in Industry
Elements are almost always found as parts of compounds. It’s
hard work to remove elements from compounds. For example, ores
mined from Earth’s crust contain valuable metals. But they must be
crushed, heated, treated with chemicals, and then processed with
electric current to get the metal out.
Compounds that contain carbon are very important. They are
called organic compounds. At first, scientists got them from living
things or the remains of living things. Now, they can make organic
compounds in labs. Many foods like sugar and starch are organic
compounds.

How are organic compounds unique?

Organic compounds
come from living things.

Review
Complete these compare and contrast statements.
1. A substance made up of only one kind of atom is
called an .A is made of different kinds
of atoms.
2. Elements that conduct electricity are .
do not conduct electricity.
3. All organic compounds contain the element .
4. All periodic tables arrange elements by .

13

CXENL07ARD612.indd 13 9/13/05 7:33:18 PM

 3 What Are
VOCABULARY
melting point
boiling point
plasma
the States
of Matter?

A substance’s melting point A substance’s boiling point

is the temperature at which it is the temperature at which it
changes from a solid to a liquid. changes from a liquid to a gas.
This gold has changed to a This liquid water changed to a
liquid. gas when it was heated.

14

CXENL07ARD612.indd 14 9/13/05 7:33:20 PM

 Plasma is a state of matter. It is made up of charged atoms,
uncharged atoms, and electrons. A bolt of lightning causes
plasma to form in the air.

15

CXENL07ARD612.indd 15 9/13/05 7:33:21 PM

 READING FOCUS SKILL
CAUSE AND EFFECT
A cause is what makes something happen. An effect is what
happens.
As you read, look for cause-and-effect relationships in how
temperature affects different states of matter.

States of Matter
Do you see water in the picture below? People are wading in
the water. Ice is solid water. You might see snow melting off the
fence. It’s becoming liquid water. You can’t see water vapor, but
it’s there. Water vapor is the gaseous form of water. It is not visible.
Liquid water, water vapor, and ice are all forms of water at different
temperatures.

16

CXENL07ARD612.indd 16 9/13/05 7:33:21 PM

 solid liquid gas

These three containers show three states of matter. A solid, on the

left, has a specific shape and volume. A liquid, in the middle, has a
specific volume. But it takes the shape of its container. A gas, on the
right, has no specific shape or volume. It expands to fill the space
available.
The state of matter depends on the amount of energy it has.
Solid ice is at a low temperature. It has less energy than liquid water
and water vapor. With so little energy, molecules in ice don’t move
around much. They stay close together. They are fixed in a regular
pattern. We see this pattern in an ice cube.
In the liquid state, water molecules have more energy. Their
temperature is higher. The molecules are still pretty close together.
But they can move around more than they can in ice. They can slide
past one another. Liquid water can flow. This means you can pour it.
A gas has a lot of energy. Its temperature is high. Gas molecules
bounce around freely. They keep moving farther apart until
something stops them. Gas also flows.

Describe how molecules act in solids, liquids, and gases.

17

CXENL07ARD612.indd 17 9/13/05 7:33:26 PM

 Changes of State
All elements and compounds can be found in all three states of
matter. But the temperatures at which they change state depends
on the material.
A substance’s melting point is the temperature at which it
changes from a solid to a liquid. The melting point of ice, which is
solid water, is 0°C. The melting point of gold is 1,064°C. It takes a
lot more heat to melt gold than to melt ice.
A substance’s boiling point is the temperature at which it
changes from a liquid to a gas. The boiling point of water is 100°C.
The boiling point of gold is 2,856°C. It takes a lot more heat to boil
gold than to boil water.
Adding or removing enough heat causes changes in state. Adding
heat causes the atoms and molecules to go faster. Removing heat
causes them to go slower. This is how matter changes the state it’s in.

What must be added to change a substance from a

liquid to a gas?

At room
temperature,
gold is below its
melting point. So
it is a solid. When
heated enough,
gold becomes a
liquid.

18

CXENL07ARD612.indd 18 9/13/05 7:33:29 PM

 Plasma
Solids, liquids, and gases are all common states of matter on
Earth. A fourth state of matter is rare on Earth. But it makes up 99
percent of the matter in the universe. This state of matter is called
plasma. Plasma is a form of matter that is made up of charged
atoms, uncharged atoms, and electrons. Stars and comets are
mostly plasma.
On Earth a bolt of lightning causes plasma to form. Plasma is also
inside neon signs. You probably have plasma in your house. When
an electric current passes through a fluorescent bulb, plasma forms.
You can even see plasma in the inner core of a flame.

Where is plasma?

The electric energy of lightning

causes plasma to form in the air.

Review
Complete these cause and effect statements.
1. A change in temperature can cause an element or
compound to change its of matter.
2. Heating a substance to its point changes it
from a solid to a liquid.
3. Adding more heat changes a substance from a liquid
to a gas at its point.
4. A bolt of lightning causes to form.

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 GLOSSARY
atom (AT•uhm) The smallest unit of a substance that still has the
properties of that substance.
atomic number (uh•TAHM•ik NUHM•ber) The number of protons in
an atom.
boiling point (BOYL•ing POYNT) The temperature at which a
substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
compound (KAHM•pownd) A substance made up of atoms of two
or more elements.
electron (ee•LEK•trahn) A subatomic particle that orbits an atom’s
nucleus, has a negative electric charge, and has very little mass.
element (EL•uh•muhnt) A substance made up of only one kind of
atom.
melting point (MELT•ing POYNT) The temperature at which a
substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
metal (MET•uhl) An element that conducts heat and electricity well
and is malleable.
neutron (NOO•trahn) A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an
atom that has the same mass as a proton but no electric charge.
nonmetal (nahn•MET•uhl) An element that does not conduct
electricity and is not malleable.
nucleus (NOO•klee•uhs) The center of an atom, usually made of
protons and neutrons.
periodic table (pir•ee•AHD•ik TAY•buhl) A table that shows the
elements arranged by their atomic numbers.
plasma (PLAZ•muh) A state of matter made up of charged atoms,
uncharged atoms, and free electrons.
proton (PROH•tahn) A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
that has a positive electric charge.

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 Think About the Reading
1. What can you do to help you remember what you
learned about the states of matter in this chapter?
2. What other questions do you have about the states of
matter? How could you find answers to your questions?

Hands-On Activity
Explore changes in state using materials around you.
1. Set some solids such as ice, a chocolate bar, and a metal
coin in a sunny place with a thermometer.
2. Observe which object melts first. Record the temperature
at which an item melts. Draw conclusions about the
melting point of each item.

School-Home Connection
Have a family member help you to observe everyday changes in
the states of matter. Observe how many state changes take place
while dinner is being prepared. Make a list of all the changes of
state you observe.

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