Question 1: (3 pt.

)
Write short notes on the following; quantitative metallography used for
characterization of materials.

Metallographic observation always present a large quantitative side in material

characterization and determination such as particles size, phase distribution,
crystal structure, Classification of Shape, phase analysis and volume fraction.
Classification of Shape A shape factor must be dimensionless since shape does not
depend on size. The divisor and dividend must have the same units, e.g.
area/length × perimeter.
The volume fraction of a phase α in a microstructure can be measured directly by
separation of the phases.
The area fraction presented by α on a planar section can be measured using image
analysis.
Question 2: (7 pt.)
Aluminum powder gives a diffraction pattern that yields the following eight
largest d-spacings: 2.338, 2.024, 1.431, 1.221, 1.169, 1.0124, 0.9289 and 0.9055
Å.
Aluminum has a cubic close packed structure and its atomic weight is 26.98 and
l = 1.5405 A. Index the diffraction data and calculate the density of aluminum
given [At. wt = 26.98 g/g.mole and A.N. = 0.6002x10 24] (4pt.)

The Bragg equation,

  2d sin
Can be used to obtain sinθ,

sin  
2d
Thus the only values of sin2θ in

Insert the values of d for the first eight reflections into a table and compute sinθ
and sin2θ.
Calculation of a
2 2 2
For the first reflection (for which h + k + l = 3)
2 2 2
sin  = 3A = 3 ( / 4a )
2 2 2
a = 3 / 4sin 
-8
a = 4.04946 Å = 4.04946 x 10 cm.

Calculation of the density of aluminium

3 3 -24 3
a = 66.40356 Å = 66.40356 x 10 cm .
-3
If the density of aluminium is  (g. cm. ), the mass of the unit cell is
-24
 x 66.40356 x 10 g.
The unit cell of aluminium contains 4 atoms.
23 23
The weight of one aluminium atom is 26.98/ (6.022 x 10 ) = 4.4802x10 .
-24
And the weight of four atoms (the content of the unit cell) is 179.209x10 .
-24 -24
 x 66.40356 x 10 = 179.209 x 10
-3
ρ = 2.6988 g.cm