∂Ó‰Ô‰ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·
™TOMA 2004; 32 : 99 - 109
Laser: ∞Ú¯¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜, ΛӉ˘ÓÔÈ
Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ηٿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜.
Ã. ª¶√À∆™π√À∫∏™1, √. ¶∞¡∆∂§π¢√À2, ∞. ª¶√À∆™π√À∫∏™2
∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∂Ó‰Ô‰ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ∆Ì‹Ì· √‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ∞.¶.£.
Laser: Principles of operation, interaction with tissue,
hazards and safety during their use.
C. BOUTSIOUKIS1, O. PANTELIDOU 2, A. BOUTSIOUKIS2
Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
√È Û˘Û΢¤˜ laser ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â‰Ò Î·È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ
‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¯›-
ÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋˜
Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜. ™ÎÔfi˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ-
̤ÓË ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ¿ÙÚˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ Ó¤·, ÁÈ·
Ù· Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ
·ÎÙ›ÓˆÓ laser ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂Ó˘
ÂÎÔÌ‹˜. ª›· Û˘Û΢‹ laser ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi
̤ÛÔ, ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÏ›·. µ·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÔÓԯڈ̷ÙÈÎfi-
ÙËÙ·, Ë Û˘Ìʈӛ·, Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Ï·ÌÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ·. ™˘˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È, Â›Û˘, Ë Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ
Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·-
ÛË ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Î·È ÈÛÙÒÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÛfi Ù˘
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚÔÊ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÚÈ-
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÊˆÙÔ¯ËÌÈο, ʈÙÔıÂÚÌÈο Î·È ÊˆÙÔÌ˯·ÓÈο
Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·. ∫›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ laser ÂÏÏԯ‡-
Ô˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fiÓÙˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ
‰¤ÚÌ·. ∆· ‚·ÛÈο ̤ÙÚ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË
¯Ú‹ÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÚÚÔÊËÙÈÎÒÓ Á˘·ÏÈÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.
§E•EI™ K§EI¢IA: AÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË, ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÈÛÙfi˜, laser,
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·.
™Ù¿ÏıËΠÛÙȘ 31.10.2003. ∂ÁÎÚ›ıËΠÛÙȘ 20.4.2004.
1 √‰ÔÓÙ›·ÙÚÔ˜, ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Îfi˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ‹˜
2 ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ / ‹ÙÚÈ·
∂ÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi ¿ÚıÚÔ
Summary
Laser devices have been in use for more than four
decades in Medicine, replacing the scalpel in surgical
treatment. During the last decade they have also entered the
dental clinic and become part of the everyday clinical
practice for some colleagues. The present paper aims at
informing dentists about this cutting-edge technology.
The operation of a laser device is based on the
stimulated emission of radiation, described by Einstein in
1917. A typical device consists of the active medium, the
optical cavity and optical resonators and the pump. The
continuous flow of external energy from the pump into the
active medium results in a condition known as ‘inversion of
population’. Photons are then emitted and, because of their
repeated reflection between the two optical resonators
(optical feedback), the radiation is amplified. The main
characteristics of a laser beam are monochromaticity,
coherence, brightness and directionality. Devices are
categorized by the type of the active medium (gas, solid
state, liquid or diode) or by their power features (Classes 1,
2, 3A, 3B and 4). Laser devices operate either in a
continuous wave mode or in a pulsed mode.
During the interaction between the laser beam and the
tissue, four distinct procedures take place: transmission,
reflection, scattering and absorption. The tissue effects are
produced almost exclusively by the amount of energy that is
absorbed. These effects include photothermal,
photochemical and photomechanical alteration of the tissue.
Eyes and skin are the organs most sensitive to laser
radiation. Safety precautions suggest the use of special eye-
glasses with adequate absorption of laser radiation of the
wavelength used and warning signs outside the working
area. Entrance sould be limited to staff specially trained.
KEY WORDS: Interaction, laser device, operation, safety,
tissue.
Received on 31th Oct. 2003. Accepted on 20th April 2004.
1 Dentist, postgraduate student
2 Assistant Professor
100
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∏ ·ÏÌ·Ù҉˘ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â‰Ò Î·È
ÌÈÛfi ·ÈÒÓ·, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ˙ˆ‹˜
Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ, ¤ıÂÛ ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË
Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ï‹ıÔ˜ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ. Àfi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ
Ú›ÛÌ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ
laser, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ
ÔÊı·ÏÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ 19611, ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·-
ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ‰›Ô ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ2,3. √ fiÚÔ˜ LASER ÚÔ¤Ú¯Â-
Ù·È ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯Èο ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation4 (∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ºˆÙfi˜ ÌÂ
∂Í·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ∂ÎÔÌ‹ ∞ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜). ∆· laser ·Ô-
ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Â‰Ò Î·È ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙËÓ
√‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋5–7, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-
ÓÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ‰È¿ıÂ-
ÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Ì ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ-
ο ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ‰È¿‰ÔÛ‹
ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ¿ÙÚˆÓ. µ¤‚·È·, ÂÂȉ‹ Ë Ù¯ÓÔ-
ÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ laser ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ̤ÚÔ˜
Ù˘ ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î‹˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ¿ÙÚˆÓ ÛÙË
¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, ÔÏÏÔ› Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔÈ ‰Â ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÏÂÙÔ̤-
ÚÂȘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ı¤Ì·, ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ fiÛ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ
ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ› ·ÓÙÈÚfiÛˆÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Î·Ù·-
Û΢‹˜.
™ÎÔfi˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ
‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·-
Û˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜, ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ
ηÓfiÓˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ
Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser. √ Ô‰ÔÓÙ›·ÙÚÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ
Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Ï‹ÚË ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ-
Ì¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ
laser. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ
ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË
ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ì›·˜
Û˘Û΢‹˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÛÊ·Ï‹
¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘3.
∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰Â ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ
ΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÊˆÙÔ‚ÈÔ-
ÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ laser, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¤Ó· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi Λ-
ÌÂÓÔ. ∞˘Ùfi, ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Î·È ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ-
ÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ ¤ÎÙ·Û‹˜ Ù˘. ∫·Ù·‚Ï‹ıËΠÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ÒÛÙÂ
ÔÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ
ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜
Û ԉÔÓÙÈ¿ÙÚÔ˘˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ÎÏ·ÛÈο Û˘ÁÁÚ¿Ì-
Ì·Ù· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ fiÔ˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÊ·-
Ï·›Ô˘ ÚÔ··ÈÙ› ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ,
Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ Ô˘ ı· ıÂÏ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÌ‚·ı‡ÓÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-
ÚÔ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÈ ÛÙȘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜.
πÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË
∏ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ laser
ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ·, fiÙ·Ó Ô Planck,
ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· ÙÔ˘
ªÔ˘ÙÛÈԇ΢ Î·È Û˘Ó
Maxwell (1862) 8 , ·Ó¤Ù˘Í ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ ‰˘·‰È΋˜
ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ʈÙfi˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ
Î˘Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙȉȷΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜9. ∂ÂÎÙ›ÓÔ-
ÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ʈÙfi˜, Ô Einstein ÙÔ
1905 ÚfiÙÂÈÓ ÙËÓ ∫‚·ÓÙÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ºˆÙfi˜, ‚·ÛÈÎfi
ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈ΋ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· Á›ÓÂ-
Ù·È Û ·Û˘Ó¯›˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ٷ ʈÙfiÓÈ·3,9. To 1913
o Bohr ¤‰ˆÛ ÙËÓ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙ˘
ÂÎÔÌ‹˜3,9, ÂÓÒ Ô Einstein ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ ϛÁ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·
ÌÂÙ¿ (1917) ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂Ó˘ ÂÎÔÌ‹˜10.
∆Ô 1951 ÔÈ Purcell Î·È Pound ¤ıÂÛ·Ó ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋
‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ maser, ÚÔÁfiÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ laser1.
∏ ϤÍË MASER ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯Èο ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ
microwave amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation8,11 (∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ªÈÎÚÔÎ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ì ∂Í·Ó·ÁηṲ̂-
ÓË ∂ÎÔÌ‹ ∞ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜). ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ maser ηٷÛ΢-
¿ÛÙËΠÙÔ 1955 ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Gordon Î·È Û˘Ó.12. ∆Ô 1958 ÔÈ
Schawlow Î·È Towens13 ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·
ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ laser ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ maser. ∆Ô 1960
Ô Maiman ηٷÛ··Û ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ laser Ì ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ
¤Ó·Ó ÎÚ‡ÛÙ·ÏÏÔ ÚÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘14 Î·È ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ¤ÁÈÓÂ
Ë ÚÒÙË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔÏÔÁ›·1. √È Stern
& Sognnaes5,6 Î·È Goldman Î·È Û˘Ó.7 ÙÔ 1964 ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ
ÚÒÙÔÈ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ·Ó ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ laser
ÚÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÂΛÓË
¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÏÏ¿ ›‰Ë laser ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ› ÁÈ·
¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙË ÛÙÔÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÈÚÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋15, ÙËÓ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÈ-
ÚÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋16, ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰Ô‰ÔÓÙ›·17–19 Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÔÓÙÔÏÔ-
Á›·20, Ô˘ fï˜ fiÏ· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ›‰È· ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜.
∂Í·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜
°È· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ηٷÓÔËÙfi˜ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ laser ı· ·Ú·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙÔȯ›·
·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÙÔÌÈ΋ º˘ÛÈ΋. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ∞ÙÔÌÈÎfi ¶Úfi-
Ù˘Ô ÙÔ˘ Bohr (ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰Â ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÔÚıfi Û‡Ìʈӷ
Ì ٷ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ηχÙÂÚ·
·fi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ∫‚·ÓÙÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ·
·ÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË3), ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi
¤Ó·Ó ˘Ú‹Ó· Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ù· ËÏÂ-
ÎÙÚfiÓÈ· (e–) Û ηıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜, ıÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÂÈÙÚÂ-
Ù¤˜ ÙÚԯȤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜3,9. Àfi Û˘Óı‹-
Θ ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜, Ù· ËÏÂÎÙÚfiÓÈ· ηٷϷÌ-
‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ı-
̘, ÔfiÙ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î·ÙÒÙÂÚÔ Â›‰Ô
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ϤÁÂÙ·È ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË (E0).
™ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ËÚÂÌ›· Î·È ‰È·ÙËÚ›-
Ù·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi21,22. °È· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ
ı· ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ʤÚÂÈ ¤Ó· ËÏÂÎÙÚfiÓÈÔ
Û ÙÚԯȿ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ÙÔ˘ (∂ÈÎ. 1·).
ŸÙ·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰Â¯ı› ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜
ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (Ó), ¿Ú· Î·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜
·̷ÙÔ˜ (Ï), ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÚÚÔÊ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ʈÙfiÓÈÔ Î·È
Laser: ∞Ú¯¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜, ΛӉ˘ÓÔÈ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ηٿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜
∂ÈÎ. 1. ∞ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜
Î·È ·ÙfïÓ. ·. ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ‚., Á. ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË,
‰. ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË ÂÎÔÌ‹, Â., ÛÙ. ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹.
ÙfiÙ ¤Ó· ËÏÂÎÙÚfiÓÈÔ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ˉ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÚԯȿ
Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (∂0) Û ¿ÏÏË ÙÚԯȿ ˘„Ë-
ÏfiÙÂÚ˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ (∂1) (·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË) (∂ÈÎ. 1‚,Á), fiÔ˘
Î·È ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÁÈ· ÌÈÎÚfi ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· 3,11,22. ∏
·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿
ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÙÚÔ¯ÈÒÓ (¢∂ = ∂1- ∂0) Â›Ó·È ›ÛË Ì ÙËÓ
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ʈÙÔÓ›Ô˘3,23 (EÊ = hv = hc/Ï, fiÔ˘ ∂Ê Ë
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ʈÙÔÓ›Ô˘, Ó Ë Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·, h Ë ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿
ÙÔ˘ Planck, c Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ʈÙfi˜ Î·È Ï ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜
·̷ÙÔ˜9,11). ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚfiÓÈÔ ÌÂÙ·›ÙÂÈ
ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ·ÈÙ›-
Ô˘, ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚԯȿ ÂÎ¤ÌÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ʈÙfiÓÈÔ
Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜, ¿Ú· Î·È ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜
Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÚÔοÏÂÛ ÙË ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ
·˘Ùfi ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË ÂÎÔÌ‹11,21–23 (∂ÈÎ. 1‰).
∆· ʈÙfiÓÈ· Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰ÂÓ
¤¯Ô˘Ó ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÂÎÔÌ‹˜11 Ô‡Ù ‚Ú›-
ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ê¿Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜3,23 Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ, Ë
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜22. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁ-
Ì· ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ ·fi ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ÂÎÔÌ‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÎÙÈÓÔ-
‚ÔÏ›· ÙˆÓ Ï·ÌÙ‹ÚˆÓ Ne (Ï·ÌÙ‹Ú˜ ÊıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡)21.
À¿Ú¯ÂÈ fï˜ Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ÂÎÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ʈÙÔÓ›Ô˘. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË
ÂÎÔÌ‹, Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ʈÙÔÓ›Ô˘ (ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜
·̷ÙÔ˜ Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÚÔοÏÂÛ ÙËÓ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË) Û ¤Ó·
‹‰Ë ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ÓÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·‹-
‰ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓ›Ô˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÛÙ·ı‹ (∂1) ÛÙËÓ ıÂÌÂ-
ÏÈÒ‰Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË (∂0) Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹ ÂÓfi˜
ʈÙÔÓ›Ô˘ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ›‰È·
‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË, ÙËÓ ›‰È· fiψÛË Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ
ÙËÓ ·ԉȤÁÂÚÛË Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ¯ˆÚÈ΋ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋
Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ·˘Ùfi1,3,11,23 (∂ÈÎ . 1Â,ÛÙ). ∏ ÂÍ·Ó·Áη-
Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÚÔÙÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚Â› Ë ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË
ÂÎÔÌ‹ ·fi ÙÔ ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ÓÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ3. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·
Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ laser Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú·-
¿Óˆ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, fï˜ Ë ÂÍ·-
Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÁÈ· ÙË
101
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser3.
∏ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ·
‰¤ÛÌË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ, ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ‰‡Ô ÛÙÔȯ›·:
ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Û ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ÓË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÁÈ·
ÈηÓfi ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂-
ÓË ·ԉȤÁÂÚÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ (ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË
ÂÎÔÌ‹)3.
™Â Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ıÂÚÌÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ Ë ·Ó·ÏÔ-
Á›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂÁÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÌË ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ӷ
(¿ÙÔÌ· Û ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË) Û ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ̤ÛÔ
Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ‹11,22–24. ∞˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë
ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‹ ·Û‹-
Ì·ÓÙË Î·È Ó· ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Ë ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË3,11. ∞Ó fï˜ ÂÈ-
Ù¢¯ı› Ì οÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂ-
ÁÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌË ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ӈÓ
(‰ËÏ·‰‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ë ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË ·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÏËı˘-
ÛÌÒÓ) ÙfiÙ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Ë ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹ Î·È Ë
‰¤ÛÌË ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Û ¤ÓÙ·ÛË3,8,11,23. ∏ ·Ó·-
ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙˆÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Î·È Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿-
ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·fi Â͈ÙÂÚÈ-
΋ ËÁ‹ ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÈηÓfi
¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Û ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘, ‰È·‰Èηۛ·
ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ ¿ÓÙÏËÛË1,3,11,22,24. ŒÙÛÈ, ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë Èı·-
ÓfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó· ʈÙfiÓÈÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ó·
·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂÈ Ì ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ÓÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ-
ÎÏËı› Ë ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹3.
∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ·Ú·-
ÁˆÁ‹ ʈÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ·ԉȤÁÂÚÛË, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ›ٷÈ
·Ú¯Èο ÌÂ Ù˘¯·›Ô ÙÚfiÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ʈÙfiÓÈ· ·fi ·˘ıfiÚ-
ÌËÙË ÂÎÔÌ‹ οÔÈˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ó·-
ÁηṲ̂ÓË ·ԉȤÁÂÚÛË ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ3,8,23. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤-
¯ÂÈ· fï˜, Ù· ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ϤÔÓ
ÂÎÔÌ‹ ʈÙfiÓÈ·, fiÏ· ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, Ù˘
›‰È·˜ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ Î·È ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ê¿Û˘, ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó
ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ·ԉȤÁÂÚÛË Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ
Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘3,22,23.
µ¤‚·È·, ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ ÌÈ· ·ÏÔÔÈË̤ÓË
ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù·
ËÏÂÎÙÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ·›ÙÔ˘Ó Û ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷΤ˜
ÛÙ¿ı̘ (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÚÂȘ23) Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰˘Ô
ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ – ·ÛÙ·ı‹˜)3,22, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰È¤-
ÁÂÚÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ¿ÙÔÌ·, ÌfiÚÈ· ‹
ÈfiÓÙ·3, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ
·˘ÙÒÓ ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi Ù˘
·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.
¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘Û΢‹˜ laser
∆· ‚·ÛÈο ̤ÚË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ laser ›ӷÈ:
● ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ , Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È
‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ô‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ú¿-
ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·.
● Ë ·ÓÙÏ›·, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ë
ÔÔ›· Û˘ÓÙËÚ› ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ.
102
● Ë ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙËÙ·, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ
ÔÔ›Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser. ™Ù· ¿ÎÚ·
Ù˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÔÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙ‹Ú˜ (οÙÔ-
ÙÚ·)4,8,21,22,24,25.
ªÈ· ·ÏÔÔÈË̤ÓË ‰È¿Ù·ÍË laser ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È
ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÎfiÓ· 2. ŒÓ·˜ ΢ÏÈÓ‰ÚÈÎfi˜ ۈϋӷ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ›
ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙËÙ·, ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÙÔ
ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ. ™Ù· ¿ÎÚ· ÙÔ˘ ۈϋӷ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Ù· Â›-
‰· οÙÔÙÚ· ∫1 Î·È ∫2, ·fiÏ˘Ù· ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂٷ͇
ÙÔ˘˜ (Û˘Óı‹ÎË, ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο, ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
Ù˘3, ·ÏÏ¿ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-
ÓˆÓ). ∏ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙfiÙÚˆÓ (d) Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·-
ıÂÚ‹ Î·È Î·ıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ‰Â ·fi ÙÔ
Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ
·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ë Û˘Û΢‹ (Â›Ó·È ›ÛË Ì ·Î¤Ú·ÈÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ËÌÈ΢-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ (m), d = mÏ/2 )1,3.
∂ÈÎ. 2. ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ laser.
∏ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÚÔÛÊÔ-
Ú¿ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÏ›· ›Ù ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂ-
¯‹ ›Ù Ì ·ÏÌÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, ÔfiÙ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ó·-
ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Î·È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÊˆÙfiÓÈ·1,3,11,23.
∞Ú¯Èο, Ù· ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓ· ʈÙfiÓÈ· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi
·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË ÂÎÔÌ‹ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù˘¯·›Â˜ ‰È¢ı‡Ó-
ÛÂȘ3,8,23 Î·È ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ÔÈΛϷ Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜8,23.
ŸÛ· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÙÔȯÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚÔ˘
ÂͤگÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙËÙ·22,25 ‹ ·ÔÚÚÔ-
ÊÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÌË ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ӷ ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘
‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·fi Ù· ÙÔȯÒÌ·Ù·3,22. ∞fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÎÈÓÔ‡-
ÓÙ·È Û ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÈÌ‹ÎË ¿ÍÔÓ·
ÙÔ˘ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚÔ˘, fiÛ· ʈÙfiÓÈ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-
ÓÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ‰È·ÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfi-
ÙËÙ· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ıÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î·Ùfi-
ÙÚˆÓ 3 , ÂÓÒ ÌfiÓÔ fiÛ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜
·̷ÙÔ˜ (Ô˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈ› ÙË Û˘Óı‹ÎË d = mÏ/2) ·Ó·ÎÏÒ-
ÓÙ·È ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο ÛÙ· οÙÔÙÚ· ∫1, ∫2 Î·È ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ·
·ÏÈÓ‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ΛÓËÛË (Ù·Ï¿ÓÙˆÛË) ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·Ùfi-
ÙÚˆÓ3,8.
§fiÁˆ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ, Ù· ʈÙfiÓÈ·
·˘Ù¿ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ӷ ¿ÙÔÌ· ÚÔηÏÒ-
ÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓË ·ԉȤÁÂÚÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó¤·
ʈÙfiÓÈ· ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È Û ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ηÈ
¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ,
ªÔ˘ÙÛÈԇ΢ Î·È Û˘Ó
Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û Ë Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚Ô-
Ï›·˜1,11. ∏ fiÏË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì¤Û· Û ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi
‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ nsec, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ù· ʈÙfiÓÈ·
ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙfiÙÚˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘
ʈÙfi˜3.
∂›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÊˆÙfiÓÈ· Ô˘ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È
·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÌ‹ÎË ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙÔ˘ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚÔ˘ ηÈ
¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ
ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜3. µ¤‚·È·, Ë ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘
·fiÏ˘Ù˘ ·Ú·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ηÙfiÙÚˆÓ
Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·
·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÈÌ‹ÎÂȘ
¿ÍÔÓ˜, fiÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË,
Ù· οÙÔÙÚ· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÎԛϷ21 Î·È ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ۯ‰fiÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ
ʈÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Û ̛· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË (¤Ó·Ó ¿ÍÔÓ·), ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó
Ù· οÙÔÙÚ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·fiÏ˘Ù· ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂٷ͇
ÙÔ˘˜ 3,11,24. ∞ÎfiÌË, Ù· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓ· οÙÔÙÚ·
¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰È·ıÏ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÒÛÙ ٷ
·Ó·ÎÏÒÌÂÓ· ʈÙfiÓÈ· Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ¯ˆÚÈ΋ Î·È ¯ÚÔ-
ÓÈ΋ Û˘Ìʈӛ·3,24.
∞Ó Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô οÙÔÙÚ· (∫1, ∫2) ›¯·Ó ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈ΋
ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· R=100%, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ
ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙËÙ· ı· ‹Ù·Ó ·‰‡Ó·ÙË. °È’·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ¤Ó· ·fi
Ù· οÙÔÙÚ· (∫2) ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈ΋ Èη-
ÓfiÙËÙ· R2<100%, ÔfiÙ ÙÔ 100%-R2 Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ ʈÙÔ-
Ó›ˆÓ ÂͤگÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘
laser1,3,8,11,22,23. ∆Ô 100%-R2 ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈÎÚfi
ÔÛÔÛÙfi, fï˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ¤Ó· ÈηÓfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘
‰¤ÛÌ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Ó· ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚÔÌ› ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÙÈ-
΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙËÙ· ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÓÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜3,8 Î·È Ó· ˘ÂÚηχÙÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÒÏÂȘ
(·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË ·fi ÌË ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ӷ ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡
̤ÛÔ˘, ·ÒÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙfiÙÚˆÓ Î.·.) Î·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi
ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂͤگÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÏfiÙË-
Ù· Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰¤ÛÌ˘3,11,23.
µ¤‚·È·, Ë Û¯¤ÛË d = mÏ/2, ÁÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË
ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙfiÙÚˆÓ (d), ÚԂϤÂÈ ¿ÂÈÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi
‰˘Ó·ÙÒÓ ÌËÎÒÓ Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙÔ˘ m.
¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Û˘Ó‹-
ıˆ˜ 2 ‹ 3 Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜8) ÙÔ Î¤Ú‰Ô˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋
ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÒÏÂȘ, ÔfiÙÂ
¢ÓÔÂ›Ù·È Ë ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ÂÍ·Ó·-
ÁηṲ̂ÓË ÂÎÔÌ‹8. ∞fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÛÂ
ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘
ÂÓfi˜ Ì ηٿÏÏËÏË ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ΤډԢ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ
ÔÙÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË, ÂÓÒ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi, Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ì ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ· (fiˆ˜ mode-locking 11 , ‚Ï. ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ) ÛÙËÓ
·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓË ‰¤ÛÌË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÔÓԯڈ̷-
ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙÔ‡ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜26.
µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser
1. ªÔÓԯڈ̷ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·: ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ ηχÙÂÈ Ì›· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛÙÂÓ‹ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹
Laser: ∞Ú¯¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜, ΛӉ˘ÓÔÈ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ηٿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜
(Ù˘Èο <<1nm) Î·È fi¯È ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Êˆ˜
Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi Ï·ÌÙ‹Ú· ˘Ú·ÎÙÒ-
Ûˆ˜11. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÓÙڈ̤ÓË Û ̛· Ôχ ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Û˘¯ÓÔًوÓ1,8,23
Î·È Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚԂϤ„Ô˘Ì ÌÂ
·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ‡ÏË3,23.
2. ™˘Ìʈӛ·: ∆· ʈÙfiÓÈ· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ¯ˆÚÈ΋ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋
Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜1,8,23,25. ∏ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔ·-
ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂Ó˘ ÂÎÔÌ‹˜
Î·È Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘3,8, fiˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊËΠ·Ú·-
¿Óˆ. ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Â‡ÎÔÏË
ÂÛÙ›·ÛË Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ Ê·ÎÔ‡ Û ÌÈ·
ÎԢΛ‰· (spot) Ôχ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ ÂÌ‚·‰Ô‡8,21, Ô˘ ıˆÚËÙÈο
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ›ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ (ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ìm)3.
3. ªÂÁ¿ÏË Ï·ÌÚfiÙËÙ·: ÙÔ laser Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ôχ
ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ËÁ‹ ʈÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎ¤ÌÂÈ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÔÛfi
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·Ó¿ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ (ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋ ˘ÎÓfi-
ÙËÙ·, Joule/cm2)8,23. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤Ó· laser He-Ne
ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ 1mW ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ Ï·ÌÚfiÙËÙ· ÂÚ›Ô˘ 10-50
ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi ÙÔÓ ◊ÏÈÔ11,21. ∏ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹
ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘3.
4. ∫·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·: ∏ ‰¤ÛÌË ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘
·ÔÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Ôχ Ï›ÁÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· 1,8,11.
∆˘Èο, ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ Ë ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ ηٿ 1m
Ú¤ÂÈ Ë ‰¤ÛÌË Ó· ‰È·Ó‡ÛÂÈ 1km8,11,22. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ‰¤ÛÌË
‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙËÓ Ï·ÌÚfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏË
·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ËÁ‹3. ∫·È Ë È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔ·-
ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘3.
∂›‰Ë Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser
∆· laser Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘
ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÛÂ:
● Laser ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ (gas): ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ Â›Ó·È ·¤ÚÈÔ ‹
Ì›ÁÌ· ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ. ¢È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Û laser
·ÙfiÌˆÓ (.¯. He-Ne), ÈfiÓÙˆÓ (.¯. Cr ++ , Ar + ) ηÈ
ÌÔÚ›ˆÓ (.¯. CO2). ™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ù· laser ‰ÈËÁÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÌÂÚÒÓ
(excimer) (.¯. ArF)1,8,11,23,27.
● Laser ÛÙÂÚ¿˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (solid state): ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi
̤ÛÔ Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÚÂfi [.¯. ÚÔ˘Ì›ÓÈ, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG,
Er,Cr:YSGG. √È ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÔÓÔ̷ۛ˜ ·ÔÙÂ-
ÏÔ‡Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÌÔÁڷʛ˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙÔ laser
Nd:YAG ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ Â›Ó·È Ô °·ÚÓÈÙ›Ù˘ ÀÙÙÚ›Ô˘-
∞ÚÁÈÏ›Ô˘ (Yttrium Aluminium Garnet), ›‰Ô˜ ÂÚ˘ıÚÔ‡
ÔχÙÈÌÔ˘ Ï›ıÔ˘, Ì ÚÔÛÌ›ÍÂȘ ÙÚÈÛıÂÓÒÓ ÈfiÓÙˆÓ
¡ÂÔ‰˘Ì›Ô˘ (Nd+3)]1,8,11,23,24,27,28.
● Laser ˘ÁÚÒÓ (dye): ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂ-
ÙË ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ΋ ¯ÚˆÛÙÈ΋11. ªÂ ηٿÏÏËÏË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘
¯ÚˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
·Ú·¯ı› ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ۯ‰fiÓ Î¿ı ̋ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜
ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ·ÙÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜1,8,27 Î·È Û ÔÚÈ-
Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÁ‡˜ ˘ÂÚ‡ıÚÔ˘8.
103
● Laser ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ (Semiconductor or Diode): ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚ-
Áfi ̤ÛÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ËÌÈ·-
ÁˆÁÒÓ (.¯. GaAlAs)1,8,11,23,27,29.
™ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È
Û‹ÌÂÚ· ΢ڛˆ˜ Ù· laser Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ
(Diode), CO2, KTP, Er,Cr:YSGG, Ar, He-Ne29,30.
ø˜ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› οıÂ
Ô˘Û›· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜
‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ô‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ù˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó·
ÚÔηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·
Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ [‡·ÚÍË ÂÓÂÚ-
ÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÛÙ·ıÌÒÓ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·fi ÙË ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë Î·È
ÂӉȿÌÂÛˆÓ (ÌÂÙ·ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ) ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÛÙ·ı-
ÌÒÓ]3,11. ∫¿ıÂ Û˘Û΢‹ laser ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ‰È·-
ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi
̤ÛÔ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ (∂ÈÎ. 3), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ Î·È
ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÛÙËÓ Û˘Û΢‹3. ∂›Û˘, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ
ÂÓÂÚÁfi ̤ÛÔ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔ-
ÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (Ë ·ÓÙÏ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó·
Â›Ó·È .¯. Ì›· ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ËÁ‹ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ-
Τ˜ ÂÎÎÂÓÒÛÂȘ, ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi˜ Ï·ÌÙ‹Ú·˜ Xe ‹ ·ÎfiÌ·
Î·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË Û˘Û΢‹ laser)1,11,21. ÕÏϘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ
ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘’fi„ÈÓ ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯‡ ÂÍfi-
‰Ô˘ ‹ ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜3,8.
∂ÈÎ. 3. ª‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È
·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ laser, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi
̤ÛÔ (ÙÚÔÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ·fi Kimura et al29).
√È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ laser ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·
˘fi ÌÔÚÊ‹:
● Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ (continuous wave, cw) (∂ÈÎ. 4·).
● ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÏÌÒÓ ‚Ú·-
¯Â›·˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ (pulsed).
∏ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÏÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹,
fiˆ˜ ı· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ. ™Ù· laser Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜
‰¤ÛÌ˘ (cw), ·ÏÌÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË
¯Ú‹ÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔ-ÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹
˯Ô-ÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÊÚ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÍÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘11, ÙÔ˘
ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Î·È ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÔÚ›
ıˆÚËÙÈο Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ·fi 1 msec (chopped
mode), fï˜ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ·ÏËı›˜
·ÏÌÔ‡˜, ηı’ fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ÈÛ¯‡˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ›‰È· ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯‡ ÛÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓÒ Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÂÓ¤Ú-
ÁÂÈ· Ô˘ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÙfi-ÛÙfi¯Ô ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-
ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË3 (∂ÈÎ. 4‚). µÚ·-
104
∂ÈÎ. 4. ªÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓ˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser. ∏
Îϛ̷η οı ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ
ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∆Ô ÂÌ‚·-
‰fiÓ Ù˘ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÛfi
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ‰¤ÛÌË Û ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ
¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· (ÙÚÔÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ·fi Gutknecht1).
¯Â›˜ ·ÏÌÔ› ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ìsec ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
·Ú·¯ıÔ‡Ó Ì ·ÏÌÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÏ›·˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹
ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ÈÛ¯‡˜ οı ·ÏÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ôχ
˘„ËÏ‹ (Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙˆÓ ∫W) 1,3,8,21 (∂ÈÎ. 4Á). ∞ÎfiÌË,
Ôχ ‚Ú·¯Â›·˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ ·ÏÌÔ›, Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙˆÓ nsec,
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·
Q (Q-switching)11,31, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ÂÏÂÁ-
¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘
ÂÓfi˜ ηÙfiÙÚÔ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Û΢‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡
̤ÛÔ˘3,23,24. §fiÁˆ Ù˘ ‚Ú·¯‡Ù·Ù˘ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ï-
ÌÒÓ, Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙˆÓ
MW8,21,27 ‹ Î·È GW11 (∂ÈÎ. 4‰).
ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ·ÏÌÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
ÙÚÔÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂȉÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈ-
ÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÎÏ›‰ˆÌ· ÙˆÓ Ú˘ıÌÒÓ (mode-locking), Û˘Á-
¯ÚÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË ¿ÓÙÏËÛË (synchronous pumping) Î·È Û˘Ì›Â-
ÛË ·ÏÌÒÓ (pulse compression), ÒÛÙ ӷ ‚ÂÏÙȈı› Ë
ÌÔÓԯڈ̷ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘, Ó· ·˘ÍËı› Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË
ÈÛ¯‡˜ ‹ Ó· ÂÏ·ÙÙˆı› Ë ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÏÌÒÓ11.
T· ÈÔ Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜
laser Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ (power density or
irradiance, Watt/cm2) Î·È Ë ˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ (energy
density or fluence, Joule/cm2). ∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈο ÛÂ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘
‰¤ÛÌ˘ (sec), ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÂÈÊ¿-
ÓÂÈ·˜ (mm2), Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ·Ï-
ÌÒÓ ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·ÏÌÈÎfi laser [ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·ÏÌÔ‡
(mJoule), ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ·ÏÌÔ‡ (msec, Ìsec ‹ nsec), Û˘¯ÓfiÙË-
Ù· ·ÏÌÒÓ (Hz), ̤ÛË ÈÛ¯‡˜ (Watt)], Ù· ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈο
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷-
ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ (nm), ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·
Ù˘ Û˘Û΢‹˜ Î·È Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿
Ù˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ-
ªÔ˘ÙÛÈԇ΢ Î·È Û˘Ó
Á¤˜3,32. ŒÙÛÈ, ·fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂ-
Úfi fiÙÈ Ë ÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙÈ΋ (̤ÛË) ÈÛ¯‡˜ Ì›·˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ (Watt),
Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔ ÌfiÓÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ô˘
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ
ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·fi ÌfiÓË Ù˘ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ù·
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Û΢‹˜
Î·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ ÁÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-
̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜.
∞fi ÙË Û˘Û΢‹ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, Ë ·ÎÙÈ-
ÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È:
1. M ÔÙÈΤ˜ ›Ó˜: ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·1,22 ·ÏÏ¿
ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ·ÎÙÈ-
ÓÔ‚Ôϛ˜ Ì ̋ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ¤ˆ˜ 3000nm1.
2. M ·ÚıÚˆÙÔ‡˜ ‚Ú·¯›ÔÓ˜ Ì οÙÔÙÚ·: ¤¯Ô˘Ó
Ôχ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ·ÒÏÂȘ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ·ÎÙÈÓÔ-
‚ÔÏ›· ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ̋ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È
¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔÈ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÏfiÁˆ ¢·È-
ÛıËÛ›·˜ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙfiÙÚˆÓ1,21,27.
3. M ÎÔ›ÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÔ‡˜ Î˘Ì·Ù·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜: ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÒÏÂȘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜3, ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›·3,
‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿ÚÈÛÙË ÂÛÙ›·ÛË Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘3 ηÈ
ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜1.
4. ∞¢ı›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÛÙ· laser ËÌÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ21,27.
∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜
ŸÙ·Ó ÌÈ· ‰¤ÛÌË ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ÚÔÛ¤ÛÂÈ ÛÂ
¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·-
‰Èηۛ˜:
1. ∞Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË.
2. ∞ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË ·fi ÌfiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡.
3. ¢È¿¯˘ÛË ‹ ÛΤ‰·ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ηÙ‡-
ı˘ÓÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ›ÙÔ˘Û·˜ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ ÚÔ˜
Ù˘¯·›Â˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÏfiÁˆ ÚfiÛÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Û ÌfiÚÈ·
ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡.
4. ¢È¿‰ÔÛË ‰È· ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡, Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÔÛfi
Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ
‰È·‰Èηۛ˜1,3,11,33.
√È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser
ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ·fi ÙÔ ÔÛfi Ù˘
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚÔÊ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙfi Î·È ÌÂÙ·-
‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋ ÙÔ˘ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË3,25,34. ∆Ô ÔÛfi
·˘Ùfi ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈ-
ÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡3,21,33. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-
ο ÌfiÚÈ· Î·È ÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ·ÔÚÚÔÊÔ‡Ó ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜35. ŒÙÛÈ, ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Ë
ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ
Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÌfiÚÈ·11. ™Â ·Ú·ÙÂٷ̤-
ÓË Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡21,25, ÔfiÙÂ Ë ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË
ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÌË ÚԂϤ„ÈÌË. ∏ ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ-
‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ‰È¿-
ÊÔÚ˜ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÎfiÓ· 5.
À„ËÏ‹ ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Û˘ÁΤ-
ÓÙÚˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÈÊ·ÓÂȷο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘
Laser: ∞Ú¯¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜, ΛӉ˘ÓÔÈ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ηٿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜
∂ÈÎ. 5. ∏ ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser Û ۯ¤ÛË ÌÂ
ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ (ÙÚÔ-
ÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ·fi Gutknecht1).
ÈÛÙÔ‡ (ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰˘ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·), ¿Ú· Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¿ÓÔ‰Ô
Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù·3,25. ™Â ÌÈÎÚfi-
ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÚÔηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÔÛfi
Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛΤ‰·ÛË3.
∏ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser ÚÔηÏ› ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·
fiÙ·Ó ·ÔÚÚÔÊ¿Ù·È ·fi οÔÈÔ ÈÛÙfi 3,21,22,27,30,36,37
(¶ÈÓ. I). ™ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÔÌÔʈӛ· ˆ˜
ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿Ù·ÍË Î·È ÙȘ ·ÎÚȂ›˜
Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ Î·È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤs ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È
ÛÙËÓ Á¤ÓÂÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
Ù˘ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi ÂÍ·ÚÙÒ-
ÓÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ (Ì‹ÎÔ˜
·̷ÙÔ˜, ˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜, Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ‹
¶π¡∞∫∞™ π
º·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ηٿ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜
laser ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜
∞. £ÂÚÌÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·
– ºˆÙÔËÍ›· (photocoagulation) – ÌÂÙÔ˘Û›ˆÛË Úˆ-
ÙÂ˚ÓÒÓ3,21,27.
– ºˆÙÔÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛË (photovaporization) – ÙÔÈ΋ ÂÍ¿-
¯ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡3,27.
µ. ªË ıÂÚÌÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·
1. ºˆÙÔ¯ËÌÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·
– ¶ÚfiÎÏËÛË ‹ Î·Ù¿Ï˘ÛË ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛˆÓ3,21,27
– ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÈfiÓÙˆÓ27.
– ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÓ ÚÈ˙ÒÓ – Èı·Ó‹ ΢ÙÙ·ÚÔÙÔ-
ÍÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË22,27.
2. ºˆÙÔÌ˯·ÓÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·
– ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ıÂÚÌÔÎÚÔ˘ÛÙÈÎÔ‡3,21,22,27 ‹ ʈÙÔ·-
ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎÔ‡1,30 ·̷ÙÔ˜ ÏfiÁˆ:
● ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ï¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÙfi Î·È Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢-
Û˘ ÙÔ˘3
● ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡
Î·È ‚›·È˘ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÁÎÔ˘ ÙÔ˘1,27,30.
105
·ÏÌÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È Â‡ÚÔ˜ ·ÏÌÒÓ,
ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο) Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘
ÈÛÙÔ‡3.
∞fi ÙÔ Î˘·Ófi ¿ÎÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ·
Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ ›ӷÈ
΢ڛˆ˜, ʈÙÔ¯ËÌÈο. ∏ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Â·Ú-
Λ ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ¿ÌÂÛ·. ŒÙÛÈ,
·ÔÚÚÔÊ¿Ù·È ·fi Ù· ÌfiÚÈ· Î·È ÚÔηÏ› ÙËÓ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË
ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ ‹ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈ-
ÙÒÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ ‰È¿Û·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜21. ™Â ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒ-
ÛÂȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÈÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ‹ ÌÔÚ›ˆÓ27, ÂÓÒ
ʈÙÔ¯ËÌÈο Â›Ó·È Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ʈÙÔ‰˘Ó·-
ÌÈ΋˜ ıÂÚ·›·˜ (Photo-Dynamic Therapy, PDT), fiÔ˘
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È laser ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¤-
ÁÂÚÛË Ù˘ ÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂԇψÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË
ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÔÛÔÔÈËÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜3, ·Ó Î·È ‰Â ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ
ÔÌÔʈӛ· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi-
‰Ô˘1,21,25,30,38. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÊˆÙÔ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ Ê·È-
ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Èı·Ó‹ Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÓ
ÚÈ˙ÒÓ22,36.
∞fi ÙÔ ÂÚ˘ıÚfi ¿ÎÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·
Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â·ÚΛ
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ,
Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ıÂÚÌÈο, ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓ· ÛÂ
ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÔÓ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Ï‹Ù-
ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙfi-ÛÙfi¯Ô21. ∆· ıÂÚÌÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÔÊ›ÏÔ-
ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ʈÙÂÈÓ‹˜
ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Û ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·21,27, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍË-
ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË
ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ1,3,21,39 (∂ÈÎ. 6). ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Û˘Ì-
‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î›ÌÂ-
∂ÈÎ. 6. ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌfi-
ÙËÙ·˜.
106
ÓÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜.
ŸÙ·Ó ÙÔ ÔÛfi Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙ÂÙ·È
ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÙfi Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚfi, Ô ÈÛÙfi˜ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜
ʈÙÔËÍ›·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÂÙÔ˘Û›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÚˆÙÂ˚ÓÒÓ (ÎÔÏ-
Ï·ÁfiÓÔ, ¤Ó˙˘Ì· Î.·.)3,21,27. ∏ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ
Û·ÊÒ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ¤Áη˘Ì·3. ªÂ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ-
ÚÔ˘ ÔÛÔ‡ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜, ÙÔ ÂÓ‰Ô΢ÙÙ¿ÚÈÔ Î·È ÂÍˆÎ˘ÙÙ¿-
ÚÈÔ ˘ÁÚfi ÂÍ·ÙÌ›˙ÂÙ·È Ù·¯‡Ù·Ù· Î·È Ô ÈÛÙfi˜ ˘Ê›ÛٷٷÈ
ʈÙÔÂÍ¿¯ÓˆÛË (photovaporization)3,27.
π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈ-
ÌÔÔÈËı› ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÏÌÒÓ ‚Ú·¯Â›·˜
‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ Î·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ›ӷÈ
ʈÙÔÂÍ¿¯ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÚfiÙˆÛ˘ Ù˘
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ıÂÚ-
ÌÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î›ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜. ∏ ÂÓÙÔ-
ÈṲ̂ÓË ·˘Ù‹ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·
„‡Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÈηÓÔ‡
¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ËÚÂÌ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÌÒÓ3.
ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÒÓ21.
∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ‰¤ÛÌ˘ laser ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜
ηٿ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‚Ú·¯Â›˜ ·ÏÌÔ‡˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi, ›ӷÈ
‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ÚÔÎÏËıÔ‡Ó Î·È ÊˆÙÔÌ˯·ÓÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·.
∏ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Û ÌÈÎÚfi fiÁÎÔ ÈÛÙÔ‡
¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÔ‰È΋˜
ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ï¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ (ÔÙÈÎfi Ï¿ÛÌ·, optical plasma)
ÛÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfi ·˘Ùfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË
ÙÔ˘ Ï¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ıÂÚÌÔÎÚÔ˘ÛÙÈÎfi ·̷ Ô˘
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÁÁ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜
(photodisruption)3,21,22,27,37. ∞ÎfiÌË, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÈ-
΋˜ ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·¯Â›-
·˜ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÁÎÔ˘ ÙÔ˘, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·¯ı› ʈÙÔ·-
ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎfi ·̷ Ì ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·-Ù·1,36,37.
∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ·
ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser
Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi, ʈÙÔıÂÚÌÈο, ʈÙÔ¯ËÌÈο Î·È ÊˆÙÔÌË-
¯·ÓÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿
·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜3,36.
ªÂ ÙËÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÊˆÙÔıÂÚÌÈÎÒÓ, ʈÙÔÌ˯·ÓÈ-
ÎÒÓ ‹ Î·È ÊˆÙÔ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó·
ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ‰È·ÛÙڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË (ablation) ÂÓfi˜
ÈÛÙÔ‡. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹, ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË
Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-
ÛÌ· ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂȷ΋,
οı ÊÔÚ¿, ÛÙÔÈ‚¿‰· ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ ·fiÛ·Û‹ Ù˘.
ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘
ÈÛÙÔ‡30,37.
∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊËηÓ, Ë Â›-
‰Ú·ÛË ·ÏÌÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser Û ¤Ó· ̤ÛÔ ÚÔη-
Ï› Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-
ÓˆÓ21,32,40,41, Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÍÂʇÁÂÈ ·fi
ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÌË ··Ú·›-
ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË-Ô‰ÔÓÙ›·ÙÚÔ.
∫›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ Î·È ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser
√È È‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser
ªÔ˘ÙÛÈԇ΢ Î·È Û˘Ó
ÙfiÛÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Â›Ó·È Î·È ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó Ù· ÂÈ-
‚Ï·‚‹ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘3,11,21. √È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘
Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‚Ï·‚ÒÓ Â›Ó·È
΢ڛˆ˜:
● ∂Ï·Ùو̷ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ laser.
● ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ.
1,3
● §¿ıË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ .
∏ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ‚Ï¿‚˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi ÂÍ·Ú-
Ù¿Ù·È ÙfiÛÔ ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘1,3,21,42,
fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡ (ÔÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfi-
ÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡1,3, ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ··ÁˆÁ‹˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜,
.¯. ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÁ›ˆÓ1,3,42). ∆· ÈÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙ· fiÚÁ·Ó·
ÛÙËÓ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· laser Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ› ηÈ, ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢-
fiÓÙˆ˜, ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ·1,3,11,25,32.
µÏ¿‚Ë ÛÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‚ÔıÚ›Ô Ù˘ ˆ¯Ú‹˜ ÎËÏ›‰·˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÌÊÈ‚ÏËÛÙÚÔÂȉ‹, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋
fiÚ·ÛË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ·ÒÏÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹˜3. µÏ¿‚Ë
ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÏËÛÙÚÔÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹-
ıˆ˜, ÎÏÈÓÈο, ÌË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋21. ∏ ÂÍ·Ûı¤ÓËÛË Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ¿-
‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡ fiˆ˜
Î·È ÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ ·fi ˘Â-
Ú¤ÎıÂÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜3,11,21. ∞ÎÙÈ-
ÓÔ‚Ôϛ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ (IRB) Î·È ¿ˆ (IRC)
˘ÂÚ‡ıÚÔ˘ (1400nm – 1nm) Î·È ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ô˘˜
(UVB, 180nm – 315nm) ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÎÂÚ·ÙÔÂȉ‹
¯ÈÙÒÓ·11. ∞ÎÙÈÓÔ‚Ôϛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÁ‡˜ ˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ (UVA,
315nm – 400nm) ·ÔÚÚÔÊÒÓÙ·È Î·È ÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜
ÛÙÔÓ Ê·Îfi ÙÔ˘ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡11, ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ·ÙÔ‡
Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÁ‡˜ ˘¤Ú˘ıÚÔ˘ (IRA) (400nm - 1400nm) ›ӷÈ
ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË, ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ‰È·ÂÚÓ¿
ÙÔÓ ÎÂÚ·ÙÔÂȉ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ Ê·Îfi Î·È ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÌÊÈ-
‚ÏËÛÙÚÔÂȉ‹11,25. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ‚Ϥ-
Ê·Ú· ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡˜3,11.
π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Û˘Û΢¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÎ¤ÌÔ˘Ó
·fiÚ·ÙË ‰¤ÛÌË3,11,21. ∂›‰Ú·ÛË ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser ÛÂ
·Î¿Ï˘ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ, Â›Û˘, ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ Û˘Ó¤-
ÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÂÒ‰˘Ó· ÂÁη‡Ì·Ù·11,21,25. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿,
··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ηÈ
Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ‹È·3.
∏ ̤ÁÈÛÙË ÂÈÙÚÂÙ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛË (Maximum Permissible
Exposure, MPE) ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚Ô-
Ï›·˜ laser ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÙÂı› οÔÈÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ
˘fi Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙ› ‚Ï·ÙÈ-
Îfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. ∆· Â›‰· MPE ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿
ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ· (¶ÈÓ. II). ∂Í·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È
·fi ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜, ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÂÎÔÌ‹˜ ηÈ, ÁÈ·
Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ 400-1400nm, ·fi ÙÔ ÂÌ‚·‰fiÓ Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈ-
ÓÔ‚ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÏËÛÙÚÔÂȉ‹21.
°È· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÔÈ
Û˘Û΢¤˜ laser ¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ٿÍÂȘ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ٷ
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜1,3,11,30,32 (¶ÈÓ. III).
∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ ‚Ï·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ
Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û¯Ë-
Ì·ÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÂχıÂÚ˜ Ú›˙˜22,36 ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ηÚÎÈÓÔÁfiÓÔ ‰Ú¿ÛË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û·Ê›˜
ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ηÚÎÈÓÔÁfiÓÔ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ Ì ٷ
Laser: ∞Ú¯¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜, ΛӉ˘ÓÔÈ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ηٿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ 107

¶π¡∞∫∞™ ππ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Î›Ó‰˘Ó·41,43, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È

ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ Û ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜
ª¤ÁÈÛÙË ÂÈÙÚÂÙ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛË (Maximum Permissible ÏfiÁˆ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜25,43. ∞ÎÙÈ-
Exposure, MPE) ÁÈ· Nd:YAG Laser. ÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ·ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘¤Ú˘ıÚÔ˘
(∞fi °ÎÔÙ˙·Ì¿ÓË-æ·ÚÚ¿ÎÔ˘21) ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÔÓÙ›˙Ô˘Û·25,30 Î·È ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ̤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁ-
ŒÎıÂÛË ŒÎıÂÛË ÌË ÚÔÛٷ٢fiÌÂ- Ì‹˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ΛӉ˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤Ì‚Ú˘Ô3,25.
ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ÔÊı·ÏÌÒÓ ÓÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜ ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ·ÙÌÔ› Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿¯Óˆ-
(sec) MPE (Watt/m2) MPE (Watt/m2) ÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÒÛÂȘ ÂÚÂıÈ-
ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·Ó·Ó¢ÛÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Î·ÚÎÈ-
0,25 127 31000 ÓÔÁfiÓ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜44 ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛˆÌ·Ù›‰È· ÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈ-
1 90 11000
ÛÌÒÓ Î·È ˘ÔÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ÈÛÙÒÓ3,25,45. Œ¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› ÛÙË
5 60 3200
10 50 2000
‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ë ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ·Î¤Ú·ÈˆÓ ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈ-
ÓÔ˘ ıËÏÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (HPV)3, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÈÒÓ ∏IV46.
¶π¡∞∫∞™ ππI ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Û΢‹ laser
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Ù¿Û˘. ŒÙÛÈ,
µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ (ANSI) Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÏËÍ›·˜ Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂-
ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Ó˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‹ ·fiÂÈÚ·˜ ÂÈÛ΢‹˜ ·fi ÌË ÂÍÂȉÈ΢-
ÁÈ· ÚfiÎÏËÛË ‚Ï·‚ÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÓÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ˘·ÚÎÙfi˜11,25,45.
‰¤ÚÌ·1,3,11,30,32. µ·ÛÈÎfi ̤ÙÚÔ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ
∫›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ
ÔÊı·ÏÌÒÓ ·fi Ù˘¯·›· Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙËÓ ‰¤ÛÌË Â›Ó·È Ë ˘Ô-
∆¿ÍË Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο
¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÚÚÔÊËÙÈÎÒÓ Á˘·ÏÈÒÓ
1 Û˘Û΢¤˜ Ôχ ¯·ÌË- ● ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ·Î›Ó‰˘ÓË, ıˆÚË- (ηٿÏÏËÏˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡-
Ï‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ (<0,4 mW), ÙÈο1,3,11,21,32 ÌÂÓ˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ laser) ·fi fiÛ· ¿ÙÔÌ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È
Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ÂÎÔÌ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ fiÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ë Û˘Û΢‹ laser, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘
ÛÙÔ ÔÚ·Ùfi Ê¿ÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ù˘¯·›· Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙË ‰¤ÛÌË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ
(400-700 nm)
‚Ï¿‚˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ
2 Û˘Û΢¤˜ ÔÚ·Ù‹˜ ‰¤- ● ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ô- Û˘Û΢‹1,3,4,11,25. ∞ÎfiÌË fï˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ
ÛÌ˘ Ì ̤ÁÈÛÙË ÈÛ¯‡ Êı·ÏÌÔ‡˜ Û ·Ú·ÙÂÙ·- ·Ú·¿Óˆ Á˘·ÏÈÒÓ, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ Ë
1 mW ̤ÓË ¤ÎıÂÛË1,11,32 ÂÛÎÂÌ̤ÓË ¤ÎıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÊı·ÏÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ‰¤ÛÌË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈ-
● Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È ¤ÎıÂÛË ÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜3, ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ·fi Û˘Û΢‹ Ù¿ÍËw 11,11.
·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û ·Ó·ÎÏÒÌÂÓË ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ̤ÙÚ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ (˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο ÁÈ·
‰¤ÛÌË3,21
Û˘Û΢¤˜ Ù¿Í˘ 3µ Î·È ¿Óˆ) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÂȉÈ΋
Û˘Û΢¤˜ ÔÚ·Ù‹˜ ‰¤- ● ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ô- Û‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ fiÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ë Û˘Û΢‹1,3,25
3∞ ÛÌ˘ Ì ÈÛ¯‡ 1-5 mW Êı·ÏÌÔ‡˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û (∂ÈÎ. 7·) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘Û΢‹˜32 (∂ÈÎ. 7‚), ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi
ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›· ¤ÎıÂÛË3,21,32 Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÂȉÈο ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ1,11,32, ·Ó·ÚÚfiÊËÛË
Û˘Û΢¤˜ ÔÚ·Ù‹˜ ‹ ● ÈÔ ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó· ·fi Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ηÓÔ‡1,3, ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ¯ÂÈÚÔ˘ÚÁÈ-
3µ ·fiÚ·Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘, Ì laser Ù¿Í˘ 3∞3,11,21
● ΛӉ˘ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‚Ï¿‚˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÒÓ Ì·ÛÎÒÓ Ì ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓÒÙÂÚË
̤ÁÈÛÙË ÈÛ¯‡ Ù˘ Ù¿-
͢ ÙˆÓ 0,5 W ÔÊı·ÏÌÒÓ ·fi ·Ó·ÎÏ¿- ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ3,25, ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Â‡ÊÏÂÎÙˆÓ
ÛÂȘ Î·È ÁÈ· ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ 1,3,4,11,25 Î·È ÂȉÈ΋ ‰È·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘,
ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜1,11 ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È Ë ¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ ·fi οÔÈÔ
● ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂȉÈ΋ ‰È·ÚÚ‡ı- ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ ‹ Ë ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË Û οÔÈ· ÛÙÈÏÓ‹ ÂÈÊ¿-
ÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘1

Û˘Û΢¤˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ● ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ‰È¿¯˘Ù˜ ·Ó·-

4 ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ (>0,5 W Û ÎÏ¿ÛÂȘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ‚Ï¿-
Û˘Ó¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·) ‚˜1,3,11,21,30,32

ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∞˘Ùfi Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó·

ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser
ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ Î·È Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋21.
∞ÎÙÈÓÔ‚Ôϛ˜ laser ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ô˘˜
(.¯. excimer)41,43 Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙ›ÓˆÓ Ã ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο
ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÂÚÈ- ∂ÈÎfiÓ· 7: ·. ∂ȉÈÎfi Û‹Ì· Ô˘ ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ Î·È Ë Î·ÚÎÈÓÔÁ¤ÓÂÛË21,22,32. ¶·Úfi- ¯ÒÚˆÓ fiÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û˘Û΢¤˜ laser. ‚. ∂ȉÈÎfi Û‹Ì·
Ï· ·˘Ù¿, laser ‰ÈËÁÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÌÂÚÒÓ (excimer) ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚ›‚ÏËÌ· Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser.
108
ÓÂÈ·1,3,4,11,32,45. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ Û˘Û΢¤˜ ÁÈ· È·ÙÚÈ΋ Î·È Ô‰Ô-
ÓÙÈ·ÙÚÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù¿Í˘ 3µ Î·È ¿Óˆ, Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-
Á›· Ì ‰È·ÎfiÙË ON-OFF Ì ÎÏÂȉ›1,3,8,25,32 Î·È Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó
Û ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ‰È·ÎfiÙË ÂÎÙ¿ÎÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿Á΢, Ô
ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ› ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙËÓ Û˘Û΢‹ Û ÂÚ›Ùˆ-
ÛË ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜1,3.
¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, Ë ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ laser
ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ·fi ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È
ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÂÌ‚·›ÓÔÓÙÔ˜1,3,11,25. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ
Ô‰ÔÓÙÔÁχʷÓÔ ¯·ÌËÏÒÓ Ù·¯˘Ù‹ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔη-
ϤÛÂÈ ‚Ï¿‚˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ï·Óı·-
Ṳ̂ӷ. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜, ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙË
¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û΢‹˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ Î·È ÔÔÈÔÛ-
‰‹ÔÙÂ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÌËı¢Ù› Î·È Ó· ¯ÚË-
ÛÈÌÔÔÈ› οÔÈ· Û˘Û΢‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ·Ôχو˜
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. ∂Ï›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ı· ıÂÛÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·ÓÔÓÈ-
ÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ı· ‰È¤Ô˘Ó fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË
ÙˆÓ laser ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‰ÔÓÙÈ¿ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈο, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi
ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÛÂ
¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜3.
∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜
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