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The

 Nutritious  City  –  The  Biospheric  Foundation  


Prof  Greg  Keeffe,  Queens  University,  Belfast    
 
When  I  started  this  project  I  knew  nothing  about  agriculture.  Actually,  my  first  degree  
was  in  mechanical  engineering  and  I  did  a  Master’s  in  Architecture.  But  I  was  really  
interested  in  sustainability.  And  I’ll  tell  you  how  I  ended  up  designing  a  farm  and  how  I  
became  a  licensed  fish  farmer,  as  this  is  part  of  the  story.  
 
Earthshare  
Let’s  start  at  the  beginning.  This  is  a  graph  (figure  1)  that  the  UK  government  produced  
about  how  sustainable  Britain  is.  When  it  first  came  out  it  frightened  me,  because  at  the  
moment  the  UK  is  a  bit  like  Holland:  we  used  around  2000  about  three  times  our  
Earthshare  and  it’s  gone  up  since.  The  interesting  thing  that  the  UK  government  said  is  
that  if  we  carry  on  with  the  business  as  usual  trajectory,  by  2020  we  will  be  up  to  nearly  
four  times  our  Earthshare.  There  was  an  argument  against  this:  if  we  carry  on  as  we  are,  
technology  will  improve  and  it  will  probably  improve  our  efficiency  (the  pink  line),  the  
evolutionary  idea  that  if  we  just  carry  on  as  we  are  …  with  more  efficient  cars  and  
slightly  more  efficient  houses,  we’ll  still  increase  our  Earthshare,  but  more  slowly.  The  
government  document  said,  the  only  way  to  prevent  irreversible  climate  change  and  our  
only  chance  of  saving  the  planet  is  to  implement  a  revolutionary  strategy  for  changing  
the  way  we  live  and  get  back  to  2.2  times  our  Earthshare  (the  black  line).    
Earthshare  is  measured  in  global  hectares,  which  is  an  average  amount  of  productive  
land  per  person  in  the  world.  Each  person  has  around  about  2  global  hectares  of  land  
available  to  them  at  the  moment.  So  that  would  be  your  Earthshare.  So,  three  times  your  
Earthshare  is  up  to  about  six  hectares  of  global  land  to  support  your  lifestyle.  
I  was  quite  pleased  with  this,  because  most  of  the  time,  I  have  always  tried  to  be  quite  
revolutionary,  and  I  felt  that  somehow  the  government  had  given  me  a  license  to  take  
more  risks  and  than  I  had  been  used  to  taking.    
 
Ants  
The  interesting  thing  is,  the  solution  lies  somewhere  with  living  things.  If  you  weigh  all  
the  ants  and  put  them  on  one  side  of  a  scale,  and  you  took  all  the  humans,  and  put  them  
on  the  other  side  of  the  scale,  do  you  know  which  would  be  heavier?  The  ants  are:  In  fact  
they  are  about  three  times  heavier  than  all  the  humans  in  biomass  terms.  So  what  you  
realise  is  that  the  problem  we  have  with  the  planet  is  not  overpopulation  but  we  
designed  it,  in  some  ways,  badly.  And  we  utilise  badly  what  we’ve  got.  Because  ants  live  
here  and  we  don’t  even  notice  them.  They  get  on  with  their  things  without  getting  
noticed.  Yet  they  have  cemeteries,  dumps  and  farms.  They  even  have  warfare,  chemical  
warfare  actually,  all  sustainable.  And  so,  what  we  need  to  do  is  to  not  try  and  give  the  
blame  to  other  people  for  apparently  having  children  or  for  developing.  But  we  always  
have  to  look  at  how  we  go  about  how  we  live  and  why,  and  what  is  the  most  sustainable.    
 
Footprint  London  
2005  was  a  big  change  for  me.  The  document  called  ‘City  Limits’  was  published  
(citylimits.org).  This  was  the  first  ecological  footprint  analysis  of  a  major  city,  London.  It  
was  the  first  time  anybody  tried  to  work  out  how  big  a  city  is.  London  turned  out  to  be  
293  times  larger  than  London  looked  on  a  map.  The  little  grey  thing  in  the  middle  is  
London  (figure  2),  and  this  whole  pie  chart  is  the  area  of  land  you  actually  need  to  
support  London.  When  I  opened  the  book  the  first  thing  I  saw  was  food:  41%.  As  an  
urbanist,  I  had  spent  most  of  my  life  worrying  about  energy  and  transport,  but  they  are  
relatively  little  players  in  the  map.  Food  and  materials  are  much  bigger  impacts.  You  
need  an  area  of  120  Londons  just  to  feed  London,  which  is  a  productive  area  the  size  of  
Spain,  what  an  eye  opener  for  me.    
 
10  million  
The  sustainable  city  will  be  pet  free.  City  Limits  shows  the  ecological  big  hitters.  Number  
one:  meat  eating.  You  need  5.8  million  global  hectares  of  land  to  support  London’s  meat  
habit.  But  the  hilarious  thing  is  that  number  2  is  pet  food,  and  then  milk  drinking.  And  
then,  surprisingly,  cars,  the  whole  of  cars  and  their  impact  in  London  is  relatively  small  
in  comparison  with  these  other  things.  I’m  a  vegetarian,  I  don’t  have  a  pet,  and  I’m  
allergic  to  milk.  So  I  can  drive  a  Hummer,  and  still  be  more  sustainable  than  any  of  you!      
How  much  effort  do  we  put  in  developing  a  solar  car?  Wouldn’t  it  be  much  easier  to  
invent  a  solar  dog?  And  if  we  had  solar  dogs,  we  could  switch  them  off  if  we  didn’t  want  
them.  That  would  be  much  easier  than  developing  a  solar  car  to  drive  people  around,  
because  cars  aren’t  a  really  big  player.    
 
Ration  book  city  
In  the  Second  World  War,  when  the  Nazi  U-­‐boats  blockaded  England,  they  had  a  strict  
supply  of  food,  and  the  government  implemented  a  ration  card  system.  It  had  even  the  
allowed  CO2  amounts  per  week,  rather  than  actual  weights.    You  were  allowed  to  eat  
certain  amounts:  one  rasher  of  bacon,  this  much  butter  and  six  teaspoons  of  sugar.  
During  the  war  every  single  surface  in  Britain  was  farmed.  Football  pitches,  gardens,  
window  boxes,  backyards,  everything  was  farmed.  And  still  Britain  would  have  starved,  
even  with  40  million  people.  Now  we  have  about  80  million.  With  conventional  
agriculture,  there  is  no  way  that  Britain  could  ever  feed  itself.    
 
Quorn  city  
The  only  way  it  could  actually  feed  itself  is  making  massive  Quorn  factories.  Quorn  is  a  
micro-­‐protein,  made  out  of  weird  patented  gmo-­‐creature.  You  can  put  all  the  food  waste  
in  these  big  boiling  tanks  for  producing  Quorn  (figure  3).  You  could  feed  everybody  
Quorn  for  every  meal.  It  is  very  high  in  protein,  as  fish  pie,  pork-­‐style  sausages,  chicken  
fillets,  or  beef-­‐steaks.    You  can  get  a  bit  of  everything  because  it  can  be  flavoured  with  
anything,  Quorn  bananas  or  Quorn  apples.  So  if  you  fed  everybody  Quorn  every  day  for  
every  single  meal,  you  can  make  Britain  sustainable  from  a  food  point  of  view.  
 
Fast  Food  
A  few  years  after  the  report  came  out  we  started  to  think  about  food,  and  particularly  
fast  food  and  drive-­‐thru’s.  When  you  start  to  look  at  the  burger  business  is  it’s  a  global  
business  with  fingers  in  pies  all  over  the  world.  And  so,  a  fillet  of  fish  is  made  mainly  of  
Hoki,  or  sometimes  Alaskan  Pollock.  I’ve  never  seen  a  Hoki.  It’s  a  deep-­‐water  fish  that  
they  catch  off  New  Zealand.  It’s  just  a  fish  that  people  thought  was  inedible.    The  
chickens  for  chicken  burgers  come  from  somewhere  in  Brazil,  wheat  from  America,  
gerkins  from  Syria,  salads  from  all  over  the  place.  Transport,  refrigeration,  transport,  
refrigeration  are  huge,  and  the  idea  of  you  ‘driving-­‐thru’  a  sustainable  building  is  
pointless,  when  you  look  at  the  entire  system,  because  it  is  ridiculous.  So  we  started  to  
calculate  the  amount  of  land  you  need  to  grow  food  for  all  the  things  for  one  drive-­‐thru  
per  year.  This  little  red  dot    (figure  4)  is  the  size  of  a  typical  burger  joint,  and  the  rest  of  
the  land  is  needed  to  provide  it  with  food  for  the  year.  If  you  put  it  on  the  floor  plan  of  
the  restaurant,  it  is  30  kilometres  high  as  a  vertical  farm.  There  is  an  intercontinental  
jumbo  jet  pass  about  a  third  way  up  of  this  food  tower.  If  we  made  an  urban  farm  on  the  
vacant  site  next  to  the  restaurant,  it  would  be  thirty  stories  high,  over  six  hundred  
hectares  of  vertical  farm,  full  of  cows  and  chickens,  producing  all  the  food  for  just  that  
one  tiny  restaurant.  This  shows  the  scale  of  the  food  production  issues.  When  you  start  
to  look  at  not  using  cows  as  your  major  protein  source,  but  goat  meat  instead,  that  
makes  quite  a  big  difference.  But  if  you  do  bean  burgers,  you  can  shrink  this  thing  to  a  
vegetarian  restaurant  on  the  same  22  hectares  site  with  only  three  floors  of  farm.  It  is  10  
times  smaller  than  the  cow  version.    
 
Coffee  shop  [UK!]  
We’ve  also  looked  how  big  or  small  a  coffee  retailer,  when  you  come  to  produce  all  the  
milk  and  the  coffee  on  site  must  be.  If  you  grew  all  the  coffee  hydroponically,  under  LED  
lighting  or  sun  lighting,  you  would  need  about  21  hectares  of  coffee  growing  area  just  to  
supply  that  one  store,  and  10  hectares  of  land  to  produce  enough  cows  for  the  milk.  This  
example  is  only  a  small  cafe  at  the  bottom  of  an  ancient  building,  but  you  can  see  the  size  
of  the  bio,  that  you  need  just  to  produce  the  coffee,  for  that  one  cafe,  in  a  year  (figure  5).  
Quite  incredible,  you  never  think  about  when  you  buy  your  coffee.  The  issues  of  
sustainability  and  food  are  complicated  and  the  scale  of  the  problem  is  huge.      
 
Heliocity  
We  often  don’t  know  how  much  carbon  we  use.  But  we  also  don’t  know  how  electrons  
move  around  my  phone.  And  how  PN-­‐junctions  work  in  silicon  chips.  It  is  our  problem  
that  we  didn’t  include  carbon  when  designing  the  city.  The  first  project  we  ever  did  
about  that  was  an  apartment  block  (figure  6).  The  idea  was  that  if  you  moved  in  you  
could  get  a  sustainable  life,  just  by  living  in  it.  When  you  bought  this  flat,  you  got  a  car  
share,  at  the  time  it  was  an  A-­‐type  1.7  Mercedes  diesel.  The  building  heated  itself,  and  
produced  enough  biodiesel  so  you  could  drive  10.000  kilometres  a  year  in  the  A-­‐class  
Mercedes.  This  was  around  20  years  ago.  The  waste  heat  of  the  greenhouses  heated  the  
flats  and  then  the  sunflowers  produced  the  oil  that  allowed  you  to  drive  around  in  your  
A-­‐class  Mercedes.  You  would  not  have  to  count  the  carbon.  You  would  be  sustainable,  
just  because  you  were  living  there.    
 
Invisible  terrace  
We  extended  that  to  do  what  we  called  the  invisible  terrace  (figure  7).  We  connected  
two  small  terraces  in  Manchester,  and  made  a  completely  sustainable  lifestyle  out  of  a  
refurbished  terrace.  The  idea  is  you  farm  the  garden,  the  façades,  the  roof,  the  back  
garden  and  you’ve  got  an  algae  array  to  produce  enough  biodiesel  to  drive  your  smart  
car  10,000  kilometres  a  year.  You  were  also  allowed  three  pigs  and  eleven  chickens.  
There  is  even  a  small  amount  of  lawn  to  exercise  tai  chi.  The  algae  array  goes  over  the  
roof  and  it  contains  an  inter-­‐seasonal  storage  of  warm  water  with  tilapia  so  you  can  go  
fishing  for  your  fish  diet  for  tea.  All  the  calculations  show  this  incredibly  small  area  can  
provide  all  the  food,  heating  and  enough  fuel  for  your  car.  We  just  need  to  engage  with  
the  design  problem  in  a  bit  more  detail.    
 
Citylab  2001  
This  project  is  a  competition  entry  for  a  park  in  Manchester  called  Ancoats.  It’s  the  
world’s  first  industrial  village.  The  grid  is  quite  interesting  because  it  was  designed  to  
transport  food  one  way,  and  cotton  the  other  way.  This  site  is  on  top  of  the  largest  slum  
ever  seen  in  Europe.  In  1820  thirty  thousand  people  lived  together  on  six  hectares.  You  
still  cannot  dig  up  the  ground,  because  it’s  full  of  plague  victims,  and  many  other  things.    
It  was  full  of  Irish  immigrants  at  the  time.  When  we  looked  at  the  neighbourhood,  we  
used  the  Richard  Rogers  urban  renaissance  idea  of  the  sustainable  city  and  
neighbourhood,  which  had  a  good  density  and  good  connectivity.  It  had  everything,  
except  for  public  space.  There  were  no  parks,  no  food  production,  and  no  energy  
production,  and  became  disconnected  from  the  city  centre  by  an  eight  lane  ring  road,  
which  is  difficult  to  get  across.  So  the  idea  was  we  put  an  installation  in  the  city  that  
would  solve  all  those  problems  (figure  8).    Wee  proposed  a  raised  up  public  space  which  
grows  short-­‐coppice  willow  with  a  cogeneration  plant  which  produces  electricity  and  
gives  heat  to  the  neighbourhood,  while  carbon  dioxide  is  sequestered  in  heliotropic  
hydroponic  biospheres  that  produce  food  for  the  neighbourhood.  Underneath  the  deck  
all  the  city  infrastructure  is  hidden,  such  as  the    light  rail  and  motorways.  This  was  the  
first  project  on  an  urban  scale  where  we  tried  to  combine  food  and  transport.  What  
struck  me  it  was  easy  to  do  ..…  on  a  drawing.  I  just  had  to  engage  in  a  different,  more  
realistic,  way  with  the  problem.    
 
The  Biospheric  Foundation  
And  this  chance  came.  One  of  my  master  students,  Vincent  Walsh,  was  really  interested  
in  permaculture.  When  he  finished  I  asked  him,  ‘What  are  you  going  to  do  next,  Vinnie?’  
He  said,  ‘I’m  going  to  change  the  world,  Greg.’  I  said,  ‘Oh,  how  are  you  going  to  that?’  And  
he,  ‘I’m  going  to  squat  in  a  building  somewhere  and  I’m  going  to  start  my  food  revolution  
in  this  building.’  I  shook  his  hand  and  smiled.  But  then  he  actually  did  it.  He  occupied  a  
building  in  Blackfriars,  in  Salford,  Manchester’s  twin  city,  separated  by  a  river.    Salford  is  
Manchester’s  poor  sister,  very  industrial,  and  badly  connected.  It’s  got  very  low  levels  of  
investment  in  it.  In  the  1980s,  when  both  cities  were  struggling,  Manchester  did  deals  
with  the  Conservative  government  to  get  public  money,  even  though  they  were  
socialists.  Salford  was  socialist  as  well  and  refused  to  take  any  money  from  the  national  
government,  so  it  dived  into  a  steep  decline.    This  lead  to  a  lot  of  post-­‐industrial  space  
and  Vinnie  occupied  one  of  these  buildings.  He  squatted  in  the  building,  with  no  heating  
or  anything,  and  started  his  revolution.    
His  revolution  was  to  make  an  urban  transition  from  a  carbon  based  society  to  a  local  
food  society.  I  went  to  see  him,  and  he  said,  ‘I’ve  got  to  do  all  these  things,’  and  we  
chatted  and  he  decided  to  take  on  the  food  production  first  because  we  could  make  
quickest  the  biggest  difference  as  one  of  the  key  indicators  of  sustainability.    
Blackfriars  is  rated  as  one  of  the  poorest  neighbourhoods  in  the  whole  of  the  UK.  So  it  is  
a  pretty  desperate  place.  You  can’t  buy,  in  the  whole  neighbourhood,  a  vegetable,  except  
for  frozen  ones.  Most  of  the  people  who  live  there  don’t  have  ovens,  they  have  
microwaves.  So  you  go  to  a  flat  in  one  of  the  tower  blocks  and  there  will  be  no  oven  in  
the  kitchen,  because  that  involves  …  cooking.  They  prefer  the  microwave,  so  in  itself  that  
was  a  real  challenge.    
 
Closing  cycles  
The  first  thing  we  designed,  were  closed  cycles  for  food,  with  the  Biospheric  Foundation  
at  the  heart,  with,  for  example,  chickens.  The  waste  from  flats  feeds  the  chickens,  the  
chicken  manure  goes  to  the  land.  We  planned  a  brewery  to  produce  beer,  and  the  waste  
from  the  brewery  feeds  fish  in  an  aquaponic  system.  That  was  our  first  dream  how  we  
put  this  thing  together.  After  we  did  a  talk  about  this  Manchester  International  Festival,  
which  is  a  biennial  arts  festival,  came  to  us  and  said:  ‘We’d  like  you  to  be  part  of  the  
festival.  What  can  you  build  for  us  if  we  give  you  a  small  amount  of  money?’  And  that  got  
us  thinking  about  what  we  could  do  relatively  quickly  that  would  really  make  a  
difference.    
The  building  Vinnie  occupied  looks  harmless  enough,  but  it  wasn’t  really  a  great  choice  
of  building.  The  reason  it  was  derelict  was  that  it  was  falling  down!    At  least  it  was  
empty.  It  was  built  in  1947,  and  every  piece  of  steel  in  the  building  is  different.  
Obviously,  after  the  war,  there  was  nothing  available  so  they  just  randomly  chose  bits  of  
steel  and  put  them  together,  which  caused  us  some  problems.  Also  all  the  lintels  above  
the  windows  were  all  failing  so  the  building  was  not  in  a  good  condition.    
 
The  Biospheric  Foundation  
The  idea  of  the  Biospheric  Foundation  is  that  it’s  an  open  source  research  studio.  Like  a  
Medieval  University.  You  just  turn  up  and  then  do  something.  It  has  academics  from  
Manchester  University,  Manchester  Metropolitan  University,  Salford  University,  Queens  
University,  all  regularly  visiting  and  doing  things.  It’s  also  has  activists,  local  residents,  
and  various  other  interesting  people:  Vinny  spent  a  lot  of  his  time  bonding  with  the  local  
community.  This  makes  it  quite  an  exciting  environment  next  to  some  of  the  cheapest  
accommodation  in  Manchester.    
Inside  the  building  would  be  an  exhibit  showing  the  technical  food  system  (figure  9).  
Outside  we  developed  a  forest  garden.  Vinnie  spent  time  living  in  a  Rastafarian  
commune  in  Ethiopia  and  he  was  interested  in  the  way  Rastafarians  organised  their  
agriculture  systems.  He  was  determined  to  build  one  on  this  small  piece  of  land  that  was  
outside  the  building.    
 
Aquaponic  food  system  
When  I  started  I  knew  nothing  about  aquaponics,  beyond  looking  at  Youtube.  The  first  
thing  we  built,  together  with  two  PhD  students,  an  aquaponic  system.  It  had  six  fish  in  it  
and  we  grew  some  coriander  and  basil  with  one  nine-­‐inch  florescent  tube  and  a  piece  of  
white  card  over  it.  It  probably  costed  about  €10.  And  the  amazing  thing  was,  it  worked  
straightaway.  No  fish  died,  and  were  really  healthy.  We  got  some  herbs  and  cooked  a  
Mexican  meal  with  the  coriander!  It  was  really  nice.  One  of  my  favourite  books  is  a  book  
called  Out  of  Control,  which  is  by  Kevin  Kelly,  who  used  to  be  the  editor  of  Wired  
magazine.  He  is  very  knowledgeable  and  he  wrote  this  book  about  the  future  and  one  of  
the  quotes  in  it  is  that  “the  future  will  be  born,  not  made.”  And  when  we  made  this  first  
aquaponics  I  realised  it  had  also  been  born,  not  made.    
Then  we  had  to  work  out  how  to  design  a  system  that  was  sustainable,  because  a  lot  of  
the  aquaponic  systems  are  unsustainable.  We  wanted  to  create  a  living  system  not  just  a  
monoculture.  We  have  about  40  different  species  living  in  our  system,  which  is  a  lot  
more  than  most  other  systems,  because  we  think  that  makes  it  stable.    
So  we  made  the  exhibition  and  presentation  space  on  the  first  floor  in  order  to  run  large-­‐
scale  events,  which  would  earn  Vinnie  some  money  to  pay  the  rent  on  the  building.  On  
the  second  floor  half  of  our  farm  was  planned,  with  the  rest  of  the  farm  on  the  roof.  I  call  
it  a  farm,  but  really  I  see  it  as  an  agricultural  laboratory.  At  least  it  had  to  make  money,  
because  we  only  had  capital  funding  and  no  revenue  funding.  It  had  to  make  its  own  way  
in  the  world.    
The  Biospheric  Foundation  invented  two  things  because  we  realised  that  food,  
particularly  urban  food,  is  quite  complicated  as  it  functions  like  a  computer  a  bit.  It  
needs  technology,  such  as  pumps,  trays  and  polytunnels.  It  requires  software,  such  as  
fish,  plants  and  other  biotic  parts.  And  it  needed  an  interface.  Somehow  you  have  got  to  
make  sure  that  what  you  produce  gets  to  a  market  in  some  sort  of  a  food  network,  
otherwise  you  will  not  get  a  decent  price  nor  be  able  to  get  rid  of  it.  So  Vinnie  set  up  
Wholebox.org  which  is  a  food  distribution  system.  He  cycles  around  with  a  box,  and  you  
can  get  a  box  of  vegetables  each  day.  And  then  he  also  opened  a  shop,  a  Wholefood  shop,  
at  the  bottom  of  the  tower  block,  so  you  can  buy  healthy  things  in  there  and  meet  
people.      
Then  we  designed  composting  on  a  large  scale  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  the  
vermiculture  to  use  worms  to  produce  that  together  with  mushroom  production.  So  this  
is  all  ties  together  because  the  food  we  can’t  sell,  because  the  salad  leaves  look  funny  or  
have  a  funny  shape,  you  can  put  directly  into  food  boxes  and  they  go  off  to  people  to  
have  at  low  cost.  And  we  would  have  their  waste  back,  and  we  could  put  that  back  in  the  
worm  system.  Coffee  grinds  is  suited  to  grow  mushrooms,  which  were  tested  on  which  
are  the  most  simple  way  to  make  mushrooms.  The  most  valuable  for  me  was  that  we  just  
sat  there,  trying  to  get  our  first  mushroom  crop  and  we  were  all  marvelling  at  
mushrooms  growing  out  of  these  plastic  bags.  How  pathetic  it  was  that  humans  no  
longer  know  how  to  grow  mushrooms.  We  found  that  amazing,  that  a  mushroom  could  
grow  out  of  some  wood  chip.  A  century  ago,  everybody  knew  how  to  grow  mushrooms.  
We’ve  lost  all  this  stuff.  If  I  think  back  to  my  own,  Irish,  family,  my  grandma  lived  in  West  
Cork,  in  a  smallholding  with  pigs  and  sheep  and  vegetables  and  things.  And  I’m  just  a  city  
boy  who  goes  out  for  tea  every  night  in  a  restaurant.  It’s  amazing  how  quickly  we  have  
lost  this  knowledge  about  food  production.    
We  were  given  a  year  to  develop  the  system  before  the  opening  of  the  festival,  and  the  
building  was  in  a  real  state,  while  we  were  going  to  add  quite  a  lot  of  water.  In  the  
building  little  steel  wedges  nearly  killed  me.  Because  our  and  the  owners  structural  
engineers  couldn’t  decide  how  to  make  the  building  strong  enough  to  support  the  
amount  of  water.  Because  the  building  was  not  build  out  of  standard  components,  all  the  
beams  are  of  different  sizes  and  they  just  wedged  these  little  steel  spaces  in  to  try  and  
balance  out  the  gaps  between  things.  In  the  end,  after  six  months  of  arguing,  they  
decided  that  small  bits  of  metal  on  four  columns  were  all  that  we  needed  to  hold  the  
building  up.  But  it  took  them  six  months,  and  we  were  not  allowed  to  build  anything.  
Then  it  took  them  only  one  morning  to  fit  these  in;  I  couldn’t  believe  it.  Because  of  these  
little  bits  of  steel  we  suddenly  could  put  all  sorts  of  things  in  the  building.  It’s  a  mystery,  
structural  engineering,  it’s  still  a  mystery.  
 
Biospheric  Aquaponic  System  
We  chose  aquaponics  because  we  think  it’s  a  blueprint  for  a  more  sustainable  water-­‐
based  technical  food  system,  because  it’s  based  on  food  and  edible  things  rather  than  
chemicals.  A  lot  of  the  hydroponic  systems  are  based  on  chemical  systems  and  additives,  
whereas  all  that  we  add  to  the  aquaponic  system  is  food  for  the  fish.  If  you  can  source  a  
reasonable  source  of  protein,  you  can  feed  the  fish  and  then  you  can  get  started.  We  
don’t  put  any  chemicals  in  the  system.  The  fish  produce  two  sorts  of  waste.  They  
transpire  through  their  gills  to  produce  ammonia,  and  they  produce  solid  waste.  The  
system  has  to  process  both.  Most  systems  only  filter  out  solid  waste  and  throw  it  on  the  
gardens,  but  we  tried  to  make  our  system  use  ammonia  and  solid  waste.  So  our  system  
passes  through  a  mineralisation  bed  of  expanded  clay  balls,  with  a  lot  of  surface  area  for  
the  nitrous-­‐loving  bacteria  to  live  on  and  where  worms  swim  around  eating  the  solid  
waste  and  turn  it  into  available  things.  So  urea  and  ammonia  come  in  and  nitrates  leave  
the  system.  And  the  thing  about  those  nitrates  is,  they  are  already  dissolved  in  water,  
which  makes  them  directly  available  for  the  plants.    
Because  our  system  is  an  exhibit,  as  well  as  a  lab  and  a  farm,  we  hung  a  bag  system  in  
front  of  the  window  where  we  could  grow  larger  fruiting  crops  (figure  9).  The  water  gets  
pumped  up  to  the  roof,  where  we  build  the  polytunnel,  a  greenhouse  with  a  plastic  sheet  
on  to  save  weight.  We  created  a  nutrient  film  system  in  there,  which  is  a  series  of  
parallel  gutters  with  plants  growing  in  it  with  only  a  small  amount  of  water  (figure  10).    
There’s  less  than  a  centimetre  depth  of  water  flowing  down.    
 
Fish  
We  wished  to  create  a  100%  naturally  sources  UK-­‐system  for  the  project  with  creatures  
living  in  the  UK,  but  we  started  the  project  with  Tilapia,  which  are  from  the  Nile.  Not  
quite  what  we  intended,  but  Tilapia  is  a  really  hardy  fish.  Because  we  were  running  out  
of  time,  I  was  worried  that  we  would  start  the  festival  and  all  the  fish  would  be  dead,  
lying  on  top  of  the  tank.  Because  it  usually  takes  about  two  months  for  the  system  to  
come  to  equilibrium,  and  we  had  only  four  days  left,  due  to  that  six-­‐month  delay.  
Therefore  we  needed  to  make  sure  the  fish  were  alive.  Our  first  fish  crop  was  half  Tilapia  
and  half  Carp.  We  built  a  room  housing  all  the  processing  equipment.  So  it’s  like  a  
private  control  room  and  around  it  there  was  a  series  of  12  meter-­‐cubed  fish  tanks,  
about  1,5  metres  long,  700  millimetres  high  and  a  metre  deep.  We  can  have  four  species  
of  fish  there,  because  we  have  small  fish  in  one,  medium  fish  in  another,  and  big  fish  in  
the  last  one.  We  harvest  the  big  fish  and  grow  them  on  like  that.    
At  the  moment  we  only  have  two  species,  Carp  and  Tilapia.  The  Carp  is  swimming  
around,  quite  happy  (figure  11).  The  Tilapia  grew  incredibly  quickly  in  the  system.  The  
carp  also  grew  also  fast,  but  we  started  out  with  quite  small  carp.  We  harvested  nearly  
all  the  tilapia  in  there.  They  take  about  nine  months  to  get  to  plate  size,  but  a  lot  of  the  
restaurants  actually  want  smaller  fish,  to  have  two  or  three  on  a  plate,  and  so  we  were  
keen  on  harvesting  sooner  than  later.    
 
Technical  equipment  
The  water  comes  back  from  the  roof  and  the  tanks  are  continually  overflowing.  There  is  
a  drain  on  the  top  of  the  tank.  The  water  is  collected  in  a  sump  underneath  the  tanks,  
where  a  pump  the  water  moves  forward.  Our  system  has  got  three  pumps.  I  would  like  
to  have  less,  but  it  had  partly  to  do  with  all  the  structural  issues.  We  could  not  hold  all  
the  pumps  in  one  place.  So  we’ve  got  three  pumps  and  the  total  power  of  the  pumps  is  
nearly  a  kilowatt.  The  pumps  are  the  only  input  into  the  system,  which  cost  about  £3.60  
a  day,  if  you  paid  for  that.  But  we’ve  got  a  photovoltaic  array,  which  makes  it  carbon  
neutral.  We  found  these  being  thrown  out,  only  five  years  old,  so  we  asked  them  if  we  
could  have  them,  delivering  an  array  of  four  kilowatt,  making  us  carbon  neutral  in  use.    
The  water  gets  pumped  through  an  UV-­‐filter.  I  was  worried  about  legionella  and  there  is  
hardly  any  research  whether  aquaponic  systems  have  any  legionella  risk.  But  in  
England,  it’s  a  criminal  offense  to  design  a  system  that  produces  legionella.  Which  means  
you  don’t  get  fined,  you  go  to  jail.    The  liability  is  shared  three  ways:  the  system  
designer,  the  building  owner  and  the  building  operator.  So  three  people  go  to  jail  if  
anyone  dies  of  legionella.  Therefore  we  definitely  wanted  to  make  sure  that  no  one  could  
catch  legionella  and  we  placed  three  UV-­‐filters  in  the  system.  Every  time  it  goes  through  
a  pump,  it  goes  through  a  UV-­‐filter  that  will  kill  any  bacteria  that  might  have  escaped.  
I’m  not  sure  you  really  need  these,  but  it’s  good  to  have  them,  and  they  are  relatively  
easy  to  fit.  
Then,  the  water  flows  through  the  mineralisation  and  filtration  array.  These  are  actually  
84  nice  green  washing  up  bowls  (figure  12).  I  chose  the  colour  myself.  There  are  a  
hundred  kilogrammes  of  worms  in  those  buckets,  eating  the  solid  waste  and  producing  
worm  tea,  good  healthy  stuff.  There  is  a  siphon  on  each  one,  and  the  buckets  fill  up,  and  
the  siphon  fires,  and  the  water  drains  out  of  the  bucket  and  goes  into  the  next  one.  This  
cascade  happens  all  the  way  down  and  it  ends  at  the  bottom.  It  aerates  and  keeps  the  
worms  alive.  You  can  do  it  without  a  siphon  if  you  don’t  have  worms  in  there.  The  mesh  
with  the  siphon  inside  and  the  expanded  clay  granules  give  you  all  the  surface  area,  and  
a  long  pipe  goes  down,  to  reduce  splashing,  because  of  the  legionella  risk.  We  clad  the  
construction,  because  we  wanted  to  minimise  evaporation  of  the  system.  We  sealed  
everything  off  to  reduce  evaporation.  It  finishes  with  a  Makrolon  panel,  which  makes  it  
look  quite  nice  as  it’s  got  a  slightly  mysterious  feel  to  it.  From  close  up  you  can  see  the  
green  washing  up  bowls.  
The  clay  granules  are  made  of  terracotta,  are  used  in  lots  of  horticultural  applications  as  
a  growing  medium,  and  they  are  quite  sustainable,  because  it’s  made  of  clay.  The  air  
dries  them,  using  less  energy.  It  has  got  to  have  a  lot  of  surface  area,  because  the  bacteria  
need  to  live  on  it.  Therefore  there  are  holes  inside,  so  bacteria  attach  all  the  way  around  
and  all  the  way  inside  the  balls,  so  that  increases  the  surface  area  massively.  They  just  sit  
there  and  do  their  stuff.  If  you  have  a  serious  problem  you  can  buy  bottles  of  the  bacteria  
and  you  can  just  pour  them  in  if  you  need  to.    Because  we  had  that  little  tiny  system  we  
made  first,  we  just  threw  that  in  the  system,  because  that  was  full  of  bacteria.  That  got  it  
all  started.  To  get  the  ammonia  levels  up  at  the  start  was  the  main  challenge.  We  
recommend  you  wee  in  the  system  to  get  it  going,  really  organic.    
 
Window  systems  
From  there,  the  water  is  transported  with  a  pump,  gets  lifted  across  the  ceiling  and  it  
runs  down  these  window  systems,  which  look  quite  nice  (figure  13).  We  made  every  
single  component  ourselves,  apart  from  the  pumps  and  the  UV-­‐filters.  That  was  on  
purpose,  because  one  of  the  things  I  wanted  to  show  was  how  DIY  (Do  It  Yourself)  and  
how  easy  it  is.  I  wanted  it  to  be  a  story  about  us,  knowing  nothing  about  aquaponics  and  
then  making  a  farm  out  of  things  that  we  found  mainly  on  E-­‐bay.  I  thought  that  would  be  
a  better  demonstration  than  buying  a  load  of  kit  and  then  settling  it.  It’s  also  a  lot  
cheaper.  So  we  made  all  these  bags,  full  of  clay  balls,  out  of  food  grade  silicon.  We  put  it  
together  with  silicon  glue,  which  is  food  safe  and  stuck  a  bit  of  plastic  overflow  pipe  in  
them,  and  hang  them  with  steel  cables  with  little  ferrules  to  fasten  them.  We  had  loads  of  
volunteers  making  them  for  us.  There  was  a  pattern  to  cut,  we  cut  them  and  they  glued  
them  together.  Someone  else  took  the  pipe  and  glued  it.  We  started  to  grow,  partly  to  
add  something  to  the  space,  but  as  soon  as  we  put  the  plants  in  the  space,  it  was  like  …  
magic.  People  suddenly  started  to  get  really  excited.  People  came  in  and  nearly  fell  over  
of  excitement  and  how  amazing  it  looked.  When  there  were  just  the  bags  there,  nobody  
noticed.  It  is  amazing  how  important  greenery  is.  It  was  one  of  those  things  that  I  did  not  
realise  before.  In  the  windows,  looking  out  over  industrial  Salford,  is  a  pepper  plant,  
growing  quite  nicely,  you  can  see  the  balls  quite  clearly.  The  windows  were  terrible,  
probably  not  something  you  want  if  you  want  to  grow  anything.  But  we  measured  the  
light  levels  and  right  at  the  window  you  are  getting  2000  Lux,  which  is  enough  to  grow  
plants.  Even  in  November  we  are  getting  2000  Lux  right  at  the  window,  which  is  just  
about  enough  to  get  a  productive  crop  out  of  the  plants.  The  water  drips  down  from  one  
bag  to  another,  there  is  a  channel  that  collects  it,  runs  down  the  pipe  into  a  sump,  then  
up  to  the  pump  and  then  it  goes  on  to  the  roof,  which  got  a  great  view  of  the  CIS  tower  
and  Manchester  city  centre  (figure  14).  The  roof  is  a  permaculture  farm,  like  a  
homestead  with  all  the  necessary  things,  such  as  chickens  and  a  bit  of  grass.  The  highest  
productive  chickens  in  England  live  next  to  high-­‐rise  blocks.  People  said  someone  with  
an  air  rifle  was  going  to  shoot  them  and  they’d  all  be  dead  by  the  end  of  the  day.  But  
nobody  has  shot  any  of  them,  amazingly  enough.  And  the  chickens  have  a  happy  life  on  
the  roof,  even  if  it’s  slightly  crazy.    
The  roof  has  got  a  polytunnel  (figure  15).  There  are  36  channels  of  15  metres  long.  
There  are  7000  leaf  plants  growing  on  the  roof.  It’s  amazing  how  they  grew.  The  price  of  
the  polytunnel  was  less  than  €2000.  The  guttering,  if  you  buy  this  stuff,  it’s  really  
expensive,  but  we  found  a  white  plastic  gutter.  It  was  less  than  €1  a  metre.  We  found  a  
cover  for  it,  which  had  no  holes  in,  so  I  got  some  students  to  drill  7000  holes.  They  said,  
‘Of  course  we’d  love  to  help  with  the  farm,’  and  they  spent  a  week,  drilling  holes!!    So  we  
made  them  cheap.  The  organic  plants  were  two  weeks  old  when  we  planted  them  up.  
After  four  days  they’ve  grown  already  a  lot  (figure  16).  The  rate  of  growth  in  the  
aquaponic  system  was  phenomenal.  After  10  days  of  growth  it  was  a  huge  difference  
again  (figure  17).  The  window  plants  were  growing  like  crazy.  At  the  end  of  the  festival,  
15  days  after  the  planting  (figure  18),  many  of  them  were  too  overgrown  to  sell  to  
restaurants.  We  were  just  watching  these  things  grow  and  do  their  thing  with  all  the  
available  nutrients.  
We’ve  done  a  deal  with  two  high-­‐end  restaurants  that  were  interested  in  local  food  
production.  They  buy  our  crops  on  a  weekly  basis,  sometimes  even  on  a  daily  basis  and  
are  delivered  on  a  bike.  They  said  to  us,  if  you  can  match  the  price  we  pay  for  it,  it’s  
better  and  it’s  local,  we’ll  take  it.  They  say  it  is  better,  local,  and  we  get  the  same  price  
they  pay  wholesale.  Therefore  we  don’t  need  to  go  to  a  wholesaler,  but  we  go  straight  to  
the  restaurant.  Things  like  this  make  urban  food  work.  Obviously  the  scale  of  our  project  
is  not  big  enough  to  compete  with  big  herb  growers  or  big  salad  crops.  But  if  you  target  
people  and  say  we’ll  create  a  partnership  and  you  sell  at  the  top  of  the  market  in  a  
valuable  way,  it  can  work.  Robert  Owen  Brown,  who  is  the  restaurateur  who  took  the  
first  crop,  was  so  keen,  because  he  sources  all  his  ingredients  within  20  kilometres  of  the  
restaurant  anyway.  And  now  he  was  able  to  get  salad  crops  from  less  than  a  kilometre  
away.  He  was  so  happy,  so  exited.  And  they  are  all  organic  and  he  was  desperate  to  have  
them.  He  came  on  the  second  day  and  said,  ‘I’m  gonna  have  to  have  a  fish’.  So  we  caught  
a  fish  and  he  cooked  the  fish  there  and  then,  in  the  Biospheric  Foundation.  And  I’m  a  
vegetarian,  but  I  tried  it  and  it  was  really  fresh  and  really  good.  He  knew  his  stuff,  and  he  
said,  ‘I  want  it  all,  I  want  everything’.    I  would  have  all  if  you  had  a  system  twice  as  big  
with  twice  as  many  fish.’  It’s  interesting  how  people  really  engage  with  it.    
During  the  festival  we  had  5,000  people  coming  around  here.  Since  then,  it  has  been  very  
popular.  Every  Sunday,  Vincent’s  trips  going  round.  People  have  to  book  in  and  pay  to  be  
on  the  tour.  He  said,  ‘There  are  too  many  people.’  And  I  said,  ‘Charge  them,  and  less  
people  will  come.’    And  now  he  charges  them  and  more  people  come.  Free  things  aren’t  
desirable,  are  they?  It’s  amazing.  
 
Siemens  
We  partnered  with  Siemens,  because  they  sponsored  the  festival.  They  usually  give  
money  in  kind  to  the  festival,  so  Siemens  said,  ‘We’ll  be  able  to  design  you  an  automated  
system  for  your  aquaponic  farm.’  We’ve  got  a  touch  screen  monitor  where  you  can  check  
temperatures  and  pH  levels.  And  they  gave  us  all  the  probes  for  nitrates  and  pH  and  
temperature,  so  we  can  watch  the  temperature  in  all  the  tanks  and  look  at  what  is  
happening  upon  the  roof  and  the  change  of  pH  from  sump  to  sump.  When  school  
children  come  around,  they  can  see  and  understand  how  the  system  operates.  It’s  quite  
nice,  you  can  see  this  thing  that  you  can  click  on,  and  what  the  CO2  levels  are  in  the  
polytunnel  versus  the  CO2  outside,  what  the  temperature  is  and  what  the  relative  
humidity  is  compared  to  elsewhere.  This  enables  people  to  engage  with  it.  We  want  to  
make  this  into  a  website,  so  you  can  to  see  it  from  a  distance.  Siemens  put  a  vast  amount  
of  money  into  it,  a  frightening  amount  of  money.  I  sold  it  by  saying  that,  if,  in  the  future  
we’re  going  to  have  loads  of  aquaponic  systems,  somebody  is  going  to  need  to  control  
the  monitoring  systems.  ‘So  won’t  it  be  good  if  you  designed  the  first  one,  work  out  how  
to  do  it  all,  and  what  all  the  problems  are?’  And  they  bought  into  that,  and  that  is  the  sort  
of  collaborative  way  that  the  Biospheric  Foundation  works.  Just  trying  to  do  a  mutual  
beneficial  deal  rather  than  a  research  contract.  They  put  a  lot  of  work  in  developing  this  
for  us  and  it  has  been  good  for  them,  because  they  used  all  their  junior  process  
engineers,  who  come  from  university  and  it  is  too  dangerous  to  let  them  immediately  
work  on  a  chemical  plant.  So  they’ve  worked  on  controlling  the  pumps  and  doing  the  pH  
testing  in  all  the  systems  for  that.  Then  the  control  system  arrived  for  all  the  pumps,  and  
we  only  needed  three  switches.  Each  pump  is  only  600  Watts.  But  Siemens  made  these  
like:  arm,  start.  It  looks  like  something  from  NASA.  This  is  what  they  put  in  a  power  
plant,  so  we  got  one  of  those,  which  looks  great  on  the  wall.    
Looking  down  from  the  roof  you  can  see  the  forest  garden,  the  trees  we  planted.  We  got  
these  raised  beds,  because  the  ground  is  still  quite  polluted.  They  are  doing  
phytoremediation.  It’s  got  these  inoculated  tree  trunks  that  they  have  buried  in  the  
ground.  We’ve  got  all  the  correct  spores  in  that  are  going  to  sort  out  the  soil  over  time  
and  we’re  going  to  build  this  orchard  garden  with  food  production  underneath.    
And  you  can  see  we  are  next  to  the  river.  This  river  has  got  the  oldest  fishing  club  in  the  
world,  still  operating  on  it.  Even  though  there  was  a  point  in  the  1960s  where  they  
couldn’t  catch  any  fish,  but  they  still  had  members,  because  they  would  just  go  drinking  
instead.  And  now  the  river  is  quite  clean  and  you  can  fish  in  it.  And  they’ve  been  stocking  
the  river  and  they  supplied  us  with  the  fish  for  the  first  miniature  system.  They’ve  been  
helping  us  with  looking  after  the  fish  and  the  husbandry  and  everything  because  they’ve  
got  the  skills.  They’ve  got  a  white-­‐clawed  crayfish  colony,  which  is  being  killed  by  the  
American  signal  crayfish.  Therefore  we  breed  in  our  tanks  white-­‐clawed  crayfish  as  part  
of  our  biodiversity  programme.    At  the  moment  there  are  a  26  different  salad  crops  in  
there  chosen  to  be  companion-­‐planted,  which  we  all  monitor.  We’ve  got  about  30  
species  in  the  ecosystem  at  the  moment.  One  of  the  things  we  are  trying  to  research  is  
whether  there  are  optimum  numbers  for  these  things.  Do  you  really  need  2000  or  is  200  
enough?  Aquaponics  is  counter-­‐intuitive.  The  bigger  the  system  is,  the  easier  it  is  to  look  
after,  as  opposed  to  small  systems,  because  things  fluctuate  more  quickly  in  smaller  
systems  and  that  can  kill  things,  whereas  in  big  systems  you’ve  got  a  lot  of  water.  If  there  
is  a  high  level  of  ammonia  in  the  system,  or  something  is  producing  a  lot  of  ammonia,  
you  can  spread  it  out  in  the  system  or  there  would  be  something  in  the  system  that  is  
going  to  deal  with  it.    So  this  is  some  on-­‐going  research.    
Most  probably,  the  project  raised  more  questions  than  it  answered.  I  guess  the  answer  
to  one  question  is,  ‘Yes,  you  can  produce  food  in  a  way  that  can  compete  in  a  market  in  
an  old  building  that  is  falling  down.’  What  it  also  told  me  was  that  the  research  on  water-­‐
based  systems,  particularly  the  ones  that  are  sustainable,  is  anecdotal  and  small-­‐scale,  
and  not  very  useful  to  us.  For  example,  just  trying  to  find  out  if  there  is  any  risk  of  
legionella,  nobody  in  the  world  could  tell  me.  There  was  only  one  paper  written  on  
hydroponics  and  legionella,  which  was  written  in  the  1970s  by  a  scientist  at  NASA,  
looking  at  food  production  in  space.  And  that’s  the  only  paper  on  legionella  in  
aquaponics.  We  need  to  continue  the  research  about  ecologies  and  whether  
permaculture  works.  The  Permaculture  Association  was  really  good  with  us.  They  said,  
‘We’d  like  to  have  water-­‐based  systems  as  part  of  our  accreditation,  so  we’d  like  to  work  
with  you  to  find  out  whether  you  can  be  sustainable  with  a  water  based  system  and  
whether  you  can  make  it  happen.’  This  is  on-­‐going  work  that  is  quite  complicated.  They  
would  also  like  to  do  work  on  soil-­‐based  systems.  They  think  that  permaculture  has  
higher  yields  than  contemporary  farming.  But  they  say  they  can’t  prove  it  yet  and  
needed  someone  to  do  a  lot  of  testing.  Hence  we  do  lots  of  different  sorts  of  research.  I’d  
also  like  to  do  some  research  on  a  farm,  not  as  a  laboratory  as  well.  I  wonder  on  what  
sort  of  scale  you  can  do  things  like  our  project  and  make  things  happen.    
 
Façade    
We  worked  on  a  project  because  I  received  some  money  from  the  UK  government.  They  
defined  a  project  called  the  Green  Genius  Award  to  tie  in  water,  food,  energy  and  waste  
in  buildings.  We  decided  to  work  with  Building  Design  Partnership  [BDP],  a  big  
multidisciplinary  architecture  firm,  to  see  if  we  could  produce  a  food  producing  façade  
by  miniaturising  our  Biospheric  system  and  putting  it  in  between  a  double-­‐skin  glass  
façade,  and  then  see  how  it  performed  and  see  if  it  was  worth  doing.    It’s  quite  a  simple  
system.  It  has  got  a  rotating  bed  that  dips  in  the  water.  We  worked  with  Saint  Gobain  
glass  and  they  gave  us  this  curtain  wall  façade,  which  we  put  in  the  exhibition  space.    In  
the  future  we  intend  to  knock  out  one  of  the  walls,  as  it’s  the  same  size  as  the  window,  
and  put  the  façade  in  the  wall  of  the  building.  We  designed  this  double  helix  thin  film  
channel  (figure  19),    with  fish  tanks  at  the  bottom,  water  gets  pumped  to  the  grey  boxes,  
the  mineralisation  beds  with  worms  in  and  then  it  drains  into  another  sump.  After  it  gets  
pumped  down  these  double-­‐helix  louvre  things  and  then  it  goes  back  in  the  fish  tank.  So  
it’s  a  miniature  version  of  the  bigger  system.  And  we  put  some  grow  lights  in  there.  Over  
the  festival  we  grew  crops  inside  this  thing.  It  has  vents  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  both  
sides  of  the  facade,  so  you  can  bring  air  into  the  building  via  the  plants,  or  use  the  
planting  space  to  draw  air  out  of  the  building,  using  its  natural  buoyancy.  When  the  
engineers  ran  a  simulation  of  the  façade  with  an  office-­‐space  facing  South  behind  it,  they  
found  that  it  halved  the  cooling  load  of  the  building.  This  was  because  the  transpiration  
of  plants  is  so  efficient  at  lowering  the  air  temperature.  We  reckoned  it  would  cost  about  
£300  per  square  meter  to  add  this  onto  a  façade.  But  we  think  it  will  produce  about  £100  
per  square  meter  a  year  of  food:  coupled  with  the  savings  on  heating,  it  could  really  
make  a  difference.  Interesting  to  see  how  that  works  out.  
 
Supermarket    
Since  then  we  have  been  working  with  a  major  supermarket,  looking  at  developing  a  
food  producing  façade.  The  limit  of  the  aquaponic  system  is  two-­‐fold.  It’s  about  the  
amount  of  sunlight  that  goes  into  the  system  and  how  much  protein.  Producing  enough  
protein  can  be  quite  difficult.  There  are  people  working  on  growing  maggots  to  feed  to  
the  fish,  or  trying  to  chop  up  worms  to  feed  to  the  fish,  or  spent  barley  from  breweries.  
But  supermarkets  throw  away  thousands  of  kilos  of  protein  every  year.  Therefore  it  
could  be  amazing  to  them  to  recycle  it  on  site,  directly  into  their  fish  tanks.  We  just  
started  on  this.  We  did  a  model  of  one  hypermarket  in  Manchester,  and  we  think  that  
just  by  replacing  the  south-­‐facing  façade  with  a  system  like  this,  we  could  generate  
about  £1,000,000  worth  of  crop  in  retail  prices  per  year.  It’s  basically  free,  once  you  
build  the  façade.  Quite  amazing.  What  we  would  like  to  do  is  to  develop  a  bigger  mock-­‐
up  of  this  type  of  façade  and  test  it  a  bit  before  we  go  any  further.  The  other  thing  we  
started  to  think  about  is  the  whole  supermarket  site,  because  you’ve  got  a  roof,  walls  
and  a  car  park,  which  is  quite  a  lot  of  surface  area.  The  supermarket  chain  were  quite  
interested  in  this  because  their  least  profitable  food  product  is  salad  crops,  which  is  
mainly  produced  in  Spain.  They  have  refrigeration  and  transport  issues  with  them.  
Salads  are  very  delicate  so  quite  often  they  have  very  short  shelf  life  and  they  throw  
loads  of  it  away.  If  you  had  a  just-­‐in-­‐time  system  in  the  supermarket  it  can  cut  lots  of  
food  miles,  and  changes  the  productive  element  of  the  supermarket.  The  other  thing  is,  
imagine  going  there  and  seeing  all  these  different  species  of  fish  along  the  window,  what  
is  available  that  you  can  eat  later,  in  the  supermarket.  It  is  a  great  marketing  tool  as  well.      
In  addition,  think  of  the  cooling  load  it  provides.  Supermarkets  have  a  high  cooling  load  
and  they  have  a  lot  of  waste  heat  from  fridges  we  can  put  through  the  façade,  which  then  
is  heated.  The  supermarket  has  waste  electricity  at  night,  as  they  generally  have  their  
own  generation,  and  usually  don’t  sell  it  at  night  to  the  grid.  They  are  not  getting  any  
money  from  it,  so  it  better  be  used  to  light  the  whole  façade  with  LEDs,  creating  a  24/7  
productive  wall.  This  may  change  the  game  in  terms  of  what  we  might  do  with  a  
supermarket.    
 
Synergetic  city  
Liverpool  City  Council  came  to  us  and  said,  ‘We  would  really  like  to  be  sustainable,  have  
you  any  ideas?.’  Liverpool  is  basically  a  shrinking  city  in  turbulent  times.  So  we  helped  
them  how  they  might  become  sustainable  without  doing  anything.  It  was  about  glass  
recycling  and  the  production  of  algae  arrays.  Liverpool  is  a  port  on  the  west  side  of  
England  and  it  used  to  trade  a  lot  with  America.  And  now  all  the  trade  has  changed,  with  
Europe,  and  it  doesn’t  do  very  well,  leaving  the  city  with  a  lot  of  empty  spaces.  About  
12%  of  the  city  is  derelict.  There’s  at  least  12  kilometres  of  docks  with  nothing  in  them.  
Glass  waste,  powdered  glass  is  free  if  you  collect  it.  Europe  has  got  so  much  un-­‐recycled  
glass  it  does  not  know  what  to  do  with  it.  So  the  idea  was  that  the  council    would  buy  
some  boats,  start  recycling  glass  and  produce  these  algae  array  raceway  ponds  (figure  
20),  which  are  shallow  concrete  trays  with  a  small  water-­‐wheel  in  them,  covered  in  
glazing.  Algae  just  grows  in  there,  you  sieve  it  off  and  can  do  something  with  it.  When,  
some  species  of  algae  are  dry,  they  carry  50%  vegetable  oil  by  weight.  It’s  incredibly  
productive  as  a  way  of  producing  energy,  which  makes  it  about  100  times  better  per  
hectare  than  rapeseed  due  to  its  continuous  production  cycle.  It  doesn’t  need  shade,  you  
can  keep  sieving  it  off  and  it  keeps  growing.  You  can  also  sequest  carbon  by  pumping  it  
directly  into  the  water,  which  makes  the  algae  grow  even  faster.    
We  realised  the  algae  array  was  only  a  part  of  the  system.  The  algae  array  produces  fuel  
oil  for  a  district  heating  system,  that  produces  electricity  and  heat  for  the  city  and  
powering  the  glass  and  aluminium  recycling.  We  can  also  use  the  waste  from  the  algae  
arrays.  The  other  50%  of  the  stuff  you  hoover  off.  After  you  have  crushed  it,  is  just  
cellulose  and  it  is  pretty  good  food  for  cows.  You  can  then  use  the  waste  from  those  cows  
to  produce  compost  for  greenhouses  and  use  the  green  waste  from  the  greenhouses  to  
feed  to  the  algae.  So  you  make  a  system  that  goes  around,  closing  cycles  and  producing  
quite  a  lot  of  oil  and  food.  We  had  the  idea  you  start  off  with  one  glass  recycling  plant,  
start  to  grow  arrays,  make  biodiesel,  sell  the  product  and  invest  in,  in  the  end,  10  glass  
recycling  plants,  which  assemble  a  huge  array,  floating  in  the  Mersey  estuary  (figure  21).  
This  grows  over  40  or  50  years,  and  by  2050,  Liverpool  produces  twice  the  amount  of  oil  
as  it  needs,  and  could  power  itself  for  free.  From  a  little  oil  terminal  Liverpool  exports  oil  
to  the  rest  of  the  world  when  nobody  has  got  any  left.  All  the  derelict  space  in  the  city  
would  then  have  greenhouses  in  them.  We  did  the  project  about  five  years  ago  and  the  
council  just  laughed,  saying  that  it  was  stupid  and  ridiculous,  and  no  one  was  ever  going  
to  do  that.  But  interestingly,  last  year  in  April,  I  was  phoned  up  by  the  new  Liverpool  City  
Region  and  they  said,  ‘We  want  to  do  it.’  And  I  nearly  fell  off  my  chair.  They  said,  ‘We  
want  to  find  out  what  we  need  to  do,  and  we  want  to  invest  in  it.’  They  had  contacted  all  
the  landowners  and  they  were  looking  at  doing  it  right  away,  because  it  could  solve  lots  
of  things,  such  as  the  problem  with  storm  surges.  When  the  river  is  canalised,with  the  
algae  arrays  it  can  minimise  storm  surges.  It’s  loads  of  different  things  at  once:  the  
estuary  is  very  polluted  and  when  there  is  a  storm,  it  stirs  up  the  pollution.  Whereas  the  
water  is  generally  quite  fresh,  so  if  you  can  calm  the  water  down  they  reckon  there  can  
be  real  benefits  in  terms  of  wild  life  and  nature.  This  project  was  initially  about  taking  
things  to  the  limit.  We  had  no  real  intention  for  it  to  be  delivered  exactly  like  this.  But  I  
think  you  could  deliver  something  that  could  work.  The  problem  is,  there  is  lots  of  work  
going  on  about  algae,  but  instead  of  just  doing  it,  they  are  trying  to  genetically  modify  
algae  so  they  can  patent  it,  instead  of  just  choosing  some  reasonable  species  that  would  
do  OK.  Which  is  a  bit  of  a  problem.  
 
Salford  Vision  2005  
Together  with  KCAP,  Rotterdam  and  MacCreanor  Lavington  Architects  we  did  the  
Salford  Vision  project  in  2005  to  turn  Salford  into  a  productive  a  semi-­‐rural  landscape,  
dealing  with  shrinkage  and  flooding,  because  the  river  floods.  We  concentrated  all  the  
communities  on  higher  grounds  and  took  out  all  the  levees  and  dikes  along  the  river,  to  
try  to  open  up  it  up.  We  got  shortlisted  and  went  to  an  interview  with  a  worked-­‐up  
scheme,  but  they  told  us  we  were  trying  to  run  the  place  down  and  make  rubbish.  Now  
they  have  changed  their  minds,  and  put  these  ideas  on  their  agenda.  Certainly  in  the  UK,  
there  has  been  an  amazing  change  in  people’s  attitude,  only  in  a  few  years  time,  to  what  
a  city  is  and  what  we  have  to  do  in  the  future.    
 
 
I  want  to  finish  by  thanking  people,  because  it  wasn’t  just  me  who  delivered  it,  
obviously.  It  was  Vinnie,  whom  I’ve  mentioned,  and  the  Biospheric  Foundation  and  
Manchester  International  Festival.  But  I  also  had  two  PhD  students,  Andy  and  Tilly.  They  
worked  24/7,  365  days  of  the  year,  doing  stuff.  I  had  people  in  the  Build  Team,  Morgan  
and  Josh,  who  were  students  of  mine  from  Leeds  from  a  few  years  ago,  who  quit  their  
jobs,  just  to  come  and  help  for  a  bit.  People  have  an  amazing  commitment  to  these  
things.  I  had  about  20  students,  post-­‐graduate  students  from  Queens,  and  then  10  
undergraduates  just  phoned  up  and  said,  ‘Can  we  help  this  week?  We’re  all  coming  over,  
we’ll  sleep  with  the  fish.’  They  turned  up  and  helped  us  with  stuff.  So  I  have  to  thank  
them.  Without  them  I  never  would  have  delivered  any  of  it,  really.  Thank  you  very  much!  
 
 
 

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