- The document discusses Prof. Greg Keeffe's journey from studying mechanical engineering and architecture to becoming interested in sustainability and designing farms.
- It describes how the UK uses about three times its sustainable limit of resources called its "Earthshare" and discusses the need to reduce consumption.
- Prof. Keeffe was inspired to take more risks in sustainable solutions after learning about the UK's unsustainable trajectory. He began exploring nature-inspired solutions by looking at how efficiently ants live and minimize their footprint.
- The document discusses Prof. Greg Keeffe's journey from studying mechanical engineering and architecture to becoming interested in sustainability and designing farms.
- It describes how the UK uses about three times its sustainable limit of resources called its "Earthshare" and discusses the need to reduce consumption.
- Prof. Keeffe was inspired to take more risks in sustainable solutions after learning about the UK's unsustainable trajectory. He began exploring nature-inspired solutions by looking at how efficiently ants live and minimize their footprint.
- The document discusses Prof. Greg Keeffe's journey from studying mechanical engineering and architecture to becoming interested in sustainability and designing farms.
- It describes how the UK uses about three times its sustainable limit of resources called its "Earthshare" and discusses the need to reduce consumption.
- Prof. Keeffe was inspired to take more risks in sustainable solutions after learning about the UK's unsustainable trajectory. He began exploring nature-inspired solutions by looking at how efficiently ants live and minimize their footprint.
When
I
started
this
project
I
knew
nothing
about
agriculture.
Actually,
my
first
degree
was
in
mechanical
engineering
and
I
did
a
Master’s
in
Architecture.
But
I
was
really
interested
in
sustainability.
And
I’ll
tell
you
how
I
ended
up
designing
a
farm
and
how
I
became
a
licensed
fish
farmer,
as
this
is
part
of
the
story.
Earthshare
Let’s
start
at
the
beginning.
This
is
a
graph
(figure
1)
that
the
UK
government
produced
about
how
sustainable
Britain
is.
When
it
first
came
out
it
frightened
me,
because
at
the
moment
the
UK
is
a
bit
like
Holland:
we
used
around
2000
about
three
times
our
Earthshare
and
it’s
gone
up
since.
The
interesting
thing
that
the
UK
government
said
is
that
if
we
carry
on
with
the
business
as
usual
trajectory,
by
2020
we
will
be
up
to
nearly
four
times
our
Earthshare.
There
was
an
argument
against
this:
if
we
carry
on
as
we
are,
technology
will
improve
and
it
will
probably
improve
our
efficiency
(the
pink
line),
the
evolutionary
idea
that
if
we
just
carry
on
as
we
are
…
with
more
efficient
cars
and
slightly
more
efficient
houses,
we’ll
still
increase
our
Earthshare,
but
more
slowly.
The
government
document
said,
the
only
way
to
prevent
irreversible
climate
change
and
our
only
chance
of
saving
the
planet
is
to
implement
a
revolutionary
strategy
for
changing
the
way
we
live
and
get
back
to
2.2
times
our
Earthshare
(the
black
line).
Earthshare
is
measured
in
global
hectares,
which
is
an
average
amount
of
productive
land
per
person
in
the
world.
Each
person
has
around
about
2
global
hectares
of
land
available
to
them
at
the
moment.
So
that
would
be
your
Earthshare.
So,
three
times
your
Earthshare
is
up
to
about
six
hectares
of
global
land
to
support
your
lifestyle.
I
was
quite
pleased
with
this,
because
most
of
the
time,
I
have
always
tried
to
be
quite
revolutionary,
and
I
felt
that
somehow
the
government
had
given
me
a
license
to
take
more
risks
and
than
I
had
been
used
to
taking.
Ants
The
interesting
thing
is,
the
solution
lies
somewhere
with
living
things.
If
you
weigh
all
the
ants
and
put
them
on
one
side
of
a
scale,
and
you
took
all
the
humans,
and
put
them
on
the
other
side
of
the
scale,
do
you
know
which
would
be
heavier?
The
ants
are:
In
fact
they
are
about
three
times
heavier
than
all
the
humans
in
biomass
terms.
So
what
you
realise
is
that
the
problem
we
have
with
the
planet
is
not
overpopulation
but
we
designed
it,
in
some
ways,
badly.
And
we
utilise
badly
what
we’ve
got.
Because
ants
live
here
and
we
don’t
even
notice
them.
They
get
on
with
their
things
without
getting
noticed.
Yet
they
have
cemeteries,
dumps
and
farms.
They
even
have
warfare,
chemical
warfare
actually,
all
sustainable.
And
so,
what
we
need
to
do
is
to
not
try
and
give
the
blame
to
other
people
for
apparently
having
children
or
for
developing.
But
we
always
have
to
look
at
how
we
go
about
how
we
live
and
why,
and
what
is
the
most
sustainable.
Footprint
London
2005
was
a
big
change
for
me.
The
document
called
‘City
Limits’
was
published
(citylimits.org).
This
was
the
first
ecological
footprint
analysis
of
a
major
city,
London.
It
was
the
first
time
anybody
tried
to
work
out
how
big
a
city
is.
London
turned
out
to
be
293
times
larger
than
London
looked
on
a
map.
The
little
grey
thing
in
the
middle
is
London
(figure
2),
and
this
whole
pie
chart
is
the
area
of
land
you
actually
need
to
support
London.
When
I
opened
the
book
the
first
thing
I
saw
was
food:
41%.
As
an
urbanist,
I
had
spent
most
of
my
life
worrying
about
energy
and
transport,
but
they
are
relatively
little
players
in
the
map.
Food
and
materials
are
much
bigger
impacts.
You
need
an
area
of
120
Londons
just
to
feed
London,
which
is
a
productive
area
the
size
of
Spain,
what
an
eye
opener
for
me.
10
million
The
sustainable
city
will
be
pet
free.
City
Limits
shows
the
ecological
big
hitters.
Number
one:
meat
eating.
You
need
5.8
million
global
hectares
of
land
to
support
London’s
meat
habit.
But
the
hilarious
thing
is
that
number
2
is
pet
food,
and
then
milk
drinking.
And
then,
surprisingly,
cars,
the
whole
of
cars
and
their
impact
in
London
is
relatively
small
in
comparison
with
these
other
things.
I’m
a
vegetarian,
I
don’t
have
a
pet,
and
I’m
allergic
to
milk.
So
I
can
drive
a
Hummer,
and
still
be
more
sustainable
than
any
of
you!
How
much
effort
do
we
put
in
developing
a
solar
car?
Wouldn’t
it
be
much
easier
to
invent
a
solar
dog?
And
if
we
had
solar
dogs,
we
could
switch
them
off
if
we
didn’t
want
them.
That
would
be
much
easier
than
developing
a
solar
car
to
drive
people
around,
because
cars
aren’t
a
really
big
player.
Ration
book
city
In
the
Second
World
War,
when
the
Nazi
U-‐boats
blockaded
England,
they
had
a
strict
supply
of
food,
and
the
government
implemented
a
ration
card
system.
It
had
even
the
allowed
CO2
amounts
per
week,
rather
than
actual
weights.
You
were
allowed
to
eat
certain
amounts:
one
rasher
of
bacon,
this
much
butter
and
six
teaspoons
of
sugar.
During
the
war
every
single
surface
in
Britain
was
farmed.
Football
pitches,
gardens,
window
boxes,
backyards,
everything
was
farmed.
And
still
Britain
would
have
starved,
even
with
40
million
people.
Now
we
have
about
80
million.
With
conventional
agriculture,
there
is
no
way
that
Britain
could
ever
feed
itself.
Quorn
city
The
only
way
it
could
actually
feed
itself
is
making
massive
Quorn
factories.
Quorn
is
a
micro-‐protein,
made
out
of
weird
patented
gmo-‐creature.
You
can
put
all
the
food
waste
in
these
big
boiling
tanks
for
producing
Quorn
(figure
3).
You
could
feed
everybody
Quorn
for
every
meal.
It
is
very
high
in
protein,
as
fish
pie,
pork-‐style
sausages,
chicken
fillets,
or
beef-‐steaks.
You
can
get
a
bit
of
everything
because
it
can
be
flavoured
with
anything,
Quorn
bananas
or
Quorn
apples.
So
if
you
fed
everybody
Quorn
every
day
for
every
single
meal,
you
can
make
Britain
sustainable
from
a
food
point
of
view.
Fast
Food
A
few
years
after
the
report
came
out
we
started
to
think
about
food,
and
particularly
fast
food
and
drive-‐thru’s.
When
you
start
to
look
at
the
burger
business
is
it’s
a
global
business
with
fingers
in
pies
all
over
the
world.
And
so,
a
fillet
of
fish
is
made
mainly
of
Hoki,
or
sometimes
Alaskan
Pollock.
I’ve
never
seen
a
Hoki.
It’s
a
deep-‐water
fish
that
they
catch
off
New
Zealand.
It’s
just
a
fish
that
people
thought
was
inedible.
The
chickens
for
chicken
burgers
come
from
somewhere
in
Brazil,
wheat
from
America,
gerkins
from
Syria,
salads
from
all
over
the
place.
Transport,
refrigeration,
transport,
refrigeration
are
huge,
and
the
idea
of
you
‘driving-‐thru’
a
sustainable
building
is
pointless,
when
you
look
at
the
entire
system,
because
it
is
ridiculous.
So
we
started
to
calculate
the
amount
of
land
you
need
to
grow
food
for
all
the
things
for
one
drive-‐thru
per
year.
This
little
red
dot
(figure
4)
is
the
size
of
a
typical
burger
joint,
and
the
rest
of
the
land
is
needed
to
provide
it
with
food
for
the
year.
If
you
put
it
on
the
floor
plan
of
the
restaurant,
it
is
30
kilometres
high
as
a
vertical
farm.
There
is
an
intercontinental
jumbo
jet
pass
about
a
third
way
up
of
this
food
tower.
If
we
made
an
urban
farm
on
the
vacant
site
next
to
the
restaurant,
it
would
be
thirty
stories
high,
over
six
hundred
hectares
of
vertical
farm,
full
of
cows
and
chickens,
producing
all
the
food
for
just
that
one
tiny
restaurant.
This
shows
the
scale
of
the
food
production
issues.
When
you
start
to
look
at
not
using
cows
as
your
major
protein
source,
but
goat
meat
instead,
that
makes
quite
a
big
difference.
But
if
you
do
bean
burgers,
you
can
shrink
this
thing
to
a
vegetarian
restaurant
on
the
same
22
hectares
site
with
only
three
floors
of
farm.
It
is
10
times
smaller
than
the
cow
version.
Coffee
shop
[UK!]
We’ve
also
looked
how
big
or
small
a
coffee
retailer,
when
you
come
to
produce
all
the
milk
and
the
coffee
on
site
must
be.
If
you
grew
all
the
coffee
hydroponically,
under
LED
lighting
or
sun
lighting,
you
would
need
about
21
hectares
of
coffee
growing
area
just
to
supply
that
one
store,
and
10
hectares
of
land
to
produce
enough
cows
for
the
milk.
This
example
is
only
a
small
cafe
at
the
bottom
of
an
ancient
building,
but
you
can
see
the
size
of
the
bio,
that
you
need
just
to
produce
the
coffee,
for
that
one
cafe,
in
a
year
(figure
5).
Quite
incredible,
you
never
think
about
when
you
buy
your
coffee.
The
issues
of
sustainability
and
food
are
complicated
and
the
scale
of
the
problem
is
huge.
Heliocity
We
often
don’t
know
how
much
carbon
we
use.
But
we
also
don’t
know
how
electrons
move
around
my
phone.
And
how
PN-‐junctions
work
in
silicon
chips.
It
is
our
problem
that
we
didn’t
include
carbon
when
designing
the
city.
The
first
project
we
ever
did
about
that
was
an
apartment
block
(figure
6).
The
idea
was
that
if
you
moved
in
you
could
get
a
sustainable
life,
just
by
living
in
it.
When
you
bought
this
flat,
you
got
a
car
share,
at
the
time
it
was
an
A-‐type
1.7
Mercedes
diesel.
The
building
heated
itself,
and
produced
enough
biodiesel
so
you
could
drive
10.000
kilometres
a
year
in
the
A-‐class
Mercedes.
This
was
around
20
years
ago.
The
waste
heat
of
the
greenhouses
heated
the
flats
and
then
the
sunflowers
produced
the
oil
that
allowed
you
to
drive
around
in
your
A-‐class
Mercedes.
You
would
not
have
to
count
the
carbon.
You
would
be
sustainable,
just
because
you
were
living
there.
Invisible
terrace
We
extended
that
to
do
what
we
called
the
invisible
terrace
(figure
7).
We
connected
two
small
terraces
in
Manchester,
and
made
a
completely
sustainable
lifestyle
out
of
a
refurbished
terrace.
The
idea
is
you
farm
the
garden,
the
façades,
the
roof,
the
back
garden
and
you’ve
got
an
algae
array
to
produce
enough
biodiesel
to
drive
your
smart
car
10,000
kilometres
a
year.
You
were
also
allowed
three
pigs
and
eleven
chickens.
There
is
even
a
small
amount
of
lawn
to
exercise
tai
chi.
The
algae
array
goes
over
the
roof
and
it
contains
an
inter-‐seasonal
storage
of
warm
water
with
tilapia
so
you
can
go
fishing
for
your
fish
diet
for
tea.
All
the
calculations
show
this
incredibly
small
area
can
provide
all
the
food,
heating
and
enough
fuel
for
your
car.
We
just
need
to
engage
with
the
design
problem
in
a
bit
more
detail.
Citylab
2001
This
project
is
a
competition
entry
for
a
park
in
Manchester
called
Ancoats.
It’s
the
world’s
first
industrial
village.
The
grid
is
quite
interesting
because
it
was
designed
to
transport
food
one
way,
and
cotton
the
other
way.
This
site
is
on
top
of
the
largest
slum
ever
seen
in
Europe.
In
1820
thirty
thousand
people
lived
together
on
six
hectares.
You
still
cannot
dig
up
the
ground,
because
it’s
full
of
plague
victims,
and
many
other
things.
It
was
full
of
Irish
immigrants
at
the
time.
When
we
looked
at
the
neighbourhood,
we
used
the
Richard
Rogers
urban
renaissance
idea
of
the
sustainable
city
and
neighbourhood,
which
had
a
good
density
and
good
connectivity.
It
had
everything,
except
for
public
space.
There
were
no
parks,
no
food
production,
and
no
energy
production,
and
became
disconnected
from
the
city
centre
by
an
eight
lane
ring
road,
which
is
difficult
to
get
across.
So
the
idea
was
we
put
an
installation
in
the
city
that
would
solve
all
those
problems
(figure
8).
Wee
proposed
a
raised
up
public
space
which
grows
short-‐coppice
willow
with
a
cogeneration
plant
which
produces
electricity
and
gives
heat
to
the
neighbourhood,
while
carbon
dioxide
is
sequestered
in
heliotropic
hydroponic
biospheres
that
produce
food
for
the
neighbourhood.
Underneath
the
deck
all
the
city
infrastructure
is
hidden,
such
as
the
light
rail
and
motorways.
This
was
the
first
project
on
an
urban
scale
where
we
tried
to
combine
food
and
transport.
What
struck
me
it
was
easy
to
do
..…
on
a
drawing.
I
just
had
to
engage
in
a
different,
more
realistic,
way
with
the
problem.
The
Biospheric
Foundation
And
this
chance
came.
One
of
my
master
students,
Vincent
Walsh,
was
really
interested
in
permaculture.
When
he
finished
I
asked
him,
‘What
are
you
going
to
do
next,
Vinnie?’
He
said,
‘I’m
going
to
change
the
world,
Greg.’
I
said,
‘Oh,
how
are
you
going
to
that?’
And
he,
‘I’m
going
to
squat
in
a
building
somewhere
and
I’m
going
to
start
my
food
revolution
in
this
building.’
I
shook
his
hand
and
smiled.
But
then
he
actually
did
it.
He
occupied
a
building
in
Blackfriars,
in
Salford,
Manchester’s
twin
city,
separated
by
a
river.
Salford
is
Manchester’s
poor
sister,
very
industrial,
and
badly
connected.
It’s
got
very
low
levels
of
investment
in
it.
In
the
1980s,
when
both
cities
were
struggling,
Manchester
did
deals
with
the
Conservative
government
to
get
public
money,
even
though
they
were
socialists.
Salford
was
socialist
as
well
and
refused
to
take
any
money
from
the
national
government,
so
it
dived
into
a
steep
decline.
This
lead
to
a
lot
of
post-‐industrial
space
and
Vinnie
occupied
one
of
these
buildings.
He
squatted
in
the
building,
with
no
heating
or
anything,
and
started
his
revolution.
His
revolution
was
to
make
an
urban
transition
from
a
carbon
based
society
to
a
local
food
society.
I
went
to
see
him,
and
he
said,
‘I’ve
got
to
do
all
these
things,’
and
we
chatted
and
he
decided
to
take
on
the
food
production
first
because
we
could
make
quickest
the
biggest
difference
as
one
of
the
key
indicators
of
sustainability.
Blackfriars
is
rated
as
one
of
the
poorest
neighbourhoods
in
the
whole
of
the
UK.
So
it
is
a
pretty
desperate
place.
You
can’t
buy,
in
the
whole
neighbourhood,
a
vegetable,
except
for
frozen
ones.
Most
of
the
people
who
live
there
don’t
have
ovens,
they
have
microwaves.
So
you
go
to
a
flat
in
one
of
the
tower
blocks
and
there
will
be
no
oven
in
the
kitchen,
because
that
involves
…
cooking.
They
prefer
the
microwave,
so
in
itself
that
was
a
real
challenge.
Closing
cycles
The
first
thing
we
designed,
were
closed
cycles
for
food,
with
the
Biospheric
Foundation
at
the
heart,
with,
for
example,
chickens.
The
waste
from
flats
feeds
the
chickens,
the
chicken
manure
goes
to
the
land.
We
planned
a
brewery
to
produce
beer,
and
the
waste
from
the
brewery
feeds
fish
in
an
aquaponic
system.
That
was
our
first
dream
how
we
put
this
thing
together.
After
we
did
a
talk
about
this
Manchester
International
Festival,
which
is
a
biennial
arts
festival,
came
to
us
and
said:
‘We’d
like
you
to
be
part
of
the
festival.
What
can
you
build
for
us
if
we
give
you
a
small
amount
of
money?’
And
that
got
us
thinking
about
what
we
could
do
relatively
quickly
that
would
really
make
a
difference.
The
building
Vinnie
occupied
looks
harmless
enough,
but
it
wasn’t
really
a
great
choice
of
building.
The
reason
it
was
derelict
was
that
it
was
falling
down!
At
least
it
was
empty.
It
was
built
in
1947,
and
every
piece
of
steel
in
the
building
is
different.
Obviously,
after
the
war,
there
was
nothing
available
so
they
just
randomly
chose
bits
of
steel
and
put
them
together,
which
caused
us
some
problems.
Also
all
the
lintels
above
the
windows
were
all
failing
so
the
building
was
not
in
a
good
condition.
The
Biospheric
Foundation
The
idea
of
the
Biospheric
Foundation
is
that
it’s
an
open
source
research
studio.
Like
a
Medieval
University.
You
just
turn
up
and
then
do
something.
It
has
academics
from
Manchester
University,
Manchester
Metropolitan
University,
Salford
University,
Queens
University,
all
regularly
visiting
and
doing
things.
It’s
also
has
activists,
local
residents,
and
various
other
interesting
people:
Vinny
spent
a
lot
of
his
time
bonding
with
the
local
community.
This
makes
it
quite
an
exciting
environment
next
to
some
of
the
cheapest
accommodation
in
Manchester.
Inside
the
building
would
be
an
exhibit
showing
the
technical
food
system
(figure
9).
Outside
we
developed
a
forest
garden.
Vinnie
spent
time
living
in
a
Rastafarian
commune
in
Ethiopia
and
he
was
interested
in
the
way
Rastafarians
organised
their
agriculture
systems.
He
was
determined
to
build
one
on
this
small
piece
of
land
that
was
outside
the
building.
Aquaponic
food
system
When
I
started
I
knew
nothing
about
aquaponics,
beyond
looking
at
Youtube.
The
first
thing
we
built,
together
with
two
PhD
students,
an
aquaponic
system.
It
had
six
fish
in
it
and
we
grew
some
coriander
and
basil
with
one
nine-‐inch
florescent
tube
and
a
piece
of
white
card
over
it.
It
probably
costed
about
€10.
And
the
amazing
thing
was,
it
worked
straightaway.
No
fish
died,
and
were
really
healthy.
We
got
some
herbs
and
cooked
a
Mexican
meal
with
the
coriander!
It
was
really
nice.
One
of
my
favourite
books
is
a
book
called
Out
of
Control,
which
is
by
Kevin
Kelly,
who
used
to
be
the
editor
of
Wired
magazine.
He
is
very
knowledgeable
and
he
wrote
this
book
about
the
future
and
one
of
the
quotes
in
it
is
that
“the
future
will
be
born,
not
made.”
And
when
we
made
this
first
aquaponics
I
realised
it
had
also
been
born,
not
made.
Then
we
had
to
work
out
how
to
design
a
system
that
was
sustainable,
because
a
lot
of
the
aquaponic
systems
are
unsustainable.
We
wanted
to
create
a
living
system
not
just
a
monoculture.
We
have
about
40
different
species
living
in
our
system,
which
is
a
lot
more
than
most
other
systems,
because
we
think
that
makes
it
stable.
So
we
made
the
exhibition
and
presentation
space
on
the
first
floor
in
order
to
run
large-‐ scale
events,
which
would
earn
Vinnie
some
money
to
pay
the
rent
on
the
building.
On
the
second
floor
half
of
our
farm
was
planned,
with
the
rest
of
the
farm
on
the
roof.
I
call
it
a
farm,
but
really
I
see
it
as
an
agricultural
laboratory.
At
least
it
had
to
make
money,
because
we
only
had
capital
funding
and
no
revenue
funding.
It
had
to
make
its
own
way
in
the
world.
The
Biospheric
Foundation
invented
two
things
because
we
realised
that
food,
particularly
urban
food,
is
quite
complicated
as
it
functions
like
a
computer
a
bit.
It
needs
technology,
such
as
pumps,
trays
and
polytunnels.
It
requires
software,
such
as
fish,
plants
and
other
biotic
parts.
And
it
needed
an
interface.
Somehow
you
have
got
to
make
sure
that
what
you
produce
gets
to
a
market
in
some
sort
of
a
food
network,
otherwise
you
will
not
get
a
decent
price
nor
be
able
to
get
rid
of
it.
So
Vinnie
set
up
Wholebox.org
which
is
a
food
distribution
system.
He
cycles
around
with
a
box,
and
you
can
get
a
box
of
vegetables
each
day.
And
then
he
also
opened
a
shop,
a
Wholefood
shop,
at
the
bottom
of
the
tower
block,
so
you
can
buy
healthy
things
in
there
and
meet
people.
Then
we
designed
composting
on
a
large
scale
in
the
neighbourhood,
and
the
vermiculture
to
use
worms
to
produce
that
together
with
mushroom
production.
So
this
is
all
ties
together
because
the
food
we
can’t
sell,
because
the
salad
leaves
look
funny
or
have
a
funny
shape,
you
can
put
directly
into
food
boxes
and
they
go
off
to
people
to
have
at
low
cost.
And
we
would
have
their
waste
back,
and
we
could
put
that
back
in
the
worm
system.
Coffee
grinds
is
suited
to
grow
mushrooms,
which
were
tested
on
which
are
the
most
simple
way
to
make
mushrooms.
The
most
valuable
for
me
was
that
we
just
sat
there,
trying
to
get
our
first
mushroom
crop
and
we
were
all
marvelling
at
mushrooms
growing
out
of
these
plastic
bags.
How
pathetic
it
was
that
humans
no
longer
know
how
to
grow
mushrooms.
We
found
that
amazing,
that
a
mushroom
could
grow
out
of
some
wood
chip.
A
century
ago,
everybody
knew
how
to
grow
mushrooms.
We’ve
lost
all
this
stuff.
If
I
think
back
to
my
own,
Irish,
family,
my
grandma
lived
in
West
Cork,
in
a
smallholding
with
pigs
and
sheep
and
vegetables
and
things.
And
I’m
just
a
city
boy
who
goes
out
for
tea
every
night
in
a
restaurant.
It’s
amazing
how
quickly
we
have
lost
this
knowledge
about
food
production.
We
were
given
a
year
to
develop
the
system
before
the
opening
of
the
festival,
and
the
building
was
in
a
real
state,
while
we
were
going
to
add
quite
a
lot
of
water.
In
the
building
little
steel
wedges
nearly
killed
me.
Because
our
and
the
owners
structural
engineers
couldn’t
decide
how
to
make
the
building
strong
enough
to
support
the
amount
of
water.
Because
the
building
was
not
build
out
of
standard
components,
all
the
beams
are
of
different
sizes
and
they
just
wedged
these
little
steel
spaces
in
to
try
and
balance
out
the
gaps
between
things.
In
the
end,
after
six
months
of
arguing,
they
decided
that
small
bits
of
metal
on
four
columns
were
all
that
we
needed
to
hold
the
building
up.
But
it
took
them
six
months,
and
we
were
not
allowed
to
build
anything.
Then
it
took
them
only
one
morning
to
fit
these
in;
I
couldn’t
believe
it.
Because
of
these
little
bits
of
steel
we
suddenly
could
put
all
sorts
of
things
in
the
building.
It’s
a
mystery,
structural
engineering,
it’s
still
a
mystery.
Biospheric
Aquaponic
System
We
chose
aquaponics
because
we
think
it’s
a
blueprint
for
a
more
sustainable
water-‐ based
technical
food
system,
because
it’s
based
on
food
and
edible
things
rather
than
chemicals.
A
lot
of
the
hydroponic
systems
are
based
on
chemical
systems
and
additives,
whereas
all
that
we
add
to
the
aquaponic
system
is
food
for
the
fish.
If
you
can
source
a
reasonable
source
of
protein,
you
can
feed
the
fish
and
then
you
can
get
started.
We
don’t
put
any
chemicals
in
the
system.
The
fish
produce
two
sorts
of
waste.
They
transpire
through
their
gills
to
produce
ammonia,
and
they
produce
solid
waste.
The
system
has
to
process
both.
Most
systems
only
filter
out
solid
waste
and
throw
it
on
the
gardens,
but
we
tried
to
make
our
system
use
ammonia
and
solid
waste.
So
our
system
passes
through
a
mineralisation
bed
of
expanded
clay
balls,
with
a
lot
of
surface
area
for
the
nitrous-‐loving
bacteria
to
live
on
and
where
worms
swim
around
eating
the
solid
waste
and
turn
it
into
available
things.
So
urea
and
ammonia
come
in
and
nitrates
leave
the
system.
And
the
thing
about
those
nitrates
is,
they
are
already
dissolved
in
water,
which
makes
them
directly
available
for
the
plants.
Because
our
system
is
an
exhibit,
as
well
as
a
lab
and
a
farm,
we
hung
a
bag
system
in
front
of
the
window
where
we
could
grow
larger
fruiting
crops
(figure
9).
The
water
gets
pumped
up
to
the
roof,
where
we
build
the
polytunnel,
a
greenhouse
with
a
plastic
sheet
on
to
save
weight.
We
created
a
nutrient
film
system
in
there,
which
is
a
series
of
parallel
gutters
with
plants
growing
in
it
with
only
a
small
amount
of
water
(figure
10).
There’s
less
than
a
centimetre
depth
of
water
flowing
down.
Fish
We
wished
to
create
a
100%
naturally
sources
UK-‐system
for
the
project
with
creatures
living
in
the
UK,
but
we
started
the
project
with
Tilapia,
which
are
from
the
Nile.
Not
quite
what
we
intended,
but
Tilapia
is
a
really
hardy
fish.
Because
we
were
running
out
of
time,
I
was
worried
that
we
would
start
the
festival
and
all
the
fish
would
be
dead,
lying
on
top
of
the
tank.
Because
it
usually
takes
about
two
months
for
the
system
to
come
to
equilibrium,
and
we
had
only
four
days
left,
due
to
that
six-‐month
delay.
Therefore
we
needed
to
make
sure
the
fish
were
alive.
Our
first
fish
crop
was
half
Tilapia
and
half
Carp.
We
built
a
room
housing
all
the
processing
equipment.
So
it’s
like
a
private
control
room
and
around
it
there
was
a
series
of
12
meter-‐cubed
fish
tanks,
about
1,5
metres
long,
700
millimetres
high
and
a
metre
deep.
We
can
have
four
species
of
fish
there,
because
we
have
small
fish
in
one,
medium
fish
in
another,
and
big
fish
in
the
last
one.
We
harvest
the
big
fish
and
grow
them
on
like
that.
At
the
moment
we
only
have
two
species,
Carp
and
Tilapia.
The
Carp
is
swimming
around,
quite
happy
(figure
11).
The
Tilapia
grew
incredibly
quickly
in
the
system.
The
carp
also
grew
also
fast,
but
we
started
out
with
quite
small
carp.
We
harvested
nearly
all
the
tilapia
in
there.
They
take
about
nine
months
to
get
to
plate
size,
but
a
lot
of
the
restaurants
actually
want
smaller
fish,
to
have
two
or
three
on
a
plate,
and
so
we
were
keen
on
harvesting
sooner
than
later.
Technical
equipment
The
water
comes
back
from
the
roof
and
the
tanks
are
continually
overflowing.
There
is
a
drain
on
the
top
of
the
tank.
The
water
is
collected
in
a
sump
underneath
the
tanks,
where
a
pump
the
water
moves
forward.
Our
system
has
got
three
pumps.
I
would
like
to
have
less,
but
it
had
partly
to
do
with
all
the
structural
issues.
We
could
not
hold
all
the
pumps
in
one
place.
So
we’ve
got
three
pumps
and
the
total
power
of
the
pumps
is
nearly
a
kilowatt.
The
pumps
are
the
only
input
into
the
system,
which
cost
about
£3.60
a
day,
if
you
paid
for
that.
But
we’ve
got
a
photovoltaic
array,
which
makes
it
carbon
neutral.
We
found
these
being
thrown
out,
only
five
years
old,
so
we
asked
them
if
we
could
have
them,
delivering
an
array
of
four
kilowatt,
making
us
carbon
neutral
in
use.
The
water
gets
pumped
through
an
UV-‐filter.
I
was
worried
about
legionella
and
there
is
hardly
any
research
whether
aquaponic
systems
have
any
legionella
risk.
But
in
England,
it’s
a
criminal
offense
to
design
a
system
that
produces
legionella.
Which
means
you
don’t
get
fined,
you
go
to
jail.
The
liability
is
shared
three
ways:
the
system
designer,
the
building
owner
and
the
building
operator.
So
three
people
go
to
jail
if
anyone
dies
of
legionella.
Therefore
we
definitely
wanted
to
make
sure
that
no
one
could
catch
legionella
and
we
placed
three
UV-‐filters
in
the
system.
Every
time
it
goes
through
a
pump,
it
goes
through
a
UV-‐filter
that
will
kill
any
bacteria
that
might
have
escaped.
I’m
not
sure
you
really
need
these,
but
it’s
good
to
have
them,
and
they
are
relatively
easy
to
fit.
Then,
the
water
flows
through
the
mineralisation
and
filtration
array.
These
are
actually
84
nice
green
washing
up
bowls
(figure
12).
I
chose
the
colour
myself.
There
are
a
hundred
kilogrammes
of
worms
in
those
buckets,
eating
the
solid
waste
and
producing
worm
tea,
good
healthy
stuff.
There
is
a
siphon
on
each
one,
and
the
buckets
fill
up,
and
the
siphon
fires,
and
the
water
drains
out
of
the
bucket
and
goes
into
the
next
one.
This
cascade
happens
all
the
way
down
and
it
ends
at
the
bottom.
It
aerates
and
keeps
the
worms
alive.
You
can
do
it
without
a
siphon
if
you
don’t
have
worms
in
there.
The
mesh
with
the
siphon
inside
and
the
expanded
clay
granules
give
you
all
the
surface
area,
and
a
long
pipe
goes
down,
to
reduce
splashing,
because
of
the
legionella
risk.
We
clad
the
construction,
because
we
wanted
to
minimise
evaporation
of
the
system.
We
sealed
everything
off
to
reduce
evaporation.
It
finishes
with
a
Makrolon
panel,
which
makes
it
look
quite
nice
as
it’s
got
a
slightly
mysterious
feel
to
it.
From
close
up
you
can
see
the
green
washing
up
bowls.
The
clay
granules
are
made
of
terracotta,
are
used
in
lots
of
horticultural
applications
as
a
growing
medium,
and
they
are
quite
sustainable,
because
it’s
made
of
clay.
The
air
dries
them,
using
less
energy.
It
has
got
to
have
a
lot
of
surface
area,
because
the
bacteria
need
to
live
on
it.
Therefore
there
are
holes
inside,
so
bacteria
attach
all
the
way
around
and
all
the
way
inside
the
balls,
so
that
increases
the
surface
area
massively.
They
just
sit
there
and
do
their
stuff.
If
you
have
a
serious
problem
you
can
buy
bottles
of
the
bacteria
and
you
can
just
pour
them
in
if
you
need
to.
Because
we
had
that
little
tiny
system
we
made
first,
we
just
threw
that
in
the
system,
because
that
was
full
of
bacteria.
That
got
it
all
started.
To
get
the
ammonia
levels
up
at
the
start
was
the
main
challenge.
We
recommend
you
wee
in
the
system
to
get
it
going,
really
organic.
Window
systems
From
there,
the
water
is
transported
with
a
pump,
gets
lifted
across
the
ceiling
and
it
runs
down
these
window
systems,
which
look
quite
nice
(figure
13).
We
made
every
single
component
ourselves,
apart
from
the
pumps
and
the
UV-‐filters.
That
was
on
purpose,
because
one
of
the
things
I
wanted
to
show
was
how
DIY
(Do
It
Yourself)
and
how
easy
it
is.
I
wanted
it
to
be
a
story
about
us,
knowing
nothing
about
aquaponics
and
then
making
a
farm
out
of
things
that
we
found
mainly
on
E-‐bay.
I
thought
that
would
be
a
better
demonstration
than
buying
a
load
of
kit
and
then
settling
it.
It’s
also
a
lot
cheaper.
So
we
made
all
these
bags,
full
of
clay
balls,
out
of
food
grade
silicon.
We
put
it
together
with
silicon
glue,
which
is
food
safe
and
stuck
a
bit
of
plastic
overflow
pipe
in
them,
and
hang
them
with
steel
cables
with
little
ferrules
to
fasten
them.
We
had
loads
of
volunteers
making
them
for
us.
There
was
a
pattern
to
cut,
we
cut
them
and
they
glued
them
together.
Someone
else
took
the
pipe
and
glued
it.
We
started
to
grow,
partly
to
add
something
to
the
space,
but
as
soon
as
we
put
the
plants
in
the
space,
it
was
like
…
magic.
People
suddenly
started
to
get
really
excited.
People
came
in
and
nearly
fell
over
of
excitement
and
how
amazing
it
looked.
When
there
were
just
the
bags
there,
nobody
noticed.
It
is
amazing
how
important
greenery
is.
It
was
one
of
those
things
that
I
did
not
realise
before.
In
the
windows,
looking
out
over
industrial
Salford,
is
a
pepper
plant,
growing
quite
nicely,
you
can
see
the
balls
quite
clearly.
The
windows
were
terrible,
probably
not
something
you
want
if
you
want
to
grow
anything.
But
we
measured
the
light
levels
and
right
at
the
window
you
are
getting
2000
Lux,
which
is
enough
to
grow
plants.
Even
in
November
we
are
getting
2000
Lux
right
at
the
window,
which
is
just
about
enough
to
get
a
productive
crop
out
of
the
plants.
The
water
drips
down
from
one
bag
to
another,
there
is
a
channel
that
collects
it,
runs
down
the
pipe
into
a
sump,
then
up
to
the
pump
and
then
it
goes
on
to
the
roof,
which
got
a
great
view
of
the
CIS
tower
and
Manchester
city
centre
(figure
14).
The
roof
is
a
permaculture
farm,
like
a
homestead
with
all
the
necessary
things,
such
as
chickens
and
a
bit
of
grass.
The
highest
productive
chickens
in
England
live
next
to
high-‐rise
blocks.
People
said
someone
with
an
air
rifle
was
going
to
shoot
them
and
they’d
all
be
dead
by
the
end
of
the
day.
But
nobody
has
shot
any
of
them,
amazingly
enough.
And
the
chickens
have
a
happy
life
on
the
roof,
even
if
it’s
slightly
crazy.
The
roof
has
got
a
polytunnel
(figure
15).
There
are
36
channels
of
15
metres
long.
There
are
7000
leaf
plants
growing
on
the
roof.
It’s
amazing
how
they
grew.
The
price
of
the
polytunnel
was
less
than
€2000.
The
guttering,
if
you
buy
this
stuff,
it’s
really
expensive,
but
we
found
a
white
plastic
gutter.
It
was
less
than
€1
a
metre.
We
found
a
cover
for
it,
which
had
no
holes
in,
so
I
got
some
students
to
drill
7000
holes.
They
said,
‘Of
course
we’d
love
to
help
with
the
farm,’
and
they
spent
a
week,
drilling
holes!!
So
we
made
them
cheap.
The
organic
plants
were
two
weeks
old
when
we
planted
them
up.
After
four
days
they’ve
grown
already
a
lot
(figure
16).
The
rate
of
growth
in
the
aquaponic
system
was
phenomenal.
After
10
days
of
growth
it
was
a
huge
difference
again
(figure
17).
The
window
plants
were
growing
like
crazy.
At
the
end
of
the
festival,
15
days
after
the
planting
(figure
18),
many
of
them
were
too
overgrown
to
sell
to
restaurants.
We
were
just
watching
these
things
grow
and
do
their
thing
with
all
the
available
nutrients.
We’ve
done
a
deal
with
two
high-‐end
restaurants
that
were
interested
in
local
food
production.
They
buy
our
crops
on
a
weekly
basis,
sometimes
even
on
a
daily
basis
and
are
delivered
on
a
bike.
They
said
to
us,
if
you
can
match
the
price
we
pay
for
it,
it’s
better
and
it’s
local,
we’ll
take
it.
They
say
it
is
better,
local,
and
we
get
the
same
price
they
pay
wholesale.
Therefore
we
don’t
need
to
go
to
a
wholesaler,
but
we
go
straight
to
the
restaurant.
Things
like
this
make
urban
food
work.
Obviously
the
scale
of
our
project
is
not
big
enough
to
compete
with
big
herb
growers
or
big
salad
crops.
But
if
you
target
people
and
say
we’ll
create
a
partnership
and
you
sell
at
the
top
of
the
market
in
a
valuable
way,
it
can
work.
Robert
Owen
Brown,
who
is
the
restaurateur
who
took
the
first
crop,
was
so
keen,
because
he
sources
all
his
ingredients
within
20
kilometres
of
the
restaurant
anyway.
And
now
he
was
able
to
get
salad
crops
from
less
than
a
kilometre
away.
He
was
so
happy,
so
exited.
And
they
are
all
organic
and
he
was
desperate
to
have
them.
He
came
on
the
second
day
and
said,
‘I’m
gonna
have
to
have
a
fish’.
So
we
caught
a
fish
and
he
cooked
the
fish
there
and
then,
in
the
Biospheric
Foundation.
And
I’m
a
vegetarian,
but
I
tried
it
and
it
was
really
fresh
and
really
good.
He
knew
his
stuff,
and
he
said,
‘I
want
it
all,
I
want
everything’.
I
would
have
all
if
you
had
a
system
twice
as
big
with
twice
as
many
fish.’
It’s
interesting
how
people
really
engage
with
it.
During
the
festival
we
had
5,000
people
coming
around
here.
Since
then,
it
has
been
very
popular.
Every
Sunday,
Vincent’s
trips
going
round.
People
have
to
book
in
and
pay
to
be
on
the
tour.
He
said,
‘There
are
too
many
people.’
And
I
said,
‘Charge
them,
and
less
people
will
come.’
And
now
he
charges
them
and
more
people
come.
Free
things
aren’t
desirable,
are
they?
It’s
amazing.
Siemens
We
partnered
with
Siemens,
because
they
sponsored
the
festival.
They
usually
give
money
in
kind
to
the
festival,
so
Siemens
said,
‘We’ll
be
able
to
design
you
an
automated
system
for
your
aquaponic
farm.’
We’ve
got
a
touch
screen
monitor
where
you
can
check
temperatures
and
pH
levels.
And
they
gave
us
all
the
probes
for
nitrates
and
pH
and
temperature,
so
we
can
watch
the
temperature
in
all
the
tanks
and
look
at
what
is
happening
upon
the
roof
and
the
change
of
pH
from
sump
to
sump.
When
school
children
come
around,
they
can
see
and
understand
how
the
system
operates.
It’s
quite
nice,
you
can
see
this
thing
that
you
can
click
on,
and
what
the
CO2
levels
are
in
the
polytunnel
versus
the
CO2
outside,
what
the
temperature
is
and
what
the
relative
humidity
is
compared
to
elsewhere.
This
enables
people
to
engage
with
it.
We
want
to
make
this
into
a
website,
so
you
can
to
see
it
from
a
distance.
Siemens
put
a
vast
amount
of
money
into
it,
a
frightening
amount
of
money.
I
sold
it
by
saying
that,
if,
in
the
future
we’re
going
to
have
loads
of
aquaponic
systems,
somebody
is
going
to
need
to
control
the
monitoring
systems.
‘So
won’t
it
be
good
if
you
designed
the
first
one,
work
out
how
to
do
it
all,
and
what
all
the
problems
are?’
And
they
bought
into
that,
and
that
is
the
sort
of
collaborative
way
that
the
Biospheric
Foundation
works.
Just
trying
to
do
a
mutual
beneficial
deal
rather
than
a
research
contract.
They
put
a
lot
of
work
in
developing
this
for
us
and
it
has
been
good
for
them,
because
they
used
all
their
junior
process
engineers,
who
come
from
university
and
it
is
too
dangerous
to
let
them
immediately
work
on
a
chemical
plant.
So
they’ve
worked
on
controlling
the
pumps
and
doing
the
pH
testing
in
all
the
systems
for
that.
Then
the
control
system
arrived
for
all
the
pumps,
and
we
only
needed
three
switches.
Each
pump
is
only
600
Watts.
But
Siemens
made
these
like:
arm,
start.
It
looks
like
something
from
NASA.
This
is
what
they
put
in
a
power
plant,
so
we
got
one
of
those,
which
looks
great
on
the
wall.
Looking
down
from
the
roof
you
can
see
the
forest
garden,
the
trees
we
planted.
We
got
these
raised
beds,
because
the
ground
is
still
quite
polluted.
They
are
doing
phytoremediation.
It’s
got
these
inoculated
tree
trunks
that
they
have
buried
in
the
ground.
We’ve
got
all
the
correct
spores
in
that
are
going
to
sort
out
the
soil
over
time
and
we’re
going
to
build
this
orchard
garden
with
food
production
underneath.
And
you
can
see
we
are
next
to
the
river.
This
river
has
got
the
oldest
fishing
club
in
the
world,
still
operating
on
it.
Even
though
there
was
a
point
in
the
1960s
where
they
couldn’t
catch
any
fish,
but
they
still
had
members,
because
they
would
just
go
drinking
instead.
And
now
the
river
is
quite
clean
and
you
can
fish
in
it.
And
they’ve
been
stocking
the
river
and
they
supplied
us
with
the
fish
for
the
first
miniature
system.
They’ve
been
helping
us
with
looking
after
the
fish
and
the
husbandry
and
everything
because
they’ve
got
the
skills.
They’ve
got
a
white-‐clawed
crayfish
colony,
which
is
being
killed
by
the
American
signal
crayfish.
Therefore
we
breed
in
our
tanks
white-‐clawed
crayfish
as
part
of
our
biodiversity
programme.
At
the
moment
there
are
a
26
different
salad
crops
in
there
chosen
to
be
companion-‐planted,
which
we
all
monitor.
We’ve
got
about
30
species
in
the
ecosystem
at
the
moment.
One
of
the
things
we
are
trying
to
research
is
whether
there
are
optimum
numbers
for
these
things.
Do
you
really
need
2000
or
is
200
enough?
Aquaponics
is
counter-‐intuitive.
The
bigger
the
system
is,
the
easier
it
is
to
look
after,
as
opposed
to
small
systems,
because
things
fluctuate
more
quickly
in
smaller
systems
and
that
can
kill
things,
whereas
in
big
systems
you’ve
got
a
lot
of
water.
If
there
is
a
high
level
of
ammonia
in
the
system,
or
something
is
producing
a
lot
of
ammonia,
you
can
spread
it
out
in
the
system
or
there
would
be
something
in
the
system
that
is
going
to
deal
with
it.
So
this
is
some
on-‐going
research.
Most
probably,
the
project
raised
more
questions
than
it
answered.
I
guess
the
answer
to
one
question
is,
‘Yes,
you
can
produce
food
in
a
way
that
can
compete
in
a
market
in
an
old
building
that
is
falling
down.’
What
it
also
told
me
was
that
the
research
on
water-‐ based
systems,
particularly
the
ones
that
are
sustainable,
is
anecdotal
and
small-‐scale,
and
not
very
useful
to
us.
For
example,
just
trying
to
find
out
if
there
is
any
risk
of
legionella,
nobody
in
the
world
could
tell
me.
There
was
only
one
paper
written
on
hydroponics
and
legionella,
which
was
written
in
the
1970s
by
a
scientist
at
NASA,
looking
at
food
production
in
space.
And
that’s
the
only
paper
on
legionella
in
aquaponics.
We
need
to
continue
the
research
about
ecologies
and
whether
permaculture
works.
The
Permaculture
Association
was
really
good
with
us.
They
said,
‘We’d
like
to
have
water-‐based
systems
as
part
of
our
accreditation,
so
we’d
like
to
work
with
you
to
find
out
whether
you
can
be
sustainable
with
a
water
based
system
and
whether
you
can
make
it
happen.’
This
is
on-‐going
work
that
is
quite
complicated.
They
would
also
like
to
do
work
on
soil-‐based
systems.
They
think
that
permaculture
has
higher
yields
than
contemporary
farming.
But
they
say
they
can’t
prove
it
yet
and
needed
someone
to
do
a
lot
of
testing.
Hence
we
do
lots
of
different
sorts
of
research.
I’d
also
like
to
do
some
research
on
a
farm,
not
as
a
laboratory
as
well.
I
wonder
on
what
sort
of
scale
you
can
do
things
like
our
project
and
make
things
happen.
Façade
We
worked
on
a
project
because
I
received
some
money
from
the
UK
government.
They
defined
a
project
called
the
Green
Genius
Award
to
tie
in
water,
food,
energy
and
waste
in
buildings.
We
decided
to
work
with
Building
Design
Partnership
[BDP],
a
big
multidisciplinary
architecture
firm,
to
see
if
we
could
produce
a
food
producing
façade
by
miniaturising
our
Biospheric
system
and
putting
it
in
between
a
double-‐skin
glass
façade,
and
then
see
how
it
performed
and
see
if
it
was
worth
doing.
It’s
quite
a
simple
system.
It
has
got
a
rotating
bed
that
dips
in
the
water.
We
worked
with
Saint
Gobain
glass
and
they
gave
us
this
curtain
wall
façade,
which
we
put
in
the
exhibition
space.
In
the
future
we
intend
to
knock
out
one
of
the
walls,
as
it’s
the
same
size
as
the
window,
and
put
the
façade
in
the
wall
of
the
building.
We
designed
this
double
helix
thin
film
channel
(figure
19),
with
fish
tanks
at
the
bottom,
water
gets
pumped
to
the
grey
boxes,
the
mineralisation
beds
with
worms
in
and
then
it
drains
into
another
sump.
After
it
gets
pumped
down
these
double-‐helix
louvre
things
and
then
it
goes
back
in
the
fish
tank.
So
it’s
a
miniature
version
of
the
bigger
system.
And
we
put
some
grow
lights
in
there.
Over
the
festival
we
grew
crops
inside
this
thing.
It
has
vents
at
the
top
and
bottom
of
both
sides
of
the
facade,
so
you
can
bring
air
into
the
building
via
the
plants,
or
use
the
planting
space
to
draw
air
out
of
the
building,
using
its
natural
buoyancy.
When
the
engineers
ran
a
simulation
of
the
façade
with
an
office-‐space
facing
South
behind
it,
they
found
that
it
halved
the
cooling
load
of
the
building.
This
was
because
the
transpiration
of
plants
is
so
efficient
at
lowering
the
air
temperature.
We
reckoned
it
would
cost
about
£300
per
square
meter
to
add
this
onto
a
façade.
But
we
think
it
will
produce
about
£100
per
square
meter
a
year
of
food:
coupled
with
the
savings
on
heating,
it
could
really
make
a
difference.
Interesting
to
see
how
that
works
out.
Supermarket
Since
then
we
have
been
working
with
a
major
supermarket,
looking
at
developing
a
food
producing
façade.
The
limit
of
the
aquaponic
system
is
two-‐fold.
It’s
about
the
amount
of
sunlight
that
goes
into
the
system
and
how
much
protein.
Producing
enough
protein
can
be
quite
difficult.
There
are
people
working
on
growing
maggots
to
feed
to
the
fish,
or
trying
to
chop
up
worms
to
feed
to
the
fish,
or
spent
barley
from
breweries.
But
supermarkets
throw
away
thousands
of
kilos
of
protein
every
year.
Therefore
it
could
be
amazing
to
them
to
recycle
it
on
site,
directly
into
their
fish
tanks.
We
just
started
on
this.
We
did
a
model
of
one
hypermarket
in
Manchester,
and
we
think
that
just
by
replacing
the
south-‐facing
façade
with
a
system
like
this,
we
could
generate
about
£1,000,000
worth
of
crop
in
retail
prices
per
year.
It’s
basically
free,
once
you
build
the
façade.
Quite
amazing.
What
we
would
like
to
do
is
to
develop
a
bigger
mock-‐ up
of
this
type
of
façade
and
test
it
a
bit
before
we
go
any
further.
The
other
thing
we
started
to
think
about
is
the
whole
supermarket
site,
because
you’ve
got
a
roof,
walls
and
a
car
park,
which
is
quite
a
lot
of
surface
area.
The
supermarket
chain
were
quite
interested
in
this
because
their
least
profitable
food
product
is
salad
crops,
which
is
mainly
produced
in
Spain.
They
have
refrigeration
and
transport
issues
with
them.
Salads
are
very
delicate
so
quite
often
they
have
very
short
shelf
life
and
they
throw
loads
of
it
away.
If
you
had
a
just-‐in-‐time
system
in
the
supermarket
it
can
cut
lots
of
food
miles,
and
changes
the
productive
element
of
the
supermarket.
The
other
thing
is,
imagine
going
there
and
seeing
all
these
different
species
of
fish
along
the
window,
what
is
available
that
you
can
eat
later,
in
the
supermarket.
It
is
a
great
marketing
tool
as
well.
In
addition,
think
of
the
cooling
load
it
provides.
Supermarkets
have
a
high
cooling
load
and
they
have
a
lot
of
waste
heat
from
fridges
we
can
put
through
the
façade,
which
then
is
heated.
The
supermarket
has
waste
electricity
at
night,
as
they
generally
have
their
own
generation,
and
usually
don’t
sell
it
at
night
to
the
grid.
They
are
not
getting
any
money
from
it,
so
it
better
be
used
to
light
the
whole
façade
with
LEDs,
creating
a
24/7
productive
wall.
This
may
change
the
game
in
terms
of
what
we
might
do
with
a
supermarket.
Synergetic
city
Liverpool
City
Council
came
to
us
and
said,
‘We
would
really
like
to
be
sustainable,
have
you
any
ideas?.’
Liverpool
is
basically
a
shrinking
city
in
turbulent
times.
So
we
helped
them
how
they
might
become
sustainable
without
doing
anything.
It
was
about
glass
recycling
and
the
production
of
algae
arrays.
Liverpool
is
a
port
on
the
west
side
of
England
and
it
used
to
trade
a
lot
with
America.
And
now
all
the
trade
has
changed,
with
Europe,
and
it
doesn’t
do
very
well,
leaving
the
city
with
a
lot
of
empty
spaces.
About
12%
of
the
city
is
derelict.
There’s
at
least
12
kilometres
of
docks
with
nothing
in
them.
Glass
waste,
powdered
glass
is
free
if
you
collect
it.
Europe
has
got
so
much
un-‐recycled
glass
it
does
not
know
what
to
do
with
it.
So
the
idea
was
that
the
council
would
buy
some
boats,
start
recycling
glass
and
produce
these
algae
array
raceway
ponds
(figure
20),
which
are
shallow
concrete
trays
with
a
small
water-‐wheel
in
them,
covered
in
glazing.
Algae
just
grows
in
there,
you
sieve
it
off
and
can
do
something
with
it.
When,
some
species
of
algae
are
dry,
they
carry
50%
vegetable
oil
by
weight.
It’s
incredibly
productive
as
a
way
of
producing
energy,
which
makes
it
about
100
times
better
per
hectare
than
rapeseed
due
to
its
continuous
production
cycle.
It
doesn’t
need
shade,
you
can
keep
sieving
it
off
and
it
keeps
growing.
You
can
also
sequest
carbon
by
pumping
it
directly
into
the
water,
which
makes
the
algae
grow
even
faster.
We
realised
the
algae
array
was
only
a
part
of
the
system.
The
algae
array
produces
fuel
oil
for
a
district
heating
system,
that
produces
electricity
and
heat
for
the
city
and
powering
the
glass
and
aluminium
recycling.
We
can
also
use
the
waste
from
the
algae
arrays.
The
other
50%
of
the
stuff
you
hoover
off.
After
you
have
crushed
it,
is
just
cellulose
and
it
is
pretty
good
food
for
cows.
You
can
then
use
the
waste
from
those
cows
to
produce
compost
for
greenhouses
and
use
the
green
waste
from
the
greenhouses
to
feed
to
the
algae.
So
you
make
a
system
that
goes
around,
closing
cycles
and
producing
quite
a
lot
of
oil
and
food.
We
had
the
idea
you
start
off
with
one
glass
recycling
plant,
start
to
grow
arrays,
make
biodiesel,
sell
the
product
and
invest
in,
in
the
end,
10
glass
recycling
plants,
which
assemble
a
huge
array,
floating
in
the
Mersey
estuary
(figure
21).
This
grows
over
40
or
50
years,
and
by
2050,
Liverpool
produces
twice
the
amount
of
oil
as
it
needs,
and
could
power
itself
for
free.
From
a
little
oil
terminal
Liverpool
exports
oil
to
the
rest
of
the
world
when
nobody
has
got
any
left.
All
the
derelict
space
in
the
city
would
then
have
greenhouses
in
them.
We
did
the
project
about
five
years
ago
and
the
council
just
laughed,
saying
that
it
was
stupid
and
ridiculous,
and
no
one
was
ever
going
to
do
that.
But
interestingly,
last
year
in
April,
I
was
phoned
up
by
the
new
Liverpool
City
Region
and
they
said,
‘We
want
to
do
it.’
And
I
nearly
fell
off
my
chair.
They
said,
‘We
want
to
find
out
what
we
need
to
do,
and
we
want
to
invest
in
it.’
They
had
contacted
all
the
landowners
and
they
were
looking
at
doing
it
right
away,
because
it
could
solve
lots
of
things,
such
as
the
problem
with
storm
surges.
When
the
river
is
canalised,with
the
algae
arrays
it
can
minimise
storm
surges.
It’s
loads
of
different
things
at
once:
the
estuary
is
very
polluted
and
when
there
is
a
storm,
it
stirs
up
the
pollution.
Whereas
the
water
is
generally
quite
fresh,
so
if
you
can
calm
the
water
down
they
reckon
there
can
be
real
benefits
in
terms
of
wild
life
and
nature.
This
project
was
initially
about
taking
things
to
the
limit.
We
had
no
real
intention
for
it
to
be
delivered
exactly
like
this.
But
I
think
you
could
deliver
something
that
could
work.
The
problem
is,
there
is
lots
of
work
going
on
about
algae,
but
instead
of
just
doing
it,
they
are
trying
to
genetically
modify
algae
so
they
can
patent
it,
instead
of
just
choosing
some
reasonable
species
that
would
do
OK.
Which
is
a
bit
of
a
problem.
Salford
Vision
2005
Together
with
KCAP,
Rotterdam
and
MacCreanor
Lavington
Architects
we
did
the
Salford
Vision
project
in
2005
to
turn
Salford
into
a
productive
a
semi-‐rural
landscape,
dealing
with
shrinkage
and
flooding,
because
the
river
floods.
We
concentrated
all
the
communities
on
higher
grounds
and
took
out
all
the
levees
and
dikes
along
the
river,
to
try
to
open
up
it
up.
We
got
shortlisted
and
went
to
an
interview
with
a
worked-‐up
scheme,
but
they
told
us
we
were
trying
to
run
the
place
down
and
make
rubbish.
Now
they
have
changed
their
minds,
and
put
these
ideas
on
their
agenda.
Certainly
in
the
UK,
there
has
been
an
amazing
change
in
people’s
attitude,
only
in
a
few
years
time,
to
what
a
city
is
and
what
we
have
to
do
in
the
future.
I
want
to
finish
by
thanking
people,
because
it
wasn’t
just
me
who
delivered
it,
obviously.
It
was
Vinnie,
whom
I’ve
mentioned,
and
the
Biospheric
Foundation
and
Manchester
International
Festival.
But
I
also
had
two
PhD
students,
Andy
and
Tilly.
They
worked
24/7,
365
days
of
the
year,
doing
stuff.
I
had
people
in
the
Build
Team,
Morgan
and
Josh,
who
were
students
of
mine
from
Leeds
from
a
few
years
ago,
who
quit
their
jobs,
just
to
come
and
help
for
a
bit.
People
have
an
amazing
commitment
to
these
things.
I
had
about
20
students,
post-‐graduate
students
from
Queens,
and
then
10
undergraduates
just
phoned
up
and
said,
‘Can
we
help
this
week?
We’re
all
coming
over,
we’ll
sleep
with
the
fish.’
They
turned
up
and
helped
us
with
stuff.
So
I
have
to
thank
them.
Without
them
I
never
would
have
delivered
any
of
it,
really.
Thank
you
very
much!