PDF

•........ w~z:;) 25)@ ~6l.<9:5l mO ~@)~2StC;<9 <glC.Dl:5lQ Vo5. 0:5l@, G,)C :::5?C~ .vl.
~ 6)~ 6 D<; Da::;) CJ[Jl

0:::;) @i<';o5:::;)
de5 2:5)6cnZ:;):5l)<'l')~)6058. 8 G')a~
:::5)@(DC@iC:5l tgle5@25l@i:::5)c\'j 6)l~ Old c,,)Jl@t(l):::;) ("'o5j25)(:;) (..')C:! CJ60::5'lo5
@z5)z:;) @iC;:5l @i<;)6 @i25)25l<9l@iO:5l@ie5a~e5 ~6 G,)S1~:5l ::5)@ <;6l.<9:5l mO CJt.& <;Wo5@i@@io5"'<;:5l'1')2:5))605
'1'~2:5)66io5 2SIB@O C:5l:5l~ ~6Vo5, <glG')[:5lVo5.@i@@CJ[.& C;e:Jo5@~e:J)O a<,m) D[Oefttlo5::;) <; amCD)m 805. "'@
a~m) al<& ~e:Jo5@i@~ m)v::5)) ~~ La~64iio5:5l q~~64ii@io5:5l :::5)l~ v@iGi~ @iZSl~ CD)~ <; 805.'
EJl<~:>rl@\Si"'~c' d~m..,
@iaacsi@z:;) m) @ie.3acsi@z:;)(1911)
c-~_~ al~ C;805@i@ ~ al~ DC; ~lruC; ~tJ) G')lSl@

ru~6 ZSlle%@ ~, e.t'61 t.-C;
e.3<;e» 1:;,'))V::5)) ~6 @ldC'" @ic,')D25l~m
6) 6l.::;) 0<9::5) ~@ ZSllruC; 02:5)~ 2:5)0 (..')l.1S'l@e.(;(;,'))
cnl§i@O e,'))V::5)) (;,')~25) 2:5)6 @I& CD0:o1 t.::lE,
~C; ~C ~~~<;~ @i(;,')&25le"lo~,.m9<9
~ \ ~ vi-4.J<L P~
~ClAvl.
)-0 lS> ~ .:L\ ~ .

<9 eo~l~C)
~ O(~ ~~Ol~2S)w
~~enl
Q)~ Ole2S)w
~~~~
Bees for Sustainable Development. -
~ - ®~ ~aJ~,~O
~fYX5 (p®~~ em eve) 8'JGg~
011285 50881 071 82097841077 3062958
tS)C$e')aemWe')o) tS)a~
Beekeeping for Honey Production in Sri Lanka (1994)
(ISBN 955 - 9282 - 01 - 8)
~ eotS)~ e ol~ ~cio)(e')~ c~an ~ct>O)e~

d.CJ.q}. ao!)~J
(ISBN 955 • 9282 • 00 . X)
1952 GO@oD::l/3@c 29 Dz251~m mt:i)~ ts)OZ5)C~ COts)::l~~W arcoo o~(3~63

o~ 9 COt:llarn. clD::lro::l~::l.<5ro::l~::l eoo q;>o@8O::lc)Cld::lC::lDm
8~@~ D15Ddd::l
co@roGd 19jf!J ~~~ ~()G~ qW15::l0Z5) qwms~ omO::lC ~®m 58m 8drnts)::lC
GO::lrncl DCldG~m q~@rn t:llOm c~.
O~ ~el5aoco
<3c't:ll~.
qDl)JOlS1 \9m6 gt:llJCl:lt:ll CO<3<Cl:lt:ll @)~c~·
@trlz:;)~c'c.
"q;>96z.o::>~."
qDl)JOlS1 eoo cod qDl)JOlS1 q@):)z:;)l)::>oCl:l<3d
~.
1994 wd<3z:;):1i!1@t5 @)o 28 ~153 ~lS1.
~ Go~l(s)~
~ Oi~ £1~o)~?j)w
~~eol
Q)~ OlG?j)w
o.e:J.~. 9oe~ede:J)
z:llc~ OC:;J:lJGEl~ (eB6Je~~c.:l, @ e°::;)J): oC:;J:lJafil (<TIeDe'd, ::;),IDDJ):
cltlroJtl OC:;J:lJ OC>lJOC:;(G)ntll, ddZ5'!tslC')ni) ~~ e~Z5'!, ot5®§l)
o eo~))-tl)lf:5)eJ) ~ old ti1I~O)~f:5)C)'J3)oa~~

\W~\W!i ~tl)~ tl)<$f:5) ee.
~d'd)~t;~~d
§ eots)) ~a~~~ij) ~t;O)<:$~~®trl'~~e)
c.:lOO
~l2S)eJ)~, ooe~
~l~trl'~~)~ qtrl'~<:$O)~~ c.:loc)~Q2S)q)~~2S)~d
c.:lOO~~jG)o)C)~~~
ISBN 955 - 9282 - 00 - X
ZSl@6JWaIWlC5® eeeo 6ae(J)'®~ W) 6ae<rf®m

(1911) ZSl225l6d 6Z3'JOb?OI WJ 0la q::;i'lZSlO~W
WlO@~ 0au Wl@i:»6d qIZ>dGz;) 00 C;, dBuc
(1945) WlZ:§\0d 0z;)J0Z>d0I WJ o(a q~WlO~W
ZSlO§m xi GZ5) B\J0t) aI& c;e.)w@ §56@ (6JLM
ZSlI80@) B~ W c; Z5)~c;8B 6J<6<(s)® ®WZ3'1 c8~
ZSlOZ5)e~.
10.5 0ta0r::J qI:§\ 8§b® C5t50t>fc;w OC£fC0d6JJro

gW)Z5) 8§\w® §'t5®)~ G!JdB 6®. 3. 6~. gZ5)J~E
®WZ3') [J8m ZSlOZ5)e~.
Cj1::56D:f~(jDG'd'D6cob ~S~JG(j
41, ~~Ql& ®JDm, c55f®GJ25).
@ CoZ5)J08 ® Q)e52aJcm0cJ ~H~eJ C0~e3J q'3YlJOGd)58
ZS:lJZ:5)@.suZ5)
cstjQ)® e3lZ5)8® e3C;WJ qZ5:f£3eJJo® 0C.3~,
e c0c(e3J mwi5)O f-@Z5)O Z5)Jt5C.3WJOC.3cl~8 Z5)@
0d'OJ0~.su0d UcQeJ 5~)5JC0d, Z5)agZ5)t5® 8W0d,
Z5)3~ 50 B~)5J 0~CSJt5l5)0@m~08 8u~ qBa£3 ®WJ[IJ1:5C.3
@aacl (fie@Z) @idaclz) ®l£35J®m
00l5)U.
60®m®
6® ZSlt5Z3'eJ)5e3Jt50Z5)eJ ~8§B® e3C;WJ
q'3))5eJG:l)5 2 C3@CSZ5:f
eJCSC.3J~®u ~~BcsZ5:f ~
Z5)lmUJ08 ®m;3()B0C.3::f8 c00UGrl 6cd'eJ 6~)5JC0d csBe30 506c;)5}
0(~CSJt53)0@m5J08 Q)02 cs')cmC.3 8@Q)c; ®WJUJt5C.3, qWJOgJd'Z5l
~CDjc)d C)d'. ~~2i~~2ic) ®(83J®m <
ZSl23:lec;gt50Z5)eJ 88031 z;))o§.
60cl®
®u Gd3:l Ot5@C.3Z5)UUUJ ~Wl5:l~
Ol.su c;Uw0@ qmt5oC.3 q00Q)::fG ~0®m
@ COZSlJeJU Q)e52OJcmw w~mOJ ~®u 8oo::fmJ® 2
2:i?0r~tmc eJZ5:f0~m® g0<S';10cJ 6FfeJJ c..JliJ eJc;wm ~~C~
Q~~~eo~~et:S) ®(8332®m0mm ~
~m CS~ GCS ~OiJ0m Q)CS2CSJcmC.3 eJ)5Jd'::5J Z))O~®U qg£3WZ5l 00:.Jt5c..Jzs:lG)W 3:l®

e3@CSW e e3C;c5)}0C.3~8 08wm0mJU wGm@8250c.5 t)8eJJ c..JliJ eJc;wm
d. 8. ~~~et:S) ®l£35J®m0mm ~
Q)e52aJcm ~~~eJ C3C;WJ OJC;)5 q~~WC.3 CQ)J~@U l§wJZSlO ql§)

C°Z5)J Z5)2@ZSlJt5®ZSl
e3om®0cJ 0GZ5)@ poc..J ~R~, a80 gi53@wJamc..J 2 CoZ3)J
Z5)c@Z5)t5®0c;CSJt5l5:l0@m5J08 0GZ5)@ eJG":l0wm l§WJ Z5)0G c..JliJ e3t:;wm
DJecl ~Q) ai ®l£332®mGmm c;
'0'
g G> - (JDClG> CJ, ~ G> G> g a 6 C'J+ll eJo.C') <€I.fl! G>.fl! C'J0J6 eJC'JeJ @
.., Q <D (i'ID 'f',,) @ @W@ .r.. uQQCJ~GC'Jex
C(lo.<D ~ c. @
~"(l8 '".fl!
f!J.) eJ C'J~gag.8a§ga
g ;;; oj>.
8:l C'J
..I1l-t'o U eJ G ~g 9, CGeJ~ Q "s\C>Mag(;)~(j!
ex .r» CI. a ~)~ ~G>C'J [l,g-t'o~ 01~cY~ex::;'" u cYM G>
aC\
@ ~
a G g G "" @D S\f~"" o : GG~@! v.G
g G.MG C'J@JlC'J~::;t>M
'" g '" "'lI Q..) '0 .fl! ~ @Jl'" Q ""- G> GCJG>@!o Q,Q(l!1
G> G S' j}C'J~ C'J ~1
a gu@!~<>ru. f!J.)a@! c
~-J" CQ a .s ~ fa @),s c'+ll 6~fl~~ Q @!~C; ~(;) a C\J G ~
a ~geJ S>'9~Q(;)fJ .fl! ro QCJJS", f!J.)u a
U I>!l 0. a S' t> g a
ex Ot .fl!""
.fl! g t> ~) U U 0. ~ Q6u G>~@a a())~\"Q)6~ ~
g .co C'J 0. U (;) @D @! ~ G> § @Jl(;) C')
s» » p( g C'J
G: C'! (l ~ G "n '" @Jl
g G> Jll g g 0 U (lg4,C}eJ D 6,.::r '-; £l.1C'J. '::"@!~a
@Jl «1,.ro~,g
~ G> ro .fl!.88@!C\J
~aQ ()) ~ 8 C\J G +ll g £l ex"'l! C'JaJGC'!aaaC'Jog
C5~a .r» ~ U
g (l
i t> G W ~g~@D.G~~~ t> C') C\J C') g G>
C'J G 8 5: E,J S o.o.C')eJuat>
U a C') ~~(,,)~C'J-t'o o ('1~G>
li § C') @jClG ~~uG'..r,.fl! @D
~ ('1 8) (}9,G> ~.fl!~ ~')85?
eJ-t'o g g g C'JuClat>a""
g ~ 0. (;) G C'!u Qt>
(d) g ao.u g ""a
W G> C'J (l g ~ o.S,),.('ijQeJ ", ~~~ a~ ~~~CJr(,,)@
U G 9. a @D
(, G ro ~C'J..t'ilw~rna~
'U a o g(larC'!~.fl!~@!
8 a~ @!Cll 0 a"" o g@!'" a@!G>uo
g0 ~ ~s ~ -t'oCJ,SJ6 ga Q@Jlu(;)8", Qa~1"'I
~"'lI G g G> @)~.8 ~ ~ g CA ~~ @JlG
@ a 8 Q ~ ~ u ~ g ~ ~S
(') u
G g. aJ G> a f!J.)QCA68Bl u 01.fl! GeJ ~ uU
U
1i ~(\!) G> @ @Jl u g G ~C')
~.fl! o g ("0 G> 8. @!Ql1p(ao~ClJC'J['£l
SJC) Gg(lClGa 6 Gl G> v.,.::r C\J a 6 eJ G '(;)
8 Bl U ~ @) ex 'j} a a~gC\J@~ , 8.!:lglGGt>Da6
'" G ID o '8 @
Cl (,1 [,.") G> QJ o.tC'J 0 (l @! @ C') 0 u 1C'J ~ C'J
~ ~ U Gl
G>
It @! C\J 8 ~.. 0.
::;, C') @D g ~, 8.-t'o ~aC'JG~aG.fl!6
~, a C') @! @Jl (;)1 D gaG> lij c
9 ~) Qi) G> aG> 0Ju fA-~~'1l G> C') gag ~ ~ ~ U
.fl!,s,s Cl g 5: 8 g C}",M.8@ (;)8 gaG (;)o.MX>eJ
U '" eJ , 1::)::; g 8 U ~.roGv.@!g
~ '" &J ff f!J.)(;) -n
8 G>1'(3a(1'8 u 0J I'llU
9 ~g Q @Ji
aC.ll G> ~ G> U 6G>(l'l'I
,.('" x ,sa U C! u 0' "41'G ",,-1_C'J
8.(d) @!a c' G. fa Bl '.:'G a 0. ,.('0 Q g ,u c Q Q
g 8 ,g 6 (,1 G G~&5,gC'!g@Jl eJG> • .fl!8:la g
Cl g u A M
g ~ '" G'l U u G> C'J &J C'J Q (;) a a Q a G G § Q .fl!
eJBlSi @D U
'"&lei'-' ~ C') C} g G g~ff a ~ a u g G a
ali~suG~
g '-'
~aC')
6 6 eJ G a 01'" @'" &J liC>
U U 8 C\J~~ G li"'lI
U ~-t'o (;)6:lQ0faga 8
~-t'o Q @D] .8f}~gQ
~~ ~@!!:'j 6G ~g 8:l!J:lG
.fl! 0. ~CJ, I'!
a ~.ro a.ro G G> C, (l,Q
U G>
G> Jll no @ G _'1l ~ ~-t'o.fl! G.g~.roc:.g
-t'o @ "4 8 G, s~rn
~~ G>ClG>GM8!lV 6 8 ~ G',8 [(1'8.
u G :no v. G> 8. M,.(''' V. '-'
g a <€I .!1D,g G g @!. <€I ,9 CJ, g
liOJ aJ(lC'J -t'o::;E>!G> "
@! , @1 @ 'C') a U g GAG"'ll<> lig:)c"g(1'8 ~u eJ~
.g G 8:l ~ .fl! g ~ £l. .fl!+llClE>!Oag 1Cl8.lW@.ro2C3 g §
, ()) 9:J D&J GG> U
0: ~) (j! o o rr o auCA
CA g g t> o."'l! @DQ0 @DGa""-@!G>g8G
aJ~ ~ a Cl@Ji G r'f1 "G>Q6
CD G> a u .oo w ,Q.J:j@ ~~o.Gli
g C') g 0JA 2 Q
G. C') -t'oaJ afl G SJo..8 Bl8@ ~(/IJ.fl!,9 rn'" G I'C'!~C'J
~ fl(£f!J.) .ro '" -t'o C') ~ li ~ Q
C>-t'o liG go.~ClGG@ .fl!Gg)6 a ,~
B @ C') r.cs C?l g W
CA@Dfpuc>aG> a, ClJQCl.C\J,g+ll.8
g ,~ G C') l'I'(;)0 Cl .fl!G>.G &50(/IJ9J
i~ .fl! G> ~ Q..) ~ ~ G> (,1 'ij N@ 80. "a
u ~
g @! !1l(d) &Gl.fl!~C'J8G8~'"
0.8 -t'o,s@f~GBc>
0. ~Qo aa~.Qg g C')G.~
G 4, ~C'J a O.M a r@ C')
("I 8 (",1/'iJ G~ G 8 f:2jC@ 'f., C'r n, l'l- o G. (bl) ~ C') (0 ("I U. c@ g (\ @)(G,.t;}(")(~G G
G w-t', Q)@@),-, @)8
-3 §~ G~.£~fj®l
09 G) /', @) 5 ~' (, C\ (,: (' -t'! ('J S (!'J , c» G 0) It @) <0
a t:: (') S@) (0 9 G ~ '-' 13) 'f' (,; u GJ 'i:i. f, to' l) "'" 5 0ij"Q g (l! It@)
g <j) G ~ ~3" ~ 9) Q
CJ ,'l! (' 6' G .c» co (A G 5, ttN (J '-'o~ c <:t,'S'0. G, c', <1" QJ G, (",.t; 0. a.d:i': l]J" (> a) Q) g
(" C' G c> ' " (" 9 ."'- (" ('J c.': .::J. G ft COJ 0) CO) g C\ @l ...;; C 0:
c= tf ", (" , t:J <_'° '.M
;:; [jJ 9.Q G5"Of;j (~ rr, 9 (" ~ G c --
'-' u '0 0':'.) '-' 0. OJ @' '" (il (" C' 9 ~ !;J C\
f, v (J 0) ",' 9 l", (,,: QJ '" G: (") ~
~ Cl 0) .I,j 9 ~, .; t\ CJ~' 0 G.~lQ(;~u.t:J 1..1
D (".Js8>"!u~
G<:(}r"CQ~ £;Q9"eGC:
n, n G: ("1 (Q N U U ~J (jJJ (, C':J C; (. Q (,!, '-' ~) !t ('11 --M(",g
'0 ::J 0. C" 01 Q Sl '-" ,to, .,"80) [;[;f'!2l·.I~(£QJ0.c) 5g"''-'cg'" ess
o:gU (".J <:t(") eJ
S U'@)~>,.t;@J@)13'\ ""'Cil6*)uGQ Glo.s(".J[jw,
(' G: a; <0 . t' }(" "'" g £; 51
~) ~ ~ ~ S'C 2b ~.' )? ~ rS' g (",(". !2l£;9.(( C")('J,~
> ~ ("1 ~o (g (~'x C'~l8g1uG§cn ~
Co !t 0) @ t;i
M t:l (I., <j) , ~ G .r» ~ 1..1
g@§rB(;)f{G§~ ,.t;s, OlG 8) • gaG-'l!61CJ:
(~ . 0. ~ ') u C'?l G) ~';) Q) c' ~ co GClu~®0l5@J
(iilC('?Olgf;"G ® JJG,G: ",,00:[ ro"G, D C'J 6 @ C\ 0) eJ
'f' 0) ,.) c- (ill pC) g N g 9 r;" g , (") Co.1' C" Y 3 g a~, C 9 C\ 'G (3 "'l! U C>J~Q)d~-Q!.~g
> £;(dv (ioGUt:J U ,.t;J (iiI £; g C'I ~ (' ("1 @ " (", *(,,'~l8-Q! 0: u" (~ tl "'-
.,"8, -Q!,.t; 61 <>Jll o.Q~' ('J Q, ,~ o; C") ""
"') og 0.
oc) cnr;; N co 13'\ ' ~ 0. 9,,"'l! ~ C" 61 C
G ",,::J -f'iJ t, G, tlU"'- Q.)l!lSJ.,0)
gw1u'CC<"D5O: S ~ • .c) ""I,'S Q) (") t) 9 a g) G G ,+' (",~ES<:tOlGu ::J (;J 9 @l 9. g (") !t
o.(~,'l! C)~u g 61 £; ,-.' n § g) (" c (') 5)
S CiJ (bo 9" !:;J-g
!1lu. ,.t;o:£;c 9C-",61N ~ S, G (") ~ 9" 0) gBu 61£;"
N tYN "~61 G 8 ~ 0
t:;: 13'\,.('{)0)
@) B ~ -Q! -Q! (~ ('J • 9 o U CiI o t:J UO~'(ln.g ""
~ G, 9J~ C" @ g 1',lcg Q ('("'('11(")'-'0,-,,,,, 1'1('" £;~<"r,G'GS C!("l]gOlu~(')
gl CJ;; 61 0. Q@)("1 G •• S . Q tl v c.) G '-" ~ a; " G 0: 61 OJ g w.. CJ
g;:
@) ~ 0G L @ICJ9"t; v,@Ju)}QcS yCJ GGfl?J"G'~Q
a(' e ,~ u!t£; '@) 61 61~~C'@)(i"JgOl
G Q c@0. 61 go)? Si £;.(~£;(,Jrl!cnGC)Q ~;:Q!/,D~ g G (,1 • (", ~
m G g !J Ol
!t o 0) -t'~ co' 9 '" @) [; u ~1;r. C?'Du c: [j) (".J M 9J C ~ ,::t £; (!'J
s ~ (i'l ~ 61 CJ @d:; ~ 'G r:..
C'lJN 8J "" t:J @) U. ro 8 (", CJ ( .r» !;)) @ 0. Sl U f' &l..0. g)
uClo8lCJ CiI:luutiOJ("J'G) 8lJu~e;u6
~-G~~G~-2@) -3 <3 c <" g G !J 'l: U @ 61 ,g !t D~C""'}(")N E} Sl~-f'ilg J.f:2j 0) OJ
Clu 61,c:P",Cl('jJ 0) 0) .('a
g (")('~()I,
£; 'G 5 ~ ~ c.C? G G &lJ (') 8lJ -Q! gJ (") ,S' u" ,'l! e ~ 8lJ !t ~)
u a 61 9 0. 61 u 0) U",.t;~ ~ u (\!-Q!""'" (" •0: 0
~oc u G 61 g.Q!
~ ~1t !tr;;, @) ~ ~ g C'Pt) U ~(");g r>~)C B I.j) s« g ." ,S,~ o ~ ~ o o.@)QJ @)u""
.co g fl' U lP v.. @l (,)
t:JGOl 0. ~ co Gl ~@l @l <0 -Q! (d I:el 0 v @) -Q! Q C"J CJ:861OJG@Dg -Q!fJ'!vf:2j!:;JCilSlO:0'
s. -o ,.t; (iiI 8 OJro
91 9 CiI g) "'" 61 u CiJ 9. g rl! @
a ~S °R·8lJg (") <" o '" c, Q) @J (j
o""'co u8°g CJ't:J uG:gu
C~I'fj OJCll9 u ~u CJ-Q (')1'1 o f1ld ("J~ ~)Q)~OG 9. £;G@u(j
e; CJ:V,U G lP ClV,ti U G I:el n w 8
~@)a-tli u Clla~ , Clo @)oe' CiI 61 (,,!t 0. e--, U (l g ~ g 0) a !t a ~oQ)@Jlscn1(")
GC'1l lP£;@JlGCiJ 61""C'PC:@) G@)uSl",@", G(")uOl""'610
SJ~~~i~SJ~ gg-G'061g£;S !tu~g~~9J ,~o: •.ll StJQ61 8
!tgC09.C "'-OS"'4@)(\lGr-J
6 Cl-Q! ~ '" OJ 0. 9. U g G S
Cllu w-f'''C;<-fll @J
,.t; G ~ g) u f. ~ u ~ !t CJ @II
~~ ,.t;£;9<" (,,)~g
S 9 <" 0. ~'@) '.M
co 0- G o '~Cl @) G: 0) 8. u ~<" 8 C'lJ .r» (") @) £; @ ~ 'ftG'GQJ("1G
,'OI@)QJ· @.Q v
~ G 5 !il,.t; 61 0) <1,,6 a)Ol u [; ~ 118 (,1 ®G 0 o g M 9. g ~r1r~
G c» G -tli a "!!l
,.t; u G~'l! @)@)861 uug~ ~o,G,(3uR' ~~ Q. 61 CJ 9 -Q! @) ,ct> Gl
g,
rJ '1 r-J
G) -f'il0l (""G g"s Go,£; C'lJ,.t; ('J,CiJ C CJ 0) !t ~ X »
@)G9Srn61@)~ 061WGl9£;Cl ®Ci)ClOlSl 8\0
~,OJ N Gll M 8), g ~ @) u 3.
@)a1iEt,.SA~af:2j ""'(l~'l!"'- OliO Q) U o rs "s~)CJgG!t£; "'l! Vi a" G~ ~~
<"~ ':J' Q@lCJ
@)0.~0Ci1·.,)~;:!)' Cl(l Cl&18 ~ co o 8 u &) ~. g c 0) u"
.('ati~~g@ @)!t oGQ)<"oQ ,~~'l!@Jl(")Gu-:!.- Ol61(i'9)Q<..>Sg ti ~,.SA @l~ (l G 61
0@13'\ o.~ M (,,'i 0) U. (,1 g £; 6 (') Ol Ol @) ()! en Cl§.S8~StJo.
ti~GgGG"g~QJ ~~~aQQ@)g
6 (") (') Ol ~ G ~ (") 0) 61 U a g G £;f:2jgG<961£;
~G61~8~~-tli <"a.!tG o.8lJ 1;;
(i'9) ~ g ~ CII (") 0) (") ~ co CiI" ~2 CJ G 0.[(; !t a @JlC'lJ G
Gg@)G£;(iilJi\~ g(")o.u ~)-Q!ugC1lO",-(")<"G ~l~;:Q!Q ~g.@Jla
o.~!tC061 9 u o.(")S-f'il@ ri5-Q! o.Q)@)COCii G
e;~M~Gi1.0) oggl61lC-Q!
M@J@),O~(i'9)Clu['CJ rS1l G ~ 9 S g 'O('J,G;:Q!GCJ:Cl
~ u"'" @l§lB Q)(")-Q!~)('J,U co!t
(i'9)~.,::r 61 61\,Cl Cl Q) a StJ 0) (;) (), CiI (l 11 CiI. 9.('(\, 8 ~Cll61 GG", ~£;rG9JuCJO
~610snGC1a"o:!t wS@l@)' s@!l ;a ® M r@) -Q! u
CJ(iiI @lg 6 CiI 61 £; <:t (,,1 CiI 61 Cl"", u 0. ~"'" 9
@)CJ (iilCllClG ,.t;0(')Nu"Cl..tbG£;§. a£;SO ~ • C'lJ Cl £;
COo.SlCJ ,.t;gCOl '(fCiJO)C'lJ"s£;CJ:
SOl(Ol&GsG
Cf'> (,)0.8 g ~"o. G g-g~ 8 tl £; go CJ C\ Cll ('J,<€l CJ Cl61~OlG~ ""'OJ@)u ti~
tl '(11 0. C! u" u "'" 0.0 0.G Ol-Q! Cl;:Q!,.('{)61 CiJGw6['Gg~'
g)C'lJv ~-fll.<1l.,gGll CiI Clu,,61Cil,,""G 61Q u 9.61,.('{) S ,'S t) §l);;-Cl (iiI 9. @o.ct>uNuG
OJ-G Cll Cl"'" G 9J @) 8lJ@JQ, 9 CJ!il OJ G'"@ Gl@ £;~"G 8lJ~~G£;g6 l] G ~ CJ Gl" Cl "@
@)u£; u &lJ~G CJ C 9. ClO@) CiI ~ ~o@ 0' ~ a-n .®£\ G&lJu,,!tG£;. £;CJG.gaaCll
o El Gl eo g)t00,ClGl-+ll
u '" BODGI~@l@~
o!:l Ir.l(11
g .••..
GuD({lJG@u
a08>Gl ['G~&Gn-+llU
0,0. u .••.. ° rf!lG!l,,,,@ElG
u' • 0. O 0Gl~El~('()
Qll ~ C') ~ GI a o @J~ ~
!l,. u
Gl g 01 ~!:l~CJCJDa
at-:> u g DN ~ ~ c;
0
(i) ~ -'J <B(i)u!:bo~~
@ • .oo !l,CG 6 CJ ~Gl a
u Grf!l ~GGGl
~
-+ll G-+llGlO!:l!l,~
0.
p@ !:l~B~,§§G
.r» CJ Gl C@ -+ll CD .e ~®
Ci'i",.OIO,",@
ft CJ @ u ve G
~ ,......~~ (3 @ Co 0 GI c C')
D -+ll C D u ~ 01 ~
t>D~t> .f\J@no,G@Gl
ut<()U G[~~CJillQ
° u m ° ~ u ~ t> ~ (\
s. ~~"T1~@
Cl '(\Bl
,§rn Gl CJa.a:o
!1>Q@(\!;l~§
@l~['GO~ ~!;l@~!1>Go.
Gu!:bGl
@!;lGl%<A g<B!l,OIElG
u !l,C(1) @N S
~~ [g ~ GI G a!:;! u
c;,- CD GGg." @g
n ~ I <A g CIlill 0 '"
6G.. (} So@o,-+ll!;l
u u u CJ~
Seb On§@0!;l
uGl.. CJibu
~ 0
&a n(p-+ll0(l)CJ
@ ro 0, Gl..cn C( Gl G .r»
D u CO M &3 @CJ'N
t> -+ll Qll Q~b!l,o."'"
~~ ~ ~ a;D' B08 ~
u ex a usc9.e';@J
~ g (i) GlU@O@~
G.. Gl @ ~ Gl GI (;) G:l u
GI.. u
'"' c OM· ~'1l
ebg ~uu=-'O@
0@J ~0. !:b C!1> .oo G El @
m C@ CJ 0, @;D' GI.. 15:
~ n .r»
D S GI 15:~a~@8
t> ~un0CJiG
!l,~.t'i C')~~
~ @a§SJ!l,~
i '
N'o'19t!3 @ @ CO @ 9 GI O! 4 9 4 60l@J66G10.@) GI ..N GI 4 o GlY"-"';C; GI 0 CDS Gr@) tl..a 0..('Oj GI 4 (1)

t:J CJ ec u 6..tO 6..tO !:La@ "''''6UC)O!t.u 8Q@CJ@ .r» C) -g-.J ~8,.r.,~~CiJJ -::JJUo,GCiJOl c..Il...!
~n0'" GI eo ~G Y.1~f:.t0. GIN u bS N 98)0., o@JJ~
(>1 as ~,f'J t".J(')GI
JrnU 0@ ~rGuoo
IOO'U>s"!3 CJ@CiJ Y..9'ao.@8 u @ C5G@J!;!~Ol a~ ~reo @ uCiJn;:l" CJGC'J ~
13 COl 0. 0: cl~().!tu COG 0: CiJ~$,sp UaCiJNG@
G ,..:T' GI GI ..tOy~C3it .('OJ u .r» ,SA QJl u 4 GlSCl@@J~~",
O:D!t.@J g@'s~Gl6~ao:~W . Cl!.aceao.gG., a rn,S §>!3J~ @Ju£ ~
@u .roGi O!G 0.
CiJ6 ""Gu"'Sl~ ;:I" CJG.,ac> , ~ S s . G ~ 0 GlO!urlGlao
8 GI ro co ~' & '" . G
g ~,.-...J; 0aqo.@h@~~9J J; DCl al'@) Cl '" u (!J-e GI a co
6 @Jat:J (")GI Ul
U G 13 Ol u @b6 •.• CJ6 0!"J<lllJ},.r., ga!3G1''3~ '"
..to ' 8
GI 6 u,,(')gC?g a
!tu",u rl' a@!t.u u!3 g @J~0 (b0.&l.4u GlO!C>@Sl(!J
@l~&l0: 4~~@86ClY
ar.n~ @& 8 o G., 4 (!J C\ 'i a a.
, rI g a 69J6S>uCOa 13 GlYo.a@) G ~ 0
& a OlreoGg(,,)Cl
~4 t:J GI ~G ~G~u,c;cg·q> a 13 .('OJ 8"8G.{'j~0ll
"o:@ a ("..Ju C'Ju O:o,&l.GI ~ au g S 13 CiJ 6 or., GI 0. !;!
«)lC>@N 6 ~JS>6.a G 13,,(,,)8£13 G u"u~g«)l Q'G u..to DaGi @ <Bl G,.-...-+lI§u61 m IV C:9 0 ~
C> u ;:I"
C)Sla9J~ g<lll GI ' rOl CJ G., GI GI @J S ro g -+ll g.i1l 8
uC.J:Ol<lll G ;:I,,~u C!)8 0 coaaCJ 0ll)5l q
(fl u I~ ..to ~~9Gg.~lICl C(9JC\G(!J @ g 6 CiJ U
o.GO:GI ..to(!!) ~'l!g,(")""'tiOn.a CCID~ rI 'tJ~&u~SJ o.G UN 8
~o,~,C'J t>(!JU'-A Ul'Jou uSGlSlo.uCiJ 13" ~ .oo GI C) GI e 13 ((I)' "" \"'~'"
Q'" O!C>G (OJo,CiJ 0 @O (1'Ju!;j@:Ju,P:CJ «)l ~ s: 6 u GI 4Ugg~ys ~
@) @ GI (!J a
,g aCJ~@JCJJ!~ G4 0a CJu . 8 ~,,8 g C> CJGlC'J~G.,O!
a
~'t u ~ -2 CJ G Dl ()) t>. 0. 0 GI~~!tGl ~ ~ C'J
0o,1l'(") 9JmaG u'~~C!)a~ %@J!t @) r.. QJ) "'" ~' ~ 8 a@Jw@J@
9 N
..to~ <lll G ~' 6 CiJ G..tO CJ-2 c QJ)
GlCiJ,,4 ~ \'Ol CCID GI @J G> G\ (,1 N & G> 13 V6 ® c8 Rl,8 (')~aCO
G." 0 c- 8 0 C")rG GI GI 8 CJ'C>!3 Cl y't. O:CJCJc8
0:0CJI) CJ..tO G.,"""tlnG U CiJClGl§>~ ::J D u ,§,SA(!J£ CiJ
5:l (» CJ.i1l ~ 9J u" 61. 0 WaQ aU!<lll(~&~ (!J' G., 8 co ~s 8 ~CJ!;!O:Ei !3J<lllreo CD~ G
«)l ~1I GI OJ 13 (!J G ®..to 0 I) G c @JJ, C> (!J CiJ tc .r» CJ CiJ
&~G.,' (",,.9 O!O:GI !;!ou,8 613" Y '" CJ o O! II ' 0,,.-... G 0 @i" @) GI", G
~~0,4'0!~ , &)a®~a U GI ::J
CDa~~@Ja
~ (!J Sl-2 ' Ol,.-... !;! ~ N G ("J a ~;!i' ~~@
§O!CJp: arG g ~ U @;:I,,@J,SAQ 9J G.,£CgaJo.Y u-g§@J @J C Y ~GI' G§ru
.i1l u..tO,.-...!3o.UN U, @la!;!' '@" a 13 ~ 0,
~,.-...COl Ol ~"C> @J 0 @) u 135 C) CJ U, 4 N..
6())DaGl"' •.• GI;:I" GI a~ac>(1'J)
~GI a('j,~' if .s o "C>.i1l rc G> rc '[Q::JJ
~ ~ «)l u NC':llCiJ ..to!;!Cl!.CJg;:!1u' a GlGIDlO: , ("180: (")a~ OlYGl9JO! ~ @) OJ 5:~~
, eo D !;! ;:I" (') J; e g J~ ~
a ,.-... en !3J4 co @Jm : @J Ol g GI "'J ,£ ['8) (C!. a~ 0.:'@J G G (";
x. ~ 13 u ~ Slu@a@ u.@J ,u GI '" 1l' C') LA aCiJ"CiJ,,0@J
RGI~J;~~[QCiJ~@£ Olo.@)@Jo.!JlGl CiJ <lll g 0~ GlCiJ.O! 0,SA@J '"
,8 0: ~ u @) G.,J; @J,C'J ~!t @) co C') s"\
-2 g CiJ N>r.>
g ~w a c~-2,.r.,aSl1i Y~a~Gl 0n!t 0. 4 @J I,.., Q
'" @ § !l U u. OJ
1l'",~GI , 2'0~ o,®G co 6 ro Gl co 9J 8 GI @ ?if ~ C\ C\;
13" u o.~ ['(1l u
s oaG., @y
9J u>' !1. ct=J",uOlNu ~uCCID a80!u,,!3J ,.-...8 QU>GI'B,
@J~gCJ o.~
,SA & @J U ~ ~ 9J«)l 0 Glu@)GlC:9 [~C'J
800.~a
CiJ~Ol,.-... a o o.,.r., r1 t:J YG.,CiJ:p
-{'.(")c O,--Jr-J Gl
9 G., ) Sl , 13 (0) ~ i» U @l ~ C9 ~": GlO!' GlaaGi 8.roft.:~GI
Olu~GlOJ ",Cl U N Clee> ~ Y ® ~GlClQ~
a@8aJC) Yp:~1I@J8~W f'@ '''' ~ ~ (')())@:J
o:!t~.r.o.Glcg ~~ 1l'-+lI Cll,.:r u @J c.;:I" g~ CJ,SA § G 0~C1l6
6 ~ 4 COl
a CiJ 6 U..to tin
~ Sl (!J GI flaCOl 8 -+lI ~ YOl!;! 9t'<lll ..tOuurt2,§ rI u
CAtiw §J.~GI~U
",,,,,,,G CJ6Jg aa" u O!aOl o,GI ~ CO~
~4 ~ ~ t'iOLV U l..>o
0U,.('rJ U CiJ @J,.r., 0: 0. @) (') ,9l~a~!3J Co u @) ~rtS 6 o '-"CO
Dl0CJ&l G' GI@)' a CiJ 8 ou,,!;!@Y
~ CiJ GI !3J a co..to .r» '" ~ rI 0.0,G.,' ~ rI G u @~~OC> 6C0>,~
, GI 0:13 61C'JGlGlaG ~G W«)l ~ay t:J~Cl
GlG.,Do: "4oC@l9JCJ", ~COY~~ S@i"a9Ja
CJCiJ' G (") c !tGi'@N <lllf'Cl OJ U, 0J «» ~Glano: u u L/,.('oJ U r..J
&«)l !;! @J uU61u"CiJ" .r» ;:I" C\,sp C'I: YN<lllg'
6J
0: Q Sl
2., a C':ll c ~'l! 0
fi (1tjGl6~OCiJJOl 0%8u~ CiJ S ~ GI CJl f:.tC\~@JCA
@DN'4 g 13 l1> ,.r., (1tj ~~"i o (")0~U 8G§JC\bS n 9J G GCiJ 6t:J
c u t:J D .('Oj.('Oj bS CiJ 6 <lll GI C5g..tOaG
uut;'gCOtia@J' 6 ~Gce ~a
u ~ '" ti ~ ~ 'CJCCi 13" GI@J§. G CJco
CiJ G &l ~ aaa@~G;CiJo, U OG~a~~lI!3 G ::--- GI .r»
a
u" OJ rI \'CJ
,.-... u 13 @)'" OJ CJ @) C> 0. u (')I a~ G OJ~
Gl"-,,a::- 6coSl8 G!3 e c ta ,@J 8 9J ~ 2',SA 80l013' ~~!?'8q
"'rlCJCO::---@:J>?i6@ S>CDa t:i @ a"",
CiJJw"t:Ju,.r., ''''''u0 0: uGl'U,N GN6C\-+lI @JOu(1tj8 6
o Gl,.r., ~
§> ro @J4 ",0.@:lG., 9;:1" Nu,,~Cl,.
@o.CJu OllCl~,.....ti @J4 ~C>N 4~GI@0l, a ~ 0, o G., ro :::5 4
8 ~ ~u U GI U ;:I" o IJ U CiJ"U>
W tl. ti S> 1l'~~ClGo.Cl 8..tOOlu@JJ 6 ~ at:JSl 0. 8 ~ CiJ -.J S
Cl-::JJuo: rI N GCJuGi
t:J ::J
,..., @ Q c-:
~-Q~ ~~ ~gG.,g:~ CJ GI '"
C\8S,,8@0.
,.r., ~,
"" m @) CJ ~@JS4G
c. CiJ 9J (» GIG; ~co::---5:G ~~u Y G (1tjGI gCJ szu YUCC) $'R u" Cl8~
NN ()J
C\ @ u .s
~~ 8[
8 uo.a6 '-e 8lYGlsG
«)l "'" 0, @8~ ;:I",g C'J 00 Q
u V' 4 (') ~ ,S!3~-2 G ~ a~~ ~c!t.y~P1P: @:J~ ~,9l 00
GI 0. 0 , CiJ Sl
o u 0
o clCiJS>aJu!tu", @J~Gu,SA('j,o, ;:!1 \fl co l'0 o
'0l£.?~o. CiJJGaGO:CJ@)(JCiJa 'CJ,SArw~ Ol~a !to!8.Clr;;" G aN
~~ ~ 8GI Y0.
G6G.,~ a~Cl::---Go:U,(')U,\'(") CJa~g:a!t~ a c ~.('j § a ('J \,(,,)GCJuv ag~G.,~
01(1, @ - 84 (")4 Gl @J48@0~ N -+.l CI!i @J 8Gl~CBl QDl~g IU @J@Jli/ @JG~-e @J@J@J -+.l-a~
,a..n.8<O ec CD '" PC> @J &)aBJ('l 8 u eo
t>I u <0 8 Gl ~ ~8;:@JGi .,g rn ~ 00 Dlu8~S8'-"!j@JDu
1; OJ eIUJ Gl G D13 8.ro~9. c- G eo
O!uCA"'" U ~ @J['8 Gi @J~o.o !ll~",,-~ G~e,1t~c>~~u~~ '"9 g
~~@J~CJCJ 'G 01
0: ~ ~ @ CJ /3'll0: G 8 6..n. @PGiJ..n. 8JG.e>
@ 8 ~re) G ,-SAGl@JltGiJ~ @J ~;:!) OJ 8 ~ ~ ~ 5: ~ ~ 0:
~~~@J CA@J@J
G. J,;l ,O! 0 @Jgcd~~ ~G.44 ~CJl u @ IU ~'il ~,Qu01 ~'" G~~E g c» g[CJQl
g@J-OJ4
& t>I g CA QsQl@Pu ~ G ,.SA 'Gl a. ,@J,8 (lJ~Gl bg 0'" 8;:@JX0 ~ 8 a
~CBlGuGl' u. @ @ g~ D
'" u g o g D g @JO,G.la ~ ~ 9" Gl @J ~ ~ 8J<Pl Gl G 0:
l5\ ~--' .,gEh~~~ a 8 G'
D' ~ CJ ..ne' ~ @()l.PgCl",gGl@Jrn.
~~DlOJ Qb ~Glu. ~Gi ~ C\C\~ 8 @P 9 U ~~~ ~
t1 CJ ~-Q a: uGi . G' G ' Gl' O:u'-"U,tI@JUJ
8 ~CJ 4 8.,X; @Je. e o CJ8J -OJ@J ~ ~
~a~ ~ u~G.O!<& ~CA0 @!I(} ~ G. 04 U .(1()N
0@J""'"v""8<>u U,
@ & .oo CO G'G CO f!l G 6 8 Gi D@JG~@!j"'rnC»"'G 8'~
..n. OJ@Jv Gl ~,o", ~ 1'0 g ~Q8'~ @J G e) U u CA"" u.ro ° G a
8 CJ V"a U '" g u !t 8 CD(lJ(,1 o..O! s si o GGiJ8GJ"u CJ G-a
J)j ~ ,~ U s 5: O:u ug @o: ..n. G
g ~X i8. gGl~CA~~ ~u9J~ aG 8 8. ('~ (,1 G ~e>GlG~O: ~~DlQlD
~~ Q CA G -j] Gl Gi ~ Gl ell,.g CA, [!J@J S r•. g 9 G o..g U,,,,,,,!j 4 g
Q, @J Gl ..n. ~ § ..n.!t "c.. 2
. 8 Du.G
!foCi ~@Jc, m C» N ~" L~
u WGGCl~8 ~ ~
. t1»@J ~ @v;!l'llD<>GJ,,@J
u.~@1 '" tl<g8~vU ao..@lCD Gi g;!Jl 6 ® G,
~ 8 8 CJ ~ c ~ (,1 '" ' Gl @J Gl g Q l5\8..n. ~(;) ItgeS 0!l8 S G.
Gl rl5\Cl!iGl+,aG~ ;'0 CD (,1
,G. 8 (I, a§ 8 N ,,- , 8 G a a Q g G@J'.eJ@J CII ~ ~ 0)
CJ <-l.'" @J~'ll ~~(;lJ a 81
O! 8 Eb @J gJ ~ Sl
&\.!tG. ro G -OJ c > e>Gl@) GlO!@J -X
rn.~· s, &)J~8CA ~ CJ Uti 81" f5 O)Gl u'Ql8 , 0)
u 1'0 OJ @J . (") UJ no) 0 5: Sjv"""c..(JI..n.g U
~ --' 01 ('oj @6.GiG4Gg UPO!
CA,a ('1 0) 1{ Gl CJ ~~ 0: .ro~@)8 g G ~ Gl (")ot S 8 G CA ~
a A
G,.g~G
a
Glu.QQ
g G.g ~~§5:~8Gi' 8 G
GOJ~guU, ~u0a Ua11 ~
N CBl4 @J G G n' a o..~c ~ G U CD~..n. G g ~ CJ 0 GiJ8
~ O! a 8 ~ --' ~ -ill U U.a.,<!Jh a. It 0 C» U\, U e
CJ ~8 G f'G Gl ,9 Gl CJ '1l "'" g CJ G s: ~'-Y ~ C» ° o «ii a ~'ll ~£.CJ @PS" ~ ~C"J
n. @J.eJ GCi('1(?..0g u O! 8
X- u.~ 0-"ij t>I ~ g ~;!i' 8(}ClCD ut1»NDrn8NGl(}v
CI!i." ('j,CA l5\"'"t>lCP· ~..n.8J
G~Eb(") o .r» (") U ~ g ~
~..n. ~Gl\'C'J(l 8 @!I8 > @Jo..u>" CI!ilC"J@J ;fl!G,.S")~,X;gcgm, ~
x Gl..n. S CA~
(1) ~ a Gl ~~@JGl6 Gl~g'~
. ~ 6 ~ @J U~, a ~ N
~Gell~~9'CJlGl~CJ
aU@J~ 8 Ii 0)@J00: ~CO
urtl 8J@JGu' C» O~ '" Cil @l.ro CA u 8 ,G. e G'
(") 0J Gl ~(") Gl g Gl tI
x o ~~CJ S u
8 EbCG Ql @J U 11 ~ ,8 ~
Gl 8. ~ CAv", Gi",grn GiJ..n. Dl !i &
4 @J",8v u co.' ~
Gi. (lJ '" ntl4",QbU. 8J0!~ UJ u (('J ~
Q! 8;:!) ~ a ~r~ if G'
@b~ ~ ~ (i
Iv u,::,' G 4 4 @.lOJ G l') -ill ,." g~~ G(}~ua.,[!JJul'l.ro8 .ro~
--' U U G (S&~ CJU ~G G :"l u
o,~. n> «n Gl 0.. CJ CA '2 -c- ' OJ ~
'@J,X; CA G 8 C00G 0.. (,) ~s~ s, %. ~~('!) CJ OJ~uo: O:"'eo ,§ G
0.. (;a~~t>lg Ot s» @J -ill @J r~
,X; ~ 0)
~-fl! U
(0; «', !j O! @P ~ ~ @J' · "l 0 g "", D C!l '0
~u("JO! (' G' '" 0 g g ufi~ DGI CDCPl.(1)15\' t>I ~ ~~
@3 Qb ~Jc 5' u l'IC"J@-4 a t>I C"J
Q; 0) IlX t2, u
[!JJ · G q (-, G ~ ~ ~ ();)(a
~ 8Jt\:G~ 0) O! 9 Ol 0g @P@J
(" ,Ql SJ ~ CI!i G Gl CJ CorG Q l'I U
§ ~ G. @J D ..n. S
Gi ,0 It OJ ~ 01 8 0) G ~ · c- t2@J ,r"U
EO G. (,) 5 G u~ @J(I,,8 (I, ~I'G rc S ~ & rfj u CBl OJ U C' ,-' ~
o ~'ll @ ~ Ql . ~ J1i ~ Gl eo ug ~ §;
Cl Ii @)'" g Po o ? G..n. g [!J o~ .eJ0CA~ ~(',r(")na g s~ -v ~~
Q) 8 0 g,-SA
~en9J(1) '
("J '"s:),RG' !:O C') S '" 0: CJ eo U 0:
LX @) (;t) ~~5(}'6g§ 0.. ~
.., @) -", rU -fl! J1i~
""() ~'ll (") :--« 9 !l9~ (,1 g'@)8 ~a.Gl g
~ 8 «', CJ..n. ~4 (i'JJ u CJ '" u c: ((! ~(") e ~Ol C»
u (\, ~ Gl ~ @J t>I 6 ~~CDn~9"g§.~
GlGl~C'GG u u (9) gii;'~@1 a a 0:8
@Jl5\ @J (") u
(p@JQ, @JUCl!iOLP, ("J..n.(I,g C"J~
gGi~(lJCA@P
/1) ('1 G. U eo u
fh g ~) B.'1 (('J°C)G80 (;)rfJeS Gi. gn @) Sj c@ :;;.£ t1 o @J
Qb C"J"(,,; eJ ~ ("J ~
(') CJ @J ~) ~lL Cl)~(,)t1,,(,14 ~ ~ C"J @)
'G ~)~CCl ~ ~ g ("J -OJ ~ ~ u
Gi 1'8 01 COa..n. f5 "" ~ U '" ~:l.u u'@l@Jc, CAt;:
.eJ..-.g0~ CJ0CJ ~1 0.. 51
£' o~ ~ o Glu.o: Cp (")@)* @J'" , rn Gl
("J ((", 0.. u @J a g' a 0) ~..n. (,1@P --,""Gl (,1(1)(' 8JC"J
0) G ~h~ c l'J C
~'ll ~.P;:!),Sf CJ Ci ~ u '" <-l.Q ~ .r» CII It (VQ;CJ('j)Q s.~ G.C 0 Ol g
tJ• ..'iJ G,... "'Qg~lts.. rr, ~ G ~..n. Cl '" C'!..., ((! . '8
'
@Jo..('. a
'8 r1l <& tI -",
0., U c;: g . Qbu. .co a; QJ -OJ (Jf "G U 0) £3 ~ (') ~ gJ!j n(i ~ 0 o Gi ~,gr
~ ~ Ell "Gl<&Q~ 0) ~ ,8 :-'c,B'l ("J G! Q) ra ~ GiJ G. G@J"g
H 0..,0
Glgo..L <..>@J(lJ@0: ~) S Gi GGGU,u.@ v u
~ C'.P Q ~ g .r» ~ ~,G. t>I GJ" 8.~C"J::--- ~ CJ ,@Jc~
8. ~ 0) IUJ ~@J(d)JQG [G~ ",. --' u U
9a~~~
Oi~ ~e:lc.:J~i)2)f .
lftt:» en eltt:» q~t:»ed o{~ @{C;~() Qt5) oBld~QtS) t»6 ~ ~ .
5liM Z51<.8®8 8~:Jm~ 5® .

• DlG ~C;~o GdmJ~cl 88 ac GJ
Dle aJ~G GdmJDcl 88 ac GJ
DlGC c.5m G~zsi'mJ Gd5 aGc.5C GJ
Dd m<.§\ (5)GC 5lOOG08 S~ ~Jac GJ
(awb C1lD 9GC;Gdc.5- G[)d 1)
f~ (5)<.8® ~OJ 6)1lo<.zsi' ~85G~ CS2~CS2~mJ~c.5

<f<.0om 58, e'J G)<.m 9@®j'~®dDm a~cl§@c.5j' .
• 6)6Mt, 5lOOOt, 6)®Ot' Z5l80, Z5l80, Z5l80,
GW1' 6)®Ol f~a', Ci35, Ci35, &35, 0l" 0t', 0t'
9GC;Gdc.5- dE,uc 2)
(~'Z5l<.Z5-J'm
6)000 Z51<.8G~c.5J§\Z51JDcl .
• 0<:5 ®~m(5)GCc.5J,
®J CS20lGVzsi'~~®J, CS2~5lGC o§zsi'mJ,
®JGtlDlC Z51aG 6)doG:J, S~ 8G@c.5Z5-J'azsi'mGJ,
Z51P@DZ5-J'
Z51aGJ, aGc.50 ~®GJ,
~Gt5 ®Bc.5 a<.8; 0(5)m G~Z5-J',
G(5)Gmzsi'G(5)GmZ5-J'
5le:l&3~ ~lGoZ5-J'mZ51zsi'm.
(8Z5lGDZ5-J'~c.5- GOGGJ'®Z5-J'
WJ GOGGJ'®zsi'3)
6)®0 Z51lB@~ ~mt5dc.5 ~clDm 6)®0 Z515c.5cl .

• ~~®J aCG 6)OO~zsi' ~Z5l Do~ ml §\
Z51(tlC §\Gc.3m ®C QJGJ c:,zsi' d.0Z51 §\
~~Z5-J' Z510l:5"l
@(5)J5 @aJbZ51O aJtll:5"l<. §\
6)®O Z51al:5"l~c.5 l:5"lOZ51J~Gd
c.5 §\
(Ge:ld 1)
"a& 6aJ ti3cJGl5l' DG &&3W0ID, cr~®J 6aJ

Z)):Jl5l'z:5JJ
ti3cJCJ" DlC 1i38; ®(5)Z516C~ (5)C ~GZ51 ~ 6)000

~8@)8 (5)<!)ii~~~ OJ@c.5Z51Ci3B~G aWbO 5l8l:5"l
a~cl§GcJcl Z5l® W<.~~ @®@d 5dZ5l0 Z51@~c.5
( d8uc 2).
6edl:5"l~ 6i<:l2al8; ~~",ozsi' De:lJd cEs;l11!t8

®~i1!l~c.5~JW10c.5cl' @GO O<.G@Z51l:5"l
@ a<.8; ~l1!ta1~l:5"lc.5
Oe;WJ~
............... ;}~ O)e2S)~~ 85~~

t Dep, AC (1956) The Collection of Bambara Honey in Uva, J. Royal Asiatic Soc. (Ceylon Branch) NS 5 : 42 . 67
2 Spittel, RL (1945) Wild Ceylon, VI Veddas of Bingoda, General Publications Ltd. Colombo, Ceylon.
3 Seligman, CG & Seligman, BZ (1911) The Veddas, Cambridge University Press, England.
• 0<.>8."" ~. ~. (1976) eC) w9-eC) .alJS";. § C·"") <;'"tlGV" G<;o)t5",(3$m'llD, Gtroe:iil.
xi
t@ GI o c c .Nl 9 ;:fl! -QI GI C! G 0. rul g"';:fl!ill GI G rul o Q GI p,.!§ s ('} C!
Cl8~ O1&-Ql9.!?ll~§l "'8(')rB (')8 G Cl @ B
l};lCl(Sa & ~ ~ ~ ~ GI a C'J 6 @
Qrn~
g 0. G~
g~800~Cl GI 0.
"""9.o.018GGlg8 g~('}~g 9. G 4 u g o.C1lhh CJ[!D
~
rul9.8!§
r9~gClg@g~~~ rB('J,U 9 @ '" ('1) eo ~@~ ('1)8
!:tGl~G~ u g !?ll
@ @1io~(')gS'lG rn 8 N g G @6:l (IB Gl u !1l c -Q a
a(j)!§o. Cl u. ~-QI " u .J ~
4 c ([)!?ll 0 G GI o.u!:t (j) Cl C! G
(IB(j)rn~ ~C!@~(,l:l a @ ~
9.('1)
6@(i\OG~g8~0g u C"J u 01 a .s[!DGl'" ®
8:l§lOJ@) uo.uGl 6", (j) G @rn
13~0g@!(IB~-QlCl", 4GClGa a8:lG
a 8 @) G C> Gl.f\Oa g a
~ @~,g ~~ Rr9
~ ~ <BJ
o if ~tt('1)@)~
~"2 G !1l ~ G. (j) ~ rul.lii Cl:J ~
@) 6 C! (i\O@:Jc ~ ,!§ u ~ .iiil-Q g> G 9.0.
@ g
c1rt» ~'11 OJ 8 8
OJ u S'I @JIo
c 8 u ~ G -QI (j) rul.ro~ Gluo:a 8 @ @:JC!£5 ~
at<o.sUN 0 rBCdXl g @Cl8 @ u C'J @:JC! ~ 9 ~ u
~ .x ~ ~ G u [!D g u
~~~~&!?ll~ag @' G @JIg G '" Gl 6
u
~ 8 aG C! N Cl g l};l e; g (j) 8 0:C! 4-
('1)01"'"'u u g @I'" CJ
G u ([) !:t QJ~ C!
Cl @! G G a (j) ~ Gl 0. ~ C! o
!1l (i\O(j) Go.(j)Gl. rB 9. ~ ~ 0: ('1)
~2g~~~23g~~ as'l8
o ftClu,(')8N ®\, ~ g N Q G
G Cl C. o 9. ('1) 9 !1l '" OJ ~ 0 '" ('1)§!§ ag @) <tI ~ rn
G
aG C! G ~
GI o ~'11 ~ GI !:t u !:t~
!:t~g (S!:t~ a@('}~ @ t< @ 0. ill G a
8 G ([) '" @JI
a",.t< o 8(')
(Io(j):ro~('1)~r9 aag (i\O~ C! 8
G ~,(j~~ .xG",!:t U,o.!:t @ .r»
s
rn ~
(IB
-DGCdXluG rs-, l};lGl 0
a® Gu ~u .Iii o G rul
c o 9 C1l Gl ~ ~ 0.
C1l !:t -QI o 1:8 ~ c C1l1:8 CCl~4§ u ~ .Iii arB C1l pc,
GI(IoClG,g =rulGl~,g ~ ~ ~ 9 Cl.lii a !t G
~ @D (Cl ,.S\ @ ,g
@).r» GI 9. rul .s 0 I'.@) C! ag~,S' N
8 8
u 8 ~ ;~ @lCl C'J
Gl00", G g GI ~ au u O1!J\G.
-QI c;1£p,.~rB a~ 9.01 ~8 Gl ~
0 c (C! 8D' @N g G, a; ~
rGGlOgGla8C! !?llGlG9. g ~ & 9 a C> ~ ~ 8 ~
6@)G8(j) u01rul~ C'J !1l eP G [1> u u
~"
(lBGC!.r9' a.u UJ" a U Gl ,0. @:J
['(g !:tN Ci o, GI 0 rB , ~ u'" @ G G
ClO1
~~!:tCl -QI H , ~
4 C! Cl l};l (";c u Gl ~@)8J -QI G
~6(j)~g8gCl~Clre (Io2(j)~ G u 9. G g 8 Q
9. ~N "" ~ u t:I ~ 0. C! ~
8 "'"'§l a 8 01 GI a ~ !:t o.~ &- G.~ g "0. Cl c
9 @JW.x~ ~9.8~ ~ l:t g c u ('1) o
9 o 8 ® C'J ~ 8 S' ~;:fl! 4 Gl~ @", G
!:t~~ 80:, Cli:;l G 8:l '" @) u ~ g Gl ~
~ '" CCl GlgGC') m !?ll g.f\O t< CJ
u0®~""" !1l CG-QI~N G' g -QI u
,g N @ ~ @ GNU, ~ @) " <€) u Gl »4 (10
~ !:t 8 c c CCl rulill & rn !1l('}~ ~ 3. -QI
Cl3--~G @ov<" 9.~ O:e; III p, e) ~"'Ol 6
~ ~ @~8 arB
C. ~ 0 G CjI 0.(10 G ~~ OJ ~ ~ Gl", sU,g
" GI GI G Cl N ~ 0. @) Cl'" @@)
f1 GI o ~ C! !:t C! 0 G @ 8 ~ :: Gl pc,
~ !:t (ji"
aG &9.!1lO1~~ Gill
~ rna 9~
9 @@N u@!gp,. -QI 9.u C'J @ ~ !D R,g
1" ~ rul y~ i?n o, £CJ
R ~ g> " @ ~ ~ g~Gl.!1l (j) GI
to rg ('1)
o ~ rou'('1)
zCJ1Gl
o G Cl» [h0 III Gl c-
~'rBOrBGg9.GI~ o G o G C! G ro 8 .c» 0" Gl. ~
u Jj ~ "2" 8 ~ "
t en uGCl 8 0 0.0 ~ ?~1:8
~rooC5, o."'~OJ!1l 9 .f\O GI !:t 9 , " ~
G ~
9. 8@ za,g 3$
§ @ !1l o CD @ III
~a~~ ~!1l~§!1la @@OJ ('1) C! GI
~0 o ,--. G
8~ ('1)iil CJ ~ GI ~ §}f'O
g!:tu o~ C! 0rnGl GI g GI •..•..@! 0. (j) '" ['(g :::J .r» <
G. eo @ t:IJ G '" •..• !1lC!
'"t< III ~@:J c: -01 '"
1.'0 @C! 8;'u;:fl! 01 8:l9. 8 ~@ 3 c» CD 00
III
OJ G'Ol " u _" :::J .po.
,.S\GI.rou ('1)g 0 g4 u. Cl!?lla ~ u 9.~ ou G
@ a g 9 01 u @:J~ aT ml
CI1> 8 6JO rn =o.g~-QI ~ G rul @ -"
ClQo.@ G ~'"
G u
G 0. co -
III Ol
8 rul .s 01 u 2:~
C1l~G~a&£}S~~ C>,.s> ~ 8 :::J I>!) o I>!)
g ~£
~ .s a g CJ a c: Ol IJ)
rngo" GlNo.9. 0 C! ' CdXl0 _0:1
""aGi 9. ~ ~ ~ Gl 3~
a~a
.liirul~V!:t 0 9 ['(g ® G rn -.9
~ GI a Cl ;:fl! a .f\O rulCCl ~Gl !1lij)
~i~t~[~&Jn 8 Cl 0. 8Gl.g @ ~ @a , '" " G
'@g GI(j) @lGl (S@r9 G !?ll o ['(g @ G G 8 @ ~
u @ aID aG.o.!:t @) £.c, !:t § @) lD!:t !1l
aa~ a u aGl
••• &iC:ll(}~g~ G l". 4'£; ~ ~) rC! .r» S C' 1').. 9 ~C:ll(bCD66a
@ . !1>C!.eJ(?IJS ('? U QJ),..:r' @) (?IJ G 8 <i( ~ ~~
::ECll o
(!)
u-Q ebCA~
QJl Gl ~ (") "G o QJlG ~ ~C':)
~' ~ ~U44@ ,.(1)''GGl~~ggsY
~ S~U.4"'U S@CDa~ ,.9--,ga· (,'C':)G.r.
~
,.,. G "'< ~ONn"'Gl
III ~
~ ~~ Q 6 c ClJ C' r' g
~ x N
./'0-
~ a~ ~ ~o U g 0) G g a ~ U (1D QJ) ~ @) »CJCA,S} ~~4 &
.?> (;" r
-•. --::;: @l • .r\,u,Gl ~~ Gl (}!::l(,,)s G Gl QJ ~ GlG~~@)oClGl
Z!J to co G o 0. Q@)J¢-o: ~."l o 6~ CD' @).r. ~..('(J~
~
~ (lJ
U>
,
<Xl
~
~ ~3 0:(b''II GGlN~('? QJ) Gl QJ e) CJ OJ 0: "4
c U @
~'11,.(1)~Gl6u G(")CAgClCl ~ @) 6 z» U C")®GG~~~~
~ rg ~ Z UN @)-g C':) N @) 4
~ 0 ~ ~
G G@u~ o ,.(1)1Gl U@)Ol<ll GlG)4@~Go(}
9..~ ~@)~g Clr'-"'DCJC':) @)
< G (!) Ol~~~ CA a'f'~r(1) 9..!::l 0 ~
CS !1J QJ) "0 ~ u a
~@S)Gl G ".eJ"" (r,!" u,®
Q.
~ ag s- R fl 0) ~ r2 0) wC!Gl!J40~(:z,
GlG4Cl!1> @O -
Q) --
_.
ffi
0 C' ' ,.(1) u Ol(Cl eb(")84
ag
@),.9--
&csJ,h
''''r~ @) (; &1 @- 4!1JRlCA®S~~
(.0
::l ~ ,.(1) il-((IlU (,) @ f>'
9.. "v
ff~ &l .r» U
g 0:!1JCl "4 g ~oQJgg0GlC'J
~ <9: ~ , c -'QJ) ClJl'!l'\ Cl
Si' ~ &) G1,<~c:J@®
Q) :> S>~@)(,)~g &l !)CAo'0t>;, Rl UGl6:C")f?G.~
::l
III 0
_
o@Cl("J(Cl m ~ ..('(J"4!::tgCAu (?IJ) @ CAN
S C', U C(1) QJ@~C:ll~ Yo u1i:6:J6:J!:t1J\' O:Cl~Go.9..'OO:
a: S Gl ~ (,) rCJ !1> G: 6!::lGl G1000 ~~~GC':)4Glo
~C. g~(bU(l.!G -<'11 S @) (" -'" (''j) &) o@J
o
::l C. CAO:GB. Ol C':)u @)(,? Q,~~Q, u S'\'. !::l 9l.. 6 6 -<'11
- III
6: ,ClS,..,g ~
Gl
;: C:ll ~ OJ 8:l~ @ G c ,.(1) ~ S'\..('(J a 0,9 ~ G 9.. G rn."I.t'J Gl ® ~ .r» o rC! r(") G .'11 S
(Ii a01lraQ,~
o O)u".~C:ll
@ ;. U (;C"uC!GGClJ U®~CJ@)
o ~. Gl f!bg @@,g;
~S }?@.~0·'11g '3 g [5 a
c 5' Gl G ~ ~l,~.'1I ~g)~CAgC:ll o 6U .r» G CJ
g (?IJ G @Jl
:> III (,) -<'11 no &l 9!:tQ,Q,.I1(}~
§.CJCAS § 4 ~ 9 U (?IJ'U g-('?S~ .'1)1 ClJu ~il--2!::lG
~ it 4 GlNGNu
(!) ::!; @ClCl2-Q M 6 C'1lCll01 (,'
o~ g; U ~)'G ;'~ (?IJ)~)f0SlS10g
:> ~ @ ("
<::I G {, ~
(,) U
@)"",@)gr@).
III Gra(bGl(?IJc! W'ClCAC&"()'J
po
.~!::t~9...eJ g &, @@~~~ (;'
~'o" ,.(1)C!g~Cl~ g·'IIoag eJ> Q, (,,1 G1 h) U
.'1I,..,gUGU@)
!:t
~. o QJL;;) ~
!::lC'i@)NCA SS'\NCl!::lGo
o :3 a a ~-g~a~~
(!) Gl8:l""(") N a CllN @) S
!:: 3- ~-<'11~~6~ I'Cl
fP ,G 9.. ~ Gl("f'lsY~ .ro C") @ '''',.(1) f'l
c. 4 '7~''4,.(1) f'lG sY "4QJ
f'l S ~ (,) u [,~
's"a. ''4~,.(1) eo @II
~~!1J4(")g WI C't (") Gl C;a!;l C''i),.(1) \II@)$
a S'\(ii8,,~lj)G &) G1 .(', ",'.
o
o 5' Gl(b01G~" g [j a~~ ~') «'0 @ '(,1 (,)G Q!JCA
o ~.
~ o ~ ~ U,GCl8u~!1> ~,.5As ~-",,, ...J0!c!l6:J~w
CA~L~s(")~ 0. u u". !::l,G 1J- & ~)s ~
3 ,,) ("),.(1> g rlI a u@CA 'C' ~ 0) a 0 (41
o
'" S n C') sWI~ SaN
s :> ffff~("~Cl ('5 jP ,(") ~ rc) p) Ug1~~'~~
co ~ s ~ ro a £J @) '" ClJ Cl N Cll
G S) G 6 &, [j ~ ,,'?IQ C.'J U 0) ~ (('J)N ~ @)
III
'" g~ U@)'o 8 ~ (") G (") a
. . ~ -<'11 U >
5. !::lgs m"bu 9l.,)O:li, , a ~G1eaOu S '0 @) W ~" ~
1iCASC3~ SS'UAGC:ll OJ @) Q, (<;J
J o, e;."l ;'11 Q:
o G' t:) ,@,..:r' G C" a ~
tr ~ CJ 6 ~ 9
a
III Cl-'IIUC! YJ..(1(l Q lj) ® g 8J!3 0Q,&' ~ N rr, (1J,,)
S Gl 9l., 'f' .rrJ !!)
,.(1) N C! Gl ,!:f'"
g ('? t 0!:t Q, "Cl· GS
3 . gC!G@:Jo c a6P
(;;l ,,) \(") IJ) CA'Cl~uSA
!" ~ U @) ~ u ,,) a G ® 2 .('.GJ&ia ~ <':,):»
f.)~;..J W (,lJSgCA"D')~
<- N c; •.•
~[9l.,@O) CX6N U C'i iC9' 9. g.ffJ) (" @'~ f(") g; )('~ c ~
:0 GUGl@)N ~ ~ ,G ~
o [; CDN U ca, .('. b) 0) t !::l ('lJ G, Gl
-c ~C!~~~) tl g Gl 0: (0 !1J fJ c. ~ g@'G@Jl
e :9l., Ol
~ OJ Gl 9 g)..('(J = ~ G 6)
,:::I" a 8 &i
> 8- @) S GJ eJJ W ~ ro C'J 0) ('J
Cl S U G C:ll a ~ (")a ~m X
~
'" . W.CA C. U U w QJ (,)'~(i,I. -Oi~'"
'n ~;'II @@)aQJ)g -",Gl S o(')(~g(") ~
o· 4 "vt:l@)&>@
00 C!§G~£l OJ 9..c ~ Gl ~UC"u~
o Gl9l.,'c@Gl "'-.'IICA,(j@)fJ
o o ~ III U .I"l CiCBlg 4 (,,)rC"!}, g G g
@) M !!) ~ S B.CDC!o a -», g 9
o
(!) J (?IJ Gl U "@) f.? @) s, c ililQ)9l.,SJ(.'!::tQJ
'S. _'1l C'J r0 S?;.
o a @)n G. CD CA ''0 c» S C' 'U' ~ f, ~ m 8>a en
:> ~!1>C:lloGl ~1 @ CD Bl
[t <".)~c.a-
CD ~\l6! 9l..GGl (~ ~ 0: ~ !1J CA o
Ol G .'11 a 4 a QJg ~a)(;('~oQ:a
ill GlGl!::lS(\j) -Q N ~:;i,
:> @ ~ S C:ll s G 0) G S v S ~
o S ®,.(1) tll g (('J ~ w
::; U. ..(1(l, "4 a G U G G 0 QJ) @;!::l~@("'sY
~B2S)
8~CDicla~ v
($~O~c;25') vi
gd5))~25'))~ vii
d~6)~ viii
g5~i)~ xi
mi~cla~ xii
1. Q)e5,?cl ~m Q)e5,?~)e25')~ i
1.1. OJes;:m 1
1.2. Q)es;:m: C3zs)t) Bc~)5Jzs)®25'l CDI~m~®cl 1
1.3. C5I-BD Qles;:m 2
1.4. OJes;:m erI£) BB® 5
1.5. @ 0502 Z3'lI<';ICC 5
1.5.1. m~Jt)J8 ~B C5I[;Izs)@ 5
1.5.2. C5I-BD OJes;:2DC9c0CJ2DmC9UC;Z5'lg®: m~J[;J8 ~[) C5I[;Izs)® C3e;CDJ. 8
Cf5))5[; G':l}5CJJ W 25'lc.Jm.
1.5.2.1. OC3Jc.:JZ5lC3m:5'lc<;e)c;Z5lC3'~J 10
1.5.2.2. C<;QY~§Z5lC3m:5'lc<;e)c;Z5lC3'~J 15
1.5.2.3. 3CD·v:§lZ5lC3m:5'l0e)c;Z5l CDlz5)c.:J1Dm ®3) t5lo~c.:J 20
DZ5l @Q2 Z5llC;lCCZ5l dDOtClc.:J
1.5.2.4. QiQ2 Z5ll~>® C<;oJZ:j)0Dm GJ~JDJC3c.:Jmti3 24
c:'l§DZ5l '8®(J;lcl§ ®§Bc.:J
1.5.2.5. @ 8&J®: @ QiQ2m0c0 3)DzsJ C3m:5'l0e)c;Z5l g®c.:Jcl 24
1.5.3. m~Jt)JC3c.J25'l C3J®J525'l~m [;BmC9c5 c§t)Z5'l q8doJ CDJ 27
;@c.JJ25'lJBZS)[;c.J
1.5.4. c5Jc.JJ,G325'li3m cr2Jlc:5 e:;[;ZS)Z5'lJ 18® [)C0Jc5Z5'lc.J CDJ 18® CJ,BwJZ5'lc.J 29
1.6. csI-BD OJes;:mC9GJBC9G~2Jl Ccl®~ 31
1.6.1. tj@C5®Z5) c.JI8@() CI@ q~81)Z5)Z5'l: ac:5Jm ddBB® wCD 33
mQ.lt)J BB®
1.6.2. tj@C5®Z5) c.JI8®() CI@ Cf~[;I)Z5)Z5'l: ®p 625l~ BB® 34
C3CDC5I-BD wl~®
1.6.3. gJC9c.J:JG325l @ OJes;: C5JCZ5'lC9~ [;I<,;mzs)t)Z5'l C3®CDc:5cl CZS'@~ 36
1.6.3.1. Dl'5l D~® WJ E~ CDJDl'5lc.:J 36
1.6.3.2. CD8D0d OdJZ5lc.:J 0DZ5l0 z5)Bc<;~~ QiQ2m0d 36
WJO~ (J;lcl§0d WJ ®0GJ;§)0~ Wlz5)c.:J10e) S'l§
DlC;GJzsJZ5l®
xiv
2. Qie5J ~;ne~<Sid~eW~~ 4i
2.1. D1c;m;s) ~t5C qCCSdJ.S5JJ 41
2.2. CSJBC3BZ5l5J;s)t)wm 42
2.2.1. 6C;CSdG2&Z5l
5J;s)t)c.5m 42
2.2.2. Q)CS26mJDc) CSdJZ5):®q eoo csc)JG:i groDwm 42
2.3. Q)CS2m6m 8c.5JC3IB 8®JD 6CDJ q'm6m~j3;5) qc)c.5: e:J1c;m;s) 50
8®J2.JlJB C3JWZ5)wd
2.4. csl& Q)CS256cs;)@c.5m q5J6t5 q'JCDJc) C3f;CDJDm 5Jc)enw 53
CJCDZ5l1C,C dOJm CD1c)c.5J®
3. ~5'J€) a)e~~ ~eo Qie5J a)e~~ 55
4. eoC3€)~: @l Qie5J25'J a)e~<Sid~ <t5)'13€)~'13 oa~o~~cl 57

4.1. C3C Dc, CD8Dc.5 57
4.2. C3C Dc, CD8Dc.5zsl C3IC8(2) §B® CJf;CDJ q5JJ.Se:JGdJ.S
®Jm §€S3csc.5d 59
4.2.1. Q)CS2csc)5Jc)c.5 60
4.2.2. ~~ mmZ5l® 60
4.2.3. D~ csc)5Jc)w 60
4.3 @ COZ5lJ6U 6C;~c.5 @ Q)CS2cJ8e1 6CJOJmJ @mt3Z5lJ C3f;CDJ 62
CD8D C3ICt-j(2) §B6 ~ q~m®mc.5 Z5)G~tj;l C3JWZ5l
4.3.1. ~CZ5l qe:JCSdJ.S5JJ 62
4.3.2. CD8D C3IC8(2) §B6(2)~ C3IC§c.5 8tj;l Z5)c)I~ 62
4.4. CD8c C3IC::2(2) §B® 8~Q)f; qi5<,5J 8[;EJ(2) 62
4.5. Ct55J®Jm6~ CCS6c.5Jro Dm CD8~WZ5l §Q)c.5 8tj;l Cd@~ 64
4.5.1. CStj;l6C CICC 64
4.5.2. CfiC0f;6CSUUc.5 65
4.5.3. CfiCDf;Dc, o)l~® C3f;CDJ c8csB 6CDJ c)J~ roJD5J6d e:JJ8 qe:JJ8 65
4.5.4. C3C Q);s)§c.5 6CDJ 6Q)f<2) CICC 70
4.5.5. csl& 6csuB 70
4.5.6. ctJ CICC 6CDJ ~Em CtCC 71
4.5.7. e:JCDC 71
4.5.8. dam Z5l6CSJCC 6CDJ Z5l6CSJ~ 5JCD8D 74
4.5.9. q6md Q)CS2csJcm CCSZ5lc)~ CDJ 6®Dc(2) 74
4.6. CJCC~ CD8t) 33il1csJc,mc.5 C3f;CDJ 8E8 c,ID 74
4.7. C08Dw CDI8c)E!® 75
4.8. [)~ Z5lICJWJ® CJCDoGso 8§c.5(2) 75
4.9. 6Cm;s) Q)CS2csJcm CCSZ5)c)~ CDJ 5JJZ5@~ ~® 78
xv
5. Q}es.?
'mm))~~ ~~W2S)~ cseo a~H~m)~)c.J~cl O)e2S)~ ~~ 81
5.1. (s)~lJDJe.3c.3zs) deJJC0JDZS) e.;Ies® 81
5.2. ao& D<; C0JDZ5lc.3: § Cozs)Jeu e.3Jck)ZS) ® Q)el2 aJCz»c.3 ce<;e.3J 82
D1<;(S)W' DZD ca~®c.325:f
5.3. (s)CDZDaJCZDc.3 85
5.3.1. "'BZS) ecC3 Q)~C t e CDI§c.3Je.,§m HW' d8ZDcl SU® 86
5.3.2. <g>eJzs)eJ ~[,Gd)5Z5'JDc..3 95
5.3.2.1. Dt5C25)C.:l Oe;<D) Q 'f{E:)ZSlE:)~DC>ll5m)DC.:l 95
5.3.2.2. B)505ZSl mme.,C.:l ®m §O~C.:l [;25) 'f{E:)ZSlE:)~DC>ll5l5\Jt.,C.:l 98
5.3.3 Dt5wZS) ~DBc.3 Z5dG~ (s)CDZD aJCZDc.3 98
5.3.3.1. ZSlI~Ic'0c' Dt5C25)(.3G ~C 8B® 98
5.3.3.2. 'f{<De; C~ <D(.3z:sl~z:sl[;1 [;t5C25)C.:l ZSlO (S)I~® 102
5.3.3.3 Q)e;? ZSlI~Ie'C BG~ BI& 0Bucb ~z:slDJ Dl51dm £)B® 102
5.3.3.4. 'f{<De; ZSlI~Ic'C D~ <Dmz:sl ~z:slD) CC>l)G B5® 106
5.3.3.5. Q)e;? ZSlI~Ic:!'C 0~D25) BI& 0BUEb ~z:slD1 Dl5:Jdm £)5® O<D BI& 106
0BU5 0~0z:sl® o:J~ D~ DSzsi Bl3gt5~ £)5®
5.3.3.6. 'f{<De; 0(Ju5C.:l o@gt5~ £)B® 106
5.3.3.7. BI& D)OC.:lZSlC)g0® ~I§lD25) 89 Dt5(25) Cj!DBC.:l 113
5.3.3.8. (s)~:JDJOC.:lZSl gC>ld0 g®:J~C.:l 113
5.3.3.9. (s)~)[;10C.:lZSl (s)<D25)C.:l[;I5ZSl0 (S)I~® Oe;<D) (s)~)[;10 0~ZSlz:sl 114
2u2 £)5 0<Dj ~t~®
5.3.3.1 O. (s)~J[;)OC.:lZSl (s)<D25)6d [;t5C25)C.:l 0<D1 z:sl§~25)C.:l £1t525)C.:l£)B® 11 4
!);3.4. aI&DJOc.3 Z5dG~ (s)CDZD OJCZDc.3 115
5.;~.5. C' .scs:l'z5)zs)JCc.3 Z5dG~ (S)e5)ZD C5JCZDc.3 115
5.4. jG::'''::l 3;DJOc.3 e.3e;CDJ 0d C5I&e.,<; ~JOz)@J §B® CDJ (S)6)e)J §5® 116
5.5. ,-,G'1::7):: )cZD®c.3 ~Dd6JC.;mem e.3JOJoGdc.3 118
6. Oo~ @Q)~~)~ O)e2S)~ eeeo 2S)~ CD~)~)c.J ~~O)C:;2S)~ 121

6.1. (k:~,-,".l~...:,)® 121
6.2. 0 0[' ,/-,)~"':'Je@) 8<;JZD® eaOJZ5dD <;IZD(S)I~® 124
6.3. Oo[,~::'J~ --3J® C5JCZDc.3 C3CD ZDe:l (S)&JDJe.3 z5)@C5J~ZDc.3 125
6.4. aI~ SdaJ<;ZD (s)&JeJJe.3~d ge:SZDzs) gWJz5)c.3J 5c.3 137
qz:;-{;;,:5I' 83ZDJ d8z5)c.3<;, ZD[, d8z5)c..325:f<;?
6.5. ~@aJ~m G:l&JDJe.3c.3z5)t?l dc§z5)c.3~m Dc..3C3 138
6.6. Q)PCm 0d5zs)JDm: mD (S)&JDJe.3 z5)@C5J<;ZD0~ 138
GItiS t" ZD e.3JeJ<;)5 Z5lW'Dc.325:f CDJ (S)I() deJ25:f
xvi
6.7. d'c.,JroJDZ5) m·&JJDJt:lc.Jm eceo 0)"'2 Oo~ CQ)JmI~® 141
6.7.1. 0)e520o~ CfC[,J m ~:§J 141
6.7.2. d'c.,JroJOZ5) m~,)~Jt:lc.Jm ctCDJ mI~® 142
7. eolO~J(!) en o(§<Sl@ic:J eoJ~ ~lelcla(!) eeeen q~<Sl<:5tS) t 45

qJeoJO ~lo8(!)
7.1. W 0c.JJ5 145
7.2. @02 2:)I~ICCd Q!lU6\ 30Jm CIQ)0 8g3)Jc,c.J 145
7.3. wl0c.J)5 CJe;WJ [,25) 8~J2))5 150
7.4. wIO ....
:lJ0 uIG1dE:® 151
7.4.1. d.~2)) 2:)0aJ0 gac.J 151
7.4.2. d.~25) 25?~ ~}::)c.J 153
7.5. GJod@J2:)JB wI8B® 153
7.6. q§0/523) qJWJO t:llesc'3® 158
7.7. Q§\Q!l/5Z3lGJWJO C3Iac'3G~ G[,25)Z5lD)cal~ 159
7.7.1. q§0/5Z3l qJW)O uCfcl0c.Jm 6£) C3Iac'3® 159
7.7.2 oOJm qJG<Cfcl2:)c.Jmt:lluC3® 161
7.8. @ 03es;?Z3lI~C q,)@5l (3c.,25)Z5lC3Z3dm WJ ®~m0m' 0@0Q)i'w3)JDc..:l 163
8. ~@ CDlS(!) t 66
8.1 . F®23)c.J 166
8.2. F@ mla® 166
9. Ol~ ~de~no~~ 170

9.1. 3I~uJ(5c.J 170
9.2. 0302 z:;)ISiCCZ5) q{8\ 3I~ mQ)c.JJ 170
9.3. 3I~ <yc,;s-f BB® 0Wt..ZJi' 3I~ £)d'e.:;Jo~c..:l 171
9.4. ::JI~ £)eC3JOZ5)....3 174
i O. Qie5J OJe2S)~ 8(§@~ qJ<:5atS) ~~eo~cl t 77

10.1. @ 0302m GI§ §B50 30m mI~® 177
10.2. §2))@ ar& qe[,Imzm:51 t:ltGWC;? 178
10.3. @ Co23)J[,iJ qDCfclXl3I~ 8®J~c..:l 184
10.4. @"'2 cc.Jm 86)8eJ® 184
10.5. Qles;?OJ(25)0d es5t:lo®c.J WJ t:l®Jc5 cpt5BZ3l aC;25)® 185
xvii
10.6. Qles;J cXlCZ5:lGd c;'Z5:l)ffimw: L:lR t,~Z5:lcl 189
10.6.1. GQ)Jffi C30)ffi~ c;'t,CSd)Sm)UW~ 189
10.6.2. ® C31& §JdC3)~Z5:lGd C3)Wz:5) 5cs:lGc!'(3Z5:lwd 192
10.6.3. ® Qles;J Groa:5)Z5:lGd c;'Z5\)Sc,C5:))S3))[iwC3CD60 ffilud 193
10.6.4. Gc;&lw ® Ql02~ Groa:5)Z5:lw C3e;CD) ffiZ5\c;liS.?@c..3')~')Uffi 197
10.7. Qles;J f£Jc!'cGd C3od5,sZJ)w CG~C3) G:5 G[,25\ COI0 dc,)es:n82:l C3 C3:sf .201
203
12. (fJ(Slqj~ (S8. (Sle@25) eo) ~zrl'6 227
13. 95~ 235
0®® 2:5la51w
t:l/::5fu c3:Jw:JeStC5 11 0 §25f~ eStC5 auw25f 41 £25f~~ aw 851w®£25f ~
a®25fu25) <!it).
xviii
• 1.13. 1.14 W) 1.15 ...3m 0ta auw1S'l al.2:i183 t.:l<;WJ,
• <;'l.35z:ilJ 6 .. 3. 0t.:)~.:>t.:lc;:363 <;,Dt.:lOW lSl, Dance Language and Orientation
WJe..-e) c;;;lt, ce;.::lJc",d
of Bees by Karl von Frisch, © 1967, 1993 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
(Permit Reference Number 941015)...3m Z:5:l2533d aGf;!lDou a~~ 0ta t.:luwm'<;,
• <;'l.@)5z:il) 6. 6 <yc",m13 ii3 c.;e;)m'() t.:)0l a~ t.:l@)1(s:d~ BU2lSl <;,Dt.:lOW @)Z>',The Hive and the Honey
Bee - Edited by Dadant & Sons ©1946, 1949, 1963, 1975 Dadant & Sons, Inc., Hamilton, Illionis,
USA wm Z:5:l2ii'Gd aG~ 0ta t.:luwcl e;,
<;'~Z:5:l6<!S...315)0 <;'?:5I.
• 1.18 WJ 1.1 9 wm o{a t.:luwm' t.:ll.Z:5:lD@)CJ<;Oll,

• <;'l.@)5tslJ 6. a. WJ[)e) BsftJ <;,Dt.:lOQ 3:51, The Social Behavior of Bees by Charles D.
Ce;i>Jc-od
Michener ©1974 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (Permit Reference
Number 941016)
@)WJU1t5W UJc!d 8. @t)ro!:5
...3m Z:5:l2§Gd :5G~ 0(:5 t.:)U15lm' e; <;'l.@51:3))6. ::5. Z:5:ll.m't.:lJ:3o@t) o<;:tnC0d
(Prof. Charles D. Michener, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas) ®cii'5i@m'.:><l'f Z:5:lJ6c&Z:5:l
~~e6 ~l§\0 <;,
• Cfl.@lBZ:5:l)
6. a. 0C3mJ8 63 [)um'8 t.:)w a~ CJ@lJ(J)"'® Bt:l2lSl crUt.:lOW @llSl, The Hive and the Honey
Bee - Edited by Dadant & Sons ©1946, 1949,1963,1975 Dadant & Sons, Inc., Hamilton, Illionis,
USA. wm Z:5:l2§",d aG~ 0ta t.:)Uwm' <;,
• Pheromones of Social Bees by John B. Free ©1987 John B. Free, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London,
UK. wm Z:5:l2§i"d a~Q o{a t.:lUwm' 6:s:bl5f 0)eSwJ~3d, z:ilJCJdfij 0t)c!a Ba:!V Be;mc3d @)W)U)t5w
061201 ro. rB (Prof. John B. Free, University of Wales at Cardiff, UK) ®c§Zj'l®m'3('9 zo)J0l.&Z:5:l <;,Dt.:lOc.:l
Cfl.§D e;,
cr~Z:5:l0~W 15)0 Cfl.'t5>·
OlCSc:s:n~~ C)C)Z5)e>l(3lC) QeD oc;5C)o~~ esee» Cl~I5JC)cl

oO:)(M.m oBC.Jo UC;l5 )6U es:n[lZ5):)t"m 6®® Dum G<';Z5:l 213 8fjGU oOlm~~ () os;jD 6z:5'lZ52
z:5'1025l::5'l.
OOl@~~) I OO)@~8:d
aO)(.')<!S::.3 t.:le;WJ ~dh...)Z:5:laO)<..') z:il&z:il) pda Z:5:lCoZSlW@lSlU ;!)w:f 3DlSlU gu)wm::.3 ZSl6m t.:ll5fDc.:lJ.
Pollinator / Pollinating agent
OOl@Z5)
aO)(.')<!S...3 Q. aO](.')<!S...3 ZSlOm ce;· ce;J' ZSl2@a5(.')lSl - 6m® ZSl2®m' BBm' aO)(.')<!Sw s
B Z:5:lom ce; 3W:f B5Z:5:l~
~Zj'l. <ll~ a01&3lSl - 6mC! <ll<S;lm'BBm' aOJ(.')~::.3 B.sZSlom ce; cow:f B.sZSl~ ~Zj'l. aO)(.')~::.3 t.:lacD B5 Z:5:l0(.')l.l5)@)
t.:le;WJ CJ;l)Z:5:l::.3m'
C@) Cfl.§i Cj'~e..-(5lSlm::.3m' @llSl, e'J t.:le;W) emBlSlJ Dm @))WJ:l::.3m3w Dm CflSlO 6@) CJ;lJZ:5:l,
<ll~
aJoJ&3lSl CJ;l1ZSl,az:rl3 a01&3:51 (s?)ZSl, D2~ D(5(.') Z:5:l~ Wl.Z:5:l.
aOJ&3lSl (f)1ZSl, eSc aOJ&3't5> CJ;lJZSlCfJ~ DCJ;lCO::.3m'
Pollinated
vii 2 0Q)00)::f 0Q)J00)::f
viii 2 §m'625)c.:lm' §z;J60c.:lz;J
ix 2 ®Pm'0GJ' ®Rm'0GJ'
ix 19 crWJO crJWJO
ix 41 aO)c.:l ao)Jc.:l
X 8 ~aO)l~(§ ~alO)l~(§
xi i 21 o)J5Z5) o)J5Z5)J
xiii 36 Vadda Vedda
xvi , 33 G)<!liJJ~Jac.:l§,<§3 G)<!liJJ~Jac.:lm'<§3
4 I7 ~~~ (25)~~0 D~ (25)~Do
7 12 50cs;f~c.:lm' 50cs;f~c.:lm'
11 I, 6 0~~ 0~ol
23 10 c3l'Qzsf c3l'Qm'
37 I 8J>.:JwJO ~J2WJOJ
39 37 ~0C::f25)c.:l ~J0C::f25)c.:l
44 12 Z5)~ Z5)C
45 13 ~0WJo)~ ~0W::f0)~
52 (2.12 0lOG:3 '1iro~ ~~~ 0C3 c;'1!5l'G!5l'
2 Dm C,o-OtO C3urom8.) .
63 I8 e5Q)'"GJ' §Q)'" GJ'
67 (4.4 OcOG:3 CO-OtOC3urom' G~Gcl c;'0Zl) oodooe:J ®J6zB c;'115l.)
76 II ~l@0®~~ ~l@0~~ ~
79 4 Clm'GJ'd09Jm' Clm'GJ'd08J5l
82 32 aac.:l aaV3J
87 18 8~ 5
94 22 ~8Bm' ~8Bm'
99 5 aOJG) aO<!liJ
117 15 Naphalene Naphthalene
128 7 0l'5)J0~Ol 0l'5)J0~Ot
132 15 aJ®l'5)l50c.:lz;J aJ®Jl'5)l50c.:lm'
143 13 cro§m' ~0c.:l§z;J
148 5 ~m'0m'25)~8m'0GJ' ~m'0m'~25)8z;J0GJ'
164 8 ~~Z5) o)J5Z5)V325)U ~@Z5)o)J8c.:l25)C)
164 28 aOJroZ5)8m' aOJro25)8m'
190 16 25)§,25) Z5)§,l'5)
190 16 Z5)l'5)JG)m'l'5) Z5)l'5)JG)m'l'5)J
190 26 <i'Z5)0 ~®Z5)0~
197 17 (§OG)§,t5<!liJ0G)z;J (§oG)§,t5<!liJ
213 12 (8®) ®f!m'0GJ' ®f!z;J0GJ'
213 12 (O®) ~l€:J a05lDJ ~€:J a~5l~J
218 32 (~~<!liJ) G)<!liJJ~Ja di3Z5) G)<!liJJ~Jac.:lZ5)8ul'5)J
220 30 (~~<!liJ) aOl3<lzsf§lc.:l aoazsfZ5)c.:l
220 33 (~~<!liJ) ®zsfa0€:Ja0l'5)J8tsl' ®tsl'80€:Ja0l'5)J8zsf
222 45 (~®) cy5e50am'd cy5eJ0am'§,d
223 34 (~~<!liJ) 0C'J000®::fl'5) 0C'J00J0®::fl'5)
224 8 (~®) 0®6t (ro<;rot):§) t)Dm~ (fmt)c;rlld3)
224 9 (~®) DI3<l0c.:lz;J ~13<l0c.:lm'~
GO:lZj-)OWG<:52GOJm - Q}~ S~Dld G®GG en
ac ~mGCZ5'i tlsZ5'i eGO - 8GOmO GmJ~ 00 Gmd
(!Sltl 86®6>, 589 ",Dm B<;Yl"', ",<;",Dm Bche®iilJ8 ®rooa, 13 Dm a",Dt:l)
15dOI Ii3@GOZ5'i
eGO eGO Dc~@ -6l
o1~D C;0I DeJ@Z5'i OJ <;,t5l -6l
Q}~C:l2i 80mG acl ®G ~GD -6l
tilGO@Z5'imcDm DI§, GCGD@ -6l
(®80 t:lo",<<Sd"', 108 ",Dm B<;Yl"', !SlC5wa mC5mJ®!Sl, 14 Dm 8",Dt:l)
OOmJ ®G ~15d0 15dd Q}~ DIG aB m

GCGGmJ eGO tlco 610 15dOLDIGle;I Gm m
®emJ d~ GOJ~OI DOCo t.lC;J m m
G2:ilGmJ DI§, 1i3@ 0ICle; Om GC;D@ 0 m
(§t:lO t:lo"'<"'''', 120 "'Dm B<;Yl"', !SlC5W2mC5mJ@!5l, 15 Dm a",Dt:l)
O~ mJ amJ ~® C;® 15dOI GaG ~GG

Q}~ mJ ~mJ 8d ®m oDm 8m 0
G3®mJ emJ mmI 8De;It5l mc w®
mmmJ tlmJ G2:ilJDmJ GOJam 62 GO
O®~GO aBooG02:il ~§,DJt5GOGGOZ5'i®t5lgjGO815d mcl WJ DIG DC wOmZ5'imJ ®d <;'J@mD wI8GoZ5'imJQ Q}egtsj

GOm odD G2:ilJudJmGO 8@ae;D ~aO gOJ~ 80wc tl<O~Z5'i W) oJli3mlJ2:il0IDZ5'i 2:il0I~ tlclmo 2:ilGG G~
GC8§,.
aaBtlGd eoaB~J®Gd ~, C:lSilio C:l)ts) ~It5l u®d o®w, 6clmOJ ®Jom W~2:il Gc;aoIZ5'i G2:ilJOocl m®
Ga:f®~GO Oe;WJ, tl~a aOJm WJ ®g GGOJC;J mI-6l®O '2)®GGOZ5'itl6cs tlGO. G®0CO mJ2:il wcl®~GOO
~l(3Dt5mmG08 Gc;aoIZ5'iGmZ5'i mJ2:il W~2:il Q}egtsj (8 w(3 - Q)~ e!5lDDm; Q}eg~, Q}egtsj 6l8DE)m: aJ@ - cn~o:
0
ooe32:ilam - cnaoC»: <gl0@8 - bee' Q'J') o~wD 8DJGOI8 ~8 tlC><!DJO2:ilO~. 6§,oJ gj<:52Z5'i GOI8 GDZ5'i2:ilOmZ5'imJ
2:ila@Z5'iG2:ilJOO mJ2:il tl~a GDt5lm m® ~JWJoGO oaGOJ (S)I-6l®Od, (J Oe;WJ ®pmGm, mBo etlm Gcl
<'fl(3Dt5mmGO 2:iloG?I-6l®Od, wltil8 2:ila@Z5'i8Botil.
6Ge3® gj<:52Z5'iC;
m®Z5'i o®li3Z5'i C:len-05~)~~ (co-evolution) Q mJ2:ilGOZ5'iwO (JDJGd Q'Jo §,~aJc;mGO Oe;WJ
<'fmlJDmlJ OO)c»~<2>d'l; (pollination), aOJm gDJw2:ilGOZ5'iGCO @GOJ 2:ilO@Z5'i<glmJ DIc;md 0clDJDcl <glp2:ilO
GC;8. aB~J®Gd ~ 0tl~a mJ2:il aOJm-gDJw2:il-®JOlJGOZ5'i DmGGOZ5'iGmJGGOcl 015dm G®Z5'i®8Cw WJ OCJ.C3C;
1mtlmGO Oe;WJ <'f~Dt5mmGO u <'flm. G®® <'f~Dt5mm Cj'~BZ5'iQl<:52-aoJm~GO DeJJd tlG~m 8d, 2:ilJt5GO~®
8d aOJm~ '2)®GOcl DmGGOZ5'iwI~Z5'itlGO wltilGO.
tlC;lJJd®2:il odD Dt5G32:ilO~G~. tl~a ®m GOI8®O mBo ~~Ot5mmGO u~It5l gj<:52mDmGGOZ5'iw::::mDm G®®
2:ila@ G2:ilJOO, @{'(;8~)ol5){63 2:ila@ Gm:f~Gd (Insect Order: Hymenoptera, ct5lZ5'i c.'.lJ®JGOZ5'i
m63@le>@l2;snd@l()O), 6Z5)~ '1'7.§ z:5'l2@m), Qj~ OO~ ~<3c.:l (super-family: Apoidea,
~~~-8cJJozsf
CJ00 )G2>cJ)) UZ5) 6@lO)63eJc.:l) G3dGcJm w7.~mGtl. i;?)7.~8cJ)a5)7.§ (wGG®GZ5)d'<"Oc5J Hymenoptera) z:5'l2@
(wasps) ow ~~~c)2S'J
G(S)1~Gd ~GZ5)251o®)~z:5'lcJm Z5)~ @lC;iii)01.2S'J (ants) Gtl.
@~m, 57.domG O®JZ5) z:5'l~ GZ5)<,;251GZ5),,)G G®6~ ®5)251 z:5'l0 ~cJ ;,.'3~G ~7.Z5'.®t.dom ~cJzsfumGm
@lC;8c.:l)oO)1.6)(e5cGGCb Diptera) z:5'l?@G(S)'f~cJG Gtl. G<,;8cJ)a5)7.§ z:5'l2@GCl):f~Gd CJ®J~z:5'lGm umGm
3:'5))GcJ:::;f<;')z:5'l10GC ®t.dom, Gz:5'l:f~6t.Gm, ®.s6t.uZJ"f ~J~ z:5'l2@ZJ"f
cJ. Z5)@m ~t5d <,;251umm)251Gd®
0<,;8cJJo:5l7.m z:5'l?vGC0:f~Gd o®)~z:5'lGmG ~7.:5I"Gzsf
8cJJom G<';z:5'l251
a &. 6m® 8cJJam 6251;,.'3(l)CZil.6G1l)z;-!
Q)~8cJlo:5l7.m G(S)1~3d Cl®)~z:5'li3mG Gao WJ ap u3<lGcJm 8cJ)azsf P(l)C G<';z:5'l251
~7.5). ap eo GaO
3cJ)o:5l" o"":;iJmw B 6z:5'lG @cJJ z:5'lJBGm mOJ i5)7.~8cJ)aZ5'7.§lGCl):f@z:5'lGmu3<lGcJm Q)02ZJ"f,G<';@6t.m eo
t:l)QJ('.lGm (l)7.GZ5)§\.
- 0z:5'l)0~1s.JcJO ~cJm z:5'l?§CG3;iacJZJ"fcB <';1l)Oz:5'lG

@02::Jic,3<lGcJm w~m~m z:5'l? (20,000) ueJ) GC)U~O)
cBB ~7.:5I.o5wo Z5'm5)mU <';,5)uzsf o®wO Q)02 CG3;i@t:l)eJ) apt! u3dGcJm
@02 C30.lacJm!i3 O,)®1~z:5'lcJZJ"f
o~t! [,s.JGcJmc;, ~uzsf GU§. @02m ~51o <,;251Z5)G
C;, 51uzsf O®01;,;0251OJ:;Vroz:5'l C7.Gi;?)Z5)
Gm)GcJ251~)z:5'l)OGd
2 aGe W) C.:l1®l~cJ OoCWJZ5)cJm G<sJ cCJu51® ~udd)~ Game..,l,:i)ci5)mGm, oe»Oc.:l C»~)C))o (social
colonies) UGdGcJm :9um~m, '1'a 000 Pcwt) 8C3m) '1'a <';7.z:5'l
~07..s @ ~~2Sl. iii)ooo Qj~ti. c;~C)1.e Qj~m'
01') ~@lZ5)63Qj~2Sl E38:53. G®® oe»Oc.:l Qj~ (social bees) [JGG3i&cJm8cJcc® Gw:f 6z:5'l251
Gw:f GZ5)Ei8
'1'0 c,:5)0 Gm)80Z5)Ul [5cJ w7.ZilcJ.O®J~cJ Q)02m :535)0 G<';GtlGC<';7.z:5'l
Gz:5'l0Z5)t:l) tJ07.E ~UW, ®f1~ QlO2ca5
t:l)C0d '1'm5)t5(S)5) ~6 8BoZil.
O)<';Z5)"<;,~i5)cm aJ~U1" GWUW ~p @02m<,;(oGGCJGz:5'l'fm Cl)Bi>cJGGenus: Xylocopa

<';7.G8£07. z:5'lOz:5'l7.<,;e
c;'cJzsf @02m, 10.2 0tacJ i5)cmZ5)) t:l)e.J) 0~c251 ~GdGcJm :9UWUZ5) @02 E3G3;iil1JcJZil. QlO2 caB t:l)CGd
OJ®)Sz:5'lcJmGmm 8cJcJG ~OOWz:5'lG(85%) zsf~~1 83~Gd 51:53C~~WUZ5), ~C;~(3) Qj~2S'J (solitary bees)
cJ. 1.1 c,G2Gtl z:5'l?®Gc:fz:5'lGd 07.& @02m O1G 6@ ddJZ5)cJ ~fPam <,;251~)~7.5). 6G®ZJ"f® 10.6 uG2Ge:lm
<;'0m251@02 t:l)CcJm 8§i5)<; i3QJ€J 1l)~me;®251 <,;251~1~Z5'.
Qi02Z5i<;':5IBm o@l1:b mBi>JG10 Gs.JGcJm :3Gzsf e; a7.~d.d z:5'l0Z5)Qi02mWG "O1.~ Qj~ti" (honeybees)
c.:.2 £lc.:.®. G®@) a7.& Qi02::JiG<sJ
cGda c~Bi>cJ m®, =Om 51® Z5'lz<';7.CC ~G 3<lJz:5'l®p a7.eE, uGdGcJm~,
aOJCl), a7.& - ~ 5)cacJ251 UGdGcJZJ"f<,;, (l)i5)eJJ ZilB®i3. ~a oGU a7.& ~ts2 5GG3@cJm 1l)5)o251~7.5). a7.&
~02Q)<';, "50)-o~0)-01.~-Qj~2S'J" (stinging honeybees) ow "50)-o~0)-01.~-Qj~ti" (stingless
honeybees) C(l;lGcJm z:5'l)~eJ G<';z:5'lz:5'lG
Gi;?)G<';§. l.l ~G2D i5)cmZ5).
@ Coz:5'l,)Gtl<,;251mGC7.Gi5)Z5)[j5) oro5) a7.& Q)02m cGG3i& ~m m~,

<D @ Qj~2Sl - [j<,;:WW®z:5'lZ5)®cJ 68d @lOO)Z5)) ~2SleJ~) (Apis cerana indica),
01®JZ5)l5GcJm @ Gw1 @ ®7.dom D3dGc.:.m w7.~mGtl (l.l 0tacJ).
- 68d @leJ)O)()), (Apis dorsata), OJ®JZ5)J:;GcJmi5)@07.mU(l;lGcJm 1l)7.~mG~
(12 0tacJ).
@ c;~C)1.e Qj~2S'J - 68d d@l<3j~c.:l), (Apis florea), OJ®)Z5)l5GcJm <';Ge:l'fcGW'f <,;~87.C ®t.da2Sl
DGdGcJm Wt.~mGtl (J.3 0tacJ).
6Gd®, 6:::l® E3Z5'6&35' a7.& @02 5G3d'®cJ Z5)~,
@ ~@lZ5)63Qj~ti - ~63@lC»jZ5))~~eJ@102Sl~d (Trigona irridipennis) O)®)Z5)l5GcJm z:5'lGmGcJ25i
Gw1 z:5'lmGtl UGdGcJm ~mGtl (14 0tacJ).
2
qe5 @ 5Je:g, dad eOO2J)] f!mCJfS)] 0(ff
e.JC§hWZ5JO
DC; £63e5c.:Jz§lw Rzsf qJD06J()J
!J ddJm()JZSl Z5Jm.J qzti3 ZSlZC;ZCC. 0®®
ZSlZC;ZCC mDoZSl Dwcc.:J ()Jo e5Zb-J0zsf
Z5JmJ qzti3 qbJO 6c.:J qmJDO&()J £8®0
e5Waw!J 888w Z5Jw{.]D G)cDJ qzZ5J.
(fJt5& qDc&ltgZ5J fJl5el;; qJDaZ5JZSlZ<;ZCC)
r;i)6i!O 5Je:g, dad eD]O]D] 0(ff [)DilbJ

ddJm(.')z;f63 6Jl;mJ Z5Jm D<;()J£z;f ()Jzsf
ZSlZC;ZCC G)0d qzsf0zsf (.')0 e5,zsf0b-J
8630J <!zZ5J.(fJt5& qDC®Q!Z5l ,!)wa;:;f
mtJilZ5l ZSlZ<;ZCC)
3
uG:.J) )0....:; :':~-(Ol)Wl{(.~(c!(j ~)l~
~;>::r35<.!<.j ::....'V ) ~""'vJ) (~7...§
q')j:..-b~ ~)v §:56...J
<;r;,:.-(c! dUd. 68c:! rlC1Jef5,:n v,p E::." 31

.:1....:; )~"':::::I&> '-');::::;1 .j""\.:3) .:...<;....;6.:;"\ "";.!)I'
~1(;(<::(-'~ \.;,:"I~':"'1("l:I~3zSd(:z..1 ':"'\,J) ::Yl(:

::;mc~:';cv<! (::;m&d ~§:" ::;m&d
(""l>ve00).j""\ ~ V • .j""\ t..J'\ C;{ c:<:: )
DZ)') c.J6)~ cclfJ ,:;)~ ~{'r2 ~vz;f.s::n vz;fvm

(,CJd~6uw::;f ~w~a;)~ 0:\:....-8~~(Y) V(~~.:{:~m,
8m 68~ ~C8i) ~G~ (::;')...,:;)3 n;v~) o(~(d(j

CJoz:f5J::n i:.,iz;'f--.:;-\ (,~d,jj..J -.:;,.J~ CJ5)3'! r;J: Q') U)O\
(j ),,,)C~60..J~::;f J'\(~ dt.:'lj):5"1~Ju5r:;:) w~tn..JBm.

4.1 6(ov....:;~ ~v<;;)3 ;}W2 ?:'l7...{d<!(jz;:) q(S) Gl-Bo
C$')d~) CJ:'6,~) (~~~ v:.:'lG(.Ij ~ 'JO'h.-( ():':5:.:'1)
>Jl~:sf (~ c{v'1l~Gv el"::i)·
1.4 0tOQ, z"vz;J3 aiOJ. f)(.3C1JCD)f5))

'fl5lJC1Jom§Jc:! 0csf {P J:'-??5l (!)~()D.:Jz" ?5lZJ) J {'Zii3
z"Z<;ZCC- z,'(<;(cc: dCJ"'l;:J)J;O c,~().J SC:;ZJ) C,-,,-ts> z"o ('PlZ5)_ (gt5<!JV ~£Z5)
~tr.fu ("l:I K.lc':5' ?JJlC;(c!C)
4
.1
BZSl Oti3ZSlOZ&' ~l:S2m ZSl®~:JO~:Je:J ceeeoo cpg &'ZSlc.:lm Ge:JZSlB® ~mZSl15Cl}ZSl
BZSl a~ 8E ZSlOrn ~ZSl6,
BZSl 6ti3ZSl OZ&' ~~2j OmZSlIG®m ZSl oZj?om OCe:J:J 1lJB§.
G® CfZj?Bm @ 8l~m 1lJ:J ZSlGrn8 ~~m ~~c5z, cpO~ZSl cld)rne:Jrn, Cl}clGQ"jrn,G~ ~®cl, Cl}e! 8Ec5z ~:J~Gd
cle:J)w)BZSle:J Z5)®ZSlZ<;e Z5)rn) ee:JZSl'e:JrnCfZ5)O,Q"j®o ~~~ W) <;~e:JzC ~~2j, 6@®wm dd)rne:Jc ZSl® ZSlZ<;e
Z5)rn) Cl}ti§. 1.1 0toGd 8u 1.4 0l0c.:l <;cle:J) Gome:J) ~15iG15i ® C'ZSlJGU G<:@c.:loz&' 8l~ BGrn® WZ5)G15
ZSlz<;ee:JC c.:n®:Jrn15 cle:J)wJe:Jc.:l8.
g6c e:JCS<lGc.:lm
Cl}15iZSl@;~l:S2m CfZ§ BB® Q)~ ~eo~ (apiculture) e:JCS<lGc.:lm
wz~mGu. 8l~ @COc.:l c.:l2;),
8l~mGCl}m CzGQ"jrn CfJt5BZSl 6C e:Jrn, oz&' WJ 'fiB tieio:J<;rnc.:l Oe;W) Gw:f GQ"j:fCS) OOJcs)~c.:l C3<';Wl @~m
~z§ BBG®~ COGc.:l:fG3e:Jrntl<;XlJ15i®ZSlo~8l® 1lJ) g)Gc.:l:fG3ZSlo)crnc.:l 8@Q"je; @cac.:l g® Z5)Jcl~~c.:l C15U1lJJO
BB®8.
C3:J®JZ5"l:5Gc.:lm
Q)~ OJe!:S)~ (beekeeping) c.:l~ oz&' tieio)<;rnc.:l Oe;1m cGcl®Gc.:lm @~~m ~zf}, ti\5®8.
8l<l2m ~z§ ZSlOmZ5"l)Q)~ OJe~ (beekeeper Go:>:1apiarist) CCS<lGc.:lm<;, 8l~m ~z§ ZSl6Z5"lcst@1lJ)CS)c.:l
Q)~
()~!:S) (apiary G1lJ:fbee yard) CCS<lGc.:lm
<; roz~mG~.
BGrn® ~e:Jw)rnc.:lcl Gc.:l)~ZSlO ~15iG15i § C'ZSl)GU G<:@c.:l@ 8l~m,

G®® GmGZ5)ti3 @~ CJ)CZ5"lc.:le:JCS<lGc.:lm
(&8d 006JrnJ ~zs!e5ZSlJ), <! o{4.! (honey) tieiO)<;Z5"lc.:l C3e;1lJJ 1lJJtlZSlJ BB® 8@Q"je;C8. 6~oJ G:;i)IG1lJ:f
~CddJe.,c~ @ 8l~m Cl}zZ5"l
CJ®~cl C3e;1lJm BBG®~ 8l~m c.:lz8 e:J15e:J1lJJ6ZSlO ~Z5).
8l~ OJCZSlc.:lJ c8m @ ~<l2m 1lJU ®pmGCD' ~{c;{ee (nest) Z5)rnJ Cl}z~® C3e;1lJJ OOc.:lrn c<; ~JoZll'EZ5)
~JCO~c.:l 01lJ:f ZSlZ<;e cldJZ5"lc.:l enaC)~ (hive) e:JCS<lGc.:lm 1lJz~m0~. 8l~ ZSlz<;zcccl, @~m B8m 0Cl}JeJrn(5)Z5"l
e:Jrn CfJ1lJJ6 C3,BZ5)c.:lm<;, ~~m0CD' CfoBrnZ5) Cfe:Jwm 01lJe:J15i~en~ (brood)
c<; 'flu C<; <; 1lJJ r:Je:J:J0d CfmZ5)t5Cl}Z5)
~e:Jwm<;, C<; ®ZSl 1lJZ800Z5"l oBrnZ5) 8l~m <; c.:lrnJ~ 8c.:l~® eB 1lJJ CfelB 0ZSlJucl e:Jem C3®mBZ5) 0U. 6rn®
1lJ8Cc.:l G1lJ:f ZSlZ<;CcldJZ5"lc.:l ~~ZSlZ<;ZC0C 0ZSlJUocl GZ5"lJe:JrnQ"je:J15i 6c.:l ~0<;cl® 8l~ ZSlZ<;ZCC8ti3pe:JJ Cl}15i
~:JC06Jc.:l 0 ~cl Q"je:J15i~o G15ic5z® Cl}ZSl8Zj?e:J Cl!ZZSl.
8l~m 6zsl' c0cl~c.:lcl 01lJ:f C0cl®c.:lm Bti3oc.:lcl 8@Q"je; ZSl6~J B<;:W15i®ZSlroz<;IB®, 01lJe:J15i8l~ coBz:j?CGd
(r:J00J8~bJ c:laoC» 5C;'lnC) (Apiology 01lJ:f Mellitology) CCS<lGc.:lm
coBz:j?Cc.:l) C3:J®)~ZSlc.:lm8@Q"je; CfW15c.:lZ5"lc.:l
1lJz~m0~ ZSl2@m 8@Q"je; ZSl6~J B<;15J15i®ZSlroz<;IB® g6c e:JCS<l0c.:lm~~ 5C;llJC) (C3,clZSlaZSl - ~~ 6rn®
ZSl2@m, Entomology) e:JCS<l0c.:lm roz~m0~. 8l~ @COc.:l c.:l~ C)nC)en)e;~ ~~ 5C;1l)~C)(Applied Entomology)
q)csa~ ~~
G1lJe:J15i 5c;n)~C) (Economic Entomology) 6cl ~'CJ;)c.:lB. ~~5<:n)C) eco ~a<!5c;n)C) o®:JZ5"lIt5d
<:'z§ 0<; e:JCS<l0c.:lm
cmBZSlJ G~.
ec c<;m15i®ZSlC c»~)C))Q~tS:f (colony) c.:l~ 1lJpGc GCl}:JeJZ5"lCl}rn C<; GOJf, ZSlZ<;lCC ~G 6B0rnZSlJGCD'
<:,CCJ;)15Z5)J 01lJ0c.:l:fCl}0c.:lm'fI2ZSl0 CS)ti@m Z5)®0luflm
~0Z5"l15:fZ5"l15C C3J~ti3ZSle:J<:'z§ <;l5 ZSlO~J ZSl2@m 8Bo§.
0l&' 8l~m <:'z~6 <:,0Z5"lz:j?15i Qi»)d~ ~a<!2Sl (z:j?2j e:Jm, 0<;Q"jc5zmC31lJ0~c.:lm) GCD'Cl}~Je:J)C3c.:lcl ~@; 6cl
®JZ5)~ C315ie:Jc.:lz:j?
Z5)® OB~ZSl <;JOZSl OO®OOJe:J C3®G3m tio~61e:J 0lu2m <'1!l§ <;l5 ZSl6@m oe:JzsiC)GCl}rn
(.3Z5"lCf§ BCS<lJc C3J®J~ZSl o,Ol15JDBm tj15i BCS<lJc 08CZSl ~B ozDz15i® <;zti\(.3 rozB (.3.
5
1.1 DClJD: om't) Gcd'z:ilGd QJ~Z5l0cJ t)25) z:il3@Z5'l'<1'Z5l0 5Z5l OroZ5l oz& Ql~Z5'l' rou ro@l c:fd:J25)cJ <g)Z5l:J
~~esZ5'l'
e.:lclD~ejti)!;.J
~--- I ---,
Cj'Z5'l'8cJ~® oZj?Z5'l' (25%) tS)a~d Gro[)m' 1:llle:lOJ~tS)o~Z5'i (75%)
El'z:il GGO~cJ Cj'z@QJ:Jt):JGc0 8C) @u15 20 cl t)15CS)c.:l:<g)Z5'l'GoclC):JGrod' 0roclo,)Go:je..;J
o®~ ~cl 2m' GC):JZ5'l'15 cl o®~ QJOf:m' <g)Z5l:J Class: Insecta Gro:f Hexapoda
CG<l:JC G<l56cJcl crz53 Z5le' ®8Z5'l' C;cluJ, @l2§1o:JC; C;;CJ[, ~0:J C;;~(025) 800,000 o®~ ~
Cj'zZj?~t) z:il2@Z5'l'(25):Jt)25) om't) 50a;!@cJZ5'l' 260,000 55w z:il2@ oZj?Z5'l' z:il2@l c;;CS)d'~ 28 z:ilC)
o®~ ee. c;;®c;;c:fc;;QJC;:JCj'<.
Z5l.
I I
cr§cJ:JoZ5lZ53 z:il2@Z5'l' c:.:l8":))(::l!5){~
tS)a~d
cot)15CS)cJ: El'GuBGCS)d'u:J (625)@ §cJ:Jom' OroZ5l) cot)15CS)cJ: GuBGCS)d'u:J (625)@ §cJ:Jom' OroZ5l)
Sub Class: Apterigota Sub Class: Terigota
GC:Jt)tjo:J <1'§cJJOZ5lz53 z:il2@ 5G~@cJZ5'l' GC:Jt)tjo:J o§cJ:JoZ5lz53 z:il3@l 5G~@cJZ5'l'
3,500 o®~ 8025) <1'Z5l0 ®~Z5'l' Gcs)d'~ 760,000 o®~ 8025):J <1'Z5l0®QZ5'l' Gcs)d'~ 23 z:llU
5 z:ilU GQJC;:J<1'zZ5l· GQJC;:JGt)Z5'l' z:il0 Cj'ZZ5l·
1-------1
Cj'(25)cl z:il3@l GCS)i~ 22 U Cj'cJm', z:il?@ E3G~(illcJZ5'l' G®® z:il?@ G(S):j~ 23Z5'l' 6z:ilcl t)25), Ql~Z5'l'
652,000 o®~ Cj'Zj?BZ5'l'
t)eJ:Jm' z:ilz8 GO(25)25) <1'cJm' roBG®(25):JaGu:Jo:J Gcs)d'~cJ (S)z25) t)zeJbO
Cj'oC) &\Z5l0 GC;Gtl0e' C;cl25)u czGQJ25) z:il?@Z5'l' B®o£!).
Cj'cJm' G(S):j~ OroZ5l C;zclGtl. @{~8,,:l)O~{~ z:il2@Z5'l'
Gcs)d'~cJ: roB0®(25):JaGc)Cb Order: Hymenoptera
GC;QJ~Z5'l', aJ~Z5'l' ro:J t:l)~~t)Z5'l' Cj':J~ z:il2@Z5'l'
I. C;Z5'l'Z5lWOz:il
z:il2@Z5'l' 108,000 a ~ <1'Z5'l'Z5l15CS)Z5l
Gz:ilG15.
0CS):j~cJ: ®eJ25):JU Order: Odanata
zs;?0Z5'l',QJm'zs;?oZ5'l'Cj':J~ z:il2@ CGa;!(illcJZ5'l' I I
2000 o®~ C;, @t;@6{d Q}e;?d t::i)~@Dd
2. 02P§:.:l:JOZ5l<.53 z:ila@Z5'l' coBt:l)C coBt:l)Cc.:l 6cl t:l)Cc.:lz:ilU
GCS):j~cJ: ®c;;Z5l:JaGC)o:J Order: Orthoptera Brooc.:lz:ilC) El'c;;o:JB[b:J Cj'c.:lm'5c;;~@cJZ5'l'
OcCS)<.ocJZ5'l', z:il<.OC;;O:Jm'Z5lZ5'l'
Cj':J~ z:il?@ Cj'c.:lm'c;;C;QJO Super family 8,000 o®~ <1'<.Z5l.
Bc;;a;!@cJZ5'l'28,000 o®~ C;, 5G~@cJZ5'i Apoidea
3. o®§cJ:JoZ5l<.53 z:il2@Z5'l' 80,000 G®® coBt:l)Cc.:lC)
c;;CS):j~cJ: Cj'Bc;;oJac;;uo:J Order: Isoptera o®~ <1'c.:lm't:l)C II z:il
GtlcJZ5'l' BGa;!@cJZ5'l' 2, I00 o®~ C;, <1'<.Z5l. <1'Z5'l'Z5l15CS)Z5l
4. Cj'eJS3eJ§cJ,)OZ5l<.53 z:ila@Z5'l' 5G~(illc.:lZ5'l'
c;;(S):j~G3: 0ro@aGUOJ Order: Hemiptera 20,000 o®~
o<.C®t:l)~Z5'l', Cj'ze; ®t:l)~Z5'l' <1':J~ z:il3@ 5G~@cJZ5'l' Cj'ZZ5l·
23,500 o®~ C;,
5. ;»~~@§c.:l:JoZ5lz53
Gcs)d'~cJ: Gro:jG®:JaGuo')
z:il2@Z5'l'
Order: Homoptera
drocBc.:lZ5'l', 6)eJtt)Z5'l' Cj':J~ z:il2@Z5'l'33,500 o®~
6
C;,
1
~~~
(jo<5t!!(3c:.:l: 6~o)Elc:.:l) Super family: Apoidea
(81CS2coB l::l)Gc.:lClCfc.:ld 81CS2l::l)G 1 1 cl CfIZ5l)
I I I I I I I I I I
6. 9D8c.:l:JOZ5lI§ tsl<l~m 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Gl3xf?:5)c.:l:Gtsl:JSGc.:l:JOGClc5J G®® 81CS2coB l::l)Gc.:lClCfc.:ld l::l)G 11 m 0IS, 81CS2m
Order: Coleoptera Cfc.:ld ~eQ: d8~c) (Family: Apidae) Dc.ldGc.:lm
l::l)0I®S,c.:lm 5Gcs;j'1W300,000 o®6> ~, rol~mGC).
7. c.ldCtsl8c.:l:JOZ5lI§ tsl<l~m I
G13xf?:5)c.:l:GG8GD:JOGClO:J Oid Q}e5Jtsl
Order: Lepidoptera 5Z5l CfI§ Z5'l1§ 5® Cf~D
a®Z5'lG8m em aG@8m cp~ tsl<l~m m6> G~tsltslCl G@G(
5Gcs;j'IWc.:lm113,000 o®6> ~, I
8. G~8c.:l:JOZ5lI§ tsl<l~m I
Gm::f~c.:l: 50GClO:J Order: Diptera 5~c:l~~ Oid Q}e5Jl5:f 5~o~~ Oid Q}e5Jl5:f
qoam, Gtsl:J~6tDm, ®~6tDm m6>c.:l: e:J8o m6>c.:l: g8Gm::fZ5'lJ
cp~ tsl<l~ 5Gcs;j'IWc.:lm120,000 Genus: Apis Genus: Trigona
o®6> ~, I I
G®® gtslCl Gm::f~c.:lm ro CfmZ5lt) GG:JD gO:J 5Gcs;j'IWc.:lm7 cl @ Gotsl:JGC) CfIdGd 6cl
m Z5l 5 CfIZ5l. CfIZ5l. 6Z5'l®, 5Gcs;j'IWc.:l§. 6Z5'l®,
1. e'J8c:f Ga6JZ5'lJ+ * 98Gro1z))J @6e5GOm'z53d+
Cf:J8c.:l:J§tsl ~ 81CS2 Trigona irridipennis
Apis cerana tslGZ5'lro 81CS2
2. e'J. GtslJGlWdz53GzsyJej+
G@::ft)~Gc.:l::fGC)O~ ~ 81CS2
A. koschevnikovi
3. e'J. G@8GC'J6J+ - Cf§tsl:J~ eoo 8Go::f8c.:l ~ ~CS2
A. mellifera
4. e'J. GD1aJuJ - @&lO SCS2
A. dorsata
5. e'J. GlG5J16c.:lJaJ~ - ro®:lGc.:l:l~ @&lO 81CS2
A. laboriasa
6. e'J. dGC16c.:lJ - ~8DIC 81CS2
A. florea
7. e'J. Cflm'Gf:jz53GC'J1@c:f - Z5l:l8 ®Gc.:l:l~ ~8DIC 81CS2
A. andreniformis
* <f(~c.:l:l~ co ®ro:J<:58tsl gG<:Cl<lc.:l
eoo @ G°tsl:lD Cf:l@Z5lD80Z5'l CO 5Gcs;j'IWc.:l
c:J8d (§C:JOJf;))J ~tsfeJCi)J (Apis cerana indica)
c.:l~GDm ~~mGC).
+ aoD Z5l ro8Dc.:lm ~b Cfl§ tslb ~tsl.
~ e'J. GfJ1aJuJ Gm co 5Gcs;j'IWc.:lcl~ Z5'l1Z5lGro:ldZ5l~
5Gcs;j'IWc.:lcl~ c.:lmZ5'l8~@e; ®Z5lGe.s::f~c.:lcl
CfIZ5l.
7
0®® 625)® ®JZ5l2 C5dOc.:lJ 0wOd cs){%JOJC50cJ 8uz5'lJ 625) ® e:lo{ <;S)!;J)oa)t:l)!;J) (fertile female),
do2S) (queen) Om0c.:l25:1 WI'(;25:10C). de525) B825:1 25)b;.:m~O qI@ 625) ® 25)Jt5c.:lc.:l25)@ m025:1Z5\00c.:l25:1®Q5,g
(25)J25)e:.lDJ CfI@ 25)B®I3. (1.5 WJ 1.6 0tC3 ")c25:125).) C3I'&' @el225:10GJq'C3525)Z5l~eJ25'S
Cl0®25:1 Z5l® <";J025)c.:l25:1
025) Q5a, z§\O C5W BCJ c.:(25)CfOW25:1 Z5d25)O®0C3Jf0C) ~O)~ (brood) c.:lII3 25)c.:lY] CI0@ dS25) B825:1 <";®25)
832 0IeJ CfI@ 025:1025:1o5Jc.:lJo6)25)I325:1 0WJ CfI0GJ ~c.:l&c.:l25:1 0wOd
C5oQlJ5JG25)25:1 ~d'5t:l)) Q}et>::;j c.:l. 1.7 WJ
1.8 0lC30G25:1 0dD25)J @el225:10GJ @P0C) 80 C3525)Z5l0wD25'S p~~c q'D[b 0Z5lcl 'tI@ BBO CfOdoJ C3IwI~8
25)0 q'IZ5l. dS25)B825:1 <";wd CS){%m25:1'tI@ 25)O{%J ~c.:l&c.:l25:1go525)25) WI25)c.:lJDcl (25)J~@ DC;o5Jc.:lJo6)25)c.:l25'S
025) q'Z5l0 ®,Q25:1 0dD25)JD25:1 Dm0c.:l25:1 wI'f;m0C). 0dD25)JDm Z5l® cs){%JDJC50cJ gDt5Z5l25)c.:l C5e;WJ 0I<";Cl:mi
025) CfJWJO dd25)B®, C3I0,Qm d25) Q)CJCS)I2§',®, 25)I<";ICC 0cs)Je:.l25)Im®, 25)I<";ICC (;,5<0 C3B~ 25)B®, 25)I<";IGC
Q)J@o CC3SD DGm CfJO~J25)O CS)I2§',®,CfJWJO Bg0c.:le 25)B® WJ CS)Q)e:.lJ25)B®, cr§{%dOc.:l gmdZ5l ®uO®!:5l
C3DdDJCS)I2§',®, DJ2 C5oC50{%c.:lCfJ~ 8c.:l~ 25)Jt5c.:lc.:lm@mOZ5l0C). dS25) <";®25)C5®wocl @~ OGm tj®Jo6)25)c.:l25'S
0wOZ5f C3083el2m 0wD25'S g@o{2SJ (drones) q'I@0C). 1.9 0l00cJ 0dB25)JDm q'Z5l0 8525) gQ)00t:j? 0C3mOJ
q'IZ5l· pQ)0Im DI<";CS)25'SDm0m CS){%OJC5c.:lm83 25)0 C50Io5Jc.:(06)25)l3m 0wOd 25)0 dSmc.:lm CfI@Ol5l
2CJJCC55u0&<";0~ 0®® 25)0 2S){0){~ dO~!;J2SJ (virgin queen) C5®W C50C5t5cs)0cJ 0c.:l~®Oc.:l.
@el2m c.:l~00m q'C3 at® cO® q<";wd 25)Om0m o5Jc.:lJo6)25)l3m Q)O C5ICt:j?D ®25)Jc.:l. 625)~ 6c.:l d~ GoG)
GD25)c.:l25). 6@ g~® Go&325) C3<";c.:lg@o{2i (g@O)i - 6Z5lWm; g@o{2i. g@o{~ - 6l~ODm) 0C)
0dB25)) .3lel2m0GJ mBOc.:lm@ B@5 ~a ~2ie (wax glands) ®6)m mC3<";D25)<gluOGm Z5l25)~ eQ)25) a®JmZ5l0
0<"; 25)@C3c.:l25)m~d .3lel2m0GJ DJC5dOJ25)c.:l .3lel2 25)I<";ICC Dm0c.:lm wI'f;m0C). C5J®J25)J50c.:lm @ .3lel2m Z5l®
25)I<";ICC Z5lI2§',®C5C;WJ Cf~oI q'JOz:sgZ5l dOJl5lc.:lcl (1.1 o(Oc.:l Q)c:m25)) 025) CS)d0i;?)25), 0C) w®d, cs)c 8fol
q'J~ Z5lIm 0Z5lJOJ CS)2§',
. .3lel2m 6cl6cl o<";c.:lZ5l25)'2"1
eQ)m0m 800'0 CfDe~Q)25)cJ~ 0C3Jf OJ~do 't25'S@DJO®§25'S
0<";oaO (@0C50 ~~{%e25) 00') mt5®J{%c.:l 25)0'2"1 eQ)25) tJao@Z5\ ®e:.llS§ t:j?30 0'00 0C;25)25)m a®mQZ5l 0l5l
0CC50c.:l. D<";c.:(25)
<glw@m® 0I& CS)Q)e:.lJ<";,
owgm® <glwe; g0<C>lc.:l<";B&\O, q'IZ5l. 0®® g0<C>l 0<";25)0Dm 25)OID
cQ)25) C30Jcs) B5 t:j?30 §oI0cl ®I~m C3IwI~GO <";cl25)O 'tIZ5l (9.1 0l0c.:l Q)cm25))
(,'1 {%JG J ac.:l 25), CS)W25)c.:lcuD CfOdoJ025) oDd25)J CO 6c.:l 6cl dSmc.:(25) C3CS)m<";,
0d525)JDm 25,000 80
30,000 g®J{%c.:(25)mc;, pQ)0Im 8c.:l CS){%25)25)mc;a®mBZ5l 0C). cs){%JDJC5c.:l25) CS)W25)c.:lcuD 'tDdoJD25)O
c:JZ5:fDm0m mJ25) ®p WJ OOJcs) (325)J®<";O C5IC3C3c.:(25)
Di2C qDBc.:lcl 025) o{~ C))o!;Jt:i)" (honey season)
Dm0c.:lm 83el2 C3JC25)0cJ wI~m0G25) 25)Jec.:l Z5db~c.:l. 0®DI m 5pc q'OBc.:(25)~ cs){%JOJC5c.:lm 25)DdS25)m 0WOzsJ'
25)0 aOl dJc.:lJo6)25)c.:lm 25)@C3 0<";(25)t:j? mC3 <";0J CS)m25)J qZ5l0, cs){%JOJC5c.:l oo~ ~@l;!;J)~ (swarming)
25)@ :@c.:lJDGc.:lcl ®6)m 9Cl2{%25)c.:l eJ DI5~0 cs){%JOJa 0Q)JeJ®cl 8E 0C).
mJ25) ®f2 WJ C30Jcs) aIC38® 8325) 025) CfDBc.:l C3wDd q~c:f~ t:l))C)!;J (dearth period) Z5db~ qQ)0Im
cs){%JDJC5c.:lm@ Oe;DJ (25)JCS)m25)J CfZ5l0 ®2m cs){%JDJC5C3c.:lm Bo®o 25)0~ cQ)25) mC5J wJ®@m @c.:ld3.
CfJWJO CfC3Wmc.:lc\!)eJ, 25)I<";ICC3e qI@ q'JWJO CS)Q)e:.lJDIc.:leJ 6)c.:l BO ~ cs){%JDJC5c.:l B@5 25)I<";GdoJ25)c.:l
wI0<";®J 0D25)25'SCfJWJO ~Cw g0<mc.:lcl 0013. 0®0d
25)oJ C502:?)®25)c.:l 25)I<";G dOJ25)c.:l wI0<";®J (025)d 25)I<";8
dOJ25)c.:lcl 0C5Jc.:lJ c.:ll0@ :@c.:l)OGc.:l O){o!;J)~ (absconding) Dm0c.:lm wI'(;m0C).
1.5.2.
6cl adD0c.:lt:j?C3GJ ~8B0®m 6® B0Cld'®c.:lO Cfc.:ld 0D25)d C5dD0c.:lt:j?0(,0 wI8B® 0®0Wc.:lB®O 0wDd (025)0'
25)B®O CfI@ WI25)c.:l)O CfC3e:l2i~~Clc;2S)!;J(communication) Om0c.:lm aC25)~. <";wd CS){%25)25)mtJd C5J®JS!:5l
C5oQlm025)m C5u;@cd cs){%JDJC5c.:l25):@c.:lJ25)J5dD0cJ C5®J0c.:lJd25)c.:ld, 625)025)25)) q'Z5l0 C3ID@c.:l ~Z5d C5®J~c.:l
(social cohesion),
e:i25)JQ)<OZ5lJOc.:l0WJ e:l)~)Ot:l) e:loe:ltslti)!;Jf5)' C5~gt5{% cs){%JDJC50cJ® Z5dGZ5lZ5lJOc.:l C5e;WJ
8
@ aJ02 dam qz"xJ)' 6?5J~J 8J02m eJ®&3Z5f.dam CJOJ Bum, 0dCt:5J QJ02m
(0?5l'UJ 8J02tJcw) §36t?}6zu® eEZc:J0(o'6?5J'CJ0m' 7)0t:5J68. 0®tO? damO
c1J<0J6 ZJJzf!5®?5l'(!zc:JGcDUZC;CD?5l'
6CJ66J6®1mWID CJm dam sD15 cQ)J
CDZi:i® ex;,'!)] §36t?}6zCJ® Cfzw GctJt:5Jt®?5l', deJt5ut:5J6&c:J?5l' 8[jGtJ.
0?5J'e, Q)02CJCw (5J&JUJOc:J0c5 ozDz?5l'® Ot;'CDJ 7)?5JJ 0ZC;(5J?5l'6tJ.
&ECm @ &02 da§3w. ~C566c5 ot?}6d &c5tJ ?5JZIDO?5l'til8® Oe;CDJ

c1Zc:J6CD'
cC;6:.'J ~C56w t?}@0 C;®J6CDm B8mJ §3eJJ 6$ c1Cd6JGtJ?
606mID6m C!zw6cD tOo CDJc60 o®eiii. 8Jc5cm 80 OeJJ 615!f)J &02ID
{!zc:J CO t:5J66CDm {!JCDJ6 t:5Jzf!5®?5l', 6CC t:5Jl®?5l'§36t?}6z[; B[jt:5J68.
9
Dlc;(l)Zll't:m cij)JOQ cij)da~Qti (social homeostasis), c;;®Dlm 55m' c;;z:SlJDOl!:5l alDlZll'® Oe;WJ 'fIZ5'1
Dlc;(l)Zll'02J. m<%')D')8 5t.-mGd c;'Z5'l)t.,(g:.5c;'omv:lm' <.,m cpono 001~Jml15)® WJ m@t)J zS'lB®, gdmmc.3,
o:l®:lBl!:5loooz.,iZ5'c.:l,l!:5llc;lc:!0c!t.,10 0®l!:5l0<%@c.:l:l,ctJocl,,:;m~ c;':l~ @C.:l:lD8C.:lwl!:5l:lt'5C.:lcl&>®D
o®:lc;;c.:lJemc.:l
§B® Oe;WJ 2I02m' c;'mo 0m'm02Jc;m 1i?)®zS'lts)ac.3cla5<%:l®C.:le3 c;'lZ5'.C;;®®om'l5')c;;2Jc;mc;'Jl!:5lJOC.:lm' 6o~ 1
~ c;;c;l!:5lcl'Z5' O~') aD£3.
CD OCJQ25)cti~~C)C;25) coop (chemical communication signals) WJ

@ ~C:O"J~tsl ccl~~C)C;25) coop (physical communication signals)
(Miii:lt::lOc.:ll!:5l
C5l"lZll'® Oe;WJ t.,l<;(l)z.;f@C.:l1l!:5l15Zll'<.,c;;d
o®Jc;;C.:lJdmC.:lZll',
OJ®JBl!:5l8m' c;'mo oooclmC.:lZll' W:l
o®:l8C.:l o®o'B§lc.:lZll' Oe;WJ Cl<;mz.;f 0m'l5')02Jc;m ®Jwl5C.:lcl DG:lc;;C.:lm' e3c;;cs;j'gmoOJC.:lm sDl5 c;;l!:5l:lDocl
:@c.:lJZ5lJB<.,m c;'mo, e t.,) ~C')~OJ~ij)j25) (pheromone) OG:l0C.:lm' ~'e;wc;;2J. 6m~, 6cl oZll'Dc;;m:p52b l5')ac;Dm
60Jc.:lmZ5lsOl5c.:lcl a50oC.:l0 l5')~z;fl!:5lG[JD 6® oZll'D cc;;ccl&>C.:lD® '1'C.:lZll'
0DmZll' oZll'Dc;;C.:l~c;;m
wl8B® C;;l!:5lc;;ots)
Qlcae:lZll'e:lm'0m'm~, 6® oOJC.:lm sDl5c.:l '1'8 0C'J00J0®Jm e:lG:lC;;C.:lm' w~m'D~. m<%JDJoC.:ll!:5l0®J5c.:l
o®dB§lc.:l 0e;1SJJ ulc;mZll' 0C'JC;;OJC;;®Jm
dBm (5)) c;;o'tll!:5l1Dm'c;;m(6m~ d:lC.:lJo63l!:5lC.:lm'
om) G:lBo 52b c;'l§l
mSD <;gm'B Z{lG (1.19 0taC.:l) l5')a<;02J. c;;®® e:llc;mZll'C;;C'Jc;;OJ0®Jm'1'Z{l5m'dBmc;;m q~i:)j{D~tsl ~2ia~d
(mandibular gland) ma<;Om d025) ~D'lSQ (queen substance) DD:lZll' pgl!:5lDC.:l. 50m&>C;;C.:lW®
9- lSiC;;0:l-c;;t)00mJ8cl c;'~CC.:l(9-oxo-decenoic acid 0WJ 90DA) dt5m SDlS0d '1'm'mt'5mZ5'Dt)JlSi @C.:lJl!:5lJB
Ooe:JDZ5lC.:lzS'l.
dt5m SOlS mOJ 8ft.,m <.,t)')z.;f alwl~S @c.:lJl!:5lJ5wDC.:lcl m~ m<%JDJ00d 0®J5C.:l
ooolSiZ5'C.:lz.;f,
o®o'B§lC.:lz.;f at.,z.;ft.,J0mm C.:lt® Oe;WJ @caJm Go'5l!:5lJDm'c;;cs:f5~@ C;;l!:5lJ&>
Dt50mc.3 e3®
®t5c;mt.3zS'lB®02J (6.6 Gl!:5lJOO&em'm). dBm s<.,;:;C.:l@ Ql02 m<%JDJoC.:ll!:5ll5')c;;OJ&3alDlw® ow gG:lo'm
:@c.:lJZ5lJBz.;fDC.:l
oe;w') §lab >.352 6cl Dlc;mz;f c;'wlSwmo OJWl!:5lC.:lzS'l.
60 0lat3c;;~ C'1l<%:5lJOC.:l:51
mo)
(l)~JOJOC.:ll!:5l0®15C.:l o®o'B§lC.:l Qle;Dluc;;®m' 6C.:l (25)J6 cs)~JDJCQcl (orphan colony) @DO a::sfe3®:sf
o®ti3m c;'l:5l<.,m01<.,<;;:;mwwDC.:lw 1.10 0ta0C.:lm' al~~8 0l!:5l0t5.dBm ~el l!:5lJCC.:ll!:5l0
0W:! m<%JDJ00v:l:5'f
'fiD!5lD(l)z;f cO a5J5C.:l ooocl§l0d l!:5llG~ cl c;'l§l02J. 6Dll5') c;'Do'6JDm'€i3~ c;'lc.3c;'Jae m® m<%')CJoc.:l

Gt)!5lEm 50 0::hoo)J 60f: 0o'5l!:5lJDm' 58m' d025) ~oo{5ij)O (baiiingthequeen) WJ d025) ~tslJ25)l63ij)0
(queenpecking) aOm' ml15) ow dBm 0') c;l@® 8£:02J (7.4.2. Gl!:5lJOO@cwm). m<%JDJoC.:ll!:5l G5®cl3§lC.:l
e5e;cXl0lc;m:;ft.-m dBm G5W 0o'Cl!:5lJDm' c;'Z5\Oc;'l§ c;'0mlSJmlS o~@wwmJDc;;d awe0Dw <;la:.-:l O)(£)
clSi~~t.3tli m~, ~tiDJ QJes;}cl c;;w:!~tiDJ QJes;}D(3Q (queen court) OG:lC;;C.:lm' w~m'D~ c@m Ql02:5'f 35aZ;,-l
dBm DO) c;;ae01l8 al~~8 c;'Jl!:5lJOC.:ll!:5lD
mOm'moGC.:lm' 8u®8 (1.5 WJ 1.6 ora @cm'm). dt5m W)
GZll'DJQl02m' c;'Z5\Ol5')om'mo 0C'J00J0®:!m s:DD®J~Dcl 8£:02J. c;;wD:l 2I02m' 58m' dt5m St:15C.:lCS'O)mc;;d
<;>m1il~m' GDm 0lat30®m' m<%JuJoc;;d oooclmC.:l WJ 528m1DJDt.3 dl!:5l(15). c;;®® @C.:lJt:8c.:lm'Oe;WJ
de5m DU:l Z5'lc;;mm2I62DCC.:lDlc;mw e:lm '1'mo 6C.:lc;'mDomD aDwt::l ml:ffl®Dw, o'6JDowDC.:lD aw zS'lB®Oz;f
de5mc;;m8()~(3 ~2ia (tergite glands) D8m' 0lac;;C.:lm 0C'J00J0®Jm Dlc;mwc;;2J. c;;z.;fDJ1il02Dcc;;d dBm0cs:f
li30DuJ 8C3mJ @02m' c;'l0GJ ~@C;;C.:lm'dBmsDlS C@Jmm'mJ l5')OJW, cc;OC.:l DDJ 8C3mJ @02m'
c3C5<Smtslo~~Q2i (antennation, 6m~, o'at'5G:ll!:5l®63m' l!:5l0<%JaBcl&>JD C;;w:!5®e®) WJ C;;CDl!:5l1c;;®m'
8C3!5lc <;gm'B 0t.,§lm' C;;C'J00J0®Jm C@J(l)m'mJ l5')OJW c;;®® @62m' alwl~8 DcC.:lcl o0' c;'oD 0C5C;;W.
de5m c;;a6~®D O)J c;;l!:5lJmlii'l®D@02m' 00GC;;®m'C;;m'0®® 'fIm1 o@o o~@m'wmJDc.:l eell!:5lJCC.:lcl 52b~
1ile;Dloc;;®m' 2I02m' OlSJZ52CmJDC.:ll!:5l0
oz.;f e3 c;'l§l C()~C.:l. 6®l5')01 (0)J~m' @C.:lJl!:5lJB
m<%JDJoC.:ll!:5ldt5m
'fiD!5lDml15) , c;'DG:llSf: C0l!:5l~ 'fIZ5\JgC;;2JG:l0®WWJ 0lCzS'lc!0em' l!:5lG052t: c;'lm.
10
--e~Ol ~O""j 80j qt)ifJcsO Bt:DeJ@O6BO 8t)am ZiJ80cs ZlJG
__ @8 8CS1e16e:Jt:D
t)ZS ZiJ806d 88m eao Bet)j
-_(~:lIlJillI!ie{--ejiihe
1
Be:)j
~"6"',.oo"mom"
-8~@cf 6ro;/ ",~g~o> :)l~~ roGJ6t)z;j 8CS18ZS)806CS~

80eJ@O 6BO
11
i.7 0t0<;J: @ OJc] <j)WC;(OJo. t55u W] Bc] q[)wm) <7Zn'Z5Jt5CS)z5l DC;G.'JZ5J @Z5J]Ue:;Z5i. @[)J(!3 ?{Jw6G.'Jm@r:DCJq)@cf
e:;& CJlwZ£J ?{Jwl c;C) Z5Jz~8 @@m Ge:J@251z;)@m (iJo..j. OJOGt,m BuZ5JU e:Jl&leii; O(5)8m@ f:J
?{Jw) 6iu;:.:JZn' w::..,mGr:D (mm6 OJr:,Dz:sj @Z5J@ m@D&l2Ji 80. @251]@(.')1;)-) [)t5WZ5J etDd63[)z;) 83251]
uzC!@wcf e3iUc.:lm'C; C;lZ5J (5)Z5J WlZ5J· e:;$~t56i@c.oz;) 0eJ6i t55uG.'Jm ~e ?{J06c.oZ5J§ '1)eJ t)e:;J@(5)251
~Z5J. 6iUG.'J2Ji e:;o;:;,t56i@c.:J251'@ uz?J6i 8u Bc] <-rD[jc.:l O@~@cf)251 et25J6 OOu ?{J06G.'J '1)8
Sc.:llde:;£)?5"! DCJ) C;~8. BCJ et0BCJ e:JCJZ5JG2~,ci.lcf (e:J06iZ5J) q[)d6JDu e:JZ5J[;Jt§C]~z:sj Z5J@
?{J06@:.:f '1)8 8c.:lzdCJ Z5Je:JJ BuZ5JU c:Jz@@6i251 et(.')6z<,; <,;z£)G.'J WzZ5J·
i.9 0t0<;J: :;JriJ::5z:f;:.,z:n' ";'WV!5J e:JoOJC].:>uZ5J'(i)w@co CJ:f;wfC;'3c.:lm' u251 @duz:l) OJC]251' C!25J::5.::JdJ6G0?{J c@m
JlC;Z.3) :J)O&J:)z ;f1B6..:JZ51~ ZSlg :$}B6tl5&j~Z5)) eo] C:..0Jc ~o:.::z;jZJ) c-ozd :.:JroZiJ li3t:J!5J~meJJ :::Jroe.J(§[Jt5J~
W,r;Z5lJ(5)Z5J Wlz:l)·
12
1.10 0t0c:J: CJ®J8c:; CJ®dBi3c.:l Q!"DZu@ tlm tfz&3fj qWJ" m$JJDJoc:Jd dc'5md Dt;emDc:; ?S10J6GZ~0&
0WZ[!0Dw G'z&3Dm dc'5m sDn tldCJx;m0d C'D&ZilJD",-j'<7'z&3De; dc'5m?:5l 0.)(\33) ("fmx5 w&JDJCJC:;"'-J'.
0lo0d <;:Zl)~CJCJ®zf;w tfZtJJ'0?5J'
De; dc'5z53d3 (CJ?5JC0ICJc.:l Z[!(;D gd0&CJ&C:; ZSlowm). G'z0d wCJ
OJJ cOCJ 0CJ0C(0d Q!f{! cZl)&W0WW 88 tfZ?5J· 1.5 OJJ 1.6 o/CJDew <;:dDJ <"fz&3<7'pOz CJoz
dc'5md DDJ tlOWZil00c.:lW wzD0ccm 0?5J'DJQ!f{!W 0@@ dc'5m cc@8w 0mJ@/z?5J. De; dc'5tlc.:l0d
C£J8oc:;88@z?®O 0OJ1 0CD?SJ/®D 0?5J'DJQ!f{!W 0mJ®z&3 0OJ8w Q!f{!cZl)&W tfz0d C£J8oc.:l®?5J
("foOJCJD&lw 0?5JJoD DJCJC:; ?SJoB. dc'5m sDn CJZCJ80& c~&ZilJDc.:l tlCJJ eJ&i'i! 0",,18 D/Jwmc.:l
f:J 0d8ZSlJDw Q!ec1c/0& tfDBc:JDC( CJ?5J'!)(fZZil. 0dD?SJJDw Q!EC/0& CJJD<;:1JZiltJJ'Dc:JZl)uoc:;"" c)""ZSlD
DUJ &zi3 ~efDew 0CJWFf& ?SJo8. 0®Dztl tfmx) CD&JDJccc.:lzsj'@C(""c&lw CmJOd !) c.:lrJ <7ZZil.
13
1.11 dtCl~ c:cJ 00...:) :!)25J [3[3m) 0:!)§ ai'f'0J 31S C<;o", 9wC;C WC507 ow ('(5) (7',iiI
0Z51]0eJJ025'lJr-] CEZ5'f0w BurnD DCJcts) z..))o, ~3'JJ3)t5) 0"J06J00J~mc:; mztJt5)J t3JO§:::r1
(jJf,JWJo (~,iiI ZSJo3. 0§§ z.»),<;,0C w3t,c:J OV225JZ:;)°i:& (5)l(30Sd aii-J:!d [30310
~&3cl0m Cr;. B(3)u @<B~~ RJepZ5)" mzoZ5) t5)§ t:»zC;zcc 00t5)U 0(0.3)"0) wZ31@D
Hc~80@63 8Jm0J" c:;z3 z:5).;.J25)"Z;UZ:S} (:j@m~C:;;/@@ 0fVJ00J051mcJ i1Z:Y?5/2;:;-Y)v; Cz@OJ.
1.12 dtCl~' SV 8{jjCDzm'f)S. C{; oOc:J SBl [30m) m0Gd &5'f'01:Jzsf 25J§ 3(}dtJJCJ ,?zsfWJO,
ed0dm:iJ &5'f'0Vzsf (!525JC0c:Jd c;zsf[;J e,:5J ow@d [30m) aJ'f'[;)) 0v:5Jd, I:JZ§/Ol
®p CGilJCDzm§.
14
515) 5~\l;® \l;C!l~)\l;i§l:ft5)~ (stinging pheromone) ®cl5ZSl:)D25'i®<>15w <tVc:lVc:l Zj?b &lac;®tJ. 5®rn&®c:l25'i®
~8Go:)-GazsJ'D8G-~l8Guu (iso-pentyl-acetate) V15l <tl5:l0 G®® SV
G®ro DeJ1W ~c:l:)ZSl:)3 Oot.;)c.:JZSlc:l25'i
£)0:) q!25'i ~<l225'i GVl5:I Cl5:I 5~0® CWGWOc:l C@15l:) q!l5:IO ~0225'i 58zsJ' ZSlO~:) O)Ci:l lfl'@i§l~~~ (mass
attack) ~c:l:)O®WZSl Gg'OZSlc:l GCO ~c:l1 ZSl08. l5'I® ZSllC;lGGG q!:)Oz:s:f®:)v oe;w:) ~15l 5l5:1 5~G® g§~c:l:)t;
c:siGrno15lc:l ZSlO15lG ® G(-;00X,;®:f15lc:l, ~)OOo~) \l;C!l~)\l;i§l:ft5)~ (alarm pheromone) ~GaGc:lzsJ'C;~~zsJ'GtJ.
1.6.3.1 GZSl:)Do @C25'i15l.
GclaZSl:)D25'iwD ~DCld15 5DZSl~ l5:I® owDOc:l25'i l5'I®zsJ' 8015l d6:)15lc:l GDl5:I G(S)l5fc):) (S)lm0®~ Ol®g,c:l ~Zj?
cl6:)15lGd ~Cld115l§c:l C;lz:s:f5® oe;w:) &ll:j?W ZSlO~:) ~cs;))t5)15)\l;C!l~)\l;i§l:ft5)~ (orientation pheromone) cC;oGd
a£lao 8ro25'i GZSlC~Gts 8roD:) ~l§ \l;t5)\l;o)\l;t5))d ~1SJa~ (nasonov gland) &laC;GtJ. G®ro ~c:l:JZSl:)B
ooeJc.:JZSlc:l251t.:Ga0c:l251 8SG (citral), Goo&lGc:l:JG (geraniol) ow G15lG010' (nerol) q!zsJ'l5:Its(s)l5:IGtJ. 1.11
0laGc:l25'i ~<l2G~l:j? ~Ga:)15ll5:l G(-;Go:)G®:f15lc:l &ll:j?W ZSlO15l <t:JZSl:JOc:l C;z:s:fD:J <tll5:l. 0®ro oe;w25'i ~Gd
G(-;GO:)0®:f15lc:l25'i0<>1~c:l)ZSl)Bw~c:l 0®@2510Gc:l25'i <taD aW90v25'i &lBz:s:fc.2~c:l ZSlb wlB cC;:)WO~ Brooc:lz:s:f
a®g,. G(-;GO)G®:f15lc:l25'i(S)~)D)ac:lZSl o®clB§c:l W) o®@25'iO ~c:l:)ZSl)Bwvc:l251 Cfil5:l:)5Cld:)C ooOl15)Dz:s:f Oe;W)
6)ca)15l Olv 0®ro~ ®l5:Iz:s:fZSlO ~c:l 8Zj?v <tll5:l.
@ Q)<l225'i 0<>10251&l0tJC;15l WrBc:l)V 8§@e;v ~El25'i® oe;w25'i ZSlO15lc<G< ~clZj? gtsD 6 V15l 8c:lvGcl a®~
5~ W) dv)w)v
@z:s:fC;1tsCld&lZSlGc.:ll:j? 5C;15)~Gc.:ll:j? ~ Cf(Be:J0D1Dc! 58&l. Dtsl5:l®)15lGd G® 8~@e;v <to
GDl5:I ~l§ 0lwl~El ~VG@:fOc.:l clQ) <tlW0W 0t5®&l0c.:lro ®e&lz:s:f 5::r.iv 5C;15:)C0d ®w:)U)tsc:lVOGc:ll:j?
~ ZSl:Jc! 0C?Jm r1Bd (Karl von Frisch; 1886 - 1982) 5825'i 1920 8D 1950 C;z:s:fV)ZSl:)Cc.:lz:s:fZj?b G15l:)ZSleJV)
ZSlG ot5Gd::3~ c)c g§6c ~El&l.2 ®ro)D)tsc:l 0c:J:Jm dB@ 5825'i 5Grn®Gc:l25'i® 5®ts&~c:l ZSlO15l CC; ~<l2
ozsJ'&lGtJC;15l B® 8G,@e;Dw, &l(s)®15lc:l ZSlO~ Cl@ owD rol83®
6®Ci3zsJ' 6~®:) 58zsJ' oro d15l:)~ ZSl:)8ZSl
5C;15)D (animal behaviour and neuro- physiology) 8§@e; ooZSlGac:l25'iG<>1DlC;(S)w ZSl® aeD ~VG@:fO 5 1973
~ W9) 0Dl5'I 000C;15 eoo ZSl:)8ZSl 5C;15)v 0D~GvzsJ' 8B15l®15l G15l:JG@G l5:I15)(s)c:l8~(S)zsJ'v15l C~.
~<l2251G<>1GL1J5)ZSl ozsJ'&lGtJC;15l oo~) ~l5:IG025'l' ®&ld <t0c3 8w (s)25115l:J£l6~w, oZj?zsJ' ~l5:IO ~ 0251§l6tJC;?5l
@®c:lzsJ'ro t;t)1W D®WZSl)O~W oo8<Bc:l Q)~ t5)18i§l (bee dance) c:l~0DzsJ' rol~zsJ'GtJ. ~<l2zsJ'roD c~® G~
OzsJ'&l0tJC;15l ®c:l)~ElGd q!D0@:fO ZSlO(S)lm®D q!l§ Gro:Je;® &l3z:s:f&~c:l 15l'" alg,
ZSl:)tsc.:lz:s:f&®l5:I)D d~Gac:lz:s:f
6~®roG251 l5:IlQ)®G. o®wo 5DZSl @ ~020t)l:j?D (15lll5:l0ro:)W C;2~lG Gro:f @:>.l0 ~<l2Gvl:j?D) 0®® alg, t):J~15lc:l
00:)c:l) (S)lm®e:: ~15l (s)~15l)Dz:s:f (s)l5:I5c:l rolZSl. 15l~W 6z:s:f ~<l2GDz:s:f G®c:l ~ro®G@251 Gro:f GO)c:lJ(s)l5:IGroJW
(S)l5:IV15laGO) ®tJwZj? Broac:l Zj?b~, ~lc.:l l5:I® 00)v0825'i 5Cld)C ooOl15)Dz:s:f 6c:l GVl5:I ZSlle;D) GCl)15l r!J®D
o®w 0tJ.
C)o Q}~\l;~~ (scout bee) l5:I®25'i(0)c:l) (S)W <t)ro)O grov0d &lvlo~ 8roo@) l5:I® ZSllC;lG0G 8015l) <tG15lz:s:f
lf2i\l;2i~fS) Q}~t5)i) (foraging
bees) C;l2515® eeeeoo ~<l2 15ll8® DCldGc:l251q!a ro$j251V15l B<®)ZSl)O CldBo DC15l
@® Broac.:lz:s:f 10J5l5:1J ZSl08. 0®c:l arog0v25'i <taD C; &lBz:s:f&~c.:l ZSlG rolBc:l. @ ~<l225'i roD, <t)ro)O grovc:lD
l5:I® ZSllC;lGGG 8e:: 8roo SO ct2[1v G®® 15lill® Zj?25'i<t)ZSlJOc:lZSlD alDlw5c:l ~Bc:l.
2 Frisch, KV (196?) Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA. xiv +566pp.
15
(round dance) cpo)Jo 9eDDcJ Z5)® Z5'lI<';ICC ~')om:5)6cJm®
@C)t5 1 Z5'lC) o®~ DeJ:J ~p Eo§m ~§\ DC) ~,
(sickle dance)~:JeD:Jo 9eDucJ i51® ~<';IC6C BC)
@C)t5 1-2 cl o®~ Eo§m ~I§l DC)~,
® (tail wagging dance) ~:JeD:Jo 9eDt.-cJ Z5)@)Z5'lI<';IC6C BC)

@C)t5 2 Z5'lC) ueJ:J fBm ~§l CC) ~,
~J~ uG<lGcJm ouZlfuZ5'l Z5'l&~ Zilm ~:JZ5'l:JocJ Gtl.
®o 6eDJ' oO:Jm uI~ ~:JeD:JO 9eDucJcl 6eDJ' cJ~ ~Dcld:JDc~ accJ<';, o:Jt5dZ5'lu GO:JcJ:JmZlf Do Q)~6D~,
l5l® Z5'lI<';ICCC) 0I®&' Dc)~ 6€i3 8€i33® Cf6Z5'lcl ~m6m~Z5'l ~~Z5'lC) <';ImDcJ 2ZilcJ. 6~ o<';eD,)
~:Jo)JocJ dGmZ5'l Z5'lI<';ICC 6UZ5)C) ~:J Do D<,;®Z5)dcl5
c§~u:J BOZ5'l:J ~6Z5'lcl ~m6<5"i~Z5'l Q)~<5"i ~Z5)Bm
§lm1cl@)§m pclZ5)D 2Plee'JD @)@6@):J@cJl6@)m @)~m 6UZ5) Z5)@)m@)6<5"iolt5dZ5'lZlfDcJ 8@@<,;D ~c! <';Im5@)
Z5'lOZ5)G@8. 6~ Cf0Bm Z5)®J 6DZ5) Cfm c§~m6<J:f Cj'Dw:JZ5'lcJGeDJ' Cj'IC@) 6cJ:J~ Z5'loD:J m<5"iZ5'l:J~GoJ'mJ@ Do
c§~D:J, l5l@)m d6mZ5'l 0I®&' ~JeDJc5cJ G@)@)
c§~m §€i306<';6Z5'l~C) 8@mmu~ GIG~. G@)@) ~JeD10 8§mlm5@)
B1';Z5'lO~J ~ucldJ6tl~ c§~m 6<';6<';Z5'l:JCj'GZ5'l)5J'Z5'l)5D
clot5G:lZ5'lo~cJZ5'l 6cJ6<. 1.12 0loGcJm sU 8@<lJlm56~
00) cl0t5CQZ5'lO~6d 6cJ~ BOZ5'l:J c§Cl2m G<';G<';GZ5'l~8@c§~ 6Z5'l6t5.
sc., 8§<lJlme;0@)<5"i opu ~60J'mJ@ Do 8lCl2~ 0IeDI~8 DC) §€i3ocJcl ~e;@) GeDJ' DC)cJC) Z5'lI0Z5'lI5@)cl B1';
Z5'lO§l. 6 Gcl Z5'lIoZ5'lI6DZ5'luC)6d 9@)J~cJ ~eJJ\l9 ~3ocJZ5'l DC)9@):J~cJC) Z5)O~ o@)JZ5'l ~ ~eJJ Z5'lDcJ§.
6® c.,C) ~e;® 6eDJ' Z5'lIoZ5'lIe;@)Z5'106mZ5'lcJ®<5"i BocJ ~ O®eDO ~DcldJDG uBm Do ~J0t? eD1B 9§lD~<w
~:3;lJUC) ~5 <'; l5li510 Z5'lO§l. DC) Z5'lI~6~ ~omcJ<5"i DZ5'l DC) ~56@)<5"i eD:J ~:Joe eDIBG@)<5"i,~JeD:JO 9eDD6d
8ti33® 8§@c;t.- t5)~® q~a))@tS) Q')~2i (dance following bees) eDC) ~Dlo~u <';I~~ ~®cl 8E Z5'lo§l.
1.13 dtClcJ' I Dfl) "'q;J fl)iHii;: DC) fl)zidii; aJJ ~ (flJrj!;.:J
<D ZlJ~ ZJ)l<;ZC6C BO @ t5 1 ZJ)O OOJ Cf{] soiilm 8008 ttJ(5)JO grooeJzsJ 60JeJJroZll'
DO f§~6tJzsJ e:J 5)0 ZlJ@oooof3eJw'O <;lm!J@ oe;OOJ Oro <;ZJ)'t)w DO wl{)@. O@eJ wlf.)(§; CldeJts.l
ro@15"!romwJ fl)C)fl) "'q;J~D~ Cf~ro@WeJ ZJ)06DJ fl)iH~ ~Cl)JI!lCl "'q;Jaf i53r.oc:;6WzsJ.
(2) DO WZB6(§; 6eJ6<;WJ f§~60Zi? DO ZJ)l0ZJ)l6tJw ~(k)JO 60wd ZJ)06DJ ddJW wzfJ(§; ZJ)JCeJ Zi)cs
z\3eJwo ClOZll'WJCfZlJO68m OO0z6cr:!OOJZJ)l<;lC6C 8ooo@0 ClJ6d~0 ttJOOJO goo06d ~(k)JO 6ClID2fl(§;
ZJ)oB 6@@ 0{Cl6d 6iilm 6ZJ)0 CleO ezi53 WlB(§; CldeJID t!)@6eJm (e:JZJ)6zsJ;:;JgeJO) 8X!Jc ZJ)O
60wd CloDeJID 6d <;ZJ)'t)J crzZll'6ZlJ'wlB(§; OJO ro6Dw<; wlB(§; Cld6d ~(5dJ[) 60wd ZJ)06DJ
ddJweJm<; CllOO,~{j.ZJ)0 <;,zsJ8@ 8&lo 6E). w§Zll' crzZll'ZlJ
[)(5d6eJID@ 6@ wlB(§; BeJcc@ OOJBeJ!J
'C;(5dJ@JOzCftJdCJJ<; 6ZJ)@ z\3eJZlJCl88eJiilm 8zr! 6ZJ)® wlB(§; ClCJeJzsJ®ZlJ BS ZJ)06DJ 5)0 o,CiileJ
f!Zi)eJ.
CfJOOJOgrooeJ OOOz 8000J Cfli53 ~(5dJ[)O ZJ)l<;lC6C BO @0t5 1 ZJ)O ot)J

CfR Soiilm crzi53 80 DO WlB6(§; ~(5dJ@JOz dCJJweJ GJo,ZlJ'tJ 6t5&J[)0
OJ6d~[) 8000w Cf]ZJ)]OeJ. 6®OO? ~(k)J@]Ol dCJJweJ GJOzZlJ't) ~(5dJ[)O
gi5380z~[) ~(k)J6E) Boo08.
ttJOOJO gOO[)eJ OOOzO crzi53 ~(k)JOO "b" CfJwi53eJts! oOOZlJOBOOOJ crzi53 80

[)O wl{)6(§; ~x!J®JOl dCJJweJ GJOzZlJ't) 6t5&J[)0 gi5380z~[) ~(k)J[)O
[)J@:J[)aZlJ[) "b" ttJwi53eJzsJ oOOZlJ[) 80008.
l 16
1.13 Ot~~
~'"
,-.
II '''< b:
"0
o eD8eJc.s 6eDi'
QJI\) 2:iJ,.;,dc
25),g6@ ?GJ>@J6, ekh25)c.s:sf <JJ6,:sfeJc.sEJ
« /:,jJ6d2SillleJ 8eBEJ25)
62:iJi'fliic.s), 6@8:sf
1)'3)6
?GJJeJ
eB6, eD> QJI\) 2:iJ,.;,dc
(1)'025)3)
8eBEJ25) /:,j6C 6~6JJeJEJ /:,jJ6dzsfllleJ

~ 25),g@ e;l6c.sEJ I)"Z5J[3
eJ25) eM 8EJ eJ25) ?GJJeJ
I)'JeDJ6 9eDeJc.s 8eBEJ25) ?GJJeJ (I)'J25)3)
62:iJi'fliic.s) 6e;l::Dt']@ 62:iJ6~.
17
6S®o)G:si ",0 )GC1v 35"1 §)od !5\C::.3ZS"l
Do ~ QlCQ0G2:ile::: OG§\15l ~)O»)O 90)G::.3ZJlSti33 d6)15lc.:l ® c3iCQ15l'0G)'
~~oI ::5'lI<';Ieczsi:5JG ~ Bod v<'; ':'5"1BJ:5lJ ~15l'015l':3Z:;) <';I:sie5® (SlIe:::~GZ::l-j
&CQ15le::: ii3q(;t0
015lJ6U. 1!J[,15le:::
0») 5"15 z::7lI<';Ice ~25"I0 ~I§) 525"1':>0t5nJJ0U 8ti3o®, i5)® ~~oI z:ilI<';ICC ~G~ "26c5ft..,6d (GcgJGd) :5)25"I.i.l
z::7l0<';Izs53::il3OJci5l::.3JCzsi~Ii5). r!J ~~[,
~;',)J[,v oBGt525"115lc.:l e(360)G15l' :0\36.)15l<';'Jo»)O90)G(.2" ii30I 0») i5)®
G15l§,Z5\J56t50))Ge:::(j10dZJl~[, 810e:::1crIB, ~J15l§\(.3, ZS"lI<;ICC~G Bod [,<;c.:lZoi
z:ilI<';ICC<';'5"10 ®Z5l~CS20IZ5iG(;d
:5)i5)'6~;5;llGO <;'~Z5tc[, 0015l'[,) 6<';§15l',<';'lm10 9o,)G0d ~G:lJ15l§L) §,t.;(o~G !5\® <:'YlCl"l)§z:ili315l'
me::: ~r:oI
z:ilI<';ICe :jlG~ <";:si[,~ eIGRl.
~.:l~1::;)§);"c
§)vIo~v <";IdiJ':::'C3,~m)CO z::7lI0:568 ~ 8fz:il03"l ~J"l1®10I0U d6n5)c.:l vIC;""Z5"0U. (.;o® ~,",..,,),:noI
d01:5l;"c :j?G15l' G':"",3 ~~..5cd::3::.3 mom1 ::.315l0t56J)GZ5", GOGd w'5cz:;b::; mOm) c.:l27)CS2oIZ5"G(eC"J)
G:J6;)vZ5i<;'!5\OEii32. ~):5l:5l uz:ilj15l0::.315l'
z:ilIC;ICCe:::O)Gd'dii:lG <:,lm10 90')v(.3 mJ ~t5(.3(.3')<;'Z5l0C':Ii},(jz:ili~c.:l
Go:si15l0 ZSloB (1.13 01.0::.3 QJC15l'15l).
0®® 0ii.'2 :5lI~® C;j610~ Oez::7l:5l CC 15lIC:::®)i5l8 Ce:::z:ilZ5" 10d' Gmi ®C; [,G<l0c.:l15l' c3ie;?15l'
C':If}, C<';c.:lz:ilB£
~;Jc5:si0:si0mJ7,::7l'QiCQm85 ~I§)' 013 v~G::.3:si &'C15l'~Iii35 vo) ~I§\ G<';(jz:il')e:::OZSl
-o:5l) z:;)0i3. e;..:;g<,;t5Sl3"l::.3
;..:;.0,:,10 ~06~ Z5l" omv02::7l' (jmj :5lI~)<3 <;':5lCSl).3ZClQli.'2::7l'cC3B8 (joQJ::;)Cz:ile:::~)m)o 9i.lv(.3 8GQJC;
<';I:sie5®i3· G01c.:l1(Sl5"~lm10 90lCcd CC3C:5lJ[,::.3851 5"1®15lI¢)®e:::<,;dv:5l c15l:51[G Gmi' 15lI00 g®)~c.:l
~O~c.:l vU. GcSJ5" (j)ms ~ e:J 9mC::.3d G(j1c.:l)Cl"lZ5"0vf :5l0 C:Smo c15l:si£6Czsf Get:; 6\~Z5\lG(.3tild 15lz.P®
es['Z5iC§;. GC31c.:l)(SlZ5i8(:., 9W0::.3::5ec.:l GIE:; 8§, cr~ i5)~z:il §~~c.:ld 15l~ 15lIP0~ c15l15l'fu ~8c.:l.
Co c3i~"'v~ cB:si 5'® owuoi315l'e::: Gw:f 15lIf:) <;'~(s))~z:il c3i0215l' 6051 8~CS)I:si~ <;')WJO Ge CSl15l'Cc.:l 15l[,
~zsfG::;f~z:j)315l'we::: ~)W)O 9WG(.3 60Jc.:l1 CSlIm®e:::c::JwoC15l ~)gl~ 6wj~C)Ozsi GCO @(.3Jz:il615lC':z.Z5\. 0®
<;'5'0 c",oi0))® e:lo Ql02:si <,;,)ao ~Jo))O gDCc.:l Gv5"l 63d3e::: ~z.::.3 Z5\® c<,;oGd aoco 0z:ilCc.;0 c:se::: &JOG)
(1.11 0 t Cc.:l) G15lGOJG:5lJ,...I\?):siB::.3 8e:::i5)e:::cG?:5lz:ilO 8c.:lJavf 0IC6®zsf Cl;.5<,;mO) ~I§; z:il0 ~G<l)15lZ5\
0'"""":(0)G8i15lc.:l
aBoo-..3e::: §,2:ilZ5l'z:il0Yl Cz.6@. 6i315l' 15lt.; <;,15l'015l'~ZCli315l'
O)e:::amo6[,m ~JWJO 9me:l::.38105
d0115l::.3 6Gi5) aI§&0i:!! WI§::.3JG CI0Rl. 0~ cr~G, G®Ii3~ g)6§z:il0 0W'()B,z:ilOO~J '2)®c.:lzsi<;,C:~B,z:ilC
00)::'::15l Oo~J '2)®eJbi<,; ,mQZ5\J z:il0 <;'IZ5\.
<;'JWJOgWGc.:l z:ilI<';IC0C Be:::5<,; £ozsi ~Rl0")zsf 8ti)3 ce::: (§e:::t5 1 - 2 sf ~Z510a®6J), ce::: 15lIe:::0&)Ce:::c.:lzsi
(j@:si <;'1ao WIG015l dOJ15lc.:l (~G<lJ®l::5I d0115l;.3) tj:SJZ5" tJ~23"l ~ z:il[,c.3cl C~0c.:lm m.lZ5iCJ c')tJ\. G®®
iJtj2Z51Z:;)()c.:l0wi <';tz:ilI§l wIcSIB 15lI<::.Ji:!!
000d tl~2i5) ~lfl6JGZ5i ®z.~15l'810iJ15l <;!Bc.3Gt5iSlJtj c® ~0·)0Z5l'
o®m 01<';:5l Gz:il":f6J::.3mz:ilZ.<';ICCe:::
olGdzsi@C ~)mJo gwCc.:l O)J ii16c <;'510 ~If}. ~115l;§)c.:lGes15l'~~ z:iloi3.
(1.14 0t0::.3 Slcm15l). <,;tz:j)z.i}, roz:S :5lz.f:)®,CC :5lIe:::G~Z5l'
.3:sic~ o)z:ilGa) z:il0251c.C;0 GeG:5l 15lz.~0®Z5l'
C':3"l0,sI~ e'c.Jd0)vd 0CO 07.C:::sl(j mlz:il.
e:lo Ql02 00 )::.3)CSlvf<;'Jm10 gWveJ z:ilI<';ICGd Be::: ~e:::t5 2 Z5l0 OC)J £o§15l' 81i3:JG3 15l~, Gao o<";w15l'z:ilG
sC 8G(SlIm~® W) dat53;lz:ilo~(.3 (j15l ~['d0JC15l' ~Go15l' z5\BG®:siao !5\®owuoc.:lm q5"l0 c<,;Oc.:l0CbU@15l'
023 a0eJz:il CS)®mi5lB6®15l'Z5\&zsf 6C:5l t!I~zsfGcsf <;'G.....,J15l::.3
0c.:lJ~ z:ilOGJ mm. C32p 06(jz:il c<,;Oc.:l6CbO-m
ezsi £)d~b
c.:l15lc3iCQ9J £oz:j)~ ec.:l 15lCZ51J15lIG25"Isf
G'2) a6(ji5l15l' ®C d0J15lc.:le:::az' - 0~ (1.15 Ota oe:::W15l
QJCzsf15l. )
18
<3®<3d~2B ad<3~ 0Z;;)<30mcC;O GCG~G0 Z5)JC GeJG:l0(2m eeeo 6ro C®~O 0roJ 80aO aJ0d'd@G <i'LSl
epmZ5) <3Z;;)J~<3~m, 8@0Dem CfJro10 grou~O ~LSl EO g®J~~ eoo ~Cl;:)JU8§9)t; &lulo~ udZ5)o, mlQi9
8le;)mO e.3la<3d (1.15 Ota 6lcmm). 00 ~'llD c:C;0 0C@~<3~ Z5)JC<3eJ(s) 88Z5)JU(2 EO Cl[lCmCJ5J
Cf=0G:lJ@Z;;)
e.3®<i3m~flCm 6lCz;f (Z5))C0eJ(s)~ EoiJ gSlGc1®D e.3®J=0mSlZ;;)0eJ) e.33,~ad~ 2{)b mlP®O (S)mml Z;;)JCW
EoCl55® e.3®~m u"(80m 6lCz:;) (mlP~ Z;;)JC~ E,oiJ Cf'2'GcJ®D e.3®J'llaJSlZ;;)GeJ) &lB25®~(2 z;;)G (5)lz;;)
(I .16 o(a~). mlPG0 5"lJCGeJ(s)~ ro) mli)0 Z;;)JC~ 8§61e;, 8fz;;)b aB25®~ Dem Cfa @ @e;)GcsJ8WJe.3lB
rol§~JDm 8®Je.3ro5"l i;?)C0(5)1'(;m qC061JO 5 CflZ5).3019 ~~C qa ®
QJe;)m Z5)®ro8CGeJ (GroJ z;;)lC;lC0C)
80 'f)Z5)J~~ 8wJe.3zB 8®JUzs\ 2{)G ~m<3m(ijl~<3d 0~13<. C:C;Jroo~~d D(l;)0~m 8~)e.3lB 8®10eJ caB®
EO @iJtl 600 a®~ um q'Z5)0e.3J®)m15G~m ale;)m Cfm<3m@~GeJ 0~0c;m0m 5"1®z;;)ZC;Zc.:!0c.:! BoJJOtl 300
z;;)a®~ CfOWz;;)~(1.16 0ta~ f,)cmm). 0®ro gJ<3WJ(i3z;;)DlC;G:l5JZ;;)®
(5)J G:lZ5)
QZ52@c.:n®')tl(s)0~m 8§Q)e;
2.3 <3Z;;)JO<3dC;,
7 Cm aBu<3~C;<3eJC;e.30dZ5)oD e.3e;rom z;;)0 qlZ5).
OZ5)e.3roZ5)DzE; @e;)mroO rooZ<3ill ~CldJC C;Zm G:lzm®iJ rooz <3om® ~Z5)15D(l;)15

0mJ<3eJ. ~tlWJ0c0 8ii3u®
~tl~~ §B®iJ ®pm roO ~e Q{5~ (p~ej~~ (plain polarized light) (muZ5)) §B0~ rozi3~)Cd ~zZ5).
QJe;)m Z5)C9l0Z5) ~J0CJZ;;)WO e.3O<3eJ~Cm ~Z5)0 Z5)C9ltJZ5) ~J<3CJZ;;)~ &lc.:!Gm CfW0e.3m e?Bt3~ 0C5"I
aOJDtlZ5)mw <3eJ. roOl0csJ 8rou® ®Z5)(~m0d Z;;)Jt: 0WJOJC ~~C) Z5)C9lCZ5)CfJ<3CJZ;;) §o~ ~(l;)1C 0Cmd
<3eJ. 13~ ~e.3J [;5"1 e.3roZ5)azE; @e;)m wiJ &lcCm q'roe.3 ®C;d <3roJ 0a0m m~ ~tlWJ0GJ roJ :51® z;;)lC;Zc.:!0c.:!
8rou®0 e.3J0d25®C ~JroJO groC<3eJ ~(l;)JmSl~, z;;)zC;zC0C~m 8l~mroO &lCzo~c C;zmc~ (5)Zz;;)'60d® ®
QJe;)mO eco 6l@0 ale;)mO 020z5JU)z;;)tl@~ ~(l;)JC &l(S)®mw z;;)G roZz;;)'3~ 3oJZ52C~e.31 ~tlW~J0GJ 8rou®
G20z5JU)z;;)tl(ijl~ (CIJ)) ~(l;)JCO e.310dd@C 8roQC) G:l&l@m 80d Z5)t:wd ~ CC;~d ®Z5)BO e.3m&lGeJc;m
mill® Z5)®z;;)zC;zC0C 8Um) qm ale;)mOc; COro) (S)lm®iJ Wl§0Dm CfJZ;;)J00~m 0(5) C;7.dO~ w7.z;;)' CEI
QJe;)mZ5)®~m0m@z;;) mll2® 0(5) c;dtlm0m q~ol z;;)7.C;7.c.:!c
Z52G~~. ~0md OZ5)e.3roZ5)
a7.E; @C!2C0G':l2lW:sliJ
Du) ce.3d aB~J®Z;;) Z5)5Jtlwz.j-f0em~~ z;;)om .~ @e;)m (5)0 68®(5)0~ E,f: ro07.Gc.1e.3J0ddu Bii3u®
~(l;))DO e.3JGd25®Cz;;)lC;7.C0C8umJ Cfm QJe;)m wiJ C;7.mEb ro1z;;).
O)O~~ z;;)o 6~ ~~Gtl~ G207.5JD1z;;)t:5Q0~
@ QJe;)mroO CU) aBm)@z;;)C 0m1~t'l~ ~r'3 e.3Gz;;)mQ)@o QJ~m wO 0®D7.&l OJc5~ ClddSl~d 0mJ®ISl
~e.3J ®~m roO e.3m~0eJc;m m7.p® a7.C7.wo~ ro7.d0d, 6~ 0(5) c;z;;,iCm 80d Z5)C~iJ ii30t: 0WJ ~C q'We.3
'f)l'j0)® 0a0mmC1 m~ a®E;.
C;flD1C QJe;)m oBmJ@Z;;)C Cu);sf 0m')~t'l~ ~18 e.3bz;;)m0m ®2m roiJ rool0c0 e.3J0d25® 8rou® 0207.WU
~Cld)DCJCf~Z5tC l@® OaB~)e.3~:§)m 0Z;;)JGro5J®0amO~ 0mJrot::§) ~e.3J~. 6~e.3J ®pm e.3m~0eJc;m mt:p®
oro c;dDmGm Slod Z5)C~d ®Z5280 8CJ~. OZ5)e.3roZ5) at:E; QJe;)B0crcf@~m CfZ5)O
~ OJO~ (l;)dSl0d aB~J@Z;;)
CfDddJDm e.3t:Ctj?D0ro:mJC;~Dt:C Q)e;)z;;)1C;t:CCd, 'f)roem OD2Z5)DaDSlm CfZ5)O 6l@0 @~ z;;)1C;t:CCd'f)ro@m
CfJO~Z5)C 0t:DZ52m5J CC;0eJ 2VfD~Z5) OC2Z5)D aDe,. 60d® @ QJe;)mGGJOJO~ (l;)dSl~ DUJ5J ~0~
CfDddJDz;;) aC5JmJ ~e.3J ®pm roO Cfl'j0t:CfJO~Z5) ddJm~mm e.3®JmZ5)oDC; z5'lew:§)m HdZ5)~ ~e.3oro5"l
z;;)1C;ICCd Z5)mJ G:llmG~ e.3rod)o~ Ct:Q) ~7.Z5).® Q)C!2m(~JB~JSlz;;) WJ t'l00J8~ ~m 00crcfu~m 0C;z;;)®)
C61J Cf7.SlZ5)®e.3m~<3eJc;m~ rot::§)~JDm<3GJ~p~D ~OJ, @me.3J roO ®pm q'~0t: ~JOz;;)~Z5)CfJCO~~z;;,i
fl Q}~ eo~~~t:i) (bee hive) Z5)61JG:l&l@m, ~t:5dC5J &l@aJc;mwd c61JG:lt:m®O rol:§)~)C t:Q)J~ ~1Z5)·
QJe;)m18® CfJroJO groC~z;;) 8rou® C;l~~~® oe;roJ roJOZ5)Jz;;)om e.3m~0eJc;m l@®~z;;) GC;1roo~~cl 0CO
C;ldfjC5J 6~ e'J eeeeoo a®~d 8®J5 GmJ®7.Z5).13®® m7.120~ ®C;d 0Cmd S ~Jz;;)o~m, G:l(5)m~ 1361~
061J5® oe;roJ oop 061~ ~J®, Cf~5J z;;)t:C;eddJmwcl <30JWJ roIO~J® Cf)~ o®)§z;;)wm C;(5)d G:l~&lm
ororoJG3Dm CfDddJDmro~c; 8~~ @~) o®)G~Jdm~ :§)B® oe;ro) roJOZ5)) <3eJ.
3 Punchihewa, RWK; Koeniger,N; Kevan, PG & Gadawski,R (1985) Observations on the dance communication and natural foraging
ranges of Apis cerana, Apis darsata and Apis ttoree in Sri Lanka. J. of Apicultural Research 24 (3) : 168-175
19
QleQ5:lGc0 G20I15lUc.3U (Cj@)c.3e::) e.;'G~~ iflm?,c.3c.35:1 2(J)Cc.35:1 G(J)5:I 6z:s:l' P(S)Cz:s:l' 1i36 "Xl cae.; e.;i;!)QJ5:lO Dl5l
GQJCC c.3IG Bu wIB ddll5lGdC; Cj'Gl5lz:s:l' 2(J)C cae.; WJ cC;Oc.3 e.;i;!)QJ5:lODl5l 81i35:1 iflm GWU15l \S)OOOQ
(propodium) c.3l5l ddll5lc.35:1i5\~ 81i3Ul Cj'IZ)).
Cj'J8c.3J§Z51 C3I&' @eQ5:lGcsJ C','5:165:1@Z5)l5lIPi;!) 8~QJe;u ~e5:l® Cj'C3GDZ)) C311DL~e Cj'D6QJ:f0c.3cl CQJ:J [,5:165:1
®WJDJt5c.3 6C'J7251 c1Bf!f1 6csJ m@l)6c.3z:s:l' 8 c§pBz:s:l' CGJU cc;wC6d ®w:JDJt5c.3 @JU251 8251DJDJ (Martin
Lindauer) 585:1 § C'Z5Y)6~ ~ 1954-55 Dt5®Dc Z5)0l5l CC; C3t5Gd@~uc g§6C ueB4.
1.5.2.3.
QleQ l5lIP® Cf,)z))J®15lC310wGD5:I BBcl@~c.3 Z5)G wlz:s:l'Gz:s:l'CU2z)) ddJl5lc.35:1ti'\ Z5)Ic;8 bll5ll5lJ, C;~DIC @eQ
Gw:f QJ@O QleQ Z5)IC;ICCz:s:l'6C;e.; C3110I~8 Z5)ICjG2~c.3Bm' p15l cC;c.3 Z5)JCG~ 5®8c6c5:I 2lSJU QJC:J 8CSG®B.
650 5GGJ~Gc.3l5i® cC;o GCCl5l l5lIOGi;!) Gc.3GC;l5lC30J(J) C','5:165:1®Z5)Ql625:1 <fiZ))JC3WW~GU5:I C;IZ5)(J)Z)) WIZ5).
C;pDIc QleQ5:I Z))® Z5)IC;IC6C ifl10~5:1 ~ C3I&' Z5)IC;ICC @lSJ8e:: 80 6c.3 l5lIPi;!) 6~~Z5)Jucl 6d WJ5z))J Z5)oc§5:I,
§od z))Cc.3z:s:l' ®Z)) l5lIP® am C;z:s:l'u§ (1.17 0lC3c.3 1). QJ6'.lO QleQ5:I Z))® Z5)IC;IC6C 80e.;u 8i5\B iflwe; uC;Gd
C3t5c.35:1Z)) 6Z5)Je::d l5lIPi;!) G~Z5)JDz:s:l' 6d t.0JCz))J Z5)oc§5:I, 80d Z))Cc.3Z5) 8u l5l12® am <;z:s:l'u§
(1.17 0(C3c.3 2).
6i;!) 6cs1lSJD Be.;J C;8DIC @eQ Z5)IC;ICCz:s:l' Cj'BDJtb6c.35:1® Cf,)W§5:I cU2Z))D C3ID§c.3 8lSJ qZ))o oml5l QleQ5:I
Wl l5lIDi;!) ql;iJ(J)Jc§Z5) QleQ5:lu At5c.3c.3J 6W:f Bc Cj'10e.;§od Z))Cc.3Z5)8e:: 6C3m® uIC;(s)15l G~ .. C;~uIC @eQl5lU
UUJ C3Bl5lJc§Z5)u ®C;z:s:l'~8~ QJ@)o QleQl5iwu l5lI~® 80d Z))Cc.3Z5)am C;Iz:s:l'5®e:: wIB 8U15l l5lUl5l QleQ5:I
WJ l5lIDi;!) Cj'~(J)Jc§Z5) QleQ5:lwe:: gt5c.3c.3J 6W:f Bc eeoee qBUJt5c.36c.35:1® c;aGrll)®Jl5l 5c.3 0lSJc.3. C3Bl5lJc§Z5)u
DUJ15l ~2~ c.318 e.;IcBc.3 wIB @l 8ieQ5:I q~oI Z5)IC;ICCZ5) 80d DC; ®lSJ8u q~6t5 8u 8t5c.3c.3JGcsJ e.;JGc3z:s:l'@
81i3CS® G20115lD ~G':lJ6U5:I Cj'~Z5)0l5lc.3 Z5)oc§5:I l5lIP® am C;clul5l Cj'Z))0, 6Be.;J 6c.3 q'C3U eclJ®Jl5ll) Z))15lUc.35:1
c.3e::G15lBBz:s:l'@~c.3 Z5)G Gl5lJ10IZ5)· @l @eQ5:l6csJ e.;5:lB6~C;l5l l5lIP® BBz:s:l'@~c.3 BB®u l5li;!), e5 eeeeoo Z))I~
56~z)) BBZ5@~ w8uc.35:1 (observation hives) lSJG @l QleQ Z5)IC;ICC Z))QJJ (S)Z)) 8lSJU Cj'IZ)).
4 Lindauer, M (1956) Uber die Verstandigung bei indischen Bienen, Zeitschrift fur vergleichende physiologie 38: 521-557
Lindauer,M (1957) Communication among the honeybees and stingless bees in India, Bee World 38 : 3 - 14 & 34 - 39
1.14 0t0c.3, 2 C)fll "'~ flllf}ij): (tl:l)l6'3 aJlC) flllBij) aJ) "61 q(Jrjr;;;
<D Z5J® t5J,<;,c'Gc' 8D @Dt5 1 ?SlD eJtJJ eJZeJ@zsJ@Dt5 2?SlD oe» Cf{j 56&3:5i 8fi3B tf]1O]6 gWeJe,jZ5f
6e.J]e,j]mzsJ eJ6 f§ffJ6eJ?;5JeJ 5JeJ Z5J® e.JlOeJoc:JwD <;ZwtJ® e.Je;m oc: <;Z5feJw <;lt5JZii3 1O,tJ weH®.
<;l?SlZii3lOZtJeii3 we!J@ e.JOc:J?Sl m®w mww] fllC)fll"'~@C)et> tfi?Jm®wc:J t5J66iJ flllf}@ If;!](l))§J1:l) "'~f:iJ
ii3G<;6Wz:sf.
tfJlOJ6 gweJc:J fi36Z 8fi3DJ <'!'Zii3?(5;)]eJD® t5JZ<;ZC/6c' 8D @D6 1 zsJ 2 zsJ

tfZ5J6 e.J®6i 56&3w tfZii30D <;t?SlZii3 lOit) WZH6@ oeJal5J Cf}{fJ6i15J 6101
?(fJJ®J6c dOJwc:J C3J6czsJfJ6t5C!JeJD e.JJGd2Sli&eJBDw (tJ?SlJ6e,j. G®fi3?
?(fJJ®J6, dOJW6d ®DJ5c:J C3J6ZZ5J'f.J
?(fJJeJD gii306cc{D ;;(5;)J60 Bfi3Di3.
cfJlOJ6 gweJe,j fi36ZD crzii3 ?(fJJeJD "b" <,!,Jwii3c:JZ5fe.Jfi3I5JDBfi3DJ Cfzii3 [iD

<;l t5Jeii3 lOee; W,H6@ oeJaZ5J @t96i15J 6101 t;(fJJ®J6Z dOJwc:J C3J6ZzsJfJ
6t5C!JeJD gii306cc{D t;(fJJDD DJ®JeJal5JeJ "b" CfJwii3c:Jz:sfe.Jfi3I5JDBfi3D8.
20
CD
* ~
,
~'"
v b'
,,
!
.. ,.•....•. ~
,,
,
o
,
II
"'ri
\:{
,,
,,
"" J
l
",b I
,
o roC3Dos l§eM
RJIlSJ Z5Jl<;lcfc;
IDt8I§~ . eJD.w @~~W cg61ZlfDosO

e:J>I§e1z;f{JBD 8efJOID ~~>D (q'>IDW
1§Z5J:f~OS). 1§@C3ZlfefJ61 e» RJIlSJ Z5Jl<;lcfc;
~ q'w6 8efJOID e:J6C; l§~ohDO e:J>I§e1z;f{JBD
q'>l:m6 IdroDos 8efJOID ~~>D (q'>IDW
1§Z5J:f~OS)l§aZlf~~ I§ZSJI§~.
21
,
III
,
, ,
,.- -'I I
.' ~ 11I''' •••••••••••• , ! I
:,:' '\ c .---'

,-' I
u·'--~1
,, '
. ~--j---D
'" .. ,-/ ...
W"
v VI ::- -
f .
.'J"",\ (f/?!/<~~'
, ,
;'
I
:
• o
\
'... "
\:
'- "
r
." I' : ••••••
__ -» '
0 roC3.9c.5 @ro:!
~ 'I',ro,6 gro.9c.5
ilJ<1p ZSJ",c!C
____ C,6 @CG!5J ,

I "d6,Z5f.9 ~(fJ,.9
""'f} !5Jz8@ OOc.5Cl
""'f} !5J,fj@ W
?f 'I"0t') o,@@€i'i!5J
.9'@ (D@Z5f OOc.5
t:30@d ~(fJ,.9
22
~~Cld @e12zriGGJZ5ll~lde ~~et5~0cJzri® Cc ..m.5'v §@cJ cJ~O G'l§ <1'l5'Ic:5
Q)ooc:5@e12zri0GJZ5ll~l<.:!e 0<;0lzsf0mzri
a®~zsf Cv2mU q'lm. ~ @e12Z5ll~ldc::zsf OG~t5~bcJzri@ G'JG?l5'I clCllZ5X.3:::;1ii'i0'l~21l elG;;)). Cl5'I oii'il5'l olEo
8le12zriecsf Z5)l,;)~ c5ro ~lzsf5@ 0<';011 q'l5'IJ5GJrlU ~t5cJcJ'l0csf 8ii'i3@ ~lZ5)(5')lm@ Ul&\ ~t5C q'[,JrlUl5'I'lvcJzri
~zri0csf Z5ll~S clCl'lZ5)cJ 1S)) Z5l1~ld0<.:! q''lZ5lJc:5::.::§O~::.:: £)B@() 'fI~6l@ Qleo1 G'l§ aG 0@fi3~ q'OC)
0l1S)l~CGZ5)G1 G'll5'l·
6&\01 2\ @e12zri 1S)8v::.::d 01S)vzsf z:;)?§I@v OOcJZD q'lCc:5~cJzsf ~G :5'@ Z5ll<;S mli:5'l@ 8f Z5l0i,:5'lc::Q)Z5)q'?5\c:5
q'zri olEo @e12c0dC3cJll 0<;Z5l G®v1zriZ5)d BE 0Z5)1Z5lc:5§. 60@zri® ® @e12Z5ll<;ldeZ5l o@)zril5'lc:5 u; tilmocJd
mZ5))(5')lz\'\G~ 1S)ltilc.:nC<;, q'~0t5 @e12 Z5)lC)@ c5ro ~lt.>i50~ 1S)ltilcJ)G ®m §\c:5~(J [) S'll5'l· S'::c0t5 Ozri&\0~~Z5)
Z5)lP@ c:5m <;1t.>iC::'::0ZDJ1S)lzS)c,~Gld 1S)) 0)C'Jc:5@e12ll 1S)C)m@ Z5ll~ld0<.:! ?5\Z5))(5')m1S)lzsf0zsf 0~8t5~0(Jzri@
Cu?mC §@c..J cJZ{l 6zsf Cc,cJt:>i o®Eo.
G) "5'v zs,zc,,"(c!:oc! Be 30~ 2:3'>0 [,:..,) f!"(E f66\m 8$:': c;')lm6 grove.nS'i GOJ-..:l)m~ ;:...6 Qio2v;:"'t.>-! c'J
d0 "5'..:100'l03-.Jmu c,,"(::;ie:-:; 0<,0'l) :)O'l <;:;fV15'lcc,,6 :OCG15'l15'l"(u0).cc;o;,;: GCG~el5'l ::Jcd 15'lZ00
'::;CUZll ",:§1m (5)<:5)25))t»C)t» .»q;>Wf11 C'15')(!)S25)cJZllO<aiJJ t»l.8~ qaCDJ<!)t:i) .»q;>t»' §CbC;G2:;lt:i.
~ ZllCO:5:5lC0-.J25)'CC;:) GC(25) ::Jlz&3 oc5G...:! E;JdJ[; <;zzsiGt.,. ~6-.J) O'lJ W80cJ ib!il d0 J15')cJ::Jl'0<:5)
C":5l:),,512£,&lcJZ5'c=cJcJ:5\' ""J Zll:)15');:;6600& ::JJGd=v C'J,mo g(5)0cJ 3&3&m t'~:5z ~§&3 t;ZllvJ
~:5l. ro30Cbd 8& ~6~J 0;:"'ZlJ~&3 ::Joc G{50J:J~ GJe5J25'l
cc"'~D 9&380.(L ,?J'lJ0 0d cJGZll3.
I (25) C';:...dc5J~' C')<m:) gro[;cJ &3oz8&30J t'z&3 E;[5;JJ~&~&3 8& mZD@ 000:..1 ,?:s:JJ~
0z:Jl(;25'!§ c{.o (!ZlJO (Cf.V""O 8oZ(w E;C5rlJ0&)8&3&8. 6@cJO g&3[J0.(w
V V15') (!0dc5JfJ fiJc25'!25l.
II. III, roJ IV ~25l (~~dc5J0:7r aJroJo grovw &3oz0 ~@ E;roJG~l5'l 8&3&J CfZ&3DO Bie5J25'!Gcd25lZC)@
oc5c.J<; cev E;roJGf)25'! [;@D (fJ25lZlJg o§o, OJ GZll1<aiJcJiJJ25'!
B&30B.
V U25) afJd0J~ aJ<mo grofJcJ &3oZ 8&3[) E;roJf)D 0Zll(;25'!@ E5oZ(D E;C5rlJ0U25'! 880J
(fz&3 aD 25lzP@ 0c50:..1 ,?roJ[! GZll(;25'!@oroc; CfZlJD (ccVc.JD E;roJf)D)
8fi3D8. 025l@ 0@W I U25l (fudc5JfJD g&380.(0 afJd0J[! 0EJ.
l
!;roJG025'! 8fi3DJ crz&3 80 OJe5J25'!
(f'JroJO gro~c.J fi30.D <;Zl?<aiJ 0cd 25)zOCY
oc5cJ<; <;Zl?<aiJDC'J25lZlJ8cJ@OtO GZll1<aiJc.JiJJ25'!
8fi3&a. 025l@ 0®c.:J IV
025l C'0dc5J[;O g&380.(0 C'0dc5J~ 00
23
~mcl ~~~ 8~~ ®c Gz§ 550 Ga::JZSl o500Gc..:l' B8B oD§m <tl5lO,e:J®®e GD§m ®p ~::JD~ Dm ZSl::JG~~
OGc.s;!®~G~D Gc)mo Gt). G®DZti ®p ~::JD~ Dm ®c GO::J~::Jcs)zz5)®
3;l::JZSl oe;w::J ~mGc..:l'e:Jcl e:Jcl ZSl::JG~
~G~ c31<l2mucs:J::JG9®::J~~cl G~:J~::Jcs)l5l2~D <;,z§ <;'l5l0, G®Dzti GDod::JDZSl~ G ® c31<l2mGCS)m
96
9 ')~~cl o®~cl OJtsdZSlD Q 9CS)D~m GO::J~::JCS)~ Gzl5l· e:Jm® G®B~ cs)~:JD::JO~ZSl ~ Gacl§G~m
GzeJoo 9®')~(.3cl ®p 9CS)D(.3z;JGO::J~::JGm::JCS)mm::J~<l2z;J GD~GDz;J GmDGal) GGO Dz~ §B () 8fD~
Glzs,·
ZSl2@m Gl5l5m cOO o5-en::J@ZSlGDB~ZSl() e:Jb:v 'i'z§ oz8; ~<l2m G Gzti m::Jo§ZSl::JB2 @~::JZSlG::Jo~cl
G~CS)®m~ Gm,)GZSl::JO,e'J GD~D() 5G~l5l2 ~@ZSl~m ODco G~GmZi) (e:Jm G®B~ e'J oe;W::J 5G~l5l2
Do @<l2m) 0 ~cl tiDZO~ Gl5l::JO~c5z~zmCS)zz5)®88;0 clG@~Gc..:l'G~~5®() <t~Dtsl5lm~ 5 Gzl5l. G®@l
Do @<l2m 58m l5l® o500Gc..:l' Gl§ G::J(mo 9CS)D~mGm 8BCl®, e:JB PGcs)l5l::JD~ W::JG::Jcs)~::J8cs)::JD~
~m
ZSl:JO~::J l5l® ZSlZ~ZCGC<;'Gmcl <;,mGm®ZSl&<l2mO ~Z51[)z;JGm m® e:J8m <:y®ww ~®Gacl§ 9®::J~~cl
<:y§5ZSlo(l)l5lWZZSl.<;'::Jw::Jo9CS)t)~ZSl8BCl® Gm Q)<l2m w() ~Zmcs)l5l mz§ g®~cl <;'z§ 50 8~~® @<l2m
<;'::JW10GO::J~@m wz85~ 8~ Gm::JDm <tl5lO,e:JclQ)e52GDclp.sp <t::Jw::Jo 9wD~cl GO::J~::Jcs)W
5(), e:J®'i'::Jw::Jo~
<;.:l~~~D l5l® ZSlZ~ZCGGDl5l GCS)me'J®0 O::J~BZSlD @c:l::J§B® DeJ::Jw d3151 ~®Gacl§ cOGc:l:fG5151::JD~§.
e:J® tiOJ eeeeoo

@z53o <to "@<l2mZp®" mz8®cl D3;lG~m' Gtsd ~zclgDw e:J~ ~®Gacl§~ <:y§5 ZSlOCS)zz5)®
g UGG:@zs,'i'~Dtsl5lm~cl t)cs:JG~m o5~J®~ g "~~)6~6l eJwncd6)t5)cJ"cl DGdG~m <ttsd ~zcl5® DeJ::Ji5l'
C3b~ ~. G®® Gl5l::Jo~c5z®015od::JmG~ <tZWl5lDGdGc:lm®8.sDmGm e:Jcl ~GO:fGXl@DO ~<l2GDZi)<tmGm®ZSl
@<l2m8c:l (l)~mZSl() G::Jw::Jo9CS)D~ZSl8BCl® tiDZo~D ~Zm5®i5l', e'JGcD~GDm 8c:l~ G~m::J®G::Jw::JoGO::J~::J
c:ltG®m m')oti3Dm ~® Gdcl§~ <:y§5 ZSlOCS)Zz5)®W ~. e:Jcl ~<l2GDZi)GO::J~::Jcs)i5l'
'i'::Jw::Jo9CS)D~cl <:ymo9
ZSl::Jts~cl®®t; c31<l2m53;l::JG OoOl15::JDcl5Bz;J l5l® ZSlZ~ZCGGDl5l GCS)me'J®cl Bf Gt).
8zs, 0€i3zs,oZ8; c31<l2ZSlZ~ZCG~GGl5lG05 C36 ZSlZG~®cl GZ§ZSlb cO c31<l2z;J 5< ::JZSl:JO

GdQ)~c:lcltiZi)z;fZSlO~::J
:');:" GaO 0zwz~8C ~Bclct~~ ZSlG WZZSl.G ~ ~<l2 8~® D3;lGc:lm mz~mGt). G®(.3 @ c31<l2z;JGm eJeJ:Ji5l'
0zwz~8c." ~clmO wZ§ <;'Z5l0 e:Jc.:. ~ 81i>el (hissing) D3;lG~z;J mz~z;JGt). @ 8~®, l5l Z5lz<,;zCGcl
Gc."zs,Go Gm::JDm GGO ® c31<l2mzs,® CGG:f8~ 0~z;J GDl5l tiZi)i5l' GZSlGOmOO~::Je:;2;)i5c:l WZZSl.® 8~G®
5<:®1ZSll0 3;lQ)~~ Gz§ §B Oe;WJ ~6 cs)~::JD::Jo~ @~JZSl::JBGm Gl5l0 e:J® 3;lQ)~c.:.e:J(.30 G~252G GdBo
DGmc.:.d 0 €i3m e:;~®l5l80m') .;)j<l2z;J
Gc.,,§m dCGcl G®m CS)®mZSlo8. @ 8~ Gzrs.ZSlb OC3 cs)~::JD::Jo~m
Gd GZSl:fm5cQc;)5® G~ Q)D ~Bcl®~~ ZSlOGzl5l·5 e:Jtio::J l5l® w8DGc..:l'Gzi5l @ Ql<l2cs)~JD::Jo~cl oBcl®::J§B®
0<';W1 e:J(.3GDl5l GoDm ~<l2eJJGZSl8m, l5l® @ ~<l2m 8~® 8f §BG®m o~ e:J(.3f® cs)0::J oB~::J §B®
G[)Jz;f ~fC3~. f®cs)::JBl5lc:lo®Q)mOG~m 1.6.3.1. GZSl::J()Oow 8 Dm o5t)G~~~ Q)Gmm.
5 Koeniger, N & Fuchs, S (1973) Sound production as colony defence in Apis cerana, Proc. 7th IUSSI, London. p. 199 - 204
24
3,000
CJ.8.~~
600
<Ii) ~
... 2,000 (()
~ ~
0
'\)
3 400 VJ
'IS
-340. ~3
!
~ 1,000
...
'3
ca
200
10 303~ 50 70
od IDLg~O ~z)) DID ~]C~ (z))IDc:JQ)
e.1throJUZSJ 25)'8@ (eJ.7nl') 25)?5fCj6 5 ZSJ ZSJJ(; eJ,t:J80@
ZSJJ~eJ(;[) 0&<;J lfl25).
CJ.8.~~. e.52$)@ ~@@25) 8v5J~l5 (65)JeJ, e.5Z5f (;<;6

0(;G2$) 2$)l8@ZSJ[) (J)25)eJ2$)ZSJJ(;v5 CSJJ CJ[) lf~6tCj £16
lf25)6 ~@&zifC)25)JeJv5 0Cjzif~@ ZSJ68.
3
1.16 0t0e;,:): cC;6 GCGt5) D15t;er.nBzs:J I:lJJDZ5Jc.'J .
*
t5)ZBG~
cC;6 GCGt5) t5)ZBG& Z5JJCW(Dc.'J eseo <;JroJ69roDc.'J GDZ5J aziiJ 6G6&3 GJ~(5)ro'{JZ5JJt;...:J.
GJ~0Z5J
8c.'JJ~B GeJO!JD (GJ.8.GeJ) <;Jem69roDc.'J GDZ5J <;ziiJ 66 6-d t5)zfj@-d GJt;roJ (DZ5J Dt5) z,-nCc.'JD
<;~GC1@D GJ@J~oJiiJzs:JDt5) (5)D GOt5)'V8. G@@ 9d6J6c.'J £eJ@J6ic.'J zs:J6 <;zl5fGl5f £c.'JZ5J[,6Z5l
(@DeJ Daro') Z5Jz@qJelJJ6 (5)r;t5)zs:JD oz@& t§a;]ro' qJO~ zs:JzC;zc'c GDZ5J OZ@&DD Z5J@
GJroDBc.'Jro'D e'J (5)D C;zro'8@D zs:J6t5)J CC; t5)zB@zs:JD (DZ5J{J ZllJCc.'J (Z5Jl5fo6 Daro') ®zt'3G@£.
* @ t§a;]ro'
£eJ@J6icJ
GJ'DJroJDzs:JD Gzs:JG6t5)J cC;6 GCGt5)
zs:JG d6~ro 9d6J6GcJro'
t5)ZB~ C;rod (D6it5)zsf
(GJ'DJroJDZll t5)lcCj~ - d·t5)z)
£B~elijc.'J
aZ5lGro'&zs:J8Z5l
§JBG@ro'
uzEJ
9@J6ic.'J-d Z5Jl5fo6 35 -d esri CJD D[)J <;{;j zs:JJCcJ-d (DZ5JDt5) t5)ZB~ LJ@elij-d <;?llVt5) dD
LJzroz~aGE). 6t5)~ G@Dz£ t5)zg~ zs:JJCc.'J§Jro',t§a;]ro' @DeJ 340 Zll Gro1 CJD C[)J crt:! [,6§Jro'
8&3Cl qJroJ6 9ro[)cJro' G[)Z5J cJt5) (5)[) LJzroz~a Gzs:JGeJ.
* GJ.8.GeJ. G[)Z5J ZllJC q~GcJZ5l

ql!S@GcJro'. GcJJ§[)t5)
Gc.'JJ§ Dt5) CJZ5JCcJ Z5Jl5fLJ635 zs:JD <;7l>6lLJ Ct5) (5)[)l5f, [,6
CJZ5JCcJ @DeJ 340zs:JD q~6lo [)t5) (5)t;l5f [)DroJ (DZ5J RZi)D <fzZ5J.
25
CD
<D c:;Pe.,lc' de'{! :;"l<;lc'CZS) 'f}oof}m (fl&J Bl&i ZS)l<;lc'C ®!j) 8Df::: &Jod !))Cc.'Jl:.J' 8e;. f0e'{!:d ::;::srmG0C:;25l
IDlP@) am c:;ZS)'D8. @o wl.9 Gzs)JD8ID' IDlO@ 9Gc{(£Jc:J 0B25l'D3.
® fiJ(":IO de'{! ZS)l<;lc'CZS) Boof}m <fl&J ,&,oo~ZS)l<;lc'C @!j)80f:- 80d !))C--'ZS) BD de'{!m c:Jm'zI'lWC:;ID IDlD@)
ceo c:;ZS)'D8. @owl9 GZS)?DBm IDlH@ 9Gc{(£Jc:J GB25l't.!8.
* C),c;m!?5J qC)C)JC;C:ld: aiCS2 Z5"Jz!)® e.B~:i-j~1 BB6"'~ C;E:GIC 0:)1 ~:X$J6 @CS2 Z5"lzC;C iSla® Z5"lzCj~®Z5"l()
e.tJf 6Z5"JJZ5"lG PZ5d 6.lD5l' 56cs;f®Gc.'lzs-i® 6.l®6 alCS2m' Z5"lZC~D6'DJ5l' ®ZSlJ Wc.'lJZ5"JZ5"l
<:>zs-i",®zs-i e.w6~®() 6e.b6@Z5"J 6.lD5l' 6®1i3~ ~D016~6c.'l:5"l ®ZSlZS) Z5"lc5~ CjZ6@.
-3:'5l")1;;)1.G(;".l~ C;~<:JzC 6wi 6.l®6 @CS2 Z5"lIC;ZCCjzs) <yZSl) e.W00c..-:5"l ii)BZ;i-j®~c.'l
2SlG OlIZ5"l·
6Koeniger. N; Koeniger. G; Punchihewa. RWK; Fabritius. Mo & Fabritius. Mi (1982) Observations and experiments on dance
communication in Apis f/orea in Sri Lanka. J. of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 45-52.
26
e <€I (;' P. ~ co III 8 ~ ~,-SA '0 e o 0- "G 8 GI ~ +'a c&l o GI U. o
u Dl CO) a;, '-' G !!J '" " v N ''8 @) a 8 (1J N GO; aOJ@l,s o 0-~8 C" 8 C.II
o;({i;j@ ~~ u o..~",.o [:J ~'@ €) e ~[:J O-@) OJ""'@)I5\'('~g W
CPG U G N,9 I C?@Je; 8 GI @~,s Cl
to $A u u ~uC!G~~~ Q1Jac,..(\o
[:J r!::l ""-OJoua0uQlp. I!.l a;, ('~ 2 0- OJ <.O!(0) C') g Ell • -Dl ,r! ,...,
C")6 --.;)0 ~GI (Xa.f'i G['@~ <l9 ."
0. Cl G~ ~ 0U 8(1JG,8 Cl~!1
& <A [:J u
OUo@ G.@G6G1-DlC"JM I) •.. 9 c g G.gQl~ ,8('1~OJG~)
r. '" Ou GI~.." ~u £'''' C; SJ u G. s ClJ "I' r» CJJ GI G 8 ~ gJ N
8
,,"oM631G1 ,..=U>-DlNC?u,...,gJ a;
o;@J>ovu.Il>@SG
","'OJO-Gl(.J c::J ~
~ U"'OJC;~NC')M C")Gl
8 00~ s ee N ~~~ClG § .ro,(1J 0;""(,
G~o;(l..('{) "",Mv-Dl""'N
v (,..(\0"4
'-'
GI~oGu::J@""-~'Pl ~@ ~,
~a. ...; SJ
G.O N co.." u,::; ClJ w u NG~9J~'ll0(S8
GI 1""-- =:0 Cl~C?r@ ~ co ~ c.u co c.u .~~'ll O~"'u[:J:)CJc;Cb .Ja a[1
G ,0 ()O 'Cl if; tg. ~ ® _a o, 8.. C3 tj C', H G ~C?~@('j)~G ~
()) [:J ~O-'!p ~GGl81'l(;!) 9
r(',@- 00-1II~ a;,@V o..
G v u L~ Ql <tI @J>U (l. U
'~~g,-SAa;o ~~~~~ e
U e) B:l '-'
7l'-'GlG'C§~ U ~'O G 0 o
p.(')o~. u@O-OCl(l.@t'u @) -;.o'8,-,G @
W
ff u 0 -c GI ~ a U ~® ('1 C") a;, It C? ~.§ 0- <: ~ <€I '@; ClJ [:J 0.,
.ro~ ~ to 9(l" Il>sll>X»CJJQ(?[I)"
~ ~)O I 6 ~~8Sl. GI-Dl G a [:J
"",GI a ()Ou.tj 4~Cl~G ~ Ol u C') o..@)Cl~,...,~'-" 0e 9
co ~'ll G l!sou",~'lI/'I..6G~GI.f'i@) ,g
~ G.@J~ 8'~ ~fSfi~ ~ (Xl[:J (]1 (]1 ~ ~ R' i!l\O-""'C?VI'Cf1j Ol8 u
1 1 G C") 9..
r;t,8~GI-NGI f:t 8e) O"l (]1 c&l"'" ('JJ [1'ClCllCD@l~~ O-C")~ ff
l'?0~~ -::"""-G<€I (ijg>G~C"J o C<'II
[B G NGlGNC? Gr" ~
sa
~""'@)""VnN @)!1""'CJIG c
C?SJ(a~ :5@l~8:lg<€l!1a!1 GI 3 NvgL.J C!P:N CQ
0- @JO a ~ 881 P. 8:l~['O P. G CD GI ""-8 O-Ql S c&l OJ'::; ""-
-8 GI ,..., g N.l1D", 8
!1 C? ~ @) ~rf1l @l a;, GI '" C? a;, C"J
'" ~u.-aG[:JGI[:JC<'IIv~""
~15\8:l4""NN~Ql"'0-~ ~ o O-g ~O-~O-;!J g Cll~ ~
~ ~ G ~g -(3""-GI ~ C')!1!1 ~ ~ (Xl (Xl
N 15\""-!1 O-O~ apaO -oo Ol G Ql -Dl -a a PC') 8 ~ ~ GJ~@l~ ~ Cl
-...J .•..•. .•..•. O"l ~ 0-"'" u (') 5" u 0 on (0) C') Q1J Q1J ('..D t:JJ CQ 8J
CJ,0Ql~c&l!1 Ell 0&~Cl I\) ~ 1 ~G[B+,a o
u 00- Ql(;1JCl,-SAo;u.@) 1
-....j en
_.
[:JU 'OJ
" ~(') Us -TO~. ro, ro, G -Dl 8
GI C? [1
s
g cg §! 0; G o 'Q ~ ® a 8 GI ~. .•..•. C") -~ ~O-gnN g C?C? C?~ -4
(]1 c&l CD GI C?L.J CD M GI ~
c- nN 8 8 . @l "0 "" GI GI..(\o N C<'II c
,,'v ~ GI m '" <:<Y Sl' 8 G. o "'" G co C?G. Ql4G1v.@)8G1(")
~(}' G. 15\ I'Oi @)N 0-4 G 8 C?0C?f'.. .. u.GlGel
a u GI ClJ C> GJ CD.flij CD 8' 2 't"8 ro ~
())!1~ GI G18:::~0""-~!1@ ,9 G au. G GI C') ""- N ~ '-'
C') '@) G Cl g 9,..., Ql (}..n.o a OJ ~o;ar@)[:J 8\'C?())o.~ (") B
Cll@laiJ:l' [:J .••. ~?;i @l@)@)-Dl '-'
[:J ..(\0 '@J -Dl m -Dl 8 [:J Ql) C') jfu"@l 8l C") @9 ~
GI Ql)- @)c&l 0- 0- Cl4 0 ~ g ~
~GClNC<'II~""aU~.f'iNO- -....j (£~QC\~ o r~ Q~~(}~Q~ ~ ~p.
U~['O""-..n.o Cl8JGI~8"'" (]1 ~ G u ro @JJ.@J g; ~f, Cl(11j44 (')Gla;, §
R,G Cl,0.",4 G g u GI;!Jl 1 1 G E) Q C")!1~~ GI g (")[!g@
8'0 -....j .•..•. -....j1 u W~ 9
OJ N ,N "'" g a.", GI G ~-DluG-Dl C") oM GlGI@pCJCDe)GI""--
. "'" -Dl 't$ 8:l 0- 0 c&l G "'" @) 0 v OJ~ C?' ~GI G G.@GI
g~,9 C? a ~
@J ~ G "12 ~ Ql GI GI co ~ 'c.. (Xl 8 rn. !1 GI f'L U ~ a
a :-" GI ,. ;!Jl ~ @l C? OJ "" ~ e) ~ OJ 8 CD u fJ [:J ~ GI [:J 8.flij,O<.O!,e C:J §;
G Gl
ClOa@l~G~@J~ac gJ G. a. ~0-0 @lGl'"~a'8 &~[:J [1
'0 :5 rI vn GI ~ '" C") G) \1,) e) ('J . 8 OJ~G @lr~@~ 6~,
- " c . ell (J>J ""'. (J'
-Dlo..(\o~OGl GlC"""GluGi Po -Dl gJ M. O-.('J N ~ Gl GI e) N
""'0O-vo@J . fl' 'a 0
GOG O'GP.8..~p.@l,..J'~ 0C") ::: VI' (\, (l. "'" OJ C") C; ~,..(\o a;
8~ --.;)0; a;,OO~a;,@)OJw
~ ~ ,-SA Q, [:Ju --.;)Gr Cl~(~c&lm~~ DIG 6
O"l ~ r(', C".J @'u",«'JGlQ;G"';
'" ~ C".J a !} 1 1
G G GI .Gl0'('1
15\ @) «'J 1('') g 6...;c,.')80"", ,88 @l(",..r,C"
c c&l a 8GI ~(Xl!1~ g ,'" Gl @1 Cl <Xl CJ e» [:3.1 C N
CJ "" ~Cl ()O G. G 4 _a ~ 8.. (~ GI @J [:J a C ~ g a; ~ C') [:J ~. Q;
u I5\' '" GI u GI C; 0 (;;) (, ~ @) !1 8) [:J
O· (a""'cOGl[:J-Dlo;gGl. ~ ~ o c> 00 OJ ~ e) :;,~ .co o it .. 'll ,-SA
GI C") a.-Dl GI,...,@Juas..(\o G G "r(', (, 9 [j GI (l.~(ll C")~
G O-~ g..(\o ~'G Ql GI S)@l;!Jl c ~'-" ('1 8 Gl 0- C> C") (~"g (.J G
° !1
~!1[:J O-~ c"~ G~r'c"C'o,,_~C C'A~~.ag~~~. Ga
e3J®1Z5)150c.J15'f0OJ)~15'f GC~1;iJ C06oJu)e3c.:JZSl 80Z5)) delZ5)zs) C30;sJZ5)) C3Be30 3l;sJOc.:J ®3l ~Z5)ZSlE) @p 350
;sJ 700 (]'25'0 e3oOlDJuzs) e;®13 g0CJ~ tJe;:5J;sJ®ZSlU delZ5)zs) ro) 0cltJZSl)U15'f e3®)Z5)UZ5) Cf3l0 0®J815'f Cfc§D15'f015'f
e300cl23l 5ipo§~. 6~e3J ®P15'froE) <5"260 tlJZ5) e30f,-j§c.:Jzs) S'c3l. Z5)~z;i ~6 6"l0 q'Owc.:J ;qJG® delZ5) 6"lOc.:JJ
003l e:JJtrl'tlJ Q)e5,?trl'(nurse bees) 2815'f e3C3c.:JZ5)
ce; tJ0~3l g CfJroJO ~e3J delZ5) 6"l0c.JJ0m gtlZ5)ZSl Cfoc.:JO
e3iVgt5600c.:J15'f® Ot5WZ5)C.:JtJ, 0®G15'f <;'c§GZ5) e30c tlJc.J)oC0ZSlc.:JJ gtlZ5)ZSl gWJ~c.JJ 0roGz;i G'lle52delZ5) 0100
a;sJ0CJ. delZ5) 6"lE)c.:JJE)e3i:Jc.:JZ5)0®® tJ0m23l CfJroJOc.:J OJd dcie (royal jelly) OGrl0c.:J15'fro~15'fUZ5) <;'3l0, 6c.:J
~@i:J1e;Z5)c.:J G15'f015'f e:JJtrl'tlJ Q)e5,?trl' (nurse bees) Om0c.:J15'f ro~15'fOZ5) 8~~G Oc.Je3 ~Z5) 7 ZSlO OUJ Cf§.J
8c.Jle3cB0W 0Z5)J0c.:J0e;Z5)GJ@Jc 0cltJZSlJ015'f0m (f(2>wj~e:J:§)tSl (hypopharyngel) <2j15'fB;qJGc.:J. delZ5) 6"lOc.JJO
01tl ddS e3caS® 8®JO§15'f 03lJOO ®Z5)JC3 0Ce3 c@J0e;Z5) Cf3l0 Cfc;sJ3l Om0c.J15'f® delZ5) 6"lOc.:JJ 8f015'f
OJtl tlGe §l?Jczs) ®Z5) aJ00®15'f Bo§. delZ5) 6"lOc.:JJ <;,cc.:J0m 0c.:J'1JOZ5)CfOB delZ5) 0ZSl:f®c.:J Z5)iV tJ0~3l
~30c.J ;qJG CD3lZSl08. 6c.:J Cfc;qJGZ5)®® 1 G zs) a®6o ~CD ®W:5c.:J tJclZSliVroc.:J ®® 7 zs) a®6o Q ®e;zs)
'f,l8dG1ZSl)0~ tJ0~3l ~uoc.:J§. e3J®JZ5):50c.:J15'fdelZ5) 0ZSl:f@, Ue;c.:JZSlC3roG e;J00W 3lZ5)Z5)J Cf3l0 EiUJ 80clO
EmOG. delZ5)ZSlO C3lzs) §p)6oe; <;,cc.J 6c.:J cmtJ3lJ ZSlO15'f015'f00Z5);sJ delZ5)ZSlO 6001i3U C3®Su.
® g@OiD). <i'e300cltJ3l G'lls:lG§15'f roOCD15'fZ5)Jp@00~0m tlJZ5) e308§c.:J EiZSl "260 0CJ. ~@o G'llBuzs)
del~c.J e;®15'f015'f 0cluZSl ~uoc.:J15'fE) UUJ ®e;zs) tJeGJc g s;5@0 ~uoc.Jzs) ;qJ<S:c.:JA@o ~uo <;,15'f3lt5CD3lOZ5)
pRlO GC;, ISl~JUJe3c.:JZSl <i'c§ 0G15'f015'f (],)ro)O e3ca8® ueJJcl e3i:JcG <;'c§ tJOc.:J. tJ~c ZSlJCc.:J ;qJ<S:~~@o
~30 8c.J C0~Z5)JGZS) 0cluZSl Ri"215'f cB15'f ~t5®)6oc.:J ZSlO'2] c@8. e3J®JZ5):50c.:J15'f®HUJOc.JZSlO gd®0c.:J15'f
Z5)C delZ5)zs) <;'c§ §5®0 0aOJ;qJu p@oc15'f Cfc§ ZSlO'tj c@8. p@o ~uoc.:Jzs) ®® 5ZSl C3®~ c@ZSliVCDc.:J§15'fe;
§§ 13 23) a®6o ISlc~o§15'fe; ~ZS)3lGZ5) <;'3l0 ~9)0 ~uo 100 ZSl Ut5CD g®J6oc.J Gt51Sl 0G15'f3®0t5 (0c.J®2)
18.5 8E) 0c.J®2 20.5 <i'Z5)0t5 au:§l. <;50)0 ~UOc.JZSl 8c.:Jccl0cl ®ce; C3croc~8 Bs0zs), ~uoc.J 8c.:Jc80®15'f ~Z5)
2 Z5l~ a®~ <;,(830CJ. <;5RlO ~uoc.:J15'f0m cluJro)Oc.:J 8eRle; GceJ tJclZ5)o 6.2 0ZSl)E)0cl e3e;ro15'f 23)0 q'l3l. 0iVo{
s;5RlOc15'fGt® ~Z5)ZSl® 0ro:fOJ 15,00 ;sJ GZ5):fOJ 17,30 ;sJ <;'3l0 ZSlJCc.:J ;qJG~ 7, ®p15'f CD~)U)e3c.:JZSl 80Z5)3l)ZS)
8c.:Jle3cBc.:J23) 0c.:J0<. 0®®
<;5@0 8c.J1e3lB ZSlJCc.:J ;qJ<S:~ ®~15'f ~@0-C3t5®e;-0C30e;e3ZSlE) (<;5.C3.0a.) ~o;qJocu
8c.JJ@Z5) c;'25'0 GBZ5f Co <;'JCDJO clGdC3c.Jzs) c@J CDc~®E);sJ, 86 E3GCJZSlc.Jzs) ISlc~®E);sJ ®CJm601U)e3c.J 0GZ5)0
i:Jc®G~. <;5@GO~E) delZ5)zs) eoo e3oe3t5mc.:J tJc.:J CDczs)0zs)6zs) OOzs) C3®Su. e.:nt5dZSlG delZ5)zs) e3®m e3oe3t5CDGW
0c.JC5e;Z5)p@OJ Ei e3®G315'f® ®c.:Jc.:J8. pRl00~0m15'f BfGZ5) ~25'J Gle;mcl 2cl 6ZSl® ZSlJt5c.Jc.JZ5)iV mG d8Z5)ZSl
on e3Jt5dZSlG e3oe3t5C'l0W COc.:J~®0CJ. 6zs) pRl00~ Gil72)J~ @Gc.:JZ5)c.:JZ;))
a®~ (1 ,000,000) ~®aJe;Z5)c.J ZSlOZ5)
.:;'3l0 ®G15'f0d ce;OGW e3cC§c.J w;qJ GZSlJOe3zs) 85 §0Rl15'f015'f gtlZ5)ZSl ~ZiJ'?,c.:Jc.J15'f
COC015'fc.:J.
<;5RlOl15'froO E3~®E)
i]:J)zs) 0Z5)J®C§ <i'25'0 <;,dGJCDZ5) 0roJ;sJ e3C3)ZSlt®Oe; 0m)roc§ <;'JOz:5@ZSlCDc§c.:J)GZS) 0mJ®c§ q'e306o e3;qJ15'f
0ZSlJE)e3§ (1. 9 0ti:Jc.:J @c15'fm). CD6oJUJe3c.:JZSl8@oc15'f Cfl§C® C3Be300W Cf)roJO ~cro3lJuc.J ®3l Oe;J C3G§Zil
.:;'Z5)0 <i'JroJO Ejci:Jw® 8®JZSlJ5 Q tJE) 0cltJZSlJU15'f tJ8Z5f 0®1P15'f ZSlce;lG0C15'f 80®o ZSlO:;U Cc0~.
@ (2)d5tSlJC). ~o;qJocG® CD6oJGJe3c.JZSl 0cltJZSlJU15'f e;rocl C06oZ5)zs) 8u. 2gc ZSlJCc.Jzs) ;qJ<S:~
1Sl6oJGJEjc.:J15'f Gt5wZilc.JO 0c0;qJG GclUZSl Q)e5215'f0m g®J~c.:J GleJtJ® coCJ. 6Z5)iV CD~JUJe3c.:JZSl CDroZ5)0W 9
®J6oc.:J :§l06oc.J G15'f015'f 6fSi 80Z5)J 0clOZSl G'lle5215'f0mg®J~c.:J ®3l 0CJ. q'C3 e3J®JZ5):50c.J15'f 5ie5215'fU3d0c.:J15'f
G®® 0clcZSlJ
OJr;15'fC15'f:::;15'f 8Be3 0CJ. 6ZiliV QlCl2Z5fum0c.:JZ5f 0CJ.
q'Ej ro~15'f015'f015'f 0®® ue; tlJc.:JoC0ZSlc.:J15'f
(,dCZSlJOzs) <;'c§) Dmco15'f del~c.J tJB15'f 0cltJZSlJ ~UOc.:JZSl e;®Zil Ejo0cltJ3l ~ G'lls:5u§~. 0cltJZSlJ 6"lE)c.:J15'fro()
EjC3c.J:;>jCRlZil <;'.1OJJoc.J Q)e5,?dSo (bee milk) Gm0c.:J15'f rot;15'fu:;iJ C@Z5) q'3l0 6c.:J EjJ;sJ;qJ 5i0i15'f tJ815'f ~C3e;U'2]
7 Koeniger, N & Wijayagunasekara, HNP (1976) Time of drone flight in the three Asiatic honybee species, J. of Apicultural Research
15(2): 67-71.
28
CQJ25) cba aGC§ 1'.5W ®P:s10C0 0cs)J,q00:s1 Ot:VtOt SOlS (aO)GJ W) aIED) 1'.5®m §'8 §B0®:s1 8@0c..3~
2510 GJzsJ25l§. 0d025l10:s1 W1 dS:53c..3 tl25l® aJ25) 1'.5°8§c..3§:s1 825"lZ3)80zsJ ®S225)0 z5\O Ci'OU0d 1'.5uc..3<;Jl~QJ25)
Ci'JWJ00d (025)C3 :53C3J (025)d dOotac..3§:s1 8zsJ 86GJ 0<;25l25l, (025)d f! 25lJt5c..3c..3:s1CflP 25l0<;Jl CQJ25) es5:cJ
0<;0<;(25)2:1) OClrl0c..3:s1 025lC325)c..30~. 0dCz;w 2:1)CSOc..325"l
@@ 4 25l a®-6J C@25l~c.0c..3§:s1 c;.:l25"lZ3)025) Ci'Z3)0
®@ 10 25"la®-6J (S)I~2~0§:s1 fJ25"l23l0~. 1'.5J®J25)lS0c..3:s1O<;c..325"l
C3®:s1C23l 0:s10:s1 0®OI:53 @e:::J'8 (,d025l z:;?CSo
OC§:53. 1'.5J®J25)lS0W:s1 GdC231 ~30 100 231 Ot5GJ g®)fuc..3 0C3@2 13.5 S0 0C3§2 15.0 c;'bJ0t5 a86l. C<;t1'.525"l
0W:"fOJ 05 ,45 u®fu SO w01'.5 0W:"fOJ 18,15 a®fu 25lJCc..325"l25d<2:@eQ:s1 Sc..3)C316 0d 0c..3b25)zsJ1'.5:J®J25)lS0c..3:s1
25lI<;IG0C:s1 8023liJ uI®(25):s10:s1 8025)J (S)W25)0c..3:s1 10% 25"l a®fuc..3. 25)~zsJ aIEDO)OW20"1 is}<S~ 802510
uI®0fu25) g®Jfuc..3 @0 8e.:J) tJle30~. 0d825l @eQ:s1 (s)fuJOJC30cJ g0t525l25)c..30 Ci'<;1~ 8c..3~ 25l1t5Wc..3:s1@0W~c..3
c;.:l25d
Ci'23l0, @eQ0825"l w~ Ci'8do)u25l 0c..3~c..3c;.:l25d
25lJt5ww tl\Ofuc..3 0:s10:s1 ®S2:s10c0 8c..31'.5®23l 0~. 0®® Oc..31'.5
®25l B,Ofuw 025) 25lI<;IC0C g8t523l25)c..3 1'.5<'";W) 'fI2Cc..3 !225d 25lJt5c..3 aOe:lJOc..3 l;:i))e)~ @~ ~~<;JJl5))~<;J
(age polyethism) UClrl0c..3:s1WI~:s10~ (1.5.4 025lJ01'.5 QJ(j:s125)). 25lJCJ0 QJ~ utsc..3:J25lJUc..325)~ c5C c<;wzsJ®25l
1'.508<Bc..3 ®51 0GJ'Je.:J 25)I0GJ25) '8~ 5cmi:S25)<;J (division of labour) 0W:"f '8~ c:Jo5wJ25)<;J :53C3J @eQ
GJfuJOJC3c..320"1Cfl23l) 25l)t5c..3~® c5c a<O§c..325"l 025) c;'25l0 0®OI:&l 00050 u<O§c..325"l 985 o5@><;J~ (super
organism) 0C1'.5 C3IC§c..3 WI§c..3. 1'.586 c5c0c..325"lc..345)00:s1 Ci'a c;'<;wd 25lo<;Jl0d esO:s1 olEb25"l tl25l25d0 ®P:s10c0
0t5025)c..3, C25lC325)c..3,gots5l25)W W) ga25)25)c..3 cp~ 25l0!225d 1'.5e;WJ c;'OG:llS 025) C0~25l 25lJtsc..3c..3:s1'fie) §B®O
C0~25l '8§231c..3:s186d Ci'I5\ 25loCS)zsJ;30:s1 C3~Wc..3§. tl25"l~ 0®® ;3c a<O§0d C3J®JcS25l C325d:s125l® 1'.5~W0W:s1
«(S)fuJO:J1'.50c..3:s1) 00:s1 25lG0w)d ®f:25)O §8C025lzsJ 25l:530 1'.5Jts025l 0C1'.5 ;30zsJ Cc..3 (25):JwI25l.
1.5.4
~® C"J:J(25)0c..3:s1 c;'I§8 886 c5c Ci'OdoJO oe:::Jd 0W:J~:s1 0zsJ0I~ GJ51 WI25"l025"ld)W1om25li3:s1 Ci'23l0 t;:
'8® 1'.5oCOJ25)c..3 c\9w §B0®:53. a:J25)C~fu Ci'§:s1 1'.5®:J25)80zsJ, @ 8leQ dcS25) 0wOd C301 dJw)om25lWJ0c0
0lC5J25l:J0c..3 51® 0<'"; aJc..3Jom25li3:s10c0 0WOzsJ 0do25lJ0:s10c0 0taJ25l:J00c..3:s1 0QJJ0W:"f bOO (025)d 0~. ®
8lCS2dcS25), (25)W25l0 Ci'B25l 6to 5<;n)~~l;:i) (morphological) (j25"l®fu Ci'§:s1 @ 8leQ 0dc25l:J0:s10 Oe.:JJ (825)c.::
0~. tl0d® Ci'Ic..3cdc25lJ8:s1 WJ C3C3e;25)CO 0®OI:53® 1'.5oQJlSJ025l l;:i)J&l;:i)1'.5W el)iS5@>@J (physiological &
behavioural) (825)d 25l~ OC:s1 <; :;J25"l25l0~.® @eQ GJfu)OJC3c..325l <;wd GJfu25)25"l 1'.5J®Je525lc..3:s186::0 :3t.:;
C<;lSJzsJ®25l8 6® (S)fuJOJ1'.5c..325l0 UJS<;:Jc..325l f)OzsJ 625"l 0dc25l)025"l 8@QJe; 51:530 1'.5G25l25)CO 15Gb""'
c;'Ic..30C'""l
25lJCc..3 C3:J0d25"l@0 025l(025) ct25lO tlc..3 1'.5§ §@ac..325l0 8®J ['; ctI25l. 0®:53C3J 0®OI:53 GJW25)c..325"l
&):)=i;0(;:"
25)e.:JzsJ25d
§B®O 25)~ @eQ de525)25"l W0 c;'B25l 2J,fi C(0~ WI§c..3:J025"l §8lc..3 825dO c;'IZ)\ 6:531'.51 @ @ql 6.83""\,
0dC25lJ025l0c0 GdBo g®:Jfuc..3iJ oe:::) CGd:JC o® 1'.5:J®J25)lS1'.508<6c..3§. 0~ 0o:l25d00:s1, [j~QJ <;wd cs)~3""\6:s<
0zsJ 1'.5@c..3e3~QJ 025l:"f® ctI§ 1'.50Ia:Jc..3Jo&l25lc..3J0c0 c<;Oc..3, 2o~fu 0 mc..3 ct@c..3 [j~QJ 025l:"f@ 8C:s1 c;.:lZj~t.:;"
dJc..3Jo&l25l0W2:1)0c0 c<;0c..30 0e.:J:J CGdJ(j 0~. 8leQ dcS:53c..3 25l® CS)fuJO:JC30d c;'(25)2:1)d 25l0825d C3t~WJ <":.5(015)·)C:"I
(25)J025) Ci'25l0 c;'Iw @s::l (jt® C3e;WJ® C0~25l f! C3zsJ00c..3§. 025l,)510~ C0~25l 0<; c..3zsJCi'Ic..3GCZ:;; z,3SS
Ci':JWJOG1'.500~ cCJJoGJc..325"l(25)J®I§ c;'25l0 Ci'I0c0 ~QJ caN» aUJ 23l0®25"lf00 ~fu 0 c;'I§ &)1'.5J 6c:.J[)wJ,)·~;sI
c8:s1 c;'Ic..3Gu:"f@-6J::.J 25lG c;.:l25d8ctI25l· @ 8lCS2de525) ga25)25l '8§25l0c..32:1)OGd0c..3:s1CG~25l 0 Ci'I§ (~25l0 0dEJt-:l)
8lCS2:s125l® C0fuJO:J1'.50cJ 0W:"f 25lI<;IG0G ct:s1 8c..3£::® ct0GdlS25lJ0c..3:s1 CflP §B® 1'.5e;WJ c;'<;Jl0t525l:5l::.J5 c;'IbJ.
0®® 0ta25l:J0c..3:s1 0<;25l25"lOGd0::.J:s1 aO§25) tl25l® c5[';:s1 86C325"l Ci'25l0 825) ~® 51.010525) 1'.5oS<6:..:o ~O
C<;lS)zsJ®25l0 @~6t8l5)J~<;J (polymorphism) OGd0c..3:s1 W~:s10'2j (jI0Q)
@ 8leQ GJfuJOJC3c..325l aIOlzsJ® C3e;WJ Ci'25llS0GdlSc..3

25101~ 6§(25)§:s1 00 25)dO 25) c;'25l0 i!.J0) 25lJtsw C3JG25l
0d 'fI~ §B®O <; 0dc25lJ0:s1 C0G;l®zsJ0c..325"lcI2Jc..3 !225d0 Ci'I25l.C<;JWOfuc..325"l 8G"d0W:s1 c;'JWJO 0C30®, Cflour,
QJI~®' z5\0i3:s10 c;'JWJO C3Iai3®, de525)0 8l,fi Cl® C3e;WJ CflW<'";U<; UC c;'I§ @d 2:1)30 Gil<O a50 §B0,
25lI<;IG0C ct:J025"-&JO Ci'J~c..36§(25)§:s1 W:JzsJ u8:s1® 0U25)d f! 25lJt5c..3c..325"l
C25) c;'23l0 0~ S::.JCC GJfuJU:JC30cJ
aIOlzs:l® 1'.5e;w:JCi'25llS0GdlS25lJt5c..3c..3:s1c..3.
0®® 25lJt5c..3c..3:s1
'fI2 §B® 1'.5e;w:J0dc25lJ 8iCS2:s1C0G;li13zs:lC:..:o25"l
Ci;?):s10:s1
tl® C0~25l 25lJt5c..3c..325"l
1'.5e;WJ C0~25l f! 0dC25l 861'.525"l 0c..3<;00®:53. 0®0d C0~23l 25lJt5c..3c..3:s1C3l;W)
29
~QJ~eJ(jlSf ~c.3JZSlJB ~D3;):5l5l1D(j :@(j1ZSlJB ~D3;) !))Je)G3 ®!5l E3(j~:3 rol8B,"~ roJ
t,c.3C3 ~Z5) @)5) ~8Gc5Z5) ddJZ5)(j ~l§l~ s.g® B<!ics;f~clDc.3 D:oroE5c;;:m;f®ZSl ~~Dt5l5lZ5)
1
2 o~~ts»)6ts) =>~m
3 'Y"'e; t;l<36 05~§5",
4 ~c.5JZSlJ5
5 q0(j1(!)e:J:53ZSl
(!)25f8 J ~--,.-
6 (Oll'lEll=>~m
<idmu c:'J"'J6 ~~:!J
7
"'J <idm ~OD c@J
8 CDIll):!J
9 _ o)m~ =>~m
ti\u~m <iZSl@CJ
10 CDIll)@)lfJ"'J6 0Io&@
l8\(OEld=>~m
11 T~ts»)6ts) =>~m
ZSlL<;(c!C tj)b
:;",j &'(5@J&ZSl
12 ..n,-liil
C;OGdD ZSlJt5c.:l(
<il".)m 1)<; @,~®,
&,615> :;1).
13 BCJ :;ZSlj~ Eic.:l(8®
14
15
cn~o6ts) =>~m
16 ZSl'~Ic!C tj)G I.lJ~
17 0006~~ ~£l §5®
<l)J E)J8 0@ZSl6~..:>
18
19
~6 =>~m
20 ZSlI<;[c!C lfJ6~J
21 §5®
22 ts)~@ !ffiS.lm)~ts) ""

=>~m Q(§(jI(!)e:J:53ZSl s» @<..I
23
:;15>J6tj)6t C@JCDIll)® (!)25f8 2:S55JIDC) c.5J@
24
25
f---- !fll'l(Om=ts)=>~m
26 - El6 =>~m
ol5 =>~m :;0>:1
27 d(O=~ =>~!rl C;OU - elQo6 =>~m
0506:;<3 C;J"'J6 - ~fiS.lo6 =>~m
28 - e<:lo6 =>~m
:;oJC.:l@m "'J c:'J"'J6
29 :;")2:n 6@m "',8:;(5. c:'J"'J6 :;",j ~(.:l C;,£l
15>Im :;OJc.:l,CDIll)® f!j @I)
30 C;&'tj)1Sl lfm:;m<llZSll3mCl
<;l.m~® lfJ"'J6 :;CD'IS)e'3®
30
GcJJ. aG0 OWOJOcJ .jdC1::)K,:51,-~ GcJO C'imG §>6<:lUcJ Gm C'i:5l0, ~® 6\0<:lUcJ0 <S'l<:lUJCJo",d BG15i':5l1
C'iD(!;lY>Z5)JG;.JZ5'iC;
cJo C'iJ25)J6cJ5::;1 ~)Ccl13. (3®Gd DcJo ®5"I ~o<!£cJ 0G6Z5'i BfZS"lom w"lBBG~ 0G:5lclZS"l&
q"l§lZ5"lo m"li'l;,;@Z7i Z5"l)t5cJ i?iEkj~ c;,;cr:!®zs:lGcJ, e!D tlC;l5J15i'®Z5"lC~)e)~@~DCS-.:l)t:5»D-.:l (age determined
polyethism) c)(!;l0cJZ5'i w"lt';:51;,;t).
~ ale;) GclcZ5"l)v:::lud oo8>~~)&i (altruistic) roc8B®15i' :'.'J Ot~W1 C'imc;t55"1:5lcJ C C'i"l§ Ot::OCC; ')15i'OZ5"l
CZ5t3<:lU15i'q:>o~~ @@t:5)oCSaJ-.:l ",OJi oeoO)O-.:l (defensive instinct) 0<'";W1 :3®<:lUwi B®1 0:5lJGt). 6mo
::5)51 Z5"l"(<;"leDe c: 10:?.-"U)G 0\~0l) C:J12)®&'Z5"lGcJ~0 8Z5l5~®() 'fi~BB15i'~m ~o de;)GGd ~eJ @cJJG £\0)
5tJ5"lZSUicJ() o15i'Gt). c:,~® 06t0:sfZS"l·lO w"lBB® &l01® GdcZS"lJDZ5'i c8Z5'i :5I®Z5'i0C.i-f®C;0"l 06~061Dd 'f"l§
C;"leJ z:JlOm ,-,G:5l~c) :515 ®t-",,,,-f gd:5lZ5"l zsnt5cJcJZ5'i coB® ®:J0®Z5"l B~dG) <S'l&l§Z5'i8cJ OGw1C;BcJZ5'i C'i"lf},
<;"lC BIB 0 C::OZ:;)JB.jt). 6:5)0) ~0 ooc,....
amGd 25))t5cJ~®Z5lJDcJ D"le:,C®0 00iiJ:sfZ5"l1§ roc8Bd~)Z>fC; G"lC;<S'l15i'
C'imQ)CcJd C"l(l) C'ie· 1.3 v'-'2.jt) GZ5"lJ0cJZ5'i 00WZ5'i Z5"l0 q"lf}, Z5"l6c~ <;'7,?)G Z5"lJC10Q)9)Gt5cJ!5·0UcJ e"lm
clCJD,)JCZ5"l oo8<BcJzsi 51C0:51 ~ de;) m<!£JCJOcJZSl ooZ§t5<:lU <;,DCl3))Z5lJDcJZ5'ion C50 <;,mZ5iC OJ"l8B®
0®1GcJidmcJ 1::)G qJZS"l1Cb GoZ5'ic;i3.
1.2 (3z:Jl1C\5cl c<";OJZ7iZ5"lC1:sJLJ3Z5'ide;)Z5'i cJ71l pcto ®Z5l cJ"lB®0 CGG:J'Ui6cJZ5'iq'2?Dt5Z5lmcJ ~ Z5"l?@Z5'i

GZ5"l100§.
60®Z5'i®, <;"l:5l() 0"l&' dG2Z5'i G<S'lZ5'i0"lCGom gWJmZ5l® qJt5I3ZS"l DJ8cJ m~ ®~Z5'i tJ8Z5'i '2®0 ®p dclZS"lO
5"10 1::)"lC;8~G :5I"lZ7ioz,-f1::)O:5lJ 0"l&'cJ. @e;)Z5'i(!;lJZS"l?do GG§lZ5'i :51®Z5'i0 qDCl3)) 6aiUl15 se)) 6C;qJZS"lJOcJ§Z5'i
CaM~. g,j60cJ:51 oJteop ~C <;':515:1t5mZ5la&l, &<l2Z5'i6m' ~ZS"l® cs;)d§l omZ5"l<;'Jw)ocJ Gm q5:l0, ~€S3
qe:J0<S2 O!md OJ1 803Z5'i cJ~ g®J<:lUcJBlZ>f ale;)Z5'iGm' Ge;li®<:lUcJ0 6d 6t). 0<;GD~D oda a01m, al<l2Z5'i0m'
0gi3Z7l®;.J 0W:$ ®Jo(!;lbmZ5"l q1WJOcJ ~m CfZ5l0 :'.'J 0®G3Z5'i® qZ5l))DCl3)) 5()@Z5'i, i5l&lo cDm W1 0~C; 001:§'..>
6ZS"l10d c, @<l2Z5'iGD5"I C"l0~. @e;)Z5'iw() Z5l® 'fiW~Z5'i OJt5oZ5"lD Cf(~5lC;"l5BlB® o<,";WJ, ~30G:J'(3GcJZ5'i®Z§() (;')wI6
8§u;.JC i?i5® o<'";w 1 Sl1Z5"l~:do 0Gt5lZ5'i C"l0Q)m aOJm <;'5"I))DCSdlS6t). 6&1oJ Cl3JZ5"lo@o, c3le;)Z5'iW0 qD3;)::'>
8cJ~ 0:3 b.., eC;1t5,j;.JZ5'i (j:5l)c:'~[, oac.:l3.
ale;)Z5'i 0®G3Z7i COJ054J3cJ 8 oodo 3;)JZ5"lC;,@e;)Z5'i GDmZ5'i 'fiZ5lJ ~"lc;md GdDJGZ5'i 'fi<;) Z5"lOm,s,. 0®®
0~OJZ5'iwZ5lJD0d 'fiZ5l1®cl CJ"lc;mzs:lt;i)()8zs:lZ5ld DZ5'iGZ5'ic3le;)Z5'i58Z5'i 'fiP ZS"l0~ COJm t3da aOJm<!£cJi3. cell";
aOJ<S'l<!£cJz...i G:5l13"lzs,t- 0<;5::10 3;)Z5"lcJZ5'iW0 (lio &lctaJ<;mcJ Z5"l0m"le,®0 GmJw"lBl qZ5l0, 6cJ Q:lo G':l1Z5"lcJ:5i€S3
gDt55"1m6~ 'fi5"l1 vl.c;m15i' ",t).
6~ Z5"l0"l<4i>q~G of,Jdo CS;)JZS"lcJZ5'i

W) ale;)Z5'i <;'Z5l0 'fiZ5l1®d Blup o~OJZ5'iwZ5lJc)cJd <;'"If}, q:5l:) (}cJ
6C;6Z5"lJUQJCl30d® gDt55:1mcJ O<'";W) D"l<;m15i' 6t). m~zs:l 6®® 60J6zs:l ~8Z5"l q'~0m qJt5I3ZS"l @ ul.&
~dOJc;mcJ0 qC;JG :5t.- CC;'5)15i'®Z5"loc:l&® OJJ ®pZ5'i 0lt805® &lOJ, ap®o 3;)JZ5"lOJ") OO:K""l<!£cJ E§Q;~
ees co®iiJ ~ G"leJ ~6 0;"c)~ c®d .jm)Z5"l09 (10.6.1 GZ5"lJ00 OJcZ5'im).
~D 5c;rm;j$Z5"le, <S'l<!£JeJacJZS"l 82mJ reZ5'i qJZ5"lJocJd 55m' Gm dtlm, ~OJ0"lZ5'i em 6clCZS"lJD:::;-i c.:lm
8cJi3'co<,;mJ® gDt55"1mcJ O~WJ D"l<,;md cot). m~;sj 8let OJcm0~ q'o DeJ)zs:l a"lCBlecd 6cJJ~ ZS"lo:5icom'
e®o ®p 6Z5"lre BlB® OJ1 0"l&' &lria1c;mc.:l o<,";o)J 'fi~OJ® o~OJZ5'iw "clDZ5"l 8le;)m' 0DZ5lcJ. dtlm WJ OOJ0"lZ5'i
D"l&l gomZ5"l ~5Z5'i m<:lUJDJ06d 0"lCBlC'c 6cJJ~ Z5"l0Z5'i6m'®pZ5'i 6mZ5'i codDZ5"lQie;)Z5'i0CZ5l COZ5"l60mJQ)Co(~
5"l6t). 6 ~OJ OWZ5l a<";wZ5'i COZ5"lJ0clDC Gcl~Z5"l 8le;)Z>f p::1aGD§lZ5'i 60iUl)) sDY> COJ)m"le, 0<";OJ1 COJJ
<;'"l§l 0(0 B<;!nzs:l®Z5"l WJ w"l8B~ <;,mCt5Z5lm 8~OJ~ OCZ5"lJ OJC~.
31
q!l:J605251 00,
2»6)6 @cJJ251
6)t!;~8""",,21!
ooe56 ""q/C:;6c1 q,d) sooe
e:Jzsj'q/@,<:I),6 66f@
J,
"'0f'jzsj';>j) qzsj'fio5
@t5J80 q(d) e:J6C 66:1@
~
e:J6C; qzsj'$t<:l),
II
(jjif)",6) (;""'"'"
9~"tlfolQ"
CD q6GJfoo~t)
(2)OO1'j<:l) (;""000
qwll""'.",,, /'"
@ qGJ605 (~f)) '
fiJ"J (Zll,@) ""'~"'Zll (jjZll,Qci

CD <:I)zsj'I/Il,oOOo5
(2)9",5<:1)'00005
@C",6,t)
® doo:,f) @"""'----\),.\ ",6,00 e:J2»,f)
@a,.; 2S)~t)o5 (6<:1),Oci ",oozSJ) / (os O'~dzjriJ tJ",.,o {J 1 t)", "l1~t)"
2»6)6 ",6,00 lflq}{; Olt:D6u! 8eBeh (fttfJ.)

{i16za
eeo e» (!.lCJ)j
03~f)C 1 £)25)
"l1~t)"
8 1.18 ceo 1.19 6to ~(t:3)8:3€ ~ @CJ~ t;(Q0~m,
Dadant & Sons (Ed.) (1979) The Hive and the Honey Bee, Hamilton, Illinois, USA.
Free, JB (1987) Pheromones of Social Bees, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Michener CD (1974) 12 !;O'" e:JB1)~~"" 203 Bi2D iiJczrl",.
Snodgrass, RE (1984) Anatomy of the Honey Bee, Cornell University Press, NY, USA.
Storer, TI & Usinger, RL (1964) General Zoology, McGraw Hill Book Co., I Kogakusha, USA & Japan.
-'''' "",5>zrl &i "'/;~ 6/ocoG",zrl "'0) ""'J6'l)6( <:'0""6.,-;,,, ""6,,, c~.
32
13 ft' 11 ~ li 8 '3 11 <J If.J ,3 ~~) {) (fj fi ".) V S 9' Kl ®. 8 VV'1V 11 "31J (.) 13 OJ CKl
s » If)
11;"'.2 (J
9 .)
Cn ",,) D S )' n I) ;3- [ij" V {j r {j,~ R
,);..,' {6 rv (j c; d 11 1
iJ '9 Y)
rnrft'I'J:.'J(,)
D 10 ""\1 o ® ~q\:(IOt:;L
C~
8 '('j'~) 'J ,,) 11 ' v- "";0 8' ?9®Kl '16
13 'Tc IV C '" PJ 'J') fJ ,,) ;0 Ii), o 0:) fJ ((J " ';0, J IO~ ~) s :.'J 8 (0
8° 0",' Kl 'uVJQ) Kl((J n 0(0 (i» fJj riD ~J) !fa
® ~ 4l "I) '1,.2 \1
n ';:)"
.J' Q
S 0"
d
R '~. ;J ~ ] "U ~) 16 8 8 "2
v S I.S :l'~
do ~ :.'J'vv'O Kl eo R '<5 ~
'n N
'O
~I
P,)- 'J
9 }~) r ~J'c.)
(t)
V-
PJ
~
•• 0'> Kl <:j Kl Y) tV Kl ;:; 3 o '0 (~ 13 nQ-o~[) 11 l1J :D o CKl
D 0
d,) Y) "L "JKl
"q) -3 n,) n o Kl
D fJ (5 r;;) 11;0
lS n ~('.) ,v\Li:l rJ®tUl
@
o fJ G .:ii) V' n :8 ',r, c.S ,3- 9 ('" PJ'{J.;b ~ a;O Kl @(ii)
fsI}-
t( «r (0 13 ~
t( (2 ''0/ U s
(")
16 '{J1l ~~l~5"V -o ;:;:8,5 :8 ".3JIO 13 ;"'Cn Kl:o ~~ 13 G unKJ3®
U"'C®S
.i'J ® 8
(VKlSIOCK1;B
U
•••• !1 ~J 'j- '.? K' ~ ~ ~ (.] o ~~ V t2 ti:i ..) (ii). :0 (0 ~ ~ S :3- ' l'l
V- f.) ",)
n@. c~2.,'~n
16 \3 :.'J n
r.J
((l
'"
JU- D :8 '1) (~ [::;5 xi v r '2 ~
(0 ~ IV ~J 13 ~ I; ~ Q) ~u @
:8 (jv.,:o Q) ~ CG
"
'9) ••) :D,
(0
Kl en
'0
' Y)
Kl
S 0- ft' '\,- ~J V- v D C8 [V ~J (6) 8" (.) ~ 13 lB ~ (10 :D "" 1\ IlJ (") -
Cr$ 6' v- ® fl 13
if
r- 1tr 3 0- " 8 fj c'" 'd lG) «r Kl ..•.3 ~ m Kl ® .0 ~ :0 "3 V- cl$lCl!'JIOSKlfJlT'
'd
8)
<) "J
3 (0 '"
(10
'0
(0
("' J: "<' 0G 11
<J CK1 'V)
(6) C
CQ) OJ Kl
() fl (6) V (0') fJ....
'VSdf)J'On:.'J
n 16 ~J C"'S(')8r
';(, (") {6 ~ (J
n Cfi '70 ' lV c:o
(.10
(~
~
~j fj 13 ,"-;:' ;;;S "10) l",J ""D 1J =0 ,;, 10 5 13 Kl
V ,
V -8 0'>:3-:0 ~® 1O'O0 tCl'©S
"n
@ (,)
~oY)
o .) fJ nil' 13 £ ~
b'70h~0'V~~
'~ 00
f.) 03
a..r 0..
UQ 81;
:8u '8
ic:o ~@ D (0 10 (6)
(fj
(~')
o !,)
,) ® (9 ~ 'J dq)
OJ
f) /~ n 8 (\,)
'? "3~") 'n
S""«l . «l:9
. <V
" V
"" tD
cfj fJ-v.n'70
rf:<
cneo
~ ;)) :.'J ~
n of) do" U
''70~) '70"
rJ V ~) lU .
-r
S '0J ',U
G,
\3S (i»'){S@lfJ o
'W
~
~ fJ oR ~ -1)
,.r • ,J
lfJ S (.) ". C -o [';'v n (G (;j 8 0 (~J f," S) CO o t,) ,~C'
1J (~ n9 (3 (,)
;~ (;~ .0 r) ',,) (~
ti:i
:8 ~ I; 13 i:;
..)
<J
ro
Y)l,) f) o
<Jo
n o 5 8 "" .
"'3v~J8
all'
"l')
:O.J
1JY) '" "" 8 r r-J (;::"\ .u
8
rJ ,(
~j S UVIO<J "S •.... '" ,~, "J
d f) 'S2 r (Q) G ;;-"
"" 11
• 'J' (~ ;; V"S ~ (0 fj 10 Q '0 ",) o n :9 fl ;or ~I 'J' '
u 13 Kl (;1 (D ') PJ 5 1) .....~ (V lfi"1O CO
",,;0 S Y) (I) lKl ",' Q .~ """Kl Kl~ l\')fJ13£)11
S
S r,) ..... ~"
@ 16
1') G
\')
"1
~,) If)
r-v ;:,,'O;::;y).)
cn ,,)
if:- (6)
~J
!)
S S "3
.) 0'> ' -o .)
(G. Go ~9 ~
'u
n
It!
(0
"" '1)
v-
•••.
>I .0
<0., a
""UCV J
•••.
.~ V- "
~ 1] ffi (9
[V@
n
19
IV
8 ;o!'J,8'S~
C'
Y)
:0
'8I) !i ~ Y)~C:O~r~l1~ ~~}~~~flb~S 5 C'&» ",) 10 "V ® fl IJ r(j n [fJ
C"J
U ~ ') 'jJ) 8 J ft' "" ") d ) .);0 'J' 'Jm :0(15'" - Y) ',,) '0 6: C"J
s ~ i)9 r-J tp
OJ
8 '(v
o S G ~~ "ri 11
(~r~ 13 -0
IT ~ i?j";' ~ ~ o Q. 'D I1S:8VfJ
"
ra
~
S
0 n -0 ';-;J 'J' ~j ~ v- f) S \..t) ~ ff.) 13 8 (J?, I)
.
~J
1J ~
'"
'"
fl»
8 fJ ~
Y) (;
\3
v- Lfl
ft'
(i»
16)
r
Y)
I.S,
~
S (6) -~ )
P,; (S o (; Cri (.) fj V v- ,,) 'G r c (.) 11 (IJ ~ t::> OJ' v 3 n '0 ..) S r IU' (0 u;,) :0 ;0 ~ 13 :!)
~Y)
(,) 6j
(fJ
V ~)
;; ,) 5') "f) ,) ") '2
-o (..3 ,) r.,) OJ
S if ~1 ld"" 2-" Kl
•.... C')
v- g C) f)
'0 G Y) o OJ..)
~ ~J OJ
13~'?rfJ~Kl
Kl<1,J'{JIO~ Q
~)
"" c,
(~J
(i»
'.9
(;j
,oJ
:9
J if)
')
v-
(;j
53 s ,) ,,) ), «(:1 ;vJ 'u ~") § 'O " fii S ° r- cS :0 ") fl .) (.) "'" 'Jl "'" cn Y) ~ (;g S (3 l'J D ~ (9 1Zl :9
Itr f) ('il f'j' (:1 '-' C;;) Y). OJ 0 " ~ [:) (..) (.) 6 CV ® ~I C)U
t( <J
""fj
v-
""unY)
V",,) '0 5 n .
'.)m liT' '3 (0 ~3.) °Kl
:c f; v- ,) S ,,'D 10 U Y) ,5 " o "3 (,,) "Q rv Kl ;C ,) R'
fJ
'J
((l3 li n ')') ~ Y)
-o ~ Q)"':J 'U (,) ,) ell r lri [) «) U 8 f') fJ S "" 'I) ~ 110 -O~'SfJ
...•
<0 )
S o ') ",<J.,~ G (.19) 'f'j
G') v",,' 'lc
C :u- ,\) 5 I'j v- If) fJ "3 r:i ,) ;2
.....' .• ",,'O' ",n",c:
? 0 S "J
'
r "V (\) n S
"', ,,) "" ®
(ii)
rn
.
n..
®.
~V"
'"" ~ f)
tCl'13
13~
(Kl Xl
n "", '() (" 'J :n U
'0 ". OJ 'O ,3 c 'U D ,1 (, U ~"Q n ~I 13 ,,] (el
of)
OJ :.'J 13 ~1O·lOn[!'J 3 -n
n 5"" S') ~ ;or r ,) '> {' n 'J'"fJ 5 fJ , f) 10 dJ 3
(i)
@ '~
<)
'"
§)
r
5 ,)' ~ 'J' Kl
(fl
?~)
-
§
,,)
w -0 \j ~J fJ ~ ?" '0 8 ? Xl 'J
Cr$
(;1 J. d.j)
(0
[ij
.)"JoQ'
'O' 8 ~6)
'1) 'J
-0
3
'£)
@l ('.)
.-
] ~)
(2)Y)
,g!Vr r~ u ,,) fc) ,) •••.J,)IG ~ r (V 'J 11 ~)
j
IV '0J 13 CD
S li
,
'0 '6)":0 '70 .)H'i c5 ~ g; !)
tV' ~:J, J C~J Kl D
s V'6
I)
3:::'
,....;
l\j+l II ~J (V"" 'J. elO "j S ~ "3 6_ b fJ' 'U fJ 'S2 (0 v- (1)) Y) 'Or (fl -0 "10 ',) :8 n ~ ~I)
10 g "D
10 (,) (15
"" OJ
13.0
enVo 16
<;
n t' ClJJ 6,)
N 0 ~ (t: f", "" I'j . R -li) '0J . CQ) Q) L'J S 3l (0
ra (1 Q) tV 1) \j '0 (.) !) ~ "~ .~ (.) a (.) [) r~,) fJ ;::: nlS:J,-O 'OSfJ lO ®
r
"S (,S n) r-' f) . '?) G •..• ;0 'd Co ' ~j a ~ 6 g 0 [Jv- u' '0 "" "" S :;) :9 oN 89ffn:::J
0'>0'> 'OB If)
@ S !) (~) r) .) (~v 6 ~ c v f) fG h S:c "3 'd (lJ)
Y)
Kl 5" (G, S 'Q (IC (J
'"', C' 'O
"8
l6)
""
,3 8 n" C'I
tCl''0 -1) S 19 n «,
(0 !il ~ :D ~ Kl
I) 00
l)~ .)? >r L- l~ t'
'T'
«)
(fl)
,,)~'
. ") ~ I) n tD ,J
r
[)
~j
"!i'I
(fJ
"'" 'J'
'5 19 K n!'J ~
!'J)
";j lCl 19
'8 (.,) 1) "') ()
, _'0 S '0
n :S
J'-'Kl
P" I~ C'I
.
~J :J '0 CK1"6
:.'J :D iJ 8'
13 v
m:::. D ') '3.....
, fJ"r: KlI'J'
lfJ ,) qQ) ,~ 1);0 D nil' r V (fl '~(j) d,) 8'Q
8'.'
J GJ' S ""ov, ov •••.J ~G iJ "3 r;;) OJ clG
c'(jtlii
.) n
®
01)
l? ""iJvr;I~).0'>,V";""
CQ) S /oJ Q) Y)
v-'uti) ") ®
(0 ® V V'O n
.v1J ~
,)
'70
I)
~6)
v- 10 CKl
'0
:e- (") .0
Q Q..3qa!fa
c(l (") "" 16 (") ~ ~!)lB131J
[(j V 8 .:y" ns, ~)J n 38 ~J 015
D."Vfl Kl 1J]~)
iJ11,v
..:z nKll1v-l6)!)C\O~
C
~8\33(,)
~~
~
.)
13 '~o
«)
n r,J (0
'0J <U)~
[0"" CQ) lU I) ~
'O
tD ;0 (~
,)
%. ~
fC '0
Kl
""
;:; a
n
3
®cY)
112) tD
'"
V i%) G v~n.J~ 8. ;o-8IO;:;~ i§~
~') .) IT) (;J v- K) •.) fj' v- 1J v- OJ ~ v- 1J 8 v- ~ Rl @ 1J OJ ',) \ :()~3JQ:O:O ~ ~!)DiO ••.• l6) iJ
Rlcgm mcdt:,eC 8ul5l [JiJ ~, ~m aiJe®w 8WXSzs1 GrlBow ®Vl 8roiJ8. 8c.5(®13@l~e:Jcl al51'Vlz:5"l~l§
8wJaz.,"" WCle:::;a(:3 8Wla0zs1 'f,l~B <;JOGd Q l5lQlO 000 8c.510Gzs1 0(:3 <;JOl3d Q c;'lCW OlJ t3@lb)mC
1:5G@)::si e:Jcl (:3owcl51 8Wl05lclGd ;@IW)z:DOS(1.18 O(ow Q)eml5l). 13®® 8W1a25J 51zs1aOWz:5"liJ t-)O
400 a®0U <;clCl t3lCc.5 Oll§ ~l5l0 Rl62m 8c.51av! t3l~I3@l~ m~25Jul5l 013~l5l 12 l5l1<;W00le..,Z31 C52~C52~
::5))<;(.3I3W) Q)cg C52~G?®C (bee buzz) CGrl0Wm Oll~m0tl. @ e:::oz:5"lJl3tl@ Rl62l3u~O @Ot) 600 iJ a®0U
<;clCJ E0cl ~mGm®l5lw t3<';0l) 'f,l0CW Ollz:5"l.l5l~v! t3J@)Jl5l15I3c.5m @ Coz:5"lJl3tl@ Rl62m @iJo 300
z:5"liJce:; 1 Cltssocl CfmGm~l5lw t3e;0l) 13l5l] 'f,l00C.
i .6.2. 8~O ~l5) Q{8~O e{~ q~e)<Sl5)l5): ~g 6~ZiJ 6)5~ an o{~ c.:lt(!~
(1.18 Ol) 1.19 0,0 t300lm (3;)50 ~oGlwm Sd:l'lo §5®0 0c.5l<;1 ~lZSl)
'?! Q;cgm Gc0 8i?Jm ~""'l§ ~C I3wj ~cow CiJJ I3z:5"lJaU;,l 0®m CfwBc.5®?Grlc.50:)") OlZllz:5"lcaJo(s)c.5
8i?JiJJ S'l5l. ~I3C63 Ge:::l5l(.3W) ~t3mz:5"lJc ®0m SECl5l C:§l5l ;@Imucc.5 m(3) alda ®p, I3(s)JOOI3WU25J
®(,..., c;'J®J@W I3C51 COJ(.0l5l Ct"~· aidCJw§m ®i) co) 0i;l))l5l Rlcg0Ccl 2.1 0(CJ0wm 130z;fCJ c;'lZSl. ®0
L;'J®JG'dW
8r,;t38m Cil§ etlC1®lGrl0d GOlJ CiJl5l0d Cile, z:5"lUliJc..3clC@I3c.5m ;@Ic.5Jz:5"lOl5lJ
@13z:5"ljl5lJz:5"lJO
lC 0l5l0 m(3) ®i) ~l®l@csd 800l5l ®p CJ(:3ot3 Cil§ c;'m~wiJ 808® uGclu8.
:5I Cj'm~wiJ ®0 858®0
®1'J clcsQlml3m RlcgUlWO CilW10 ~U@15 l5l@la®&.
~m~(.3 W) ®l<; Cfm~c..3 t3@lQ)mG Cl5l gl3<Grlc..3iJ 8mm ®Cc:::'Rmc..3

l5l1Cz:5"lJl5lG, CJ"d'wuJoCQz:5"l8ml3c0
t:,~(s)~0®m DJrogJ1:5c..3~CwCwm I3d ;@Ic.))z:5"l0l5l 8mm ~(S)I§ l5lJCz:5"lJ 8c.5c.5cl a®0U t3@lQ)z;fw
0tl. t3Jl3dcl®C [J@)C C52<;
®ltl(S)c.5Rlcgm 51® z:5"ll<;Ic.:{cse:::m
8iJ5IiJ 'f,l0§ ®e 00l (I3tlCl5lc.5) z:5"lOl5lJI351cl
®e (~e[J) oe;t-) mlm® 8&t3 Cj'ZIlCtsVl0Uc.5 G ~I5I· Rlcgz5J z:5"lIc(IC0cm ®CZSliJ8c.5Jt30 z:5"l0~ Oe;CJ
C05l CfetJ "C52<;c..3
(aJ<:.:';C) ~~m 'f,lCVliJ CSOle:::S.
®p ~J®lGrl0d Oe;CJ mml5l) ®p e:Jro~~00U e:Jmt3i3®c.5ml3c0
gc..3)z:5"l)B25JCc.5iJ ~Im t3o;;§lt)0U8£'. (ccl 8m I3wj <1:5t3lz:5"lOSC)di - saccharides)
101dl5lw 0tl. cs®i?J~®p e..,e:::
t3lz:5"l08c) mono -saccharides) Q)CO CJBCtl51l5lc.5I3tl. ®Pt30
t30c 8mCl5l m~csz:5"ljd Ol) '"";?cll3iJJd (e:iz:5"l
Rlcgl3t:,cl 51@)Z,Jl<;lc:::'e:::
CSCVl0l®~I3®m 0(:31))® ®p c;'J®J@l3d ~00Uc.5 130®m CJC25Jl5lJ8m®c.5 sJOl5lG3
0l®(B0®m (1310) C<(s)Cl5lI3G3m) 1))® 0®'1lQlUS)o(S) ®G3m l§)~e)d' Qj~~e)~ (z:5"ll<;lC13e:::m
8iJl5liJ 0l5lJc.5l5l
Gl5lJ0@l0l @cgm, 1.3 C~w Q)cml5l) I3C5I (0)013<. 13®®Cj'JWJO8§G)lm1:5® ~e) 8~G){l5f5~ (liquid transfer)
c.JG";IcsG3m
Oll~z;fcstl (! .12 o(aG3 i;--Je:::ml5l).
~gc.:l6 Qj~l5f (nectar bees) I3C§lm 0®0d cQ)JG)25J~JoCQz:5"l

~0-&(.30 a25J1:5~l§l 8m®w sJCl5l(.3, ml3Cd
Rlcgm 1))CEOOzsf51® ~Q1W ~b~ 030-&c.5t3@let)-&Cl5l ~Ol Ot3JWl5l oaB(.3)t3c.5z:5"lOc;:)Jdl5lc.5z:5"loc8. 'f,l(01))
~CdoJ a(:3 z:5"lOl5lJacdCJ ®p, Rlcg aI& Q)CiJ a:sl 1:5l3®m a(:3 CC;l3d ~uo ~G 1))Ima25J z:5"lOZil
c6)8.
cs®® ~uo ~G Vllma25J z:5"l0l5l)I3l5lJI3@lo(CJr& (dc(.3 ClD g®J-&(.3cl ~I§l 0l&) dc g®J-&c.5 ~~ z:5"l0
cs@lo, ~CdoJc.JiJ 13(s)l5le:i® t3<';OlJ ml3Cd @cgm 51® 8wlaZ31 t3l~l3®m aCm t3e~ cQl8. Rlcg z:5"ll<;lCC
::rG~ aCcsm CW~®z:5"liJc.0Jdl5lc.5Cl5l CS10J~m0GO, Cll&Ce::: de::: g§Grl5l(.3 20% CSOlJaiJ ®<;cl ~~oc.5 2~C
C$l1))·de::: g§@ZSlc.5 20% iJ Ce:;l c;'~ CJl& 136))1310)z:5"lJcc.5cl1))Q11(l")51 10Iz:5"l·Rlcgm o8m CJCcsm 2bCl5l
al&Cc :lc g§(1))(.3, or8;J m@ClJ<;l5l(.3z:5"100UJz:5"lJcl3dCJ<:.3I3(S)Jcl3dt3Jl3dZ5"&Cj'Jtls1))Jc.Jc.5
®1)) Oe;J aC6'l.
Rlcgm 5l®miJ wlB c;'<:.3B:5l' C(.3cJ (S)25Jal& 'f,lU ~uo 5lb 1))lma25J z:5"l0,~uo(.3 ®o 8wldt3Bm Ut3~
ell3~·
0d5z:5"lJc.J:5l'l3csJ
S'csl5lcl z:5"lJtbw S'~00:5l', ZSl®z:5"ll<;lC13c:::'
C251J~(.3 l5le:J25J~§B® t3<';WJ aCm (jl~® (1.20
0lac.5) t30l ~J~@&z:5"l8m' csm al®~® C1b1clG®iJ z:5"lIC;ICC~O §B® (1.21 0tac.3) c.5l5lJ~c.5<; Cl<;G)25J
0tl.
34
@li:!8cf5c5:5f :5)JCZ5lJ
(OJdldePo", OlJ08ZlJ "~,,,,)
C{l,c5
~~""";~~-e5w
@CJ25 'l'ID0c5
!DD2:Dc5 /XlJ ~ro{d Z5lClJD
(f38d I!)ID8ID
'l'5c5 8c5J@@ 6dcf3ID
C6d 6O'JD '!}25f8c5
cf3r!)i!!J6O'JD '!}:5f8
'l'6CJi'!}e3IDZ5l
'!}25f8c5 "",_-'.'__ 8" [!lziS",
(6,d dcff'
gpoc:; ::;;0[3)
~\\\\'f\
'\~~~~\ ~;::~:--S~~~~~~~~~~;~--8 ---8zi
@EJ",
""""I'd[J
'l'6CJi/Xlti]Z5l ~8zi"il/36'" ZlJG
'!}:5f8c5 '§'o '!}ID8 88'5>
(d6;fJ",,,,d (ed8:m,[Jzi0d "'@~) zsffih;){d ue'2)Jti] CJJIDc5
""',~zi t!(£J 'l'lm (",,wZ5),[JziGoJ)
Claii/6cjJ-c,5c5
q'w6 d8:5) Gt)J5c:)
g).,t)(.5 2:DdC3) 8c5J@@ 6dcf325f
~eJtJS 25'lCc5
~~~ I~~~~,,-- eJw*
,oC5J6d ClJ,d6 ~ 'l'0zeC5J e3row

roi:froc5 82)) ,oC5Jc5
*'§'/Xl~ID 'l'ldl eJtJS 25'lCc5, Cl/Xl~,!D@ e» c;ze'{§ Cla25f q'ldl

C;oC5Jc5IDC;~Z5lZ5J i!56@ID e316,2:D @CJ25d6 'l'lCc5 8@ W@tJS
WID2:D) 2:D)Cc5 6d @c5) Z5l68.
1 .19 OtO~8: @ QJe{! ej)W)ocBZSJ0c;)Z'i)6GJ (df5m WJ 0doZSJ)eJ) (f!rDJ5m'?5J06c;)z;) Bfi3D eJZ<;mz;J CfdBo [;J!w c.:lW
c;aJomc;)Z5l. 6®fi3 c.:l®wotsi [;lillJ df5wc;)D a®1!5iitsi (c;<;J' &D:iwy,ZSJ e;ill8w, BD?5JC e;ill8
CfJC;;c;))C00:i8?5J [;m &?5JO, ?5J[;z;J c.:l®roo q:tlwwill 0dcZSJJ[;illu a®1!5iitsi (c;<;J 'f)O '!lill8,
0mc.:l0mx-) e;ill8w &J!'iw) C0Cfd'@?5J6U.
35
1.6.3.
1.6.3.1.
3 @Q2 c')C25")~~ el~0:?5) :J~ ~90m:5) ~3i' B~)Z5))5~5i ~~dv)vt;.i :510 Q)~::>1 '::8::;-) ~}j:5) ~~Z5) L,?j'\
G~03. ::06:;:, CI.& @02z;) 0e.,:>51c6t.® 5 ~I.5' de.,)G'))G?5l ~J?5I'OX)2;)C3::::;)
@~1e.,G:;:,:d e.,:5) ~:5'0, "',::;:;:,
w8co®(j:5)ldCOCi)ClJ(Hymenoptera, Q)I.\;B:;:'JC131I.§,)::;;<0j'§~J-.,3:sle.,Z5l0<";")0I.z;)0C;, Zil~C:2)e.,:slGe" @02Z5l0
0V:slS ::O::3)fez;,~~-.,3~i ",e). at» (sting) :;:,~ E3z:..Jo~-.,3~ e::,o51 m~)~z.j)~:::Ji vZ5l ~Z5l0 Om~) O~ C;~:5)G
e(3:;)):5)03 ~1~)om?5l;.3?5l3z;) 2 GdG?5lJe.,:sl W) d.5Z5lz;) <;'1310 cS&. ",360) ~0@<''2:sl vO)u5" :J~)j.(.~;)C
E3:>51:sJ <;,(Sl <fI~5:;:'GZ5l&e.,Z5l
0:5))q:>5l. 2;:,:5" <";oCld(jd ~0z:t)-ldmo) C:>5IeQ):slZ5llG,,-j~00£i) 2~ ~v;.3v;.3 cI.vC
c:'I.30z;) (1.22 0,::3:;:'). cvI ~u:;:,D(jd c:'I.§l ::od3?Jz;)com:@:;:'l23))Bvle..,:;:,
mal ~I.0&~ E3131:5>v ,C:JG2;1®00
£)t~) :;))8. @02 .:>lBo(j:;:':sl (jv:sl~ 83)' e~)Z;):5l )(:5,,1 $l50(jd ~I.0&~ E3ZlldCz;)GZ5l;.3 (jv3z;) 60 ?:\?C-.:::
ii)t~1~I.8,-,G :9;.31?5l0:5) ~)z:..J)O~ G:5> G<";6:5)3)':5? ii)£i)C;.3Q :;:':5)::r6t...) cI.wI.~CD :35~~;.3 ?5lC 01t.~.
E3~ ed:;;{:5))vl.0 :JaG ~lG(..,-6Jm ~3"i ~v-":;0\.J ~$G)zrl3 Q)\:.Q (,Q56i..;....3Z51 ~e."z;)t.: Cc .52,j-...?,cl 800m 23
C;0S):;:'Zj?Gz;) GvI eQ)Z;)Z5lJ0d (02.i;;O)(jm) .:>l50C-:l~GG C-:lI.(je).06® C2] SUb mOl ®~Q3bC-:l®JOCld(jd3:\::5f
com ~~3jjzsic;, 3f®zsi<"; c:'I.§, ::oe).
-..:;v&~C G:5' t5~3~25'f :;~, eI§(j6J:5) E;~ ~v?]'i B5®c; a3 G0~!)f e;>I@2 ~~ l,))CZ)') 0Z5)~~ ;::r....:.
6GO S'I.mC ~~t,Cz;) :5>vf00:sf t);:J, ®Jo,,";l",d5b ~GG ~(6) ;.33. 6mo 1 e.,eJJm G:;:,jC'lJ GW(jZ;) E3131 Bi5lC-:l23)
®uwzs{ C/.:sf131e..,I.:5)§,:;:,~ <";)cbii):5)' eO) «1.333 (1.23 0(::3:;:'). 3ii;) 0W~C mOJ @0201(::o33"f cnh:50) f
;::'C;C:5):;?w3v :::B?:C:3
l(je)~ z:t)CJJ 5m;.3::..,i c:'OC~ 131;:))m~.
f®0 @02z;) ®z;)c;mJCI BlB(j wI.Bc.:lJt,::..,i<;'I.3\ <;'ZllO,(jii;) 0WZj?COt,z;)®yZ5lG <;')0~)0 C3t~m) t:131 t:~Qi0
<;'0S):51311e.,--3
c:'~ ~ :;:,3. 0:5)0) 3"2 me?5l33"f c:'Z5"\0wGD cBz5m::oe)~ @02z;) :5ii;)t)~<:! ?5l0 CSlI.'SJ®Gcomf
~5::5)::.J?:;)j \...0l:Sl3~ 0')) \iJG:Jf 9v~:f~z:j))BE-5 GG,dv) \...'1l~:§e~O)n)f f.&; Q,)1~}5"';,.3 e00tJ5'I ;561<~d E:
~l~' [0 5m~,-,0)3 Q)I8B8c; ~cJ5t:5) 3G::)t~ 0® ~z:;)v) ~o 003' ro5 ~e..njC')iS~w-)
L'))L::5'.j~:sf 302~~crf
GZ5l)$e· 00vde.,u:;f 0'6:;:, Q)02::;)(jm05~)3:5d c:'t5' <;'l~ \-3mC-:lz;)£i)cit,x'))8?5lG w0m:5)':5lJ eI.e) &;mG~::;)
GQ)5 O)I.0:;:,l® g&,o <;'I.§ls::OW:))C3co~3"fGZ5l 0<";1z;)(jii;)<;,o<0~zsiC:;:' wI.23). l.'l~lt,JOW 0e.,131f®Z3J' B@z;)
E3G, @02::;) 0;.30 g:3'G 10;.3:;i 0$1",;.3::;) :JI.& 21-::'0 :JG::;) m&). :J1.& vCW e6t.~ vC'lJbod C:I.§, @02~
co)C33~:5fO)~jlv)L()3' oll£) C?5"'6 J)e...::>f ~clt,.&:S-)0Z;])5C1Gds v2S"')(5U, 6Gd5 f§ 3)teJ ..... ()fu);:.;lC5;:..:.~~
;.38 13105§)z;) (.;0)1 mI.mI.GZ3J'<;'I.5'e.,:5):5)0 1 {3 G))85';.3 c..,CJ)~ g0e)-ldCO®Z;)?5lG :;:'Zj?0 <;'I.131.~2?5l '-eo f8
c:3'Jc:J~ gmdc e~J~:;:' w"l£) ~ZllO w12:5>1 zj)OZ5lf®c, Ge.JJm 00~®J5 E'l® GI.<;<0Z3b.
[01E35'CO:;:':5)' GOld Ge~
~l~05::rf ~(§'v:5) [.6 DIm vty)5);5 f@d Ce./) 0~:fc..0--J~V.
E®;:;]):;:'zsi:5)80d m8131) §)BG6z;) 8131 e~® mOJ c:'I.3\UZ5l<;,goz;):5) 2131'Ge)C;Z5lJ?5l1B~3)'c:'131'C;I.6)o

~cZS"l'
0i;i)1(jmit~00 c:'z;f@~®G wI.ii)e.,:5) <;'Z3"IO
coii;)GoJZj?e.,3'J01® ~eltS)Q (smoker) Z5l5Z5l@02C3JeZ5lGc..,~<;'Z3"IJ5Dcs;m
cCJom:;:,zsi ~ <;'I.:5>. 8 GGm CBt)CO~C;6d S®?5lc.:l?5l1.<:»0131:;:' 08dZ3"l01:sf®?5l~ C3<W:sl 2:3"10C'e·
1.6.3.2.
<;,ZS"l'
?5l?~ZS"l'
W1 000ZS"l'<";Z5lC-:l
?5lGcG § @02ZS"l'mG
<;,~t5u SJO~ .:>lZ5l£bzsi W) cycom&)coii;)
mI.Blc,:))e.,Z3J'
c:'I.131.
6®® e~"'<DU;.3C;glC-.,3j'C0z::J@02 .::;)e:5)(j~ e.,I.<";m:sfGe). 8::;;s,!:3(jw3"f$ W3e.,0d d0JZ5l:;:' (je.,Z5ld553G
@02EJe1SlG:;:'7:i?dC1GC31G01:sfZj?GZ5lUl Z5lii;)G$~ z::J0I.<DU
CS)I.Z5l
0I.eii)e®131'E'l® e.,1.<";m131'
",e). w3Gcod d0JZ5l:;:'
Ge.,Z5ld ii)Bco~~ c:':;:'JeGd comJd CZ5lJCld5Wt®G <;'I.m @02z;) g®)~C-:l ~p?5l0 CSlI.&)®GZ5lii;),6C-:lg0e)CldG®Z;)
?5lG \-3Zj?c:'Z3"IO,
c;'C GI.<";<0131'
B§I:;:,zsie.,-ldco:;:,z;)
Qi02z;)BC-:l~ GC;Z5l1?5lI.<";I.Ce~b BDZ5l 01@ ?5l1e(:d~ c®~zsi
0:;:' ?5l0~ C1.:52il.
36
1.20 0tOQ: Z3)Z<;C'C' ,-!:,r:;" ~J...JO")(5 c:)Z[;vO ro8tJ...J 0<;J000t) 80
00m' c.:J(jm 0350Z8 0J...J c.:J0Z3lQJfSJz;! 03<;J000
;:;;fSJ030Z3l~
<~~G!Si' ZJ)z<;zc)c !YG?5{ C~;;J0 D~ @"':;I5Wt5)~t;j)D !:jJG~
dro~;:,':"ml C;z?3) 0)5' f.OztJ;.
1.21 0tOQ: 0C:;X)00 ozS1mJ 2;6 QJfSJ0~?Jf. ('JSlv~...Jz:sJO

;:J(;w,
']~B~5"l~t::3 -2<; ).:5)~3 (Oou'J..;)w)' :_.I3?(jj"':'3)~
':'z;J
';;'0)(;;0 :::5):::"')GY5'J~ ~G6 0]<; ~':"':Y' :)ZC.6)C)C "'''':''13

t.;):5:5'{'~. 50~§.:;'l' 5.]3)') ;;}eg='{ ~:56~)C; .5'dJGGlZl
(:'l5) C')t..;jJJ,:,,:: '::)301 :J.:.Jt~3"'l)3).
37
1.23 OtCl-.:l' oo3C C'l8~0 03) 7/0:5) £83 :.JF,oo) 6;;;
8$ c;J:5...=t325'1' ~:5J C;lSJI. ~3ro? C3))
{'f)v~v";; W] ~oPJ'tJ)):':; (;:3J 0(5) , C0:P'30";;Z;-/
00 38...; (J .19 0t 0;;;) [}3) c5Jm?5)J0C5i

000& C'lCJe1V C:'z&l c~5l0 6;;;() :.J&::iJmC
!3fi3:.5l' ~Cd 0:5 0lOOlf!C"-' ;JC50;:;i?5)0:5l
r2'a] ~B:5~;:;:;251Jf:-!Jl~ (''0.::." ...•;':.1:'':; ;fj:"';ZJ",) C00~
E:rs> OOlOz.f6iJ Be; '!Jm{3;;; 0U.
38 J
(), Gl (")) r(', c:.-a G: (Ol '11 C! (11 (}.-a -a 8 (1) 8 8 G G c cn u u @" t1) ,S" ~) G,l (lJ n ~ -<,,) j(; ('; g ;C' (1\
0- I:J. 'SJ c @) ';; C"J,g Gl ~'(") N ,g [;,J f~) u @ G 8) "', -D "C" ,g ,.(1, 8 urn. H (') S w u G (C'J 0 0
a § a ~) n~ _C") _0- ~ ~ ~) ~ ~ r(', ~ Q C' 01 (,I 0- <j t~ SljSJC\::J. ()u.. '-7S)
o Gl Q g a S: ~ ~ (., C () o.::J. '1 • C' '" -", (' ('; (~~, S C'll -",)
G Gl ::J. S -<'fJ Si ~ G. """ c\ C 0) G G., U (p G f}, (,. M o '>oF Go.>" ('>l3'r-'C:
61 N a, &l f; ,Y ,'11 a (}.,Y ht j 1 N u ~ Cll" C' ::.D N
U '-' C, M (P C", - 9 g I:J. ('
G
elGl tt
C'" a C"J u tt GJ ~ (Ol 6J GJ ( (" S .::J. W g SJ @)"",::J(,-<,,[; GS<:,.(1,lj.::J.uOC' '-:;:,
U \'OJ ::J. 8 ~m-;; C)@)£ju""GG85.
G" (lJ ~
SJ ~fSJ ~-a ~)O-~p-~ S ~ O-oo~?tG SJ ~ ~I CD Q It rr 12 r~ Gl 10'" C"
(Ol ro G: ,,"~,g() c S 8 o o (' lj Gl [,) lj.
lll,-SA 8 Q@ a(,(lI"'GtJ'Iljsf},CJ@)cg N '"
f".JAI Q; (3 Wi
CD (,'.' Si ," c r. N 9 u Gl-<'?a(,,)g @) SJJ lj 12. C:' ~ c : a. ('(. )(
Cl> u g SJ. 0) ff g (,' g G \C" ~ S I)) G 0) Gl tt 00
(;) n~ ..f'D ,.(1, § "@) @) CI'J '" (; .0: ~ ~ ~I G1 ~ L.o G("
CI'J ® a u (§t. § --J o Q.J ~J rt C'!l CD G ~ G1 ~ u (1) Si It,::f . ....,g -a 0 @ Q (, j
G(i1lJa P£jQ.) 'G
A,~-a»groOoG,g~ 0,-aMn@)@) [jG,c"~~@P G,6lX
(",a 6J , .•• N M 0) Gl ::.> a~ C' (!'1 r-' ::J •.•• g CJ 9j) SJ. ,,'0 JlJ g: _'Il' @) 8 C) 0- fCJ 0 G. '-'0 (,
0) .::J. ::J. G g [J g G, (~ !1 t:t (1)!)) • 0 C")CQ)(')Cg
a,.(1, /?' ~ o C")) (;) Q.J 0: -~ -a tJ f,
C'!J~g '~C8"G)('~1 "c,o,gcil0) C"JCl -Ill (,l CA (,] «n CJ C C'p,g b\ u 0(1) '" !::l"
Gl tt o JSJ* CJ,.C"~SJtt&la.®t:tNGl,g~
a!1(i'D ,.(1, u "" (,) &) ,-p ISl@)U (P'C", .::J.@'N<tI C") Q. ~. £j :: 9j Cp G Q;J.co tt SJ ev '" C\;!) c
r-' &l SJ G (" (~) (') c "'- G. .,) t~ S (}.. N .::J. ". -c: '" lJ> '" r", N
U 9
G 9lS Gl):Qi:-:ltt
,'Il n.. GlG,(;CJuuiJ'\Jc~.::J.G)(".::J.,.(1, Q.) (" <0 C" C".J0) Cl r-'t:t C" (. "'"
(") -a (") ~ SJ. f, ..,. -:»
(;) C"}l G., '@ a & C", rn. a~ ?: III ~ a.,g 9 g .s '6 a ~.(') ('D \ g 01 Q ~
Ill'W'GO-OO aGlOOt2@)O)f, Gl!::l
9 ~ 'en ~ (; ~ G1'C6~g8 ~'I)iil~~G (1J®~ ((Ij Q.I ~ JlJ H C) @)CJ((Ij ClN @)@)C:' ~J
!1 *,'Il gH'&, ,ro a rn. (0 GJ N ('. (jJ o a,g g 'M, ,gG.,cQC'lI £l1ag"G ruG ~ 6.a ',g
Gl 12 r-' ~.x "G . G @)
f'~ G g)) @) GGl 0- CJ"""S)°CI'JGlN~,JJ JlJ a Gl 'f,l' 'r-" n, 0- CJ JlJ C) .0: C '" ('D N
-M CD -a N (lJu cpQ)g lll(;,.(1, (")l.",a.::J.r-' @) g o CD,::f a. g o 6) q.
u .::J. CD . G C) Gl N!::l "" 6 Q G8SJ"" '-/
. 0) u Q1J Gl 0- ['0 j} -a @) g) (J, Ci'l CO 01 ~)
Gl ~, 0) OlCJSJgGln..6aJlJg("CJoogCJao
r&
@) 9 Q1J 8 ~ .s g -a Q;J @J 9 CJ -a U Q1J @)
@) ,g U(?guC'G~G:Gl@)Cl'JSUJ§en@)6 ,~ '"N),g ~CA
Sl' c
G: ,g !1P-"A.@.0;, <0 U>J C"
C) GI !f a 0-
Ol ttQ;JGl (11C" CJCJlJlS)&) GIg GlOP"" C"J..I'\,Q" M g "'N@)(}.SJC," NCl'JJ
Q.J ff a r-'C"),gCJ!1~r;oO) CiJ n",c,6Jr., 6 a; C) ("J) U ,.;r' C) SJ a; 0 st
,g ~ -<'il @J uNa C") u @) 0 8 f., CD •.••;!) Gi CD "" ('lc:.Cl::JJ@J [;J G: (), C) -<,.e (lJ GI g Q1 _'1) (,)
W N §:J 0: Gl 8 .::J. &) G, u 8 '" "'" @) (J, Q G @)9 c",<&'Sa
ill .::J.@)~ C" @) N o @lr(', S Gl f. (1J 5"
~gGl~~ ~9ugrnCJ~Gla~~ '@) ~ C" a. ro r; G: "'- (i'D,.(1, /?' SJ c rr. .s g
(v CJ g SJ CJOl.::J.CD::JOlS CI'J) Gln.. ::JJ r(', '9 9 ('J) ('o"G" UGl '"
)!} 9 CO Gl Sl U I'SJ ~ 0 G: fi 00 00 ~-a Gl C;<>Gl6CQ,.(1,SJ,.(1,
6 0) n c>
@P = (;) Q;J a G G g)) c ~'1) tt C) ~ o g ~ 8 C'.. Cp G) a Q SJ C) a)
0,g G .s g 6 g @$ ro g -a '0 C" f1),,e; ~ CD G ~~8;~~ Cl'J)g S'en<3 C"'£j Gl i a, a.
Gl",g CD r-' ,:--'@J'-"G .oo ('l) @' ~ @P C)
aa g" SJ :- C';!) Gl Gl C) tS 9 8 ~ 8 G: @) u [tJ G aO-~ C"112)· 8 @)~"G
C nC") Gl ,ro 8 JlJ
("}l
,,'0 (lJ @) o @J ~ tt~ SJ U.lli ~
C) ~ ~ g. _SJ. ~ Q1J ~ 8 ~] 1 Gl ~ ~ ~ ~ g U N @P '"
@J@)O- 811 .::J. -<,.e !ll.1CA B'1"(,, a SJ o (,i C")~, C') S G
;!jlll,...0- o @J a.,g @ !2 C C) ~' '" SJ G: C)_O- @)6 m : tp C".. ro N '" '" ""
C [~ •.•• Gl··CJ !1GU <,S'I", 0 ,.;r'
r x tt u o "') ::J •.•• SJ u ac"
(' 0 (J, C") -' ~. C) G ('l (,1 @ ~ co. 0- ~ 8 C) [;) ~ C".J0)
l'. !2l!1 )~)(PGGl(,ll6
G (), I:J !::l ~ ~ 9 a lJl 9 (11 o r ~ 0)G [C")-a C'" Q @I \ hS:) o tt ((Ij)(Il~ g,,~I;:'@J>C")@)u.
@) a s N Olga@),g(?g@),.(1,o:_uQ;u~S 9) f, a g Q1J c@) ell"",::J gD'Cl!
C").::J.Gl",r-' aO@)Ao'Mc,g::J)G: ct C" a!2l1 '" (') 12 (p G: (), "'" CJ
GJ 9 8 tfi 6 CJ @J;!) N, g Gl \,A),,,& 6,'11 'u @) - '" Gl Si r~ ~ 0- ,(, G., Ol j} tS g?
u,' SJ ~Q::JJ", 5"oo8)C",r; U G: 0- JlJ S> ~ @) ('"
6 ~ ci!l c? a. Sl' Gl ft;!) B'1 01 C", (lJ ('l SJ G ,e; ~ "'~(),
SJgGl,ggJlJg@@J' Gl
G @)(;)<tJ 01 lj SJ. "(') ~ 12) a:~ 0 C'M @) ~Gl G"
PC (;) @ Q OOC;I'" G) u C)
en COlJu
- Q) ""u,-,,·u J:4G=@)C
g JlJ t:t G. [tJ C) a /?' Q G § c Cl;!) (j
G Q (. N8C"@)G: C,lS;S (,jCl"'~'C:n
""" '" C' ,,- (')1:J.t:j)r~8 Gjct"'-~(" 6)
G: !1 00,9 t:t
&~ ~)® 6 t~~~ Clo.."'®n.. !1 ",8) (3.::J.u>01
G r-' ~O)U~Ol'~·· ~~ @) 6 'CJ Cl
f:,G (l~)!)[tJ~'(ill S)
G: 9 C':;d~ a~..f'.eg u (] 8 @)
..1'\,. G; u 00 Gl a-a Gl SJ G (C'J ";' i(I' (}.» S'I Ql f}, III f~ SJ C".J o
g; (') @PG: @) C" CI'J C'llen lJl G,
Cl SJ (i'lDcp@)'tiJ @)GJG G'@) G!J('. ("JlQ ",- 0-C"8C' CJ QJ",C'"
Cl> (' @J,.(1,n...,.(1, (1 u~ (}.<, "'C" M
~ (".J ~ C ~ '. Ao t:t Q ~ C) S (> 0> ~ C),s 3 (j) :@ (~ q C) '"
'SJ -, c" ,,, C M >" 0 a. (".J u " 'A) '" G: S ,>('9 ~ ~'1) ::J
@) 0) (') SJ. [, ~ ::J 'ClQ61 gl> III C)J6 Q
@J:@ (") @) C) ~I a. -' Ol ::J (p 0 -"fJ 00 'C") lj' 0:
lj 01 C')I,g CP @)'@J SJ :3 &)
g CJ C? -J '3 6(\,~G[jJ III a GC" @J·("(?gGlNN
C",.(1, ,.(1,.::J.t2
6 'OJ 8) Cll @J C\l
~GJ g u 6 g c all 9 G: f>" ~i;l CDg; lll-"a G C) U Gl ~-'11 (] u 0 aU s u-aCi'l
li'4,CJ O-GluCA,... ::J '" <,("'::J v .,)
Cl> Gl f~ g 1PA @) G f, C"J 0.\ ('j !2l1
X ~\ ~,.(1,) (j) SJ ~ SJ @) ~ ~ @J ~ -1 (,j g '" ng f, tt
@)o:a® § aC")g C"J/?'C")
(;) c" ()) ::Jo LSi C) @P 0) U ::J C) @) u G
2::J _.Ci .' [; ~ (" C) b< ~
1.24 0t0c:l: (iJep W3::'h.,JZ:5J(~~:d d0.JZ5"l.:.3ZSlC 601Z5"l
(5)",:;CD {ilcm3 ,j..,j ':;02tiJ ?J)G ....JZSI>~!),-
O)!3~v.::f ~rogm> S:: $&z;l Ctc/C J(0t5l
iilBG3il. 6<;J::5Ct, Z:5JGOJ{:'!!J)iJJw6vd
vc:JJ ~l£J ~J?:3JJ::5.:.30lC§Je!CC (5)2:;)Z5"l.
'!)[,d Cle!C Gv?5) dep.:yi 6.J@.:.3?.;j)·
O,@&
(['c.Z)).
1.25 0t0c:l: m5J0mm.::) 8Jepm ?5)® w8f.hd 86330®

c:J6 6VZ5"lc:JzsJ (tZ£J ?:3JG'<; 0G'® 06,&
d0JZ5"lc.:JE)® C3Z00-ra. 02 d0® (:'[£J
iJJ3CJ.:.3 ®c' 86336§m §job 2 zsJ 0~Z5"ld
?:3J6 ~!5). aepZ5'l @Ob 2 ?:5'! e5~JJ!325'!e,£J
?5)§ @e! ?:3JZ<;,e!C 6u?5) 6Z5"lJ.:.30Z5"l',
@e!
d0JZ5"l6d 863:J eB6d Cle!C 0CJ?5)
o,c!J& 6·[; W,0d.
40
Qi02 Cl )(;25")(,3 C.3<;l 9.:J1:5) C,-,?0C.3:5l' a5a:::b 5:')\ ()(~) ClC25'f:5'J) z:5lt5®lmZ5lC.3£l. GOJEC;;U (S)25'fz:5lC8C.3~
25)2tlz:5l1ti<3z:5l mz!mC;::7l z:l1t5C.3C.3:5l' CJ<;O)) oOCJO CJJwZ3'lC.3:5l'c§3 i:liCClt® DlC;(S)25'fD251 251~25'f &02 ClJC251cJ
co(,o)l oBcoo CJ')CZ3'lC.3:5l' t;t))25\' Big "'CCJ Q)<;oDZ5fU3.
&02mC2510d DlC;CS'lZ5f ~oCS'lC.3Z51Gmc;;m Cll& mzto)t;251C.38. col& m@<:JJC;2510d CJJt56z:5l25'fDC.3 CJ<";1S)J

6z'3G251z:5lC; CJ(i)ClOz:5l GZ;) CJI':'z:5l 0)Z5l6Z51 ~G~.5 GU.
<D coBCJ6Gd ®.;::; G')J c:;01(s) §e:;Q)251 :;))D, Dt5@Gd

CGG;J":::Jc;;C.3m§:! £l8C.3@ z:5lJCJmZ5l6C.3t>i
i:j)G~ 01S)J' C.3@ ~JZ3'l (S)1S)251C.3z:5l

1S)C;C'l<;l CQ)251 ~Bz:5l ®Q \§JDC.3 (nectar secretion) mCJJ
~l§G251 o{~ ~)6c.:lcl (honey flow) OD§251J i:liD. (0{~~)6c.:l (:0) oB06 5c:oC)c.:l)
(2) 6® §:!i;..; 1S)J cooJ(s) 91S)DC.3m CfCJC 8U251J @02m 0<s:J 8C.3JCJlB 8®JDm i:j)b 8Bu§:!.
(8c.:l) o{B 8el)c»
@ Qi02m G<s:J 8sJCJlB 8®:JD Zjlb ~l;§) ®9 z:5lJt5cJcJ CJJWz:5l 0CCJ 6z:5lZjl Z3'l6 (S)l15'l®
cof;1S)1 qE),,:m Q)~ CD(:02:5lc.:l g::"ldZ5l g®J~cJ£lz:;) 83®. (Q)~ CD(:02:5l~ 5c:oC)c.:l)
@ C5BCJO t;wDC.3Z5f CJo) @02 (S)(5)::5)(,id C1S)DC.3Z5fCJ6cD m')~5Z5lJ £lB® CJe;1S)J §&cJ ~Zjl
~<!C5:lCIJ~~ !5)?iC)c.:l25j. (~<!C5:lCIJ~c.:l)
G®§:! 8cJ~® coJWz:5lcJm gGddZ5l ®u()®z:i) :@C.3Jz:5lJB ccJ 0Zjl CfZ5l0, 6Z51 CJJWz:5lC.3Z5101S)}' 8®Jz:5lJB ~®
Clr!&, m@coJC;:5'JC.3 ~CJJti6z:5l 5®() c;;m'Zjl 0U.
G®® z:5l6r~ ~ZjlG6m 8uD251 CJJWZ3'lC.3£l8c()z:5l25'f BlO2ClJCz:5lGC.3z:j?()ClJC251cJ z:5lb 0251J1S)lz:5l. Gz:5l0d

00Z5lZ5f Clb£!l 1S)J GC;D251 CJ')wz:5lC.3m 8@i:lie; t':Iti~ ~D0i:li::fOC.3Z51 ~l;§)z:5l6 (S)l15'lG®m Dt)J25'f CI1S)~,)C.3z:5lD
Cll~ mc1ClJC;251C.3z:5lG~§ 112-1S)J(s)C.3Z51 0Z5:dOJ(S):')\ 1S)lz:5l· 0Z5lD251 CJ,)Wz:5lcJ BlO2 ClJCz:5lC.3JG<s:J CJ~t':It5~
CJJCZ1C.3 C.3()GZ5l ~l5' ~Z5l0, 615)CJ') \!J9:)0cs1 gO')251 z:5lJtiC.3C.3CC.3 ~Z5fGZ5l CfDCSdlSoB~ g3ddZ5) @02
(S)1S)251C.3Z51Ci:li)(S)l:S.® 0)) 251t)Z5lZjl £lB® GU.
G~ z:i)q~ ~<;lD 62S,0251z:5l() CJ~t':Ijz:5l D251 S3tiD ~DCSdl5Z5lJ1S)Z5lBm G<';z:5lZ51ClJC251C.3£lB®() &02 CJJCz:5l0C.3z:j?()
CfDd61G CJlCGd. 6mCJ1 CJ6C Cll&DJOC.3Z51 ClDZ5l251J 1l2@ 1S)J(s)C.3Z51 BlO2z:;) ~l;§)z:5lB® CJe;1S)J GZ5l}'OJ
(S)lm®25'f al&DJOC.3Z51 i:j)G~ gGddZ5l BlO2 (S)1S)251C.3Z51

251UZ5lZjlz:5l0 (S)l15'l®25'f &e;) ClJCz:5lC.3J CJZjl gW)251
D(S)5\~ 0D;§). z:5lJt5C.3C.3

coJWz:5l &020JC2510d ~ DlC;(S)25'f D251 BlO2 (S)1S)251ClJC251C.3 C.3~0Dm CfC;1S)d Dm0m
@02 (s)~JDJco0d oB®,)G G1S)DZ5f @02 z:5llC;lGGG 9®')~C.3 ~DCSdl5 ClB~ 1S)~c5lDJ (S)l15'l® 0U.
62510 0®ii3~ 9CSddZ5l @02 (S)1S)251C.3Z51

ci:liJ (S)l15)®() QlO2 ClJCz:5lC.3J CJZjl 1S)l£lC.3JD DlC;(S)25'f 0U. 0®®
1S)l2S,C.3JG ci:li)CS'lZ5'l 1S)lZ510Z51BlO2ClJCz:5lC.3J GDZ5'I Z5'I z:;) CJZjl QlO2m 8.§i:lie; Q
CfD0i:li:JWC.3Z5l, 0®®
<:,cGQ)J':-GC.3m BlO2m0<s:J CfDCSd:5Z5'1JDm CJS3c5J~®() z:5lJ0cJ'5Z5lD :@C.3J£lBG®~Z5l ce.
41
2.2. o)B~Bti) ~dD~2i
2.2.1. ~~Cl:lCSJ~t:i) ~f5JC)~f5J
@ COZ:,)).jU CEJe.:, GC;J;]CS2~t5)15\z;{'c.,(.3m <;'115\·~z:s) ~zsl Gc;3<lCS2&t5)z:JlC)~-..o :3<";ro)CG~Z5' 2 ~i:..')&J )Gz:Jl

t;2z:;i:3CZ5'1~:.o<'; :;;)?/2t5)Jt5-t5) ~c..'))c.,m'<';S'l§l ~O) Bee 9GC;3<l(.3m'Gl 0l& Bl-::i~)<';:5)C(..)~vd C;vv:::lO
t5)8 <';z:s):5)0 cr,;~· ~.:to®~ ~.:taJC;25)(.3 oe;roJ 9®)~U5f ~t5:n:J!JIZil-..oz:;j (?v3<l::lS'!JIj 6~d.d :SIB':;
o<";ro) C-..oG t5))C<.S2~(.3zsl S'v3').) vU.
Q)qlm';:;d t5))i3Z5")(physiological) <:,vJ;];5Z5'lc.,(.3m'roJ aiC2 z:5l1<';lec ~IS 9ro<,; Sz:;it5)B.:;; (brood rearing)
o~Cc., ~c.,:;{c.,)0(5):5)(.3l'" o<,;em aiqlm' c8m' 3)® t5)1<';ICC ~G £i:.o!JI C-::i~z;{'c..,:.o:::;i
C; (;;;oe8c.:0
34°C t.'.lO~), (?l~S!JI)~(.3zsl C; (70% a®~), ~J;.:l oooj~(.3 <';, S')~ v):.oo~z:5l0~ (air conditioning)
@:.o)c.,C(.3:5)" t:jZ:lb3e.., 25)8Z5l'~ z::lb ;.:l!~c.,S'1Z5'. G®® ~15))5c.,~;5(.39~c:!Z5' !JI:;{C:.o25) t5)1<';ICC S'IGc:!85 ,
et5(.3!J1Jt.'.l(.3mo) S'Ct5) 0CO o:;{B®, 96)c 0®:10~ [;18 0:)) ~GO)O :7,O)c.,o~:.o B5 S')~ t5)0I~
m01 S'1§;v:5) 3e..,)t5))5 S'~od)t;::ri<§) ~ 0[;25)0t;25) S'Z5'cJ(625)~ t5)1<;lcGe o®c:!05'.c..3 ai<,;c.(130), 62:)
t5)1c;lec ::5)1c..,::"O®ZjlC15l15lJ[;:.ot5):; 0(5)25)8®0 8lqlm'O)O B~1C C:;{O)o)c..3zsl Gro:1 0[;GO)02;.,-"1<;1560
8E[;~ S'1Z5'· -5®[;I~ c..300Z5l'®Pm' 0(5)251' 6)C10t.'.llGOJz;{'Zjl~25) m-::it.'.l)<;Zilvo
0~GroO(j(5)Z5"l0<;25)15lZ5l'Dc..3m'
<'f~B c..3t® (jro] S'DO)25)0d ~ ®~m' t5)1C;Cc:!d)25)c..3
1D<.O(.3J®(absconding) 0 <; Gt.'.lG000.
6®~OJ 8lqlt.'.l1C25)c..3
o<,;esJJ <'ft;CQ)50C;GdCS2&15l
15lZ5l'DcJm'0ICz§\0~~ <'tt.'.l8l"",a1CZ5"lcJt5)O~J 90c;SlcJO
Gmf ®roJ0c;CQCS2&t5)(macro ..climatic) 01Wt5)cJm' C;, t5)1c;ldc 815\3 OdJ25)0d ro) 8 <'fDO aDz;{'Z5"l1zslOS
Gc;~CS2~t5)(micro .. climate) 15lz;{'[,(.3m'c..325)GC;S'Jt5)JOc..3t5)
m606t5) 0)c,t5) 8Gae; 0IC§C®z;{' Eb cJ~vo.
2.2.2.
[;t5®(.3 ~e')cGd® 5croO (5)m'25)Jt3Bw CSdJt5)B0c9®c..3m' B~Jc 9 J~c..3zsl <;'(15)c:!DJWJBt5) [;25))::;;3)0:.0

( 10.5 Ota:.o ;"')cm'::5) c§ql al& ~ztaJC;25)c..3oe;roJ GOo Bw[;(.3m' C;02. 0®[;1l5) 9Gc;CSd(.3m'63 t.'.ll&
C;8c..3®(Q)(s.lO :;;)185 roJ ~ t5)lce) pcw 008c;Wc..3zsl [;25) S'!JIO 0c..3~25) c;'J§15l c525)c..3J c8m
S'Z5"l1~5z;{'
t5)JCc..3zsl f.S.OGO a[;Z5l'[;J0(5)25) ~25) aJo~a6t5) 8615l£\.1 ~o)~Gd ~ 0)®0 t5)18® O)~15\z;"Jc., ro)
ooC8)25))z;{'®t5)c., 8E t5)b BG3":3 C;8c..3~ ?is)~b£\.
[;(5)Jt5)C 9GC;~c..3::ri 0ICz§\Ge~ 6@e5 (1I30(')J 0@8{j(.)z;iBd !f);..A3r?iQj, ..:JJB0..:f Hevea brasiliensis:
Euphobiaceae) t;(5)Jt5)O c;'1lS) 0!J1Z5l't5)CJaGd odJ25)(.3m' C;, 6~CDW «(.)ZSJz{jdDd06i5JdDJ' 3~DJB(jd
Eucalyptus robusta: Myrtaceae) t;(5)Jt5)O c;'1lS)C'l[; 9Gc;~0d odJ25)(.3m C; al& Bl<tmC;25)c..3o<,;ro)
GU. ~1C;(5)z;{'®Q 9wt;c..3m' [;25) abZjlol B03.l®(.3m' £\15\ac..3zsl lS)~25)C; G®® 3,l)t5) (6)lGo:d®(.3zsl
Gc..3J'(5))5
pe') ~J;]Gc..3m' e85 3)1~m' 15l125)c..,(5)Jt5)OS'1lS)~OJ 615\ 90c..3:10)515\)[;(.) c;'daB S'115l.~O)() (3ZSJJ0t5)Jd
0BGo6J' ::':3J0eY Cocos nucifera: Palmae) [;t5®c..3~e')CGC® aO)(5) oa(..325) 6ro1<'; a01(5) 9Wv(..3zsl
P[;Z5l' oGm' CIGQ)25)®g 0la;.:l® Ga)6w:f But5) S')t50t5) al& ~®'a)C;25)c..3zsl o<,;ro) 9®)~t;z;{' (25)16U.
al&' <,;eJc..3®Q)9)ctl Gt5)G025)<'fa 060 Bc..3C ZSJc:Jac..3D25))m'Z5JOc..3m'&'>

acnZ5J, 2.1 [;G;l6U o<,;rom' (QJt5)
DOm'
Dcoc9®G5m'15\ Bu <'f1§l[;25) ®crou (5)lm® ~OJ [;t5®c..3zsl~@~ al~D)oc..3m' £\15\aG5zsl C;zsl25)O
CIG~2
I 913<10'-' (xiD", BpD ,"em".,)

Baker, SW (1855) Eight Years in Ceylon. 1966 reprint. Tisara Prakasakayo Ltd, Dehiwela, Sri Lanka.
Knox, R (1681) An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon. 1966 reprint. Tisara Prakasakayo Ltd, Dehiwela,
Sri Lanka.
42
~eO)() (m:sJ2:S))
el)Je~ IOl:~D)o~
{j80C5Dd Gc8wJBwJ: 'l)w0CJ1~wJ80d OZN.n5 1m

Drypetes sepiaria : Euphorbiaceae 0C5@6D:J5
§£<'c:!~JJ6 0WtsfC::sf{JJ: ClGaJDJ8(:f!d 0C5@6D)5 zoo @d:515J
Manilkara hexandra : Sapotaceae

Gm8Sw~ GCJW(5)JmJ: al8wt)J80c:f @l)1515J WJ S'0gc!
Nephelim longana : Sapindaceae
Dc!Cj6J 8Bt)J: 0®SwJ8Gd @lJI52.jl WJ <f0gc!

Walsura pisida : Meliaceae
Gf""G6J£lwJ S~§J£3wJ: 6lDJ8Gd @lJ1515J WJ S'0gc!

Feronia limonia: Rutaceae
tsfGCJ06JZ5J'8GCJW d8GDZ1w): 6lDJ8;3d JI52.jl WJ <;0gc!
Chloroxylon sweitenia:Rutaceae
aiG(j8G@6) fiJSWCJ: cl8wt))8Gc:f @l)1515J W) S'Ggc!
Schleichera oleosa: Sapindaceae
Cfl0CGt)BtsfD) 'l)WtJZSlJ: G®Sw)8Gd @lJ1515J W) S'Ggt!
Azadirichta indica: Meliaceae
Tamarindus indica: Legaminoceae
Dt5@3zmSw} cef5dmJ: GZSlJ~@DJ8Gc:f

Terminalia arjuna : Combretaceae
a88gw~ @f5DJ80d
2:??@z$3:
Syzigium cumini: Myrtaceae
®PZSlJ GCJo(j3Gc'xfSwJ: al0C5JDJ8Gc:f

Madhuca longifolia: Sapotaceae
tlleDie 0)) t)Bd dZSllWt)We:J 1m ee: pS8GmlcJ: GCG2@Gm18Gc:f

@Q)Jtlle Die' Derris scandens & D. uliginosa : Leguminoceae
*
(5w8 ZSlC)C5Gd a@lw6 d0JmDc GwDm aC;WJ aJC5 G<';C5a Dcm ZSl6 <;1Z5l·)
5w8 ZSlCJ8w DmJmZ5l6wm83 GDml5l' GWJ~m @lp Dwmw Dm 3:lJZSlwm· §l@~ <'; c5f)JGd al§B@l
56CD WJ Z5l1§,m Z5llm 5813 <f1§l §,aJ Ql~aJcm0d ~ c'JDJGd g0w:i015Z5lJDw 8@@C; aJOZSl G@lGZ5lZ:;)
CIQ) GmJ®ZZ5l.
2 Baptist, BA & Puchihewa, RWK (1980) A preliminary analysis of the principal factors which will affect apiary honey production in
Sri Lanka. Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on "Apiculture in Tropical Climates". Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
New Delhi and International Bee Research Assoc., London, pp 87-99.
Fernando, EFW (1979) The ecology of honey production in Sri Lanka in "Beekeeping in Rural Development ", Commonwealth
Secretariat and International Bee Research Assoc., London, pp 115-125, 191 & 192.
43
L,,'))vC ;s\..<,\m ~c§; ~;omz;)' SllZSl ~~(§Om' CSOJ:5'Io(~OJm 3:lJZSlGOJ)~m ®w VOJm(.) z::;)j~) ~:5'IO,
;Sav) C'm0dJ(S)-:.:lmC 00[,~ O<";OJJ 03m® CS')°3ilOojz;)':s"",,(.) O<';OJ) C; G))0:5'1) ;::j)O·<;,c:5'l.
~c!Qj8c:)J 0G0oJd, 0(jC52fi30z)J80d

Albizia lebbeck: Leguminoceae
(f)'fj88i3wJ 0d8w&' 0(j(.2 ""G;:;l)8",d
Gliricidia sepium: Leguminoceae
ZSlz(JetzzsfS' Z5)z0(j1&3t58d 0(jU260251J80cS
Caliiandra callothyrsis : Leguminoceae
00 C'~5m ::5)ce<;,cm'~:pCSOJ00<:.,m<:"(',,)1z::;)GOJciS)~:5'IO <;'<:"Oc<C;

yO)3 v)",\Sf 3d OJ0,,"::;-)::;'1 1 :5io 1 Ge...J:5'I
C0:5'1 Qio;>0\..<'\
180 Sl)ZSlC.3Z5"i
003 0ceiS)(.) OJcZSl.
'<»(3(8C3ZtJCY q;zsfeJZ5) & , 0C)e)(Jw)80cS Sesamum indicum: Pedaliaceae) v0:>Jt-mw @d 8",::3251 ;::j»)eWG
C"'v13Gwm Q c(.)e ZSlC)DGd C'l§; ZSlE;",wm 3L:5'I alo;>(S)~L)o G(S):5) (.)to®m ~OJ)<'; ::3c<&' ~o3Lcm'mz;)'
ed) ,,"):5'1OJcz::;)(10.1 6tC)...J d<':;::;):5).
~l;S)j8 (3~"))'9w)(fzoi/jZ5)), OZi/j(.)J80cS Coffee arabica: Rubiaceae), o@i)z;j (0251f3fj(.jCY GzcJ'm8w&

C3zBzsfe:iJ80S Nephelium lappaceum: Sapindaceae), l;S)¢ ((fzz))~")JeJ(.j&(j)~--J80e)zsfE)')0cJ ' rezZ))Z5))Eb:J80d
Anacardium occidentale: Anacardiacae), wm 3;l)ZSl3(.)C0d5 ~dD0Gl5l Qio;>m <;'c~~1[,C;, 0®® ;2J::5)Wm'W
<:"c<';(S):5"
::5)3 3~~)(~ 0®G15'!;'-) ;sOJJ<';OJCZSl CcRl ;om)0:5'1.
<;'COZSl)(Swo<';OJ) <:.,(S))ZSlO~J ;J;l)ZSl~~00m l;S)c:l~)o (0<3c!00X:!/"):;'0C'Y 0000:;':::0"))<3&' (:)(jC52fi30zm'83d

Peltophorumpterocarpum: Leguminoceae) 00D~ 0(S)m 0c;m DGrl1C C?2.:>-)~d5\.~C)~e.:lt3c:.:l)(0D0eJ(J(.j]
EJ3"'?0(jf:5), 0Z5))CY0E3J80U Wedelia biflora: Compositae) 0OJJ<'; ~JDO~ D(s)JC§. thzrl'~~CS»)~25))z;j
(rez:5i::3GJ]uZ;lJZ5f -J(jcf0Cx:-d Antigonon leptopus: Polygonaceae)
, 00J(J0(5)Jz))J8sd csOJOGCm Lc0e.)m
®e <:"cciS). ,,®® $))::5) 3wec Qio;>mOJG5", 0cD£b OJciS) CcC;l.S)l5"9C:i)[;wm (.j.
RlC\225'lo<";OJ)0®m® 0DmZ5l 90WJdmw25'lG (s)l5lOJc§ 3;lJ::5) tl0G:l@W25'lCI.S))§B® 'f{15'J@Z5l Lc<';l.S)Z5l

8wDoz;)'
Lm <715'0 §\;';Q)m Qi0;>0mJ'e.,,6Grl1Z::;) OJ) Dm)ml5low Dm)3;l D®G 0mJOJcO d.ZSl(s)(Cl®C; 015'J6:5'1' ~m )51CZl'
9...J )vz;;1 <:":5) C'c:5'l. 0)~"::5) Qio;>cs)cmwz;)' o<";OJ) 01~6ZSl cs500 ooO:;,J3"""(')z;)' <;':5'I::;LSl:>;:-)Lz;f,
5iC\2D)e:5)W OJ) cs506 oo6z;)':s~...J G3ro~ 3:5lz;)'
6iSlGmZSlG <;,m20ZSl <:.,m ZSl~Zl'<:":::;(')m'0C;z::;)z;;1;:-)<:.,:5"
ZSlO(s)l5l ;.:l~t, <;,c15'·2.1 6tD0d 3D 2.11 O[CS(.) C;ZSl'[;)Qio;>25'l
<;,m(jm~m0d GW0c;m) BGG <;3@D(.)m0m
c,:J2Jl100d DO)o(.)m, QJC\? CSJcm(.) 0e;OJ) Lcc;mZ5l GrlJZSl(.)m0(s)Z5l C§1W10tC5C;z;)'t/) <;,cl5l·
44
-----------------
:P.3!J c,,'(53")ZJ))0 Cj 8.t1.:,,)) (0EJm;,.J J
03(5)£5)',:' 02.;})600?800 Zinnia

elegance: Compositae) ®ctilm' 6:,,)
c;-iJ )(0mz5lJ QJq!,25uZo-f. QJeg 5J6J0(0'
::f)z;)WJ(3c.AS/ §m-.J) o(.l8zs)J~£325'l) 3w
C:5J (00~.
625):53 o:..ii?5J2.J")):j 0Z5)J?:: ?:pC») g):iJWJ'O~}

5J2€iO (9J0Zo-/OV::) §j'-Jmz;)] '!Jz§0m'
Bracheria brizantha : Graminae)
oc.la~aZ)i' 0:5)(5) cd)) 0Jz;)ZSJ) ;;U20uw)~
0@3Q)0] c'W)oJ(,3) :Y~@Ce3J" G )C;~8251J

(50)(5) 0(s)),pJ ZJS800 0Gj~ 8-J~] <:j?t5)09
3)0 t5)C>V" 3)2& U6)(5) c"'fsCnoZ5) ®@zsf
Od00d oOJ(0[.,Jm (0t5m) 00&5m'

cd) (0m.
;j;(5)[;!5)j0t5)~ uzD (?Co2.J)?O £52JD 0;...J JC;)
c'z&5 (~1'5{J0(0)0Z5)Jd(;'z·0cd0Diod)
§C/0zCt.;j", c7'Z25'f0(0)J03)JZ5)' aJegis/roo
05(;))<; 0(0100 (0 )ZojcJZoj' uZ5) (?Z),O
UO'-JOV:: <; c'?CoZ3JJO Zojo3.
45
2.4 0t0C:l, 0z:5l:JC roze WJ0@z;J00 00dloe.;J8
roJ @J()Z/? @X.3wz;Jf?) z

Z5) 5i5J <;6
8wc§m oD£JZ5) OcV() eA.iJ:Je.;z;;f.
0@@ {fuW0d (~z£J 0@ioZ5) <;6
'-'8m 2)~ 0roZ5)W 00. 10.5 0l0';)
dlC;o)Z5).
2.5 0t0C:l o?iJ() (f?)[J.;)] 0fflB8wdBd)

(£Di:5)0d cV:Jwo 2)[) f9Z5)'8w @£Jd
@{.) Oi:5)Z/? z"o (5)z;JZ5)J dC{!00Z,-J.
o?iJ() 'Jli5JJ 0WJF, 2);:.., 0WZ5).;);::;/
~Z£J JrlJi:5).;)z:5l' 5Z5) C?i5JO odlt55(5):J

~()r3l5J) C!JCOJe; C:;l.fi;; ~dO[zsJZf)zsl
cVC:J00J00n;)Z/? [Jc.:J Wzz:5l.
46
".!J--.J vOJm.....: .:...tn (-u~dC)x~l) c(:5' 0ro?~Z5'l' :!IC/ :5::33) O?5.;c5>0 (~ZSJlca'6d
;.,;:)),:;)o30J). dJ-eS'",J06:JC ~;jc;'SI:;; 10.5 0l::;:;; dJCZ5l'Z5l.
47
iJG - c"t(j(5)1dZ5J @)O)uc~ oc.'JG ZllCJ8c.'J C25)~ (010) 0ZO)z@~z;f @d25)o[)25) ZllCUZe' ((jc.;Bd B@cr;I@)
@e' S8@. Z:JJCeJZC'@Z5)) (jo)Je; @D 90)eJ~z5l. ZSlCUZe' O:':;G ZllCJ8~ U25)(j::/ @Z5)) i5JO)CC Cl'Z&3 UZe'
CCJ(5)(.'j£.
48
2.10 0t0<;.:lo 6(D,A55t))Z5J~(D:J Z5J6 ctzi£ Z5J(8ctz?5J'{]:J (Z5Jz. Z5JZ6cii£t5Bd) f5dJZ5Jc:Jtsf. Z5JZ8e:Zzsff)J 6ro)F, &eg 6(Dit)6
f5d)Z5J..:JdG?5J {f't))6 60.:3 (!C Z5J)6c:JDtJJ',
O 6oD?5JDtJJ', 0.DD'l5i, ot))'f) (pro)6 Df5d6c:JF/'l5i, O)o,\?
006=60..:JDtJJ' oro @:sJD?5J<;6 Df5d6c:Jzsf<;ro)[jt))) Z5J(; roZti3 QJE] g6c:JiejJjt))) f5d)Z5Jc:Jti3.
2.11 0t0<;.:lo Z5Jz8{f'z:sJf)) 2ifioc:Jti3zsf @2 c,6)6QJ)?5J &egwtsf. {((DB 6ZiJ

6t50[; {!(D ctzi£ o,G ozroz o6)(DD)§b <; 6ro)F, 06)(D
groDc:Jti3.
49
0e:J0 t..'lc;10251 Z5lC)toi 0®251 <i'D @ @022510c0 ce:JB® EO
q251C3251@Z5l ®0tl 600 Z5l0 e:J®fu 8®1 C321.
Z5l~Z;) t..'l1®)Z5lJ5C3c:J251c;'2510::JfG3J Qi02251 @Ctl 300 Z5lC G8) [}1.25 Eo251 8c:JJt..'lIB0cJ 0Z5l'l 0c:J0c;. 0®c:J
Q)02 Cc:J::Jf 88\) ~0~ ~ (5)) 6zgj @02 CC:J::Jft;C Z5leJzsfl:i?Z5lG Pl:i? mfut;)t..'lc:J251 t..'l°Q)S1U 8~QJe; tf,Ofuc:J
§BC3~ ~ t;I<,;mzsf 021.
Q)02e:JJC3Jc:J 0101~:sf Z5lGC5lIz5) gC3c;3dc:J2518 e:Je)'l QJ02Cc:JZ5lZ5lm{:lioU1t..'l 5Z5l0 t;[;J t.,I250c:J251 13'~)'l C3Z5lJCSl13'
Pl:i? q13'O Qi02 cc:J251 G<';Z5l251qZ5l0 qu® t;G:lC3c:J251 ®0t5 300Z5l e:JO?3lOC:J251 §Rb c:Jl:i? c:J. 05') d3?3l
?3l;slt;c:J251 c:J0Gzsf Z5l~ q1t..'l251Z5lC3cJ88u QlO2251C3cD8~)1::){c5q6~z;)
Qi02cc:J251 C3<';Z5lZ5l (flight radius)
6BC3Z5lZ5liJ <i'§8£b 0Z5l.12c.J (.Cl:i?c:J. 6 mt..'lJ @02 cej251 88\)cc:J c:JzsfG;sl 6BC3Z5lZ5l0 ®0t5 600 Z5l EOZ5l
ej. q251C3251tJtoJfO C5l1 t..'l~Q)251c:..,@02cc:J251 88i)cC3~ ~cwt5® 'f,l10?3l <';I251~e);sl G®c.J0 q®?3l00 Qi02
cc:J251 q3'O §8b 0l:i? fO g®lfuc:J;sl 6251 Q)02 cejZ5lZ5l §Q)c:J 0l:i? mfu)t;Jt..'l m{;)liZ5l131",6251 6251
d01Z5lC3cJ C0;slZ5l1 e:JC5l13' t..'le;10251 13';slt;c:J<;!);sl t..'lGZ5l)QJICC3®251 esee mt5fuc:J Z5lG c:Jl:i?e) qI13'
~ q0wm Z5lJCej l:i?G~ Q)02251W0 dt;'lw'lCZ5le) t..'lIDC3c:JZ5l®f2 g10t;c:J251Gc0 G:l)Z5l c3Z5l131"t;ej

C5l) ®WCC C'2fu1;sl®ej (8m t..'lJ251sZ5lc:J).
@ Qi02 e:JJCZ5lC3c.Jql wC qC3wm Z5l)Cc:J l:i?G WJ e)t5wZ5l Z5lJCc:J l:i?G t..'lIe:J8c:J wIB q§bt5Z5l
c;'10l10 g®J{;)lic:J. 0®c:J C0G:l'23 t..'lICBc!'c251 Gc:J1~ Z5lG t'll:i? 'f,l5'1 uI<,;m;sl mide:JJ<';Z5lej
2(.)t~5~.
@02 c,'){;)li)V)t..'l, e:JIJ], ;:,1·jc.J251 l:i?G~ ®p 9Je)c:J Z5l0{;)liJ 3dJZ5lc:J251 C3U?3l0 GmZ5lc:JZ5lqm® Q)~ O)(3Z5l@>~<;
(migratory beekeeping) iSlg (nectar secretion) e:Je)§Z5l Z5lJc8®Je) l:i?G~ c:1Z5lZ5l251C3@'2jdCm:5l q(8
C)eoZ5l~
mfuJt;Jt..'l q(5)
t..'loOJl5J0 (cC;') , COOl2510c:J1C)c:JZ5l0 mfuJe)Jt..'l mfuZ5l) qBz:5J8 ?3lQJ)mI~®0 gOGZ5l. C!lZ5lC!ld
t.:;C;sl Q)02251 eiJ 0'l0lZ5l :5l131"t.;ejZ5l0828® CG251t;) (1)) 0l:i? ej. qiJmwZ5l ?3l;sle)c:J251 qI§C~cocJ 6251
8®5' gcoc;G:lc:J251 3JI?3l0Wl131" qz;)@>z;)~~q6~cl (foraging radius) l:i?G 6® gC3c;3dC3cJ e:JBt..'lO 2we)ej (®p
m~bJ<';Z5l CeDt-c:J) 'f,l251®t.;) Qi02251 8JZ5lJ [50 cs.
e:JI& u)oej251 l:i?G~ qiJ C')C5lZ5l13'zsfGej251 qI§ ~t;C!lC5lJ;sl 68251 mrde:JJ<';Z5lC!ld e:JC5lZ5luI3®251 BfG2I.
q6o:fm Z5lJCc:J l:i?G qB mC5lZ5l 1));slGc:J251 qI§\ ~t; C!lC5l1zsf mfule)lt..'l C5lI0c.JJC!l~ gG:l'Z5lc.J0 ~9)fu
~®iJ 6101 q§0t5Z5l qlC5lJO t..'lIe:JB® t..'le;101 qBz:5"l Eb<,;®251 <';IB®0 Qi02e:JJCz:5"lc:J251
100 Bfu<;!) qI?3l·
2.12 0te:JC3c:J251 mfuJt.;Je:J CO~'2jC3cJ ?3l~)J qI§ qJz:5"lJoc:J251 l:i?Z5l251 mOle:J{;)lic:J z:5"l08. 6®8 1 GZ5l
qJZ5lJOC3~ Bc:Je q251G251@z:5"lqOc:J251 6BC3Z5lz:5"l t..'l®m q§88?3l t;Z5l q13'O C3®8~ qJ10JO t..'le;WJ e)Z5l
?3l0mej 'f,l?3lJ qiJz:5"l E3c:JwIB cs. 6®GIm qe)do)C251 qm~ Q)02e:JJCZ5lC3cJ ~ C[;J;sl PI:';P GZ5l q?3l0
68~ Bq-:; mfuJe)Jt..'l iSlg C)eoZ5l~ (nectar flow) GZ5l 3dJz:5"l0t;?3l 0mZ5l e:l'®251 BI:';021. C3®8~ GI<,;m;sl
UZ5l ?3lt;;sl Z5loIfu251 Z5l~ ®pCmZ5lej e)Z5l 3dJz:5"lc:J2510c0 e:JZ5l;slUc:J qBz:5"lG §Q)®8, c<,;)wofuc:J251 GGrl6c:J251
OQJtl G:l)Z5lej251ro ®p t;10Z5lc:J t-Z5l qGB0cJ OQJt5 ul:i? C3t;?3l0 m{;)liJGJt..'l C3mZ5l~z;f e:l'UJ 6B6Z5lz:5"l0
q)t..'lZifZ5l6c:J251 ?3lIQ)® 6mZ5l mlo <';I251[b C5lIz:5"l·
OQJtl Grl)z:5"l qBz:5"l e~Z5l131"Gc:JB251c:Jl:i?u umJz:5"lo 5\Ql®;sl
50
CJ 0: Q1J Gl (l a 8 Gl a Gl 6 a @l~ 6 (}~OtC'HO: ~)"" G 8 "" Gl Gl C.
&J "" oS CI@J(1;"" @) r-' Clur-' 91 (\9) f:bttClU ~ 0.-: 6 @J CJ
'4. CJ u
~ .fJ\l a W ~ ~"'l! ~ (Clfl\ g (lu fJ\l('~"" s ~~
o.u "" G'l
Gla, o, ua a,~0:(\ (") C'? 0.
f1. c@ "'- C' r£'J (;) @Jg ~(;),§ ~,S)@J8J~r<' 8 ~) f1.
(1; t; Oil CJ u ""
o @J ~ -DI a,.r; ~) f:b G en G g G (l a
.r» en ~ (l Gl I». g ~ -fll (l
@JS,,!flIa u(l Q ,., &0,., ~ G Gl C'?u""
Gl 8. c,CJt:J a.:::.c.o:C'lQ1J,.,"-' e f1. G. u g (;)
,§ 6 G U (l ""
Gl I». f:tC'D-DI"" ~rSA-DI U @lB '" t:J U ~
..nouf1. G c.o: 8 !flI f:t o
91 CJ f1. f1. o~ 91 .c» rn U Gl a 0. C? c9 Gl t:o:J
@J
GR'
f1. 0: (;) &9f1.f:b "', G B g g S'I o, g D ~ g U -DI ~
C"J 8' W c» ~ U C. ,uG"'-Q"" g Gl CJ ,§ g 'G
~ g g ~ 0) Q1J 91 ~ -DI C"? g f'l g 91 +ll (iIJ Q ~ 0. OJ c9
G 8 u (' u U>
oSuG ~(lG. "'"QJGl U
8 (}l'l1~ogf:t(").{1)@·a r8f';"Gl~ ,§ ()J-DI
6 -DI a 8@l 6~ @l
~~®~ @J"'- 6 ~ ~ 0:..i\il@J0. ,.,_ G:l u
"" lib ~ tvOig u '0
~ G U @) ~ 8 G QJe'lJf1.@l® u-Dl8'eUCJ("'Gl G:l CJ (")
f:te; @JG r8al CD8,9Q(")CJ~(;)(,,)~~ en. U 6
G -DI ~~ ('Jl o ~
. Q1J U ('}. ~ U r£'J f1.f1.og ~~E?@J~c9~a f:b Q1J Gl
c @J G. @l G
oS g @JG?fGl 0.C'?1'k 6",\~,.,G.-26 U
6, 0: .e f:bu"" t:J (!, ~ (") ..(1iJ
= -;~!t
~) ~ ~ C"l G ~ O)fn ~ o @l. C1 g C'D(('J G C'D ~ ~ G ("J
('!l. CJ ~f1.~ a (")8GDua~@JG C:9)(\C'? U (l C? f:t +ll
a u "" u ,.r;CGGl GU f:tu u c9 ""
X G:l G~-DI""I». ~"'1l~ ~,.r;(l~@lc9,.r;Gl!t(l @J ~ g ~
@J C"'!flI a~GlC'? gr)o~C'?f1.CI G (1, U
~ Cil g
G (iIJ ('Jl
G QJ (1 '" (l E? f:b (0) ~ g ~ G ~ (") 5io+ll ~ 0: -DI f1.
u"vo. 91 ~ Gl ~ @J
CJoS C") ~ ~ G ~~ i?GG~Glg "'Uaa +ll CI u f:t
~ ~ c.o: !t u"'1l",g(,,,,,,~" .
s : gCJ U (" f1. C!l"
&J ~) Q Gl "" U U> ':::J ~.c» @) S 0. Gl
01 ~ @. @) u ~ c9 Ga'UQg o U(} (l@)!t '!J Gl -DI @J
-" uo:(}(iIJ U a-2 C'?C'?@)u W Gl f1. gj) 6J
c9:::;'"'JOt • f1.-DI,'1l 01,., ""'6"',.r; G. @,l G..no
Q
a .r«g Gl Ck (1'] ~ 0) 91 C'? @J ~ g f:b & ~
,.r; ~ (", Po G QJ a c.g 0:
lj & .s ,.('\()u (\(lG-DI(\ca Gla,O:a g,1}
-DI ~ Gl f1. Q -DI G g ~ B Gl G a 6 u C'? (l S-DI
@' 6 ,9 G~ @)!t i:j°OlG,.r; OIuo(")f:t 0. -DI (;)
"'" "" u CI -DI G
0: . C'D ,S~~ c.o:~f1.f1.~~;!}!~~~C'? 13 ~
~ ,,("a u G
6 QJ ~gGlG:l C!l" (,,'c9~(", f:b ~G~ G o, Gl
t:J t) @J (\ 'G
"" oS a @J3c@((l (}0 ~ (.J..C'?G 91 (3
C"l ~ @J (!, c C'!11:;D..(1iJ(;)G G 0 a~ ~C"jIC' 0 f:t(") ~a (l c9
,'1l Gl ~"1j
(h g.l8 g. :'1)9101 G,.r;u f1.G:l~("c9 'O-DI
f1.~ ~6 u 1t1 f1. "" .r» s, l'l1 ~ C § g
u ,., o .s ~ S ~ a; 0 0) C'? 8' l:il
~ "" GloS~@l ,'1l rSA
~ l'l1' ~G),'1lrG 01 Q @) rn
u 0 6 ~ C'J -DI q.. =<, (l,c' ('" 9lJ c9 QJ Gl ,-."
CJ~ Cl ~
~ &J ~ ""
01.r» a ""I». U uG'l~ QJ6"GGl oSa.,Uca
.(', "" '"
!flI 6 WcaoS(loCJ('o: ,.r;(")G:l G !J ~
C' <0. OJ
G
0- Gl ~ c-.. (Cl
c. C5..~ClG:l @)(")'-O~~8 G ~OI C".J ~
Gl ~ @l (J @)
"" f1. :::J,Jul'l1a0-D1@) ,~~ .R. '@l
-DI a.. u (lg",-u'~""D'+lluaS'l" '" (1, 9..
8 n u (('J (;) ~ '" ~ U U ~ 0 ~ @: s,
~ g G (0 ® ~ ~ ®gc"'Q6Q("/:f@)J0 a
(, @) 01 C" G G E'.. G:l !t
fiO:u f'l ~il"'1l'f? 8 '("1c@ ~ C5..~ p"~ ~)~ -DI
lj CJ "'" C' "" o u
c rn. ~' f1.
Q • ~
I< Ql S " g '-; 6 "'-G1 (;) .~ (l ••
~ .r» -;0~. ~ "" g ('~
~~ (iIJ C'~ ;::; G, 'C",,&8.,0 9J~",,0:6'fj ~g
,;::t c 0 c 0)
(l) -DI >. (") c9rC' U(}(l(>a~G("~+ll f1. G~ a.
K,§ (\~..(1iJu (")(' ••• r.,: g S ~uj;?(;Jf1.!tG (\u g
(lJe
S'~ C'J) OJ ~ QC'DClf1.Glg("D@lg G g rf', f1.
CJ G @)~QDo. ;!)! ~bl f:t~ g ~~ G1 G ~ @J(}o. ~~ ('Jl6J
9... 9l..uoS E? ~ f1.Gc9 U g u o.Clg '4.9..G G f1.g ..(1iJ
• •
2.12 dt0c;:l, (fJWX) GJt;WJ vID !5JoOJc:JO crC:;JCv QJ(>J cwm Bfi3P8Ji. 0Z5JJflvi5JID' "." w!3Cc:Jzsi mOtoZ5Jw
e.,ID a!5Jo v2!5Jeji5JZ5J' OJJiJZ5JJ5 &m0WC3Z5J 5§he., 0001 crOej mO[OIDc:J 0E). 0§fi3i; GJ§JZ5JJ5
aW025l:3Z5J crOc:J vOt5 300 zsi t,:P6c.Jm OCZ5JJ ~!5J (J .16 0t0ej ~(jmZ5J). 6zsi az:;)0ID'm", aOejZ5JO
6oozsiOejJO 28 oJi<;;v 152CiJ 96c[(J;Jejzsi &ejW vZ5J ~v 0§ti3i; GJZCi5Jej ejZi)c:J.
1. (mmo GJt;WJ crDZ5JZ5JoOJZ5JJ8 ~e.,i5J25l ,:Jw aD-(5)OOZ5J QJ(>J Cc:JZ5Jzsi. 8c:J~ q25l6WC3Z5J 8C§)J[)w
cr£J8ti3!5J 0E).
2. (5)<;;vJtJJGJc:Jzsi 0OOJ~Z:;)888 crZ£J QJ(>J CejZ5Jzsi. aZ:;)6W@Z5J 8§Jt;m q£J8ti3!5J 6Z5JJ0 . aJOOJO
GJe;OOJ [)ID !5JOOJc.:J q[)® 6E).
3. (5)&)OYC:; ooooc:JZ5J qW6W<3Z5J 8§Jfjz:;) q£JBti3!5J 6Z5JJt,Z5J 0d OJozsi a(c,o ~£J 0(5)e.,Zi) e.,C
!5JOYJ ~£J (5)&J[)Jo. 6®0Zm oZCZd®zsi 9J6Wj(5jZ5J[) fjt.JJ C8Z5J w.
52
2.4. Oi~ ~~ a~d&;ilC:}cl lf~~~ If)~)O Q~~) C)l5) ~oes)c:} Q~ ~i~() dd)l5)
enioC:})~
8~~3 er3n @G2 QGd:2c..3zsi 6~CJ ~:5")\jm:::3Z;;) Sv<:.5?~-d ?36G 3v?,5i'c..,ZS') 20 eJ® g0<:S1i$d C';)0))8 a((Q») e..,ZS')
:5'0G1::in5 <;,c..,dd,)Gu~ 9d®G~z;)5 ~Z;)Gm ~("JO dlqJz;) 6U3.
'Vc..,zsfc.., 5)cSjolm OlG c..,e.,):5"f60-5 <;'z;)"'z;)0'1:Sl
90<Sl~25)G Oo~®~w [)~ Ollz§) <;':5'6, 65® 008<:J~ ,&5\) DlOlZ~2C c:;z::5)WOlZ::5)6z:;l <;,,,,o-5x-,z,-l ::5)~,
0::5) U(S)Jc..,z:;l 0'1:Sll2dGO oGcs;fCll~Z;)(Eucalyptus species) ",C0J ;::;)0 c;'z§ 0)~e.,16G"'(j qc..,G
c..,(f,)GWz;)
9G<SlWz;)@, c;J'WlzSd80 (J;l')25)~::;-)8\ ®e88 ®Qt,WZ7l~ ~::5) 'I:SlJ(jW",:6)~C 88 ®z:;lcz:j\"k,)t:5
c:;clO), £)5clCll~~
'I:SlGwlz§) ,,)&)0 CSl~)c..,)O <:;§ OSlJ(j ooaJ5)~3 (2.13 0lD~). ~'I:SllSd80 c..,CSl)9G<3;)~::;-)i?J,n)(;,)Ol:5loX)
®G~W::5)W <:;~o w)5:5" o®mm ®0lc..,z8OGz;) \...0z;)::5)1
<:;JW)OCJ~z:j\1c..,~2Sl'<:;Z:5l[,::;-)0z;) ®t,-)015yjdt:5v)OGc....~
o®~~. 6CG 6)(·JOz::;-) ::5)zc..,:5':5"
cc..,::5):5"
~f~ <:;m"z;)0;::;)9G<3;)~t"-j c..,::5)!JIl3)5\(j1 9"'<"":l~::;-)ro5wc..,::5)w0",!JI
~oB~~c.: 3t). o1::nz)L.h5~:s!5'I:5):5'eJ ;G<()":1~2Sfro 2)ro0:5K5;..:! ~)C2Jj (s)~J0)~ c;d::5)0 Cf56):sf(jzs-) QC;0l8~)t5
~ne,jc.3:si c®~ COGc.3.
6G~:sl® :;7lc..,o6Gw W) 10csJCSl(j9c5<(f,)~:slro Ou1W)C25) c..,::5)c5d ~25)§ (OGS)Q)clz,bo G0&~XJZ;):

<:;'I:Slz;)15))8Gd Strobilanthus spp: Acanthaceae) C0&®~Z;)ro ®e 800:6)) 'I:SlJ(jw8 6® 90<SlWG 5)(')0
Q)"'2z;)OO?2l®~~ 0U. ~Oo6G~ 90<3;)0d a®0'l:Slz0e :6)~ 0-5)mw8 0®® m® (jz~ <:;zzsfGz:;1
0@ Gm152c..,
mOJ Ow Wl'l:Sl.
0®w8 O®J:6) oo8<.Jwcl <:,0 CSl~Q)C; 90<3:lwz;i@ (j(S)C~z;i ~(jC; C;zfi\wwzfi\~· .3 Q)qJ::;-)Oo~ GQ)0C:;::5)) ;::;) )(j~C
GCSlC~::5);::;) C0025) OC;u) <:;l5\ 3 25)Gw2Sl'Gc..,!JI0z3~ ::i)-[c;2 5\:6)')(.0::5).G®uz3) :3 :5lG~25) (jzqJ~ \...0zsf '1
!J")~)::...)a(.331 63m, 0\S)£)§\..J) el~ eQ))I$)Imvt/m ~~, &J~z;i0,,1 (?)O))j aoC3?5'~3 C?e...H~® 610):sf, 2306
<:;1(5))0 0l0c;J® cl)Z5)O~::5) 3)0):5" 25)lC;~ ct-5)m~ Wl0C;~J, v(s)CW0::5)::;-)tyU5fO ·6c..,::5)15'f ~f~ 00)::5)~:d
~e1 oo~~~w GU. 3 QjqJ251GG1" Wz0~J®, ® Q)ql ~ J(j:6)0d ~",):6) c0z<::;~~cl u:6) <:;!JIO0~ 8GQ)e;c..,, ,&015)
2.3 (25)1<::;
00C:;, 7 c..,Z5)C3Bt:G~C;Gdc:;OGc.:b,::5JzsfQ;)'I:Slc..,
oe;w251 ;::;)0 c;'l!JI· J
3 Koeniger,N & Vorwohl,G (1979) Competition for food among four sympatric species of Apini in Sri Lanka (Apis dorsata, Apis cerana,
Apis florea and Trigona inridipennis), J. of Apicultural Research 18 (2) : 95 - 109
Koeniger, N & Koeniger, G (1980) Observations and experiments on migration and dance communication of Apis dorsata in Sri Lanka,
J. of Apicultural Research 19: 21-34.
53
2.13 Ot0c.:l OZi}GJ0 ®c! 860m Z.'1JCwU Q).f!!SeJJ06e.,C 90c;aJwu oOBl®mc:.:Jt!m (iX00
C0&J0JOw3"l dZ5)o](5Jv ZJ")zc;8 25l,ID cr,c!<§8c:.:J)GJd E;w25lC)6U {!'J0zsJ'Bc:.:JJ
8m'E/O Cc:.:J0m' Q){VO (5)d
54
a:sie... B)(j:5)-":: ;"'::5) 0:3.:3) !5'~J 0V?5'l 9;j-.Jf~3J ~~ll.,..()Z3)~ a"&e, 3'-0) E:8:sf c:;)eZ5")(J Z5),j25) e~3) a~:si\.jm
tL @~)GC L')) G?:5~lG::sl'(wz350) 0::::J;;6iSi0z~m::;{ C3 ~u.c.::sfG~1C::5'h";w~v~1f e..,;.g",~::sl'<;z:;):5l0elv'?!:5l
co3<=c::::.i :5)0, 3:3c.:J :5'~1 G3::sl' .:::.1e::;'l~ ::::J:::5:5)
e~):5) c.::5;!::sl',:5'6 c;'tJd8~0 15)Z::7l~;:;w:f .1Jc..,::sl'0csf
0?:5C::lgC::1GCC::01/.3:::5-::-000:)'165 G?:5c::):5'010 0c::f•.. "u c;'~:::5Z ::51e:5)~ 235-.J ~u.",53 clJe:5lC:: ~wi B-:V1
BB~ ~(~L)) ~::.::. G8~, 3~)3;:..3d c:3B~ (..'))2:5' Z])j (0(5' . .:555 (::393 ~'"'Iw;".::5i01.,..<f ::5)ej' ~~3 0)) C')Z~5,
o ,.;'2 £15"", ?:<!:::tJt!
6cG::;) '?!Z~3, "")G,,,,)le, 6c ~z.,)lC:;G,c;'l:sf 15)1e, Ge c12 <;1~3, 01::)::')~~ •.. ::::32e::G,
ojl ~~=c::,
,,)~ ~tJG, ~)p <;0Gle c;'J~ Gu:5) GC::sl' ",81J..omf c::)O ':::'/.01I~C 0U.
Q)02::51\j~'"'I::;f 9.j~
..:d'~Z5') e:;?))(S)z~~ o~O)) d,it..m ~Z~ §)B.sC, 3)Z3';JCDJ3'f :5'6 c;e.A:3E;,;:,C 0)Z~®C:; 3£Je) E:8::;f
&Jy51 .5:":5' e:J....2.4) C~3) q)0j~;".: C'?G eo63Dc:) (0)3c..,~ ~::)~~Zi", 0)3~ dtnt...:...Z7', q;o@8;.;~Z;) "eoa~" hive
~:5) GGm",~::;) C':5)d5:5':5l~ ZSlOc."::;{:5'z:;))
GSlG~:sl W~:slG~. CO l~:3':iC amC1 w3G~ :5JG aiCQ3'l'm0 ZJ)z<;C
15\lzn50 cedG 1, tilGZ;) 5\@) OJe:5lc.JO CSllzn@OcZJfc1m mzn. G@)® CZJfC1W6c.3g§6e~z:;) G3dG~:sl c;'o
C;lz:;)COI[ a
ZSlG, ® ®00, ® GZSlJC, 0:5l10C::z:;)c;'1z;i)JO ® 0005 c;')~C:: 3z53cl e38::sl' aiCQ:slW0 z;i)1<;C
15\(:i)®O clo~ c;'lGO<DJiGmGZJf w(3e.- 0QwlZSl):::5Gc.J:slC;z:;):5lDc;'115\.
<;,25'1
cZJfG 0 1e:m 9~ WJ E3(3C,e <; aiCQ ole:mGd<;, 'f;:5'):'VZJfe..,I<;(;")ZJf ",C,mdZSl®Z:;)c;'1251.GOJ[ t.,iSl(j~:sl
(j)ZJfZSlG,§z53C1 G8:sl CSl(WJ§5' z;i)GC','0151tJi
cZ{'25'1C','o:3G G<;wZJf®z;i)e..,
GtJ1 ~~~ c.J3 CGZSlZ;)ZSl(5@OIz;i)(3:sl
0WCZJf0z;i)1~C','IOcOGz:;) C','l§ cZ{'25'1G:5l c;'5\:::5,@U29J 65':::56 61511~-,J<!,Iii
ZSl?@cZ{':sl 0ZSl)()c5j3d~0 C','c.J51"
GG5'. G6 mC) memGd C; C,1C;CSl::;{ vG:5ld z;i)5:::Jl'C','z5' 0U. 0):5)C1 88:sl CSl?1m@5\z;i)G C',':slcZJf:5;!c3£)C1
C®<S):3G::;{6 0:5'5 1§G WJ O?:5c::) C','1Z::;))jc::::sl'0csf (;')£)§-. 0®® cZ{'25'1®i)d c;'J8::)(.J:sl
0G151dZSl~ <';15' l::i):::5
<;'I§25lj(0::;{c501j 0?:5~1 0[.:5ld25l~ dt.nme325l :5'5"G~31 ~e;051" iSl8 8025l2:>-fC','l§-z;i)0 6:5l)Gll;?"l<';13'l.G®C::
C','aD G:5)..:;,3dG1D1C::J) :5'5"e.-;,::31-.30G::;{ 82151 65 <:3~:sl..:;<;<:3 ~l~ 8C 0W)7.31 .::llmz~C Ge:l.630151", ai02:sl
G@t..Z£' -';G:5'Id5)0 3fz:),j \.SY5fG3'f~, 8f~j l.,.,(')m"j25i~ :5)-[:5'.
[.:5)(0:5'G ",G0C:5) 3) aiCQ:sl;5C,.,' <;, CSlcW)§3'IGO12GC::::Jl3G0<:3Z5'l~ ai<-'2:sl~csfC;, :'k 01] O?:5~] t;eJc~;:;i3csf
§)8f ...,e...::51C3d .j::;)).iJ(S). 6Z5)$ ~0:5)a vz:;)v..:! ::"':5)..;3 (6)::5)~Z5), o~h.~.Ja~
\;'J~ 0mj .jv
\$0:515f de....)c'))cZS)c..,
~Jc...,jem(.3 ~ Ci)j:::)3)25)15 ad):5)~~ ,--,;:"~O:5) Q)02:sJ, 6§)e5 c..nadd)3) v~C GaG, Wy:5J c§:5i aC-..J31
CZ@ 25)?~v ~XJj~(..,) ~ ro3t..0d t:a..!J c5~.
e) 15)<:3J,c;'0 e'0:5)z:;)<:3dG (5JC:5l 95e..,e~ <';Z5l,,")5:5)C::

z:;)j:5l 5)e:5l~ ;5w'fwI3j5® 3W) C','~~G0 c;'1ZSlt!0;'::
6102me:5)G~~ <,;oe; DJ[3Z5)z;i)G G:5l1Wli3c::· aiU2 OJCZ5'lGd C)?:5dZSl::;{e..,~0GWZl) ~ GI<;<s)5"® 3<~ l:01'5'~
151~, @02 01eZJ)(.J1 88:01' 3WJf;:sl c;'G0df~ ZSl::)15)l;?"lCI~ aiCQ:slGcsfde.., )D1Gz:;) :3G W) 0t5~1 ;gc.J1GG
C~Wc.:l(3. 6:5',C1 C1t50z;i) Q)02 .::l)eZ5l0w~ 9 10c3ZSlC, Q)CQOJCZSl~1 5'® c;'GGQ)'fGG~25'1C','C,d0J~z:i?CG
~(.:n25l::5, aiCQ31 Gcsf c;'G3d]5Z5))<:35::)1 62:sl <5§-z;i)G GJ8 e~1 (05' ;.3Zl)G S'15\.
® aiCQ25'1
Clt50z;i)c, 15l18:::55®Om~, g0®0(.J:sl2J c;'0 ®pmO c;'[:1515\Eb <;.'l;ql~. e):5l~, ®P:sl0Gl ~151t ElO)ZSl6
~S25'1® 'fi~025l0 ~G®25'1 O~ 0®<DJiz:;)® @0225'10t.,§I:01' c.Jwo51" de Q)e )GC5J0:::51ZJfZ{' Cc.J WIZSl,
55
J
56
[lll e'@J [ll G) (,) Qi) -Dl GI Gl co 8 Gi (')GI!::l Gl o.tc G 1?J)6~'11 C'J@.J f:j)GlfJGlag~(?v S @a "a
8Jo,Ci1J 6 @Jcf!i C")'" fJ" <"o ~ Q) r-' !::l ";:" Gl rfJ cf!i 0) [j ,.r, ,,>, Q§!'@Jg q @u~ r-' ~ CA "'" ~
a 6 ~ @J 0 ~ u ~ ~ j ~U,.rtjUUl.r~Gl o, ~n
6S0CJG&)(")Clla,~!.bcf!i r. Gl !2loC'llGu G1 C"j)~ Sil 8: ~
G 61 r-' (ill 0 Ij 8" C'9 CJ Gi u6 SQi)V' @ u ~\
f'l C3 [lll cr~ ro CA ,," 8: @J) E1 c, r-' r-' '''' Gl G Gl \> 8J
tJ"" tl/,,,gGl'}\,u ",' [lll~c.: ["",~aaa~6 a!::l CA4,GlGGl(")®fJ) a CD G
@JuCA'4DCA@JGi Q!l-* fi\-Qj ~ (Z.l,.("!:t 12) (\l" 6 8:J 6J
..;au @J(0J cf!ioo~' C"fl@JCO-+ll aGl Gl (jJl ~\Ci1J G:r,
@Jmr@Jaa G U-Dla~p, @J 8: fJ ~ fJ a!::l G [ll" Gl !.b'Q cqr-'GfJ[j(")fr 8: a C") G
68'8:" gfJ~'1I!:t('2 ,.('B"" Gl~!Il0 ~@)O)a8:J~aCJ. !::l
'8 ~ Q Ci 0 0) CJ Q) o 8
o..ci 6c.:,.('J)QiiC ~ !::l C') ~
u @Ja~ G @}~~~6 ~J8! n 8: [ll"
OJ G 0) o ~ v,
§ C'll ~"r-' C g, (A.O
£t 60)"; @J 0) & @J- ®G1Q6cf!i 0)(,1 ex fJ a CJ a {11
oOJ,uQJ G ,.(1J "@J Q C")CD\f'l~,.r, @JBGS~@Ja i'(")ri.,~) G 8: [j
r-'
S (,') C") ("U ''''U) "V'1 C'"
0: s." .."
~cf!i!1J] Q~ CA@( t;JJg C''1J~ Gu"'a ",1,;&(") a6 G <f5 CA 9 CJ
en @J - "', 0 tJ C '" o Q.J CO "'" [J1..rB o [3 ('9 c0 !2l /'J)
'" CrQ);:G' [ll8 g f?-a@J@J " 8: !2l "i'" ~ [ll ..; tJ cf!i [j ,," a @J C<iJ cs ~ ('9 fJ CG
[ll"aC'9 8
~; ;:; 'fJ Q CA en ??' G Gl [ll 0) GI GI u G) c@ .8 CO) CJ rD> Gl a a ,.r,r-' (1J CA8
"'U, CJGl[llc> [jr-'Gl'" ~ 0) a D a [ll" G r~ yO CJ ~
X!::l [~X~ GlI(':Jg a~;!f tKle: 0:- Gl ('))0'
CJ
s." fJ ~ 0) 8 tKl G) ~ ~;:0 a ~ 2 G Q
",(i;l-+ll aG aQ)c.:_C")a~!1J orf'r-' @JC,8 G "'" en®(,,) fl
[ll G GJ[lllfJA[fJ C")g.CAtt C) 0n '" N.,,.('J) D\ c.:- c(Z.I(")~GGa' 6
O:CllatKl~D u QJGi GJ CO L» Cll u" V' G @( ••. u ;....0 G 6!::l
2 U6JC'9@11U ~@O
~ C1'D a rr, a a 1S CJ "tf <f5 .s \ff C'90)!::l8Ja-+ll f?-;""§!CA[ ~Gl GI C'll@llU ~ C")
aQ)~",,.r,[j /'B@JCi1J[ll!;ll G C'96 Cil87t,§ G GI"" (P
6 C3 en
,.r,u a ,sQ§!rnG88:1j
!2l~!Il ilY3 \'0 Gl ca .
G ~ s.,,@J[j-+ll~r-'~
:0, ~ Ci1JGl!::l,SA
a@JSaur-'uQ 1b [ll" ~ ~eD
~Q~,9 O)a' !.bCl] G ~
D' "', % -!" ~ f:3J@JQ.)!1J G Gl 8:
[t~~Gg Gl ~ @J??C')~CX; ,.r, G~c,C\GlGl~OJQ)!::l ,0) «" .» G cf!i r; @J ® c9
Q f'l ,< 8: '" u\, C, ,< - C'll a!::l ~ ~ ® a fJ GI 0) @Jcf!i@)Q@8:a~
Q)a8: u,,8'u G [ll SefJ [lllO ac
@J~CJ8G1:P (ll !2la8: ",a '(") " ["",a
('9en~tKlr@JB :?\.C'9Gal 0) a Q) @II,.('J) Ci)~ 8: G fJ ® ,'J 6c s» ~ [ll ~S -Dl 8:
0) a fJ rf' ~ r-' [ll C ~·CJguuur-' @J CJ Q) a
Gl Gl f:t & a a <i;C'9 CO a 't--" Q) ~",.r,CAuGi C;j).
a OJ G Gl Gi',§ ,8 g..f'B §5 ~ ~ (i)'J ®C'9 6 SJ 3 '6
N G fJ 6 f:3JO @J@JilY-' cfJC'll a QGlGla G u c.:
(Jl CA u @Jo€l ~),ij @l,9!2l 6 @J D
-...,J ~ u a u ~ @J r Q ~ C D 0) GJ §5 a en (")
_ (\<f5 ~ GI 0
G; 8: 6n('9 @J):P Gl C'9 Q) !1J rn ~ 8' C'9 8J C'9 (P6 6 O:a ~@J!::l !::l !1J
a~
Q)GI'8:~G gCi1J,.r,GQ)ii3 !1JfJf:tfJaGl f:taac UD',,@Jr-' "0
~[ll .CJC(\ 8~'1U::l fJ'4(p[j~[iaGD Q:l\0 Q
0) [ll a C'9C8: c. Q!l Q § 8 en Q!lGl u [ll CA%Q.~@Jo€l~8 GOO!::l-'" G1,.{1J!::l
[ll u r-' .c» C'9 u cf!i r-' 0 .s !::l,.S'JCAf:j)u ccf!i ~ 6 ilYCO .8 9)
,(")u~CJS60:
GI<f5O:~~ell~a -Dlf:3Jr co2 8sa[ll('9,.{1Js(')
6 u 0:d,0C'9u @J S 8: £3
!.b'(") R 6 ~rh g 8 ~'11 C'9 @J Q u "'''',§ am r-',.(',a12)c, O,g Q @)u f:t6-' fi\ U @
~C'GJtJJ CJC'90- OJ CJU\,u"",,- CAGl,.(""'-+lI r: GUt> 8 Gla
rf' [ll" ~ ('9 CC") ~ [ll Ij Qi) S' -' Q:l
a s o CO~al~/"'Qu"r-' &'Q" U OJ[iGlr-' zt)C)[j 203
o acoQ)C'9cf:3-g~0-+l1cf!i [;;" GlaG~r-' !::lCJ2!1J CJ @J6 !::l~cf!iGG
uGlu,.,tl ~ C ~
a ell G:!1nCDQ!lo o.'JG ('~a::l ~?, 8,.('B ~~~"lI [ll,,-+lI !::l] i'%) '8: .fJCJ='4Gl(") (ft
U
\1115' @)acf!i~CA[ll,,@JQ<O Gr-' COS CA!1J r-' CArS' '4 GI C''Ju 8: 6 CJ8: (") [ll"CJ
(,CAGl. C G a"'~ -+lI '" !.b Gl 0' "" Cll,9 !1J cf:3 Q ~ (3 g ('j1 [ll" r-' [llG U
r-' tJ a""'-'o.'J"'" Gl-+ll fJ ~
- @J@J8:Clu('9!.bGlCA~O &:; G r9'r-' u C) !::l Gl
~!Ilr-'r,"'tlr-, Gl_ !1J CJ!::l ru (")ai '" ilYa CJ r: C'9 8: 1C'9cf:3~'" Br-' e G.,
@J) 6 "'" ,. ~ '4 ,. !2l f'L :::T ~(") "" u OJ r-' '''' s .
a,.SA(i)o'4 ...J G':
tl '" f'l,.('J)G1o€lGl
-Dl u ~YfJ G G CA""il~ [in ~ Q!l Q!l r (i)) a ~s 9
C i0l a ((~I"",G GltJ 0,®
r-' 9t -f'd CJ CO a !2l ul
r;> -'11 r-«
,'" ""''''a~ 8: fJ:r, ('.0' S Q!l .r-; C\l .s ,8 g!2l fJ a o G C5
"'" C)Q)Q uCf'lr;:'..JtKl SlGl !.b@Je,,@Jue;; G (,](i;lg Cl_'1I a a fJ u 6J /,B
ilY0 &)r-' CJ 6 CAC")uJtJ-,a s s : aC'Jl""n@Jc,l('9 G('~u Gluc.:Ci) C @J CJ
~a Ij 8 C")"0) C")f:ttKl~ CJ [iQGI C''1l('';SJJ)G
[j -' c,Cl ~ (,'Jc @J@J!::l ~
p,@n')%s."G;a",C")r""G (P !::l aJ fJ '
"" @J \> N
@)!::lfJ6,",,[j(")6 8:uC C'~)'-' G aa[j Gl Q ~~ S
Cl 0) ~Gl u, 0 U \.0 o '"<V ,."L~ CA®«D£.;1 ~J-,C'j)tb~(')
uGl[ll®Y@J'fJC'1 !::lCJCJ s g "tt)ii 9lJ fJ o€l [j .c; d, !1J G,ij C)/" t:l~ ~~ CiJ~ C5
.r, G ,.('B r.1 CA 8 Dt c «» r-' 0 o ,.r, r9' 6 CJ fJ CA (j
[j)- !::l co !JJ@IIS
~a('}1?J)!::lEfJa a,,"", 00/', CiJe;; (")~" Et l' 00 ("J Q.) o, 'C '" G (;',) ~ c:)
f> CJ 6 .s Gl :,l G '" ,,-'0 S g U;, -' G 8) ~ [lll ~ ~ 6J P 6JEt
r-' U c> 0 ~ Ur-' () (' B[ll,,(j)c.:~c\!::l!2l®O)@J G.8jZ"g f!.;tt!::l C' f~
,.(',
N ~;:;.) rJ ;,.;; U
CAIQ)GlfJou", [lllu CJ~ 9 G C' n,) ""
CJ "" .C1 •.C1 (' tl Gl /', U \, u C"17
\.j) '-:::) ~ ), ('5.1
0< C'9 @J ,<f5, Gl OJ (") n CA (' :::JJ no ,.r, C'0 Q.l
rJ (tl C4,
,o a
C')U 6 6 C'9@J@JQ)G'JC')-' <> @J~ 6 S eo @) r,,"~<D ~ [j r-'Eiac<:J8:JfJ c.: !::l
Q [",J u (') GJ @J 0) ("; fJ" [ll" ~ 0) ilY~!Il «I ;.... @; CJ ilY a 9lJ CA ~a,.('J)[i[ifJ"c S-.Q
I . -~
4.1 Ol~~
CD
E
u
o
N
I
on
I
...o
58
CZZ5fGJd0[jJZ55 6m' Z5)0 mClZJ.'l6®ZJl Cl~ er~uzf 25 crZ5;lGZ3l:5)ClZf.'l [;250 cCl25)u&" 6e.J)C.'l1GJI§,~ w) lS,ClI0~
(4.1 DCl2D aCZJlZ5)) lS,e.JJ GIS; lS,~CJJ<';Z5)c;)6W)e;ZJl e.Jo[JW)Z5)C.'l 2 ZSlts®')ZJlZ3lC.'lZ5'i
aDO '5\0 f,uO;sf [;J5Jd51
DC.'l.
e.JcD<,; wi3Cc;)Zo-) e.JICP~ BlB6~~, ClIS; 5.iCl2 25)1<';IGCz:;) crz§\ d[;Jw)tb e.Jo8C;WZJl 5;lZ5)Z5'ie.JCZ:;)l dCZ5) crZ3lU
0~DJ Q)~ Odf:5}(S~,(bee space) C)<; C»Z5)~(§) (comb thickness) W) C)c; od~d~ (comb space) c;)4'l6CZJl
(5)1e;ZJl6U.
e.JcD<,; wi3CC.'(25) 8oZ5)) ® 2ICl2 C,)~JOJe.Jc;)25) [;J5Jd§b WJ @c;))25)JBZ5lCC.'l c;'Yl[; <§lwe; 6ClUOc;) 6(5)1 ~cot';
~iC;iee e.JW ClIS; 6ClUOC.'l 6WJ 0i'~ ~iC;iee CG'rl6C;)ZJlgOJZ5) (25)')Od 6<';25)25)0 6W[;Z5l gWJZ5) @c;)Jz:;)JB
E125)25)6<';25)25)0 6a~c;) WZBlC.'l. <§lwe; 6ClU06d erl§\ C<,;, GJ&'JCJe.J6d §l0i:-)Z5)J e.J~!2ts~ <§lW(~g®l&'CSe.3ZJlC;
<§lWe;ZJlcr(5l <';1e3 BlB® e.Je;WJ crZ3lXlCG;)]J8C.'l~® ClU)(S) mae::lJ <'; e.JW ClI&' (S)aD) d[;GCle.3~ZJl<,; c;)Zo--)25'I CSU.
6~ 0uJZiiZJl :5)e.J) <§lwe; 6ClUEb t)6GB51Q @e:;)25)'lB E125)25)e.3Z5'i
CS(:;e.Je.JcZo'Z5) cr::ilU 8e.3i-5® ctsCZ5) @e.3'lCCc;)ZJl
oeD crl§l CSU. ClIS; CSClUU Dc erz§l DC; ClIS;; mo)D) ~B® e.JG0)J Cl®~;:s1 ES6@@6C.'lZJl® csDZJl 25)U crz§\
cr51U, 6®e:; 2ICl2 GlCZ:;)e.3,)O clcsQ)Z5) erdDzZJlZ5)Z5l, OCS®ZJl® crJ <';')C.'l
®;sf, cCle:;Jcs<,;Z5) @C.'lJ25)lB E125)25)e.36U.
q'Cl cgJwe; 6ClUC:b WJ ClIS;; 6ClU(3 t)cs~51Q @C.'l'lz:;)JBZ5lDC.'lZo--)

q'l§l CSZ5YlOd6C;z:;)Z5'iD3rl6C;)ZJl e.Jz(:;Zj?O<,;,ClZS;;
6ClUOe:; 6GJJDZ5)zG3® e.J~gts&'6C.'lZJl® Ue;J ClD§lZJlcsZJl ClWGZJlQ <§lwe; 6ClU06d 8fDZ5) Ct50Z5)e:; w') t)25)e.JZ5)c;)
®Z3l 6U. 60 e.Je;WJ e.Jle.Je;e:; wI~ 6WJe; C<';JWU~C.'l;:s1 Z5)~, <';IC CaJilllm® e.Je;WJ g6C;)Jc5Z5)CZ5l CZ5) (S)e.Jz:;)
q'uOC WJ 6CJJZ5l51 C;). 6ClJZ5l51 @C.'lJZ:;)lB DtJOZ5) 6Z:;))0e.J [;Z5) erZ3lU, oeD t)Z:;)e.JZ5)e:;:5)e.J) cru~t) q'1§l6U.
cgJwe; 6ClU06d WJ ClIS;; 6ClUO Cc 6®® e.J~aZJlOC.'lZ5l oe:; ClJCZ5)C.'l 25)UZ5)) crJ25))Uc;)Z5l 5 CZ5) ClBC)6clic;csd
e.Jccl51uD <,;Z5'io') crlZ3l.
O?5J CJ8?5J a,g, lfiJ6;]mGd z.Jl,c;8Dc, a,g, z,,'),c;,c'c "Xi @ro<, z.Jl,c;,c'c &JJOJJCz,,')D B80m
{I'Jz.JlJ6c..:Gc..:8 8:gJW@z.Jl ti36tClmc..:.
CD ?5Jti3DC;GJtiJm' CJ@mC?5J Dm C;RC,c' QJ6;] (dad drfJeiC5r;:;J) Z5l,C;,C'C OC2?5JD q?:i]otiJc'Cz.Jl ?5Jmm]
Cf?5J6 a,g, Z5l,C;,C'C 6tiJc'c CUJ i?/e;&3 (CfD a&3?5J Cfe:J CfCC&!QJ?5Jz.Jl,c;,c'c).
® ?5Jti3DC;GJtiJm CJ@mo?5JDm Qj(Ji)6 Q}6;] (d rfJC)Jc:nOJ) Z5l,C;,c'C CCa?5J0, COc.::Z5l

Cf?5J'?5JZ5l
GJU a,wGw
?5JmmJ &?5J6 a,g, Oo'),c;,c'c &WGW GJU a,wG?5Jm' Olt;&3 (CfDc&!a!?5J Z5l,C;,C'C).
@ CJ@Jm?5J6Dc; tiJ8Clc..:tiJm CJ@mc?5J @ QJe2 (d rfJc:JOJfSJJ) Z5l,C;,c'C &J03?5J dOJmGJZ5l ?5Jmm]

&?5J6 a,g, Z5l,C;,c'C 'f)rofijm' 88u] Cf,?5J (c~Cc&!lfiJ?5J z.Jl,c;,c'c).
a,g, DC;GJm8 comZ5l@ @ro<, DC;GJm81 comZ5l@U D[)J Dz8 OlD G®8~ CfDOJ6&c..: z.JlG ;.J?:i].;J.
(a6@J&GJZ5lU GmJGeJ C;Z5l'[)J &z&3 G8m CJ]Gdd@ OG:lJcwDc..: ti36tClmGJ GU.)
59
13 ~ 3 J ~ 3 W ;) ~ '3 00 tV '0 "n V"'
IC) "'~ IV ;)
C<1 5 v
~Cl13'O
s ~ 0'~'O ~C) 0) e;, iJ 5 9 9 ,) 5 .~ I() r;.) -.j< ~:3 @.
Klr1~n., ~ tV c'{) v@-c..S13
~ '"" (,)
r",",'
(fi 'V' '0 .0 id "r:c
"'O"J" ' "n v
~n
no
(U S G
r;)
(f) '" n lAY (lQ 13
V"'
"r:>
f,)
en ®
S~I 0 ~"r
S V ) n
"N
au e- 8..-- '0 1J 1D , (!i) y) ,) if) S (:)
') ,3 V O>,y;; 5 (J ~ .J Kl ,,) r,
:
D (~~
-o '<'/".9 '"TI,/"'
r1 liD {j en §1'('1. (8 \.J
'J
;,y
S~ '0 n
It!
',6)
~ (5
t}~
RJ- ':) dfn o [\) ")
r Itr rv ® IV
.0 3 (§- C1 ,),,,-on 2 n '0 5 rl n n 11
~5,) ~
v"
"5 (~ ~
G (0 Itr
§ 'J ;2 W S
ra 5 LV
l\.,~ ~~
V '
m (0
n
V
'V'
a
riD
?j
c~ l~
;)
C,) ~ ,q Y) lfi
\:~ ~ ~ «r 0 "<"> t:: en ,,) ~)J Cc) (§- v @ c'{) 'JJ '" 13 Iri
D '3 OJ
r 1\;- ~
'" 'J (5
Kl "J
>D 00
:0
oJ :::J
(J .0
=r-.
'"
Itr
r;c
@
rC
'0 (,) 6V
(G r;.) .;-,....,
'J cfj q 13 ~ -o '3
(.)
fa
(0 \~ ,J- (0 ;:; ~ .9 @ n 'n t: '.) r'J S (J
>D 'J ..,' l':J ' ~ ~ §
''7:0 G cs ')~f® ""' V 13 ",) '3 8"-- ~ 0 ,~~
'V
'0 e:. (0 'V'
® V
n ) J.;(V.9(.)
(0 ) Iu- s 1» "n
31)
•..• S r: '3
S r') ..5 ~ Kl '" "S r;.) V 13. G "V
Itr -r- ";J V Itr f{() 19 c'{) ~ '" 10 '"
'J'
'3 C,) 0'" S '0 S '0 c-
o~ c-3Dn '013
-o tl ,) '0 3 ,6)
0
5' B~) fi .') 'i G,)13iJ ~B"D 3
v
§
:u ,,) fi R' «r 1D <3 fj
(8 ::; J3 S '0 8 i!:T '0 ',6) +>,q ] "fl ?i- @
R3-~) [13
iv n
S';"r:c
'0 [)
""" ~,))' K)
~ \v q:...
\~
'U
Jv(". '(()05
r3 o c:
® (()'OS9
(,) I® ~,,>
fj £- ICl ® o '0 LV '0 It! 8"' "Kl®''>((j
«r G ~..rr;.)
'0 ~ 13
r~cu1U
(.)~ (') '0 '0
n
~
'{)
Kl' (l rv V ~ (:;,) 13 (,J Fa 0» ,Q 9 n r:> E IV
- 5 f). ~:J
,<In,,,,®v",,, ') V
~ (8 () ''';!.., IV !l
'OU<J
fi E'fl0'9 'V' E (.) (0
,) g "nv 'J
(~ 'Q
B ":'J LV Itr ® ~
N
8'
,~"'
r1" (J nr: R.r r
(,)c
'1
E
~ v
S
Cl
,0
0
'lJ ciS
5lfl
;) fl '{). S {j
, c: en
<r " '"' IV
(fl 1:Gl 'J (~ (0,J:'
'" {2 (;) ,) s ,0 lob 1/ ~ If) ~C,.)~C®
- I
5 E 5 :0 8 ,)
5 m rn g ',v~ '" .3 D ~ \<\) (l E ,J- 21~ ~ E «r ® rJ s G
(9
eo
') [ ff g 13 S ~ 1f0[) ft' fj (0 ~ ~ 19 D, V IU" CKj o
Kl r~(0 n c» Q) W D fJ).g 'I,/"' iU ~(,)~J~
r.,r- ~J ~
@, "n ~ <D
n i(} (l )" ,Of)
(J S c..S(0 1:Gl N Iu- C"3 fl () ,
0",
v
Nc'{)C;) ')(j
,) 1'1 '0 G "n ~ [8: 2 E
~,6) "n un Cj) s ([)~ ~J (0 'I,/"' (0
;-iJr:J®
....: " .'" 5
D
''1
i\.,"'o grr.) 8 ,'""
,,,- J V
® 6"V''3
g, rs 8- ,) '3 ®
,6)
4) In·) ,J D C<1 d;) ,) ~ V 8 0 ,c, C::J n ~ 6
0'>M5S U)(fl 9
,0 '.) "'"') < ..--
f® ~') (J "" 0 f (.., S ty)lQ
1:Gl ') ,,) (rl ~ 13 ~ .J lei 'I,/"' :J (t> r: 10 ., r..) r.{{0 d,) '" ...,
(0) '3 'V N -o <J '(' ~1~"88 ~ 13 S S
e1)(.j"~o.9s13(G!O·
c-
». :» (0 ,,) "n 5 :0 V
15
') ,
n ;,:; ,)
S d;)
'f)
-o
Cj (.)
l'> (0 '() (1",)
V :0 (fl
'3 fi
IY..1'
(nll<rs,J2
o E' 19 : «r
;,)
I.V
~"5 :8~
5
0" 9 n
sr G)
fJ n,)
(,)
v6
5n" ;)
'i) I') 0 '0 ,)
f) "." n '" ••..
~'\
r.) '7( Kl~
.,., Y) fl <J ,OJ {(t' ~ ~ E '{) l\.,~ c: ncxi~fJ ~ fl It!- ":2 (6) 6
n
) -o
Kl
'J'
V)
V'
0 ()
"'"
IT> S 8
. 'J 0
"""')
fl.') (@L!)li)98
(;c) c.r
c..S® 15v £) S ;:: fl
,
n
'fl C3 "'IV '3 ' 'J f"l No@> UJ I~ n ,,) 0'> iO ) ~ r
"<">
" (D \") "'" " (.) '.,..., ('(j,~) rv
',,,I LI--l r V (J . 1,,· 13 9
S ") 1) f)
iO
, co (,In , en :3 ~1
Ie;,
<') ® E
I
E 5 ';3-" o c'{) e fl V G (.)@
'3
«r ,)
Itr Itr
()
(,\):5 ') enV (,)d;) «r
c,) '<?
V..--}
n R.r f)
@
GEE
n~o13~
S ~ L!) 19
r;.) ~
'3 r.J ~
'G ~ ',J,
Cu o
v;O
'"
"wn Itr"~
'" CKJ
n
13(lJ
Itr""
'0 13 ~Y) ItrCl (013 fl."", ) «r '0 1) 'V' '() '3 '0
6
'0
r:
1;j'>Sr.-i1fji)~
'0 ® ;) ?~.u
uS'O
OJ {
,J
r
1)
6
6 G :;; ~
1\
rt ,) V
6 13n:GlD
,1 ~ 1 G
fl ~ n
V m ;2
(2
,)
c'{) ~
",6
o "n 13 ;.. ,) '? '0 1I..r- o
S t5 ": .-:.
en'tl ~J 19 C\.,S
o
c: C<1 0 .9 @
U
8 ') Ii) r
"Bo~ n
0'
'J ,)
Itr
tl ~_,J
G
E tV ® f)
E m '.9_ '0
r1 (,J
,) v
'V't®
,)®
10
ffj '"
'" eo ''0/
v
S ~
,) n :Gl 5
n 13
'~8 n
aa :l
'0
r-
9
l..,r
OJ
'\r
S
S
f)
(j)
I ~
~
1) (,i n
,.....;'-"
8 n
0. •••
(.) fJ.,~
&:l2<>nS
f)
S (0 ® ® ••...
(.)
;) ,J fj V G {j' 'V' e @
fl v l\T <J E.3
~,,~ 'J"n ('';- ,) V") '() ('J '"
Kl ") .~ ,,) S""n iJ
'8 n (,) n '{) J5 en .2
fV E
«,) "'J ~J (~? N
8
""' C<1
0 '0
~ 5 (15)D n
",'
M
'0 "()~,
6
1:Gl n 'J
OJ
S"' ~') S
Iv~ (.) .~ ~
10
Cfl ") .)
'" fi) '0
U
N
I~.) 1O
N
f) ~ ~) ?..;-
0$ ;3 ~
N
"" ra (fJ (,"
0')
(D
,.) d;)
f))') ")
0
U n .:r (f) en(\.') ""
13 t® 0 r I',,~
') ('0) I',.) '0 n ""
IV r-i f)
,) U '')
(0
9
r--J
S iJ Y)..•• fl
~OJ(5) If)riJ:.oJ 90<;':51~ ::31ef; Z5l1<;lCC0 ~OlG::J1
1m 'POle; ?:il1<;lC(j& 'ProGtsl Bfil& J <"(3'.
~rot; ?:il1C;1c:e Grm' -yroe; 9"C;':51"::

::30)(5) <5)dwJ vC& e:JroGz;) BfiluJ
<"13'·
1. Glrot; uC; <7ZJlOBf3DID .oJ'iJ cx;$o,,;)r;:;. 6Z5li];

9.'w; vC; uCJJ BDZ5lJ i§aJi5f roD (d00
0..D"'c.nn BDZ5lJ i§aJi5fwD) Q) JWJ0Bi5f
"'<';Z5lZ3)
075J?6c;, C1JQ) 0&JQ) c.:Jt®D qOGJJ.'J (EtJ~ ~w
9 (!!J&(.j. "'@(.j §@ 8 mm .0@& ",f).
2. f)C; aJm~@ u;5.x.o..::rl ::odCZ5lJ q:;rot; uC;"::w-'

(S)25)ZS).!) ro:3~ ~lC(.j& £3B60? toJCZJ))
z:il0Z5l (;1"'::;;. 6..:: <3& 20 mm ::30& ::of).
•'3. f)C; o($m($r;:; u:;;l::O::;zs! ~JriJC; vC; "C;z:ilz:il J1c;

Z5lJO~..::rl ~l5'::53f3&ID SO :.:J(jz:ilZ5l Cl'''::;;.
6..:: ~JJ;J::J1.5"~::J1' 0328 mm :;~& vf).
4. ..::)dC; ~1ef; v<; 6<;z:ilw-,' ~3'::5 3filu<:l

::30ZJlO":: :::YGrl ri;d ",@xiJ "::J ro1iii vZ5l'G<:l
6d i§aJ d00.:Jz:ilu e:J@ef;. ::03:;: CJ11iv vC;
OJ3 CJ1CCJO B8;fjii!J~
00 4 mm 0SJ::o:;:rl
O(jz:ilZ5l (j1G5J.
~(j0C; ro3u.:Jd CJ1(jCJO B8Gii!J? t)1<;(5)ti)'0Z5l i§aJ Z5l1C;lC(jZSl C;dZ5lD (j1GriJID 8t., 8C;J5Jd@ZSl
~oB<;'3rl Bf30":'ZSl~
61
4.3. ~ eo!;i))~C)~<&lc:l@ ~~ dad ~C:X)Jf5)J @d§5fS)) eeee» en8D e.J{ea® 6)5~®~
lf~m~Zi)c:l !;i)6~~ e.J)W!;i)
4.3.1.
® de.-1(,')JCz:il zs,Z5lcJC':lZ5)wUG:5f S'l@GZ5"l z:ill~lc:!Gc:! gO)~c.:J (ClO®X, 0)) e.-~ G(j ~!5(S)
g®)~c.:J) oro z:ill~S d6JZ5"l",d 9~1~c.:J (ClO®:J~).
® 9"'<(S;J6d moooz:il 0<(S;J<J2S,z:il zs,;s)e.-cn:ri.
@ Qio;) z:ill~SvC Qio;) ClOzs,OC3, q;roe; t-<; e.-c (s)Z5"lz:il®,oro q;roe; c~ ClOzs,Oc.:J.
(/) g0<(S;J<3d Qio;) Cl1Cz:il3m roSe.- zs,lm® oe;roJ 1J)Jt)zs,1 z:ilO <;'(5) se.-:t;c.:Jm ro) 6 1J)SCJc.:Jm0d'
<;'1z:il1(b ro) dUD1GC3
4.3.2.
@ (joz:;)10tl CllS, Qio;)m Oe;1J)1 ~®Z5"l <;'1z:ilJ0C3z:il 1J)StiC3zsi ~E:)) ~[~ ~ C3Z5"lgcr.iZ5"lc.:J6~06U 251BZ5"l~<Q
ClJ(j251C3 S'10~(s) ~ l~1 Clum <;'l@2 oo01~c.:J§l. @u G;:l15l0t5®c.:Jz:ilum®rol5l~ ClCB <;'l@' @ Coz:ilJ6U @<Q ClJCZ5"lC3
8GC))C; pc:!® 880d<; roSe.-c.:Jmii) <3c.:J1'(S):t;zs,1Gc.:J
(S)lZ5"lOJz:ilGc!i1 "'z:il~m (oc.:J@Cz:il, 1881; 12 tiZ5"l ClOG6~~C3
12.1 ce.-t~® Clem251). q;m Cl~e.- roSe.- 0lC~~ zSl50""~ 0R)J0ro1' <3e.-Z5"ldz:il~B[B <;'lzs,· Clrozs, ~lzsi6e.-m6rn
ro3e.- 0l(jO~ §50~~ <';'Cl 00U 251BZ5"lai<Q mCZ5"l0d ~C10~1J)z:il [.:JCSJ0d Bu 6~ ~zsi01 Cfl§i2 EJClOc.:J10C3rn
BGQl<'; 0z:il3 O®)0(j1'OZ5"lwzSl.
62
-------------------~ ~-
• i:'!0 0;j0 ~ oIiB;, 0")) dC"JO :3liB;, <':;~))(SlI~Ga~, BliB;, z:;)e..,m:5')m § 1m 0)i")0 QiCS2m",us", Wl6l5))
GQ)')(jOli't;l5))3rl2.5Y1B
;;))<.:;):3
(6 Ol) c,'WlC-..::Z5fZJI 55zsCH:lDc.3WlC d::.:§I<.:;Wl(1881) 1 c,;O c.'l<;0l1
c.'l°GUCSl",::.:m
8ZJlCeJ @c.Jl'::;')~(5):.3d i3~5~<®m(}!51 8~. 6dJ@ Owi g§'de~d ~~d C!J9) § eot:)l~t) g0-.JvJG
@ZJlll5).j;J-"::::;)<':;(')1C'lZJI
c.'l<.:;61CV
0l30-"::Wl Q!CS2::;)
c;'(5' 5BcvC CZ5f010l "'")Imei3. :5')®Z5f@:5\)z)).J 0l3v-"::
l5)Crc.'l ::Jt, i:'!J0128m §\O<!li>-..:: z:;)6:5')e~. db m<!li>:c)')0z:;)
::rc 00l C')3i oi3;g&Gc:! gii'de-..::::si 00iG::':::;)
~Leo8 2S)(j ::JZ3\C 37..= !:)c 0» o')()2 {,.J JcS3'Gc.JZ)') 5G~-..:.e Z5)G 0120(.3, v<cn~ :3 @Q2Z51 ~t~m)
GtJ) e,::;r~ "":'13 09) ~J4""::' ~,,:,Gc..:;.
• § <':;°:::;)1,,21
~ QJG2me::;) :::;Ld~vd ...:;:3::)~3f05<;, 8-..:: c,'3i<;I:5o<; G'£)m :::;)Gc'2~ii'<.:;z:;) (I918)3,
6::.:1,:";Olf,610v:::;) <:,(;)..,::;b::) -Jl::;) -=:;3267 x 0~ 133 (267mm x 133mm) ~ 613 <:,Ciilm ::.::5f 'f,l01<~
,-,~::;=~d o€0~ tD3v\..3:'t.-; ale~8 :J)j3') e~. G® ~iS)G 1;0)«( -:jc,(jJ .....;! G~ 0}l~5 (0[=(0)1 C'..5C...Jl ~I§
'f,le..,;&1~::': G~CSl 0cmJ 3c~ ("':;c.'l3J2)2841 (ern") 5.
• 1920 ~ e°:;;',l Q!G2o)e:::;)3::;)v(j"/ c.'l°c;'CV::':

oG1::;) cfO 0130::': 00i(;)::':::;)G::': fdl5) 1 Wl::)l5)<.:;<;c.'lIelc$GCY,
6Z.:,l 61;:V0z:;) ,&Olt~c,'l>0l)::;)ZJl6O)l5) 0~279 x @®127 (267mm x 127mm) 2 6J~ <;01c.:n5lm::.:Z5f
'?,)Olf,(;)ouJ::.:cl c,' OIiB;, ::))502:., S'(:J;lC:5\ CO 03 89 (89mm) 0::;) 0IiB;, G:300 t)eZl'k; O§::;)G31
iJ-..::.~@ c,'Z))0 'f,lm(~ Gci.X:3vd 0(~ ;;))I~:Vc.'l(~m1(5c.'l~23543 (3543 ern") <; 6cl BliB;, (5BUJ::.:Wl 0<;
961~-":: Gc02 2483 (248:3 ern") <; ~ m30::':Z5l (5::':1:5::;))GWl6Il5) ;;))0 ~i§'lSl(I 921)4 cf;wm WleJi3.
• 2:);:;il5)mc:>,j (I9:38)5 ,,::':1:5l5)) z:;)G m30;Jd 'f,l01<;G00J~3 'f,101(~ch::JO1ZJ1Z5l

i:'!I§, S'Z5IO;:JZ5leJ100Wl
S'(;)...>::;)ZJlj
-J):5') 33194 x 33152 (I 94mm x 152mm) G::,:. wliB;, j)~0:::;) c,'IZ5ICZ5I
Cc.'l q;01f, eJ),",,0z:;)
tiI~G:5' c§~ ~CJti, ~25)0 ~376 (76mm) .::~ ~~ ...Jz3 -.;~j~m) ?;;)J:5) e~. De ~~c...,.~ro~~I...-C~:v.;!
C:3-":: ) ccI'3. 'de.., ;'-' )~-..:: 0CJ2 2064 (2064em2)
v<; Q)l~& c.'l<";W1 Z5lC;,wliB;, GG0J6d v<; 951~c.:l
,;;eJ2 10:32 (I 0:32mm) <; ~u.~-::;-J ~-..::f~:5\ 0130-":: 1940 <;viZSl-":: ::rG {3 <.:;oz:sl
)GU <-018:5\')Gee.
• (')0e:5 (1953)6 01) ;::)I:::J:d~ (I 954) 7 ,;;::':1:5:5')')z:slC 0130::.:m -':;;::)10011e::5() c.'l@»)l5)~ c;':5\O ",,:,;v
c-"::1d::;)10e c03q)<!li>::.:d 00iQ::.:m :5)6~ O1!3[,Gc:!q;01C;";00J0d 1,)01<;01~ O1-.jZ5l
C;GLiB;,G00J::.:Z5l
0I& 6)5 01::':Z5l<;iJc.3. ,&01" 6150Z5l ~D.6m:5\6 51:5') 03280 x 03 152 (280mm x 152mm)
z:;) ~ ~:5\j :3IiB;, j')~0Wl c,'D.'-'::;)Z5Ijd)l5) -33280 x 33)76 (280mmx 76mm) Z5l iJc.:J. co@~:§l0
q,:01e;Q00JGd t)<; Q)I~5 C,,011 -':;032 2554 (2554em2) d <;, 6Z5l ClliB;, GCUO::.:Z5l0<; 9®1~(,3
(503)2 1277 (1277em2) cl <; iJ::.:. 0ei:6 0130(,3 <;SlZ5l':iJl5)Z5l0Z5f
0t.i1 ~t5e-3Z5lJe::.:Z5l':iJC, 1986 <;Z5lt,1
Wl?aWl~® QC;BJ~ZJl0@m':iJ0 §G1m z5)~G<5b O13[,c.:J iJc.:J.
1 Jayatillake,S (1881) Ceylon Bee Culture, J. Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch) 7 (23) : 27-31.
2 Benton, F (1881) Ceylon Bees, etc, A Peep into a Beehive, Trop. Agriculturist 1881 June: 13,29,42 - 43 & 52 - 55
3 Goonatillake, AP (1918) Beekeeping in Ceylon (Second Series) Trop. Agriculturist 50:284-285, & 51 :376
4 Drieberg, C (1921) Report of the Secretary, Ceylon Beekeepers Association. Trop Agriculturist 57 (4):266 - 268
5 Kannangara, AW (1938) The Modern Hive. Trop. Agriculturist 90 (4): 238-239.

6 Butler, CG (1953) Possibilities of beekeeping development in Ceylon, Report submitted to Ceylon Dept. of Agriculture at the end
of his assignment in Ceylon. (Unpublished, recommendation for hive design).
7 Baptist, BA (1954) The suitability of various Beehive types for Apis indica in Ceylon, Proc. Ceylon Assoc. for the Advancement of
Science. Sec.B, Colombo, p 11
63
• Qo3cowtJJ (1986)8 ~Ct5 8 (81) z:il Cl'Ci~nDZil' ~<.§ 1/10f; COClUUW25"l~(;)15mZ5'c5 ®J2)) §~ 210 x
3:;) 140 (21 Omm x 140mm) <.J2)) 'fI10e; c51§V ~CZil' ~<.§ ,,)) Cl<.& COCl056d Cl<.& c5)®Gt:1l e'<.ZilGZ5'
CO @,~60 (60mm) z.,i ~ (;)3<.JwZil' 6c.:lid2))J Z5"162))t;~. 6~ ~2))D 0®~ 0)3D",3 'fI10<'; 0ClU36d
60~2 2352 (2352cm2) ZJi <;, Cl<.& 6Cl03c.:lz:il G<; g®')~w
G<; b)<.f.5 0<"';0)) OClc.:l1 <;'<.§ 'fie..; g®')~w
0032 1008 (1008 ern") ZJi <; 0~. G6® 103Dw o<.CC3a §BG ~ ~G3"SZl ~uGJmc.:l 6WJ0 z:ilG z:ilc5<.~Zil'
~~d, (,,0102)) ClJt;2))0d ~ Qi<S2z:il<.<;<.c!t; 10<.8c55® 0<';0)') 103~ cCl')o(.')WZ5'iC,K,09Gw1~::5:5')Gc.:l 00)
QiU2mc(J")' 3u ~<;::5,):sf~z:il 0)) 0)<.8B~ OC)6V <;'<.J(l;l15151J
gs.ld:5' ~mC;5z:ilC 0~c5) t;3m ~0:5)m ~m
- t; q,:l0G c.:lm <;<.G cmtbc.:l Gc..,)z;f z:il1t5c.:lO)'::;z:il <;,m<;6::ilC Cl(0)j~c.:l BB® 6V. ",55 z:il0<.~ <;'2))0
0"'':; 0)3uw 0t5:5'®J2))0d:sf mOZil~G6 f:-<.C! ~;.:l~ z:il03m auf},.
'?,)0)Z5'o,-.O)m ;;:Q)x::l0f 0<.t;0(V 0)') £)Cl<.<..J0, !::)1t;JmOtaG § t;o!::)') z:il?::3z:ilt53 ",<;ClJt5i5l6 mq)u c:;(S3Z5'i~mG
e'u327i t;) 5tJvc;~ z:ilG 103u 0~. 0z:il..:,d 00i5lm u~Z5'®)2))0d O~O)cJ Qi<S2e:nt;Z3li3Z5'i :5'® l5l~Z5f0(J")' <:,<;O)d,
~uSl J:>J'.) (0) o<.C;.3 ~mG me<; ~ ~~W1z:il)cJ 0)3f:-wm (;))0Z5'1 Z3lc5§. 00 8wcc® 6W:f(S)5 0)) COZ5'
Gm <;':5'6, i5G )(6d iil8f G<;:fZlwZil'(jm1qZ5'. 103GWz:il cOZ5'o),)GW m(S)~2))w GZ5'ic"Z5'i
Qi<S2ClJt;z:ilW);:::<il' <;'G(l;l)5i5lJ
0)) :5' lLZl-&::il <~<.m:V :V:5'W.
(:JQh;,O)f 6<;(2))~ 6ClJf6V, ot;D<; 103Uwz:il t;<.CS2~6(02)) c;'<.§ Qi<S2z:il<.<;<.c!cZJit)e)Jm 6c.:l:fGlU i5lmt)wz:il ClU§2))
Q)Gm, 00 mo)5 60 8(2)) Qi<S2Z5f
8w '" c;'D(l;lui5l)Dwm o~c'b 103Dw 0@wJ 6DZ5l (2)))®<;G Cl<.& t;RlJ6<;2))
dG:sf, CClz:ilc!(2))w z:ilc5§. 6~ 6ofq)G mOJ Qi<S2ClJ(2))6d ~ ~ED2)) ~o')t5dz:ilmf:-w2))() 6<;)d c<.QJ®C O)i3GW()
8f0V. Qi<S2mC::5)0d o)t5dz:ilmGwu 6of1:\) OJWz:il tJ::5) D<.<;(0m® q<.J~::5mJOw 2))~ 8l<S2z:il<.<;<.c!CZil'
0)<.8c5B®C
010:f -:) )C2))W ti'l5®() Qi<S2ClJCz:ilWJ Oq) l0<.ti'lc.:lJG Dm ~;:)\c5, Ot;G<; 103GwZil' i5 0<"';0)) 8wp q'Gdd) cRlJ
0e;3
66dmb, Ot;u<; 0)3~wz:il 8J::5)) Qi<S2z:il<.<;<.c!t;Zil'&\l5lc5 6<;6V6c! ClB~) BJBG 251 ®Pm6c0 m:5i'Gc.:l mt52))w
::ilG w~c.:l<.3 W::5) ®:5'wZil' <; 0::3')fvV ClG§.. 103GwZil' 8(2))) 8l<S2z:il<.<;<.CCz:il:5'mDw <;<.2))(3')(15).:::)
G<.<;CSl:sf~Gm,
i5 ;:::ro~u :5)0)® z:il<.<;<.Ct; m:5'O <;,<.Eld86®m 0)) l5lG) 6Cl~(j®m ~<.§~2)) g§6c ~2)),)Slz:il')B Elc.:l O)<.z:il.
Qi<S2::;1v" ut5<..J) 0)) mz.850 OCJu <;'G-.,d1:..- 25"lc5Gl<.m®z;fo®&3m <;'<;')t; 01(2))®W CCl22)vc.:l:5l' 0c.:l~® (j~
(6-:) )",:5i' q::;1 :5'<.::5)25"l

oe;O):5f 6V. <;'C5 cDW~ Ot;25"l1 @cm6d <;'G(l;lb C)C2))@)c.:l cCl22)®c.:lZ5'i !::))t5w OJW25"lG
G;.J~v 0(,0)1 oC015 103G0d ~:::;)<5't5(S)<5'~00(0:fClJO(S)Wm 10') WLiilw JG o.
00) 6c;cnW Z5ll5l'Dwm wC6z;f i5D,)(jd

CW<5' 0<';251 Gm6Z5'i [5ElO O)i3G CCl1oCSlc.:l:51' cCl6w:1ml5l')Dw 8§@e; OC25"lJ
d<.~~ti'l. 4.3 0)) 4.4 0lCl~Gm El~w 108<.J CClJo(S)Wm6<il' ®)2)), i5DJ6d 0)6d~ B0CS® 00) [5[50 Gz:il)Ccl
B§vwc z:ilG ;Jq) ~Jz:ilJOW El<;l0) <;Zil'dil.
Ot; OJ® 0)3Gwz:il ClO)§m® 805 cCl)o(s)W Clq)6C CtCC 6101 ~56d CtCC D2)) ~l5lc5, 0)3DC!id c;'C!i2))Zil'
COZ3l)Ccl 0iVw 6<5' <5'RJ) ~<.Z5l. OJ®l2)))5C!iWm C!i®W ®Z5l 'fIOJG D<; DSZ5'i D<.G()2))) BCJ Bo<.8 D<.m o®O)cJ
<;'C3sG:5 6z:ilq)D::5) <:,l5l0, C!i~G) <f)l0,)ow() CSlm2))J ~~®&wm , <fi0 OC@ 6'\Cwm D<.&\ z:il8@m <;Zil'2))() C<.GQ).
60C,::5fO f:-t5m z:ilJC0d ~ Clq)C!ic! t;tc!C OCw 6Z5)~eJ® 0)') GZl)mD ;5)QJ® <; OJ®l2))15 6<;Wti'l.
8 Punchihewa, RWK (1986) Metric Hive: a new hive design for Apis cerana in Sri Lanka. Report submitted to 3rd steering committee
of the Apiculture Project, 1986 July, Sri Lanka Dept. of Agriculture, Peradeniya (Unpublished).
64
G@JGroj®c.:lzsi~[jGd CtG C30Z5'CJ0Z)) ~Z5)o, §lodti Z5)Q)~Clc;Q). e U(5) ~2l3d CtG0C ~CSG;) 6z;yq:-E3&
ule3?30 8E GU. E}",cs;f11l0c.:lm®
~e3c;d CtGC· c:uGm C3J~J <tl§ltlO C:c.:J~Olc.:Jl® arop3Gm ® Sf GU. ::):§)C3J
qJz))Z5)U820Z)) ~eJ3d CtS Ue)lv.l dSZ5) 3U.
03®m® md:5Z5':5l G<:.sa\S2&Z5l Z5)Z5\'uc.:lm

c.:100v.lOG®ro3m Z5)@J<;'l§l ~lU rol~t)UCO «<Sb;:» :;~1:5l l.'"llrol.'--
GUc.:Jm;51C31 ~lmc;u. C3®roO E}OZ5l3Uc.:lm roO <;,eJ3d CtGCzsi 5z))JCS;)t5lB®O mZ5)[,m3m 6d d.m::;i o6&'.
GUc.:Jm3mm <;'l§\UZ)) eUf~ GE:zsiDJ (l)l2S)®O eC3d' uts(l)Gd ~lU roJ Z))aZ)) ~lU <;'JOz:,3Z5lOe:lJ~z)) S0""
(>)')8Z5' Z5lG WLt5lc.:l·Z))ffilv.l,c;® mC3J <;,2lGd CtGC ;51liaJ~z)) @C ;51Z5)lmm®q;roE: c.:l:'5)~lZ5'. ~~W~ ~3' J
?3EP 5Z5lCac.:lz:;it..,.sa6c.:lmq1z))Z5)Z5)Cc.:lzSlmf.jv.l 8G®m§ Ql~J® @\!9&'c.:lzSlmC3tS <;,2l6d Cte G"))G3' ~C
rolZ5l.8G®m§l ~e3Gd CtS C')ro~JG3, g3c.:lj(i3Z5lroJ Z5ldau§lZ)) 5Z5ldac.:lzSl. 3Z5l3d' uG:sf, 80®mm qe30d
CtG QlO 015 5®v.l, ?3~(5J c.:Jl®O GroJ Ql0e;mZ))O WLzSla®v.l ;51C3J(l)&,")t.;JC3 oroJ ,.®t>JJ 0<J)Z))~ J0<V ~
®~ ~GroP0:s) «<§l 6U. 4.5 0ta6d 86 m§l Ql~J 6c.:lm C3J~") Ql02m ro3t..,c.:lO z;;)GO C"('.J:lCG:5l ~~ )OCG
~ oGm,5 ;51®8 Gz;;)c;G ~Cc.:l 3z))JOe;Z)) 6d' Oc.:l 6~JOPU 6UZ5)O <;'")Z))Z5)Uc,'lm ~e3::d C,CCd
GcmC:;J ~ ql§ c:'Z5)O0®2 C3·)tsOZ5lea3c.:l1<l3Z5)JUc.:lzsi
CflZ5).cz;;)6d ctdc eoo roi3u ~o~t.., C5Z5))Q)<:Gt,;:))
0d' 805mmc;c.:Jm Z5)z))1roJOZ5l1t..,Z))az;;)3C CtGCzsi C32Z5)roi3Uc.:lzsicpZJl®Ql0d §OZ)\ o{cGd ~zsiG J C"l3'.
(4.5.9. 0Z5l)()C3 cilC:::;1Z))).
qe50d CtCCZ5l ®Jz)), oc.:J®Z5'q;<l"l@:::;1Z5)QlZ))J q;roe; 3a()03d ®1z)) C3®(l) Q'2)0tC 8c.:J ~z;;) c.:J.qc
0®ro~ C3GZ5l)cilcZ)) roi3u3d c,':::;1Z5)ts(l)Z5)
<;,eJ3d CtG3G ®1z)) @@230 x 3@230 (230 mm
<;,rol'):::;1Z5)O
x 230mm)GZ)) <;'Z5)OOc.:l G~)Opt, G~C30 c,'JZ))Z5)3U. q;roe; Ga()0c.:l Z5'lQl® 8&0 <;,Ccd cldc G~:;
<;'lm oJ~t.., @@15 (rsmm) Z5l (l)z))Z5l®zSl:::;1pzsiZ5)uZ)) <;'Z5)O Oc.:l 8pa8:::;1 \3315 (t smrn) 6)Z))c~,
tgJ~B6c.:Jm (3~JOPU Cfl§l) @@ 30 (30 mm )zSlm~ ed'3U. <;,5Gd CtG3<! CPGO ZJl~C 3@40
(40mm )§,m~ q;~5ao Z5l~C @@25 (25mm )zSlm~ ed'Gu. cz;;)G @@15 (l5mm) CSlz))ZJl®~lG 02::;i
aJ<";) e(5\. G~JO()t.., oe;roJ @@I 0 x @@50 (lOmm x 50mm) eJuoc.:lzsi <;'lZ5'.
4.5.2.
e.:lJiV1Z))l')Gc.:Jm<f{roe;6eJu0c.:J ro3Uc.:lZ5l <;'l§l q;Z5)J®:sfUl~(l)v.l @c.:lJZ5lJB<;'o(l)c.:JU3rl0c.:Jm C3CZ5lZ"J)

ClGDJ.
9 COZ5l1GUG<:6'b 3 c3)02m c;m dtiJroJ5Z5l Z5ll~lGCZ5l q;roe; GZ5lJOO, 02 qm31ts CSl3'G:5l 50)l.<")
(l)@e..,Jt; C3®m® c:ots 8 (81 ) eJ®&' a5®Juzsi (l)mz))J <tZ5)O Z5ll~lS Z5)l~ Qlc3d Gro:J c;Qlz))6d 86'l'3®
q~u 02 u~ 5 v.l 9 v.l CfZ5)Og®J&'c.:lzsi qe)0G2 GU.
G® q~u <;'<l"ll')mZ5)O
®Jz)) @@230 x @@230 x @@150 (230mmx 230mmx 150mm) zsi~ 0<l"lc,vc'::X3c.:lzsi
a[,v.lZ))) 3@)3ro1' Z5)v.luc.:lmc.:103v.l g®J&'Uv.l 0U. 0®ul;51 q;roe; 3a()(3c.:lZ5l@@210 x @@140 (210mmx
140mm) OmJcv.luc.:JzSlm r.:1:sfu~ 8zsi C3e;roJ q;e)Z5le) CflZ5)·3®ul;51 q;<l"le;3G()Oc.:lZ5lQ q;<l"le;Z5llt;lCCd
721®Jl;IlZS2CUaJCz))c.:l Z5lE:GroJv.loi3m ~;51Z5)uZ)) Ql02mGG:f g®J&'c.:l q;<l"le;GeJ()Oc.:lc;®m roZ)\O<S2&'c.:lzs-l
5CS;)JCQ al&' Ga()(3 8oa®o Z5)O® Ot6ro'. oZ))® al&' Ga()0 8zsi §oa®o <;'03'1:5(l)roZ))c.:lz:;icQ))
(l)Z5)rolZ5l· e:::1 a5 3ro1 OJ~ de;a® oe;roJ @@9 (9mm) (l)l?d§l eoo -@5 (smrn) aGClm ?3<3z:;i~0zsi
tgJroe;3eJ()(30d C3.®~SJ c3)v.l§l3~Z5lZ5le.:lJ~J <;'lZ5)·
4.5.3.
e.:lC OJ~ roi3uc.:J c.:JZ)) Z))@m® roBU3d u~ Qll~® C3e;roJ OJ~ roJQZ5)J Z5l0 Cflm cilt.., ul0iJ; c.:JB.
Z))~v.l @ C oZ5lJ3Uau§lZ)) uv.l®m Z5)v.lUc.:l
c.:lOGv.l @ Ql02m roO u~ Qll~® C3e;roJ q;roe; ",a:.J~bO Ol~
C3leJ8® <;'Z5)l')ucs;)l')
Gz))JGu. G® oe;roJ e~ 00 roJeJZ5)Gc.:Jmut)Jv.l UJ8 0lCGd'.
65
Cd :::5)10 0<;:::5)::;$
[;(5)C t:l?(5)) (5))tJ::5)) :::5)~
(5)1:::5)
c5~ 6~t)2S) 63@~

~" •••• zs (c::if i!>1::D::fl:O.;)
'l'):»:$Jc.s::if 8I13CJ:»(jjc
~:Ol!» 'l'l::fl)
1.00.50.25
\Sl 25
@(5)<; (§C5u8c:; (5)) t:lC 8}w;:55c:;
.• 230x 230 239.6.6
~~W1
230.30.15
C515J0cfClcfc
0<;J0::J ("!("(~
!i>i$)VW
0<;JO.::).::)~X10 ~~===~==;;=~ -=------ qeJ0c.1 c!cfC

::'30
~15 (0<;)6gv 0<;t:l0 qJ25)zfjc:;zs)
~25 8(25)0d t:lzs)t:lJ qlZ5J)
E (::°w,Jc.;O rDlC!5l-..C ;;:;'7,m .::It;t:l OJ3vc:J1?3J 88e CC5:Jow. OJ30 ::iJ0<1W251",,@ @@ 12 80 @@

1.5 <;Wl':-J (12mm -15mm) QSt:l <:Jot; 0vme:j 8(.3 OJl"". 05/5/ 6tC5t:lOC!)(5Z;; OJ30 i5J0e; Cl)mz;s)@)
~~ 1.5 :"'~'1'-_:?5l :'::CI?3JJ <'7.:5). (C50@J60-..CI?3JU Gm)GlJ. 8:.:J{J @@ @8 D(5 {jam.)
66
3 ·-~~::I :
:...-24~:
;V,O ~i";,O~.!
<,
,,$"-
"-
4.4 0t0c.:l c?) aDc.lZl) ill c:JOO c:Jz€ii; 6J§[JZl) @ 6la c:JUOO25J. §jGZl)1<!fiJJZSJJ6{Jw fiJp{!ij <;J6(:Jt5Jw qz::;)5J
H [JC; mc.lJ@Zl)c.lw [J@Gc.lW ;fijc.lJZl)6251J (; ai5c.ltsf (tiJp C;J6c.ltsf), cf] a8GcS d5 aZw5Ju
c:J@i5J25iD ZSJ6 (fz5J. (a8@J<!fiJ(:JZl)u G251Jw. Bc.l6 @@ @8@ut5 [J8m.)
67
C?:: ,-,t;J-~ :';;)02 dG)Lt)0u~::;)JI BBtJCZ5)::sf jJ;:Jvd §;jQ:5'l ~d v~~ 3z))):5'Z512. U).Jv?;;) (!.I C~:5'6,-,-..J::n
U((....:. ~)l~..:,..:.. :3~::;i \;IJ::;{zn) @02251 eJw 5CD(jOZS{ vt;:Jac.~ tJS11e ~j2. ZJJ§s' ::h~c;v0~ea
(::J(3' (!:::J5'J v~;;;"v) 0315 (!5mm) aii)~ fOZSl~ c, uC;c.:JZlle.;f0015'1 8;s;)·)e 6'l5® mu:5') <;®3. v(~0d
c>e.6, q::7i5'tJ (,0:5'EJS'e§;m@ o®<:J:Od'0I~ £i\c;Qlm u~ 0ZSl)0d aI£i\ ~dZ5'Oc.:JC;dG) ~z:;)ZSlj3. C;®c.:JUeJl
-:Jj~ CI& ,,'"de:,) al",wJ vIe3~j ;s;)d£i\c.:J~ G<;c.:J0 eQ)1~3 a<",;w) ZSlO<:J:OeQ);..3. a)61::;).J~c.:Jm
~G'1(-(jlJv~ ~(£ v~...Jd 5)5!5f36Jw t5)G8() tflr01@/ 9:5'1-0251:3 c..,~ Z?ljr~d ~~ ;)G2::7f V<"c....3 61..0vG
OG:355 O,~W) ("'))'::;:5') ~J ~Iz;16:51':h:d) od aI!5\'Z5'd a®~z:;) u2)) S':5'j S',,2))~ ~m cI:5I':5'O
:5i<;w::Jv S'z£i\ o)v3. ~0 S'mu Q)02m G<; dI~®C (..'))8Z5'1 ZSlOmGm ch60e) Cc., (!:d:5'oc.:J c-::;;<e105.
Oc..,$U::;f ,,2)))v j)®v::', aJc;m G<;c;d ccB® g®')~c.:J 01®C;e) e.;<; ~)I~® a<;on acc.:J) S'I£i\ q;c.,
:;.., )<J:i~c.:J:5f70% - 75% <:,5'0 ~e). cb~ud ~G uC; Q)I~~ at~Wl aac.:J) <:,('3\ Ci?c.,g-::;;)<:Q,c.:J 33210
x '::;2140 (210mm xl40mm) ::;f uu:5l' Oc.:J :s::!G a1<;2)) €;(l:l)G:5'5 v~c.:J v,,))~wj GC~ '::;'::;180 x 33120
(!80mmx 120mm) co<:J:o "e) . ..;33 B5d:><:J:O uem aIwI~e u2)) vIC;CD!5\':::;)jI<f>d ::;)0 Q}02:sf '?(wr;
:J ).Jv2..' ~(,::;:3 (!:dZ5':J 0~ZSl5l' -.J0 (!:dZ5'jc.:J15'1,Z5'Uf0015'1 ::.,c;c.:J
5cme ;5)5-..) vedu2)) casu 5d u;S;)0c.:Jm
:3e:::;)) ~I5, ~U3. 0®® C:OZSlC::02))c.:J Gc.,)15'1 BUlO~ w3 60§, wmcom (5)(;) ve W) c""' ClJue
v<; 'Clz~5 Hi C5(00c.:J::51~dv) <:'I§\ oB~ a a::51C;:5'):si6?:ilU B5di3<e1Oc.:Jtile 80 c.:J. 0@ :5ia) Q)02::51
o
c,')~ vc, ---)e~v Or;W) Cc.,c::: aIc~ CO oro o)~m) GC;c.:J e:lJ:.:n2))..>vc.:J:'O'3C210 x 33130 (210mmx
1:30mm) C..,~ ",e) 0:'0'0 '1ie)0C1(:;01:::;"~ Gw WC5 €;SlleZll® uC;3d :;5,<:Q,~c.:J::51(om0 03210 x
33140?;;) vc,...;d) 9:3% co<:J:O u2)) S'!3'0, Cc., c:::wz" aJ®)m.JGc.:Jm Q)~2))) 8(9,leZ5'® v<;;.;d g510liucJz;-J
(6::;)0, 30210 x 36135) 96% 0®0li c;e). a@®Z5'c.:Jd O;S;)c;c.:JmOZSl® Z5'5I'uc.:J:!TI c.:J00Z))(c., OJc.:JUl d~m
vc,"';2..-f j )-..)v:?Jl "J~::;) v<,;w?;;)O uc.,) 120% :51' 125% ~Z5l0 9®1~~£)W (;;S;»)e ~e) (4.6 j(~cJ).
:,.:..,):>' G ....
-:)<.:;: 2...r~ '7,)0)(-( ,,-,,::!J:>.::.3 mQ)(j6::i ~l§; eJz:;;} L/)8~:::;j25) I 0~~ G~ ;::;05:::'0:::51 G~ ~l& ;,;,w':;:3c.:,e
wed:, J)"') ~t~W) (..1)G:')Il zS'i53C w[zS'i c53. C,,", CJ3.;! Q)If. od uc,c.:Ji?!::;l'0I& 6)® 0<C?;;);;;"O S'VS15 G<;
gU)Q;ic.:J ~W~0GmO 5z08w wIBlw. 0I&' B:1o)c,m~ GeJ)z)) aoGc.;)mJ15'1elz:JlG OJ) ~c.:J0li z:Jlti®lm!3'c.:Jd
:-;.nv;...:~ 2..,jm e~)2)) oOue G®m, § eoZ5))Ge) ~ S'00 U(~ <:,m§\v10@ e:>ll0"lZ5' uZD1WI:?Jl.c.:J0eJz:;)u<;
~:J\5;:..,).:53 S:::tc )({:5)v3 B55C c:sfCY)O) Z5)(:: ~ 0;..:; 0Q)1~01j~?le(Jd L'1) ,.:J~ezs) vl~vm ~tJ5'vY>c...;wu2;J
~e·8",'::'::;'IJ cz& 0"l0)c." 6'l5& ar;wl <;,~m C<c ue0 Gc.,1 ~O~ vc;ueC 21<.'22)) uIe:, <;'Ic::§z,i <;dU2))
dv .J(:')I~ ("':::l0[<:Q,::J~53di3~uem i.'!;dc;; 3 S'I!3'. G' z:Jl0I~ S'<;;)u vc.,l:51' g.:.:...;idm GW031 §\(jo)::;) G<';
OJ JGZJ"cJ6 u::;'l S':5'0, eJu) uc.,)15'1~[a c;e). o00liuC; cDJ5Z5lc.:J
8~QI<"';5.2 0ZSl)C0d a(;dZ5l01m~z:;)u at~wm
:"Jj ~z:5'.
~-....I::..')j ~_ ';;w(-( j)-.Jv ~c ~I~ G((~:d Lw)3i' q16:5!5'v ~(5"l-a 8Z3'~ ~l!)'l. CD3v(.3 rol8j~3@~ 8£\'....:5)
9m(v~ 8c,') k-~G')) :3~:",,3~ j ).5ud ~G de? v<';c.:Jd uc.,J15'1~10258Z5'c.;,c:'I§i ~Z5'0, OUI:5l U<";c.:JZ5l
OW5Gum
c.3C(!:dZ5lC5cJ;bC 3:::':5> 0d 0ZSlem q'Z5'0 Q)® Z5lIQ)wwIBl~. mi;Vm c<;:)aJc.:JZSl~I2. e.;c,c.:Jd ai® Z5lz@®O
:5>0 8"'; cc., <:':')10OJJv) cc.,oJc.:J Q)®O 8Jmc;d Z5'IQ)wc.:J~~. GZSlc;dm~m (b@)De 0WJ c{:JaJtle QlI~GC;
cL :')Iz0JJ.,~ ",/.5,v::;'l ~V""".)!3')VC.3~Z5')6m ~C::O dG ~a 8G(S)Z5';'::~u ~I!5'· <f)wf; ZSlIC;IC::0eZif q;Wf"(GC; q;t:-15'1
zS'i5.J~ ~vSl.)v::;-, 62..,5 ~vd::))u I.S)~Jtlla ZSl03 G~~® ;:ie). m®m l.S)~lula ZSl00 0a~(j8~<"; :')Ium q;wf;
,,:::;::::::...;:;) S'vSl.) :7,:::;) :-c. ;);i, :')II6JG0 gsl'2))c.:J 588GOz:Jl:5l' c;I§\ (:)2)))(:)e).
:::;2)mj 2-.:,2." v(,"';::", 3::5)) ?JG2::51'?(Uz;1::510CD(S\®O Q)02 O)eZSl~lWO ~u;s;»)5G~ S'IZ5l.0®c.:Jawac;u::51®

~c t'"\:""',-,2;.,j (CJ (~~""'-' G'Jz:J:'"c~ :J: w~Gd, GG..ia:Jc::d 6zs) 0Z:7)):5)d 0~J6Cv ~!S0 (..'}c;) 6(.3, eJf5j dxJ)v®m
(5.8 J(w-":; ~)e::;)::;)).
,&W,~ ,-,00:"'; c.3(~W) (c., c::: (,.'"llG:')I)2:l,02))UJ<";

O,® WJQZ5'l ZSlOmG,<";c.:Jmm 9<;CDSZSl0IBw ®Z5lor;' oe.;£5jm
<:,5':J, :S:bZ:::lv...;:s1d O)® c:c.,::JJ GeO U;)J @e ~CJtil O~ S'IZ5'· C;ZSl0dC;DZ5lz;1@e ~<;:)G~ oJ w'J8z;-,c;c.:Jm
68
......
.:..:"\) .....::. ...• {- J:..,"\J-' •..••.•... (.:-.....,"""'" L,L -;:'J~ ::-~C ..:..::~..,
"' (::.........,J.
( ).:..."):..,.... •• :..,....•( :..:.0:..,..... (-../( C;) '::::,1 '» z: ':"'""'c :::61':""""'
(~J':'".....• :3 .:...:..,":..
((:""'Iv J (~ --.. C(l. '::~_L ():..')JJ ...•...
.:...
...•••
--.:'")(~ •....•
.:.........•.•.
--.. :';,\ ..•.•
,
":"::v'"" ..K...,'Iv../::"- '"".I( ~ ..:....C;....:: :; t..'l J .: c .:5:...-

5 .....--;). -=: -;(,,].:;'1 ':.?~<;)5....;::...., (; .....L.., .,:.,C;
--
:-J{(~.../0 .....,.::c •... I..- •••• .::...."J -
.:;"1":"::J. ~~ <;J...)",,::w,
/
::;(.:.:-.3....;."';;-':-"'1 vC;"":: '-")l~"':;,] e )--Jv[..'J'z"'J

c-z.is.: Jv :;Jv":"-:;-"":" -:;-.....•z...,5 ..,:-""'\
cnz::""J.
rvC] =..i)(<;(C:'C.:.il ':"!..,'v ~':''Iv''''::;:;:'-l C01

7J1[?(:,.;::-':....::z..., C{») :)J0:.....Z.:J --9;-:.:;"1) CC;
zz.: v..;]..;,:;:;· CJ(E' ;,--mc; ':'c; ~C;t..I)Wl
.:.--{.:::.
.....
3 ::;"';;-j.;:;l.i....:::;-. '=';51 6cii::....::S.::;"'l
.::..:..::.:.-. (~ -.:;2"":::;;1 '-');=:.::;"'l) .:...(~ ::...::...)~-,
~ ....
:"qC' ':'-':"''1 (-U::J'!5 .:,-..:/.::....~~J .:;..;] ~.::..:.::"
=-:, 3.i 5Jj:""'<,::~ ..:..::(.:;3...,3~:..(.: .: )5....:::..'1
69
GlnCl(")0.(lxo.~4Cl~(")8~~Cl ..{'b G Go 6 n Gl
Cl Q1J G ~ ~ cO: 01 c rc 1.S [j ~
r-' <ill @j) Ci'J u @J U, (b) @J "'Ut" ~CiJ
"'Ut" 0: 0(\l ~(") t)
0(") """"" e: 0@ c '" "@ ~ 1D """"".B t) (") ~ ~ @;J G
CiJ U U (") Q,.l e Ci'J (c1 0: u
(l '" U ilYO:GGo ilYst OilY
9E' [)j 8 Ut
~ St C'lJ e; U fl\ u fl\ "'" ~G'CJ e:
J c G cc1: Cpt) 3 c 0: 8'cCl 0::;;@J"G)3 G u ~~ ~ic9
Cl]-£D "" st ~ 0. C"Al G @,t) G "" Q1J
52 o CJJ 0 e: "'I! C"J 3 n: @J '@J @J r-' BI ~ 0. 3 q "'"il ~
~ 2l G ~ ra G ~ ', "'"
t:i'"'lI6 t;) !J
G 8D [:i1 CUt) CiJ 0 >~Gl~ ,w""" @J 0 ~ .8 G
erst .,; n: ~ ,A:) 8 OJ @J:;:0' C) ~"'" ' C' A ilY01 @JJq x Cl Q,.'01Go ~ G
~ st st G a ~~ G t)
t:J C"j ~ '-; E~ @ st ('J, ,9 G e: iJ\C') G "" (3 "" G 0..0 :I'" G CJ
~CPo. ~ ,!J ~Jc9 vo~ GlGlg @JG G"", '" o@1g' t) ~2' G ~ Q; 0:
~ @J ,U @J fC', (") ~ 8 [)j.)
,g & '8 8 "" C\ st C G~ @J"8 "'lI c9c9 Q !!JJ 0. ~r-'
G r€l '@J CiJ U j;) o 0: :;;; @n 3 ~ [;J
(?] IC'; (,1 01 @ 8 Cl G ~- :I'" 9t
(3 C) "'lI .r» ,,{',1
C' N It Cl "" ("oJ CiJ ~ r-' 3 "'lI ~ C('IJ
(,l,U,C'::; ",,0 13Y~'" G r-' "'lI 3 Q CJ ~ G;
'8 ~r"I)CiJ C Cl
(" !t s t) & ~ OJ ""@J C;l ~ ~ ; Jj C') ~ x G C1I .r» ~ . 9t
,g (" Q: r-' "" "" st U N cc o G ~
G 0. C~
e;J ([', n: uCJ>~@J~lta It C»~""'O~O: CJJ . ,,- @ u
ra.r;':m [)jCJC'@Jo. ~o. Go. 0.
a{J'; @
[;J
~~ C) 0: ,C'J ",0 ~ ~ ~ 0: ('1
0. d "" "" -:» o 0. '" Ql @) o 0 U (?] 3 CJ C'''' C [) f;
~(")r€l C) ~ t) Cl ,~e;Jo'@J@J @Ja" ~cn@)CiJ 3 G:
B
~ CiJ (3 .r» 0
9OJr-' 0. (> 0 Gl'O: G C'" '" G> U G C (0
r",e: ttt) c:(" '-'< -'" ~
'" ~ ()"J "" ) .r» '" '" U coe ~ N @ (') (' 8. C' fl\
@J Gl "'lI "'I! ~ @J ~"'" \JaG t:J 0.,9 ilG ~t;) Gl::lo ('1
rnC'J) u ~ t)
~~ ~ C) 9
0.
Cl
r-' Gl 8-.,1:)G ~C)~~"'"il Go """S~r"I: (')~CP8 fl\ -f'd It -'" Cf1> ~~ g
0' u .r» u
~ (3 "",,0: u ( @J '" .r, @J c S ~ ilY (", (3 0?) '" ' OJ C' G co @l ()) ~ ,§J
'3 r€l Gl'" o 13'1' 0 8 £icp~
(")
a o~, C'j~st-f'd G (")Ci'J I:> !t,,01~u P~~~-Dl
. C» Gl GI 0: G g (;;J ~
c 0. '" U u G ~
c» u C\ CPc) st01s 6 ~ c;(") "~ f.) G ~ Cl ~ (') "~ ~) ~"~ [
Gl [1:" U (')(,,&[)j(3't)~;o.Ci'luG o.G
e: cG Q C "'I!
("J ~ @ t) ~ 9
@J G CiJ (l C"J 0JJ e: 0."- 6 (;1)...) C: C'J ~ ~ t>
0: '" o.u G 0.
Gl >" "'" N ?C') C"J "" @J N,,{'il l} '.oj''@) .o @J G allJ.~
&~r
"" U
& cp~) stOJ
@JCiJ
&J aG::; cou@;J::;@)"'~ CP c '"
It 8D (3 ~ [t u nCJ)r-'Sn-Dl(')~t)@JJ~ ~t)p.O)~ 81) 9 ~ n: st""" "'I!
8.i1l t)
t) c ~ "" e: t) '" (") . E",,~),,{', <31 OJ r€l c t)
~ rril Gl (> (?] u,o: [)j
.rD ~ (?oJ 8i5 @;J ~..Nl G C'J • "~C" (") @J e: ~
~ Jj c~ o- G (i, (") }
e; @J c ~ @) @J ('}'" c<P 3 @JJ~ u @J,9 @J t)
--..J »rr. ('y CJ (") ~ ~ C)I o g (3 ~
u ('1 Gl ra ~ 3 "" VO C' (;; """ G. .!<l P) u OJ o It ('''
o U (dJl CD 0""
a s 0) [)j ~ ('~ @J 8 o~
o(b).r: 13'1 ilYG @J"'I!
,.9- u, 8 (3 Go @J t) ,g 8
g 0: ®l (;11 CP GC'I''''''st "03uG~C"(1)~g U o @) (') G
~ @J G @J ~ x 3 CJ C" S ,,(';,"g Go 0. (,,, '("1
01 2l ~ 1i \(") G
cpo. C3~ (") 9 S'J e; 0: 8 G' U ,,(',
Jj 0) ~ . ® C'" -f'd ~ 6 S '.0 C '" @J c- U E' u t) [;J...;
, , cC U u "'I! st
sto. 8D r-' 0) Gl CJ j;) ci &J @J ('1 'G
'6: t) CJ n: rn g) 8,) C"J o ~ c;;~ C o, @J
CP C~ @J
G': Gl u 9 u G 81) &J1 a"" ['JJ~,,{'Do.~CPC:)N ~ S@lJ""'4 9 8
0. "@) u Gl Ci'l &J
@J C) ~ ~OJ(") c[ ,~, ~,,('D Gl ~"'I! 0 CP ~) ~) b t) ~ co: [3 .r»; S v t) [)j~ o
@) .r» t))
st G C [ § N r/sr8 G C')8~eJ'C')[)j~ &J),I:> ~ .@ c
(,) 0) .r, ::; '" N N ij ""
0. G
@J @J 0) ". "'" ')' 'iJ\ a; ::; NO' n) (,1 "" r-'(") (b'@J'''C'J(c1
(,,, ~::lo ~1 s -;»
I~ C"D 0> <V J. ""'c;'" [)j0.2l t) Q,.J t) o eJ
Cl Q: @J 0,", 9 ~ 8D QI J G [)j (")
(c1J u ~,9 & [)j CD~ g' 3',9 t) Go It c 0.::0" 0. -f'J
r-' st ~ ro §
,.S') g, "'I! 0. (")
..Nl~ e)~ (c1J0.~0.3"""G1cp'[;~) C@J 'f;
~ o r-' &J ; CiJ c [) C'Jl"'1) @J 13Y u r", N ~'"il u 0.
(;1J '0 01 -f'd
t> 81) it) ~ (('J .o (,' 0. 0: @J C" c> X Go G r-' b o, G"" 1:1
, Gl c@J S3 'G ~ (J
::;J 01 c Cp gCO~".r;'t) aO@JE~c'''''8 !t ("J U 9
0: C"ll e:
a @) r-' C'el r-' 0 <> sv G 8 01 ~ (,')
g; c» "" , '" @;J '"C") Co G C' ("c u
C'J (') [)j CIS C\~ ~@;J3 CJ~(b, C.r,rY ~ @ @; \)"
ra @ t) .c. C s
0) C' u 0) GI~U::') (1iJ 3G (Pr-'~""""",,,,,
90. (') ~
~,..} (,lc"""@Ju",,,,, ,'Gu"""c9ilV VO st ~ 8 C
A G G, CiJ -f'd Cl n, ,..r, (CJ
8'\ C3 a @J 8GlC"·",_~u"CC'iJ'\'8 GlO c[:))
@J~ Gl ,t) @)"~) r-' Cpr-' CJ 0 (,1 g (').: C '1) ~; X f; OJ c Gl
01 (?] OJ Cl! t))
g [)j1 (')J.'" x Cpr-' CJ ",,".r,", v t:J c st ,21 C
J~ ai; CJ 0: (", ~ "y\ CO,.('J E' (,1 ,.r0 . Q,) G C' 0. C () [)j @ G -.)
@ C" C
r-' '" t)~ Cl G!"
,,{',
it
(' ,t) (' """ a G .'
1'3 'f; CJ @.J @ C 0) "": "i. ~ ("I. @ ~Jj 'J @ t)
ilY C\
G ({'J (' G
r- Q SJ a p "" (;; "" GW (') C' [, '@) cr [p "") "" ,3T g
'[;,2f () (~ (n [, Cfl G) ~" 13'1 ~ g; o.§J ;J G [)j.) ~ Q .~ ~ g E., w(" -f's
f:31,g ~ u
y rt"J ( (J C' G, '" r-' N' c' H ~C;; C ~~
a (('I ~ c' 'r, Y li,[) C\~g ""e:::log 8! G N x G C' S
~" 9 C'I' ~ CD f.L ", C'J ~ ""'0 ~ '[; n: r-', t) 3 ::lo (':\l G C': Gl
G ""il afl\
'00 (,) ( S'i (') .. C'J C" - u~ OJ "" rOJ "'" S
Q,.J G
G (?) 0.
'" G
a C' U "'I!
S o G EO U C' 0 (J
,! G. . e:) >', ~G ~ ~"" "? "f' ~
C" CJ ~ t) [:) "" f' ,1-) 0L lj',r, 3r-:. ~\l:J ~@J@Jt) C";J~ 0. t) s: ,S C C!J
'l t), ,ll c CI ~')
~i ~\ <J, Y LA £\1 (. 3 £\10' (\ t) 9" (') bi :0 '" C"; G G sttt
(;,'"lIee) c.'Jt@ ()IGldB U Z5)~ (53' :;,;tJaI§l 0)Z5l00 C<,;c.'Jeo)J~z;1 0~Q)z;10 B §lab ~Zilc.'J.c,;ZSlLOc,;vZ5)5I'
0I~ C!>ouJc.'JO 0Ia~ G~Ot ryO)e; C<';Gd 25)<';0)0GZSlJUO q'~Ota ~O'Z5l0 tlcu O~Q)z;1C zSl5G~~ d<Qz;1
6c.'J aI~ 25)O'oJo~e~ tlZ5) Gdz;1sJaoJ5 Q)Cal®u @lGOJz;:fZil ~@() Z5l0~ q'tlCSdJ5CSdd§c.'Jd <'1'I§ GO'
Z5)Z5)z;1Gz;1Z5)IZ5l.0@t,I25) q'tlO'dJve~ tlI5 CSdd§c.'J oe;o)J tl<,; q'z;:f§ltlJo@ ZilGu 81i3z;1 6eJo) ZSl~@ 61ctn
c:'I:5' "ZSl~@:§3ro31t,<,; q'z;:f§t,JO~" O)Je)Z5lJZSlG~Ziltl q'IZ5l.Z5)~z;:fOJ@JZ5)l5t;<,; q'z;:f§lt;Jo~ aDJ oC:lc.'JJ(S)Im®
q'c:JC0o c:'C:l000 G@c.'J CC)Jz;:f <'1'C:lC0e
ZSlJt5c.'Jc.'Jdt;~ q'IZ5l.
G~ ZSlOI~ c:'Z5)CU5Z5l@JZ5)Z5l15l'vc.'J
c.'JOGz;:ft;C)Jz;:f Pfe t;z;16z;1 ryO)e; GaUu0c.'Jz;1 CI(6)Z5) 0~OIv<,; ®<:;z,-1
~e ..()~ aI~v<,; OCZSlJ O)(3t;Gd q'<';J(~q'0(S)c.'Jz;1<,;
OJp ae;o)J ry~OJ® Imt3Z5ld3. 0~ GClJlStz;1 (50 (S)ICGC:lZ5)
q'c.'J0I 0Ie00 Z5)Oq'IZ5l·
0®c.')0 CUZ5) 6d (s)~lCJoc.'Jd oe;o)J 6d aI~ Gauc:bd Go)J aI~ GauD G<';Z5)d9@J~tlZ5bI8 @Z5)c.'Jd
c:'(5\. q'vCSdl5C:lI~ GauB (S)~Z5) §O~c.'J zSlB Qle;,>aJCZ5) Z5lz;:ft;c.'J Z5l§O~c.'J t;z;1Z5)zSl.Z5)~z;:fq't50t.,z;:f
c:JI~ 25)3C:lJ<:;Z5)c.'Jd
OC;o)J q'.:J CCSd0c.'Jz;1
a7.~GC:lUD G<';Z5)dCz;:f6d (s)~JvJOc.'JZ5)O §Qlc.'J2~c.'J. (s)~Jv10c.'Jd
gCSdO'Z5l
mBoBZ5) Z5l1.5l't;c.'Jz;1
c.'JUGcl (0)J~z;1 aJCZ5)c.'J Z5)6~ Z5)~ ryO)e;eauOc.'J G@z;1Zilz;1(0)J C0i5l0 G2~c.'Jd
CCSdJe aI~ 00UO g@J~c.'Jd 0)8tlGd Z5lQ)J(s)Z5l O)I::il (6Z5)~ a7.~ 6auB 6 d Go)J 8 d). G@tlI25) DCSdlC
(s)~lvJoiilz;1 0I~e..noc.'J ZilG~ Gme; q'O'Clz;1Z5)d CQ)J(s)Z5)O)IzSlq'Z5l0, GQ)JGo)J 50 G@c.'J z5)GCj~l0 10
(I0kg) 0 u .. n vIa Cc.'J O)I§)c.'J·6G@z;1@8c.'Ji3@ aI~ OJ~ tl<,;[)~z;1 aB8t5~ Z5)OZ5l7.Ql@
ryZ5lJ@z;:f
tJI<,;(S)z;:f
GtJ. 4.8 tlZ5) 0tOGc.'Jz;1 8c.'J~ a7.~ OJ~ [)<'; tl~z;1 aB8t5~ Q 07.~tl<,; (b~ 7 d 01i3Z5l07.~ GauD 0))
ryW(~0oi)(Jed e.:J ODt;<,; 8 zSlz;1O@z;1DZ5l,8c.'Jce 8le;,>z;108z;1 tlOJ G(s)Z5)q'7.§l (s)~JtlJoc.'Jd GmTIZ5)
::ilo3.
4.5.6.
e~ CtCC c.'JZ5)O)(3C(S)Z5l Z5)7.<';ICCZ5) ryO)G 8®J[) Z5lZ5lIQ)®Oe;WJ emOZ5lJ Z5)OZ5) [)JZ5lJ\:9 8f~ zSlli3ac.'Jd
<'1'(i3Ia7.317.C w8c eaJo(S)c.'JzSl. (4.3 0lac.'J). oc eaJo(s)c.'Jd t;Z5) e@c.'J'3l0)e; GauDGd ~fGz;1 8u ryO)~m@
c:'(§1 q'z;1§l@ 07.~ 0auDGd ~E,Z5) <,;dtlJ WZ5)l@O'dJZ5)c.'JZ5)Z5)7.<';7.CGC g@J~c.'J q'1(l[) Z5l7.81c.'J
w7.Z5).apt;
alwI~a Z5)OZ5)CQ)Z5)(S)WZ5)aJCZ5)e~, e~ ClCC, oc 8lz;:f§lc.'J0®61z;1 Z5)I<';ICGC9®J~c.'J aJCZ5)c.'J zSlB®
oc;em c:nCZ5)J Z5)G WIZ5)· e.:J etCC o)JOZ5lec.'Jz;1Z5)I<';Icec 9@J~c.'J aJCZ5)c.'J zSlB 5 tlZ5) C:l5uG&<';Gd
ot;OZ5)Ov C;dvJ q'Ii5l·
4.5.7. Dene,
ec.., etCGcz;1, de;,> Z5)IC;ICCOov2Z5l Z5)OZ5)JZ5)~z;:f6c.'JU w~

6~Gc.'Jm O)J ClO'Gom Z5lt; fOOz;:f q'JO~J[)
c:'vCSd:5c.'J. GtJ. O)(3[)ed tlo)Cc.'J ~ tl~m OJC;J(s)Z5lO)IzSlq'Z5l0 6c.:l q'tJt;7.8 <'1'J~ec.'Jz;1
6£)01 vO)ec.:ld c:'Z5ll5CCSdJ5
c:')O~) Z5)O(S)Im® oe;o)J Z5lJOGZ5)JCc.'JzSlz;1 q'JO'Z5l0Z5)c.'J
Z5)G~Z5). e®tlI25) [)O)Cd 0l eO)Z5)Z5)JCc.'Jz,-1aJOtJo
::illS ~::il. 60®z;1@) c,;~ oe;o)J 0) Z5)l5ec.:lm25)e[)O' GOo~zSlB@u (S)z;1Z5)J8~O'p ~D eel C; o)JCZ5lJ Z5)G
C0(~:).3&CO 1SJ3v vO)e o<';o)J vZ5) 5c.'JC; eQ)Jeo)J fOO q'~Z5)O (s)Z5l~Z5). c.:lG@d 0)(3t; vO)C oe;o)J eel
c-1)t;3'1 ZC'lOZ5)c)Z5)~, eel Z5lIdc.'J :;Jz;:fez;:f6d a7.z;:fZ5lZ5)U
q'JZ5)Z5ltlZ5)GO'c.:l.G@® q'JZ5)§lc.'J9®J~[)z;:f
GZ5)l~CGo),)cl i5l<';tlI8 q'I§lGtlZ5) CU~, eel Z5)IU GC;Z5)d6Z5)() Z5lIQ)G~~q'§l81i3Z5lUZ5)ace eZilOJ c.'Jle®z;1
<'1'(~GO ~ec.'J Z5)Jz;1f B e.:J Ccce ~OJ 5Z5)JCSdB@O rye;) q'IZ5l. e~ oe;o)J ?ft? ~ OJ~[)d, eel de;B®
O<";W) [''))2::5'1 Z5)<SO)Iz5)c.'J·4.9 0taGd Gamt;J q'I§l <'1'2~ eel OJ~[) OJC;J <'1'I5I'ez;:fc;,
'!3 @)Z5)Z5lQ)Z5)eel
::ilIO of a c:')Z5)Z5)c.:lZ5)0
81i30Z5) q'e5£i.
e~ Cc..,J3" C10) q'Z5)OGQ)J(~o)JZ5)Cd aJ5tJ5 Z5)G wlzSl ~[)z;:f, e:Y[)JZ5lJOeZ5)JCq'IC~ <';IC [)o)Cc.'JZ5)Otle;)J
::-)5:5)'vI2.v:5l '1'3'0 @Ge;Z5)o~c.'J·
71
4.8 0t0c:l' ZSJ,<,;,c'C 009t5&coc,nrl2) Q)"2m'(f,,:msf 813 c",iiJ c-':5JO,
~em; coeJo8co..:J t,C; 8 Bm' ~d c.c.JoO 8 es! <';, 0,8
coeJo8c.:J1:il V<,; ofi3:5J CJ,8 (72) 7 es! < (f,iiJ w[3uc.:Jd
72
4.100t0cJ: § Ccz;:» ....t) -=D"2 .:5Jc;:;-'I""; .:.:!c;mJ C5J1'::"'-:JlJ z..}G coca to3.:..-~.:::;'!~ro~~ .::5ZJ")JC:.:',
Cl...,::;10 c::::.o:5-c;;j OJJ C:::'Z;)J.:5z..} v-3.:....cc . .:..-.5 (~roc): t"JCDJ:) ~r:5), c~.5t::J~,
:5.:5:::;, z.,?.:..,.:.-. z.;?':"') 56..:; OJ) :Y':"J...:!z;). .:.-3 (~OJG) :::.z:: c~ z.,'l0 ~<;z."z."
CD) (;e~ :J'tlfi)...,; =:;(;0)) eJJC:5'J z;"):)n vroc :5J":';':". 0<;: C!:.J c(cic CD) :;t:o;,J;....J.:::;'!'
::3z§; :5J..)':"-ZJ-) ~..5(S) <:'l5' :5l-liv ~[5:::~ 6 Z,,"). <;~~ (:;ro(;): ~':"01;i)~
0dtiS.::J Jo.:JJ5 .::JlEv 5:1:: )5z."..:; <;z.;?<:<V(.::JOlGr c:'-' ~::...:!z.,-1. c'-' C5:: 8 z.,-,
~Bt)l 9'-0("; ;1;):J0J....J, Cfa~x:fClee, ::jC Qj.!)l5'...J t5JJ :5.3:::1 z....., •... z: JC"c; (2..,-'...;..:::'J0
3'101":'-':").
73
4.5.8.
G®G3 GC;')6c;G c;'U$)O Z5l6@zs-i 5\0);:;)') z5)G3§5\ 9®J~(;)§zs-i (;)m 8f0. ais)Z» ~zS'\ 6eiOJ 5\OJtJGil. 0.;.;)9 8cj<.
~§zs-i 8C;5\C; OJ) c;'<.~G!>'C &k:: OJ<.z.,iGz.,i60GZ5l @es;>Z5)C;
C3®&'. 8f6t5 9®)~(;) aIeao Z5lj <"l§. (";:;-ic;-vC,
C6GO 9®1~(;) U..,) C'-'llCQ
GOC?;;)) @es;>Z5)C; C30)0Izs-ic; 0:)') d815l(;)c; 6<-3 ~§:.:;f(;)) ~:5lJWI?;;). 3<:",-::) ::;)~::J'
cC3 z5)t5~<-3 Z5l0Z5) (6)Z5)';:,;z;l' GOc?;;)) <f)OJf; 2:j?30(;)z:;) C.dZ5l0(;;}(;) ®<.zS'\(.;@m. O:5l0 Gc:J~ 8fO?;;) :C>s'::::J' (::'::
-@ 4.1 - 3§ 4.2 (4.1mm - 4.2mm) c;'5\0 C3lGi;,(;) (;)~(;). d8Z5) Z5lGC)')CGC @c.::')z:;))5 ~e:::"~3(;), 49 ",-::;')V00
C3r,Wzs-i (4.1 G';;:>0) d:3:::o1 -ht.~j?;;)0d @(;))Z5l15vfG(;)c; a31Z5)<-3. d8Z5) i:llIwI0Z:;)<-3, C3<.&' m:!c )~::7\c.:: 0e..,):5'
~(..j~ ZJ)tJv):::Y5",~d 0ea 02:;)(':0:5)1 OGt..e d.~:5) ~ro<; c;~03c.:.() aeJ~d 8®1ZS)j 5'~1, c;'I-Em ::';C"';:v<.=v
c:'Gvf a~e{ -:, 0GdG) ml~5c; 1..

..));:;5\') Z5l0Z7l acw ..n5l. (:j.vii3~ 8fG::S-!\.'zs-i<; <f)OJ(-;0C=::](;)
CC3Z5l6<6QC <..'))
C3l&GC':;:::" C'~~O ",00z:;) av;F~)C; c®~zsi m5::s-! a5fJc; WlaUZ5)GO m(;)0)!>' c;'1Z5l)O(;)C 5\l:::.2 8[ 0l a5'b
GCJOJ !>'OJe..,0d 68 OJ30 GZ:;))C;O GC;z:;) c;'!>'",:5 !>'l@3G.
deiZ5) Z:;)Gcnce c..'=nG!>'0(;)::s-!

W2G(;)Z5l 8J<5'J d~m(;) 6(;) 2jl§zs-i i:llIw<.oc; (;)')3 GG2o-1GZ5)Gw(2))' (5-.)(;) \..-')U(,)0)C3
CD3[,G3::s-!wIOGOt(50 9~Z5)(;)C; 5a~~zsi GOIG G@J6OJi Cc; B§m~ CIGQ). deiZ5), <fjmc (;)Z5) aes;> ::50:..10 a.;.;)(0m
GZ5))GOC2JmC3 1, Oles;>::s-!
c;'JC3w w3uC ~G c;'tJOO e3 80Z5) d8Z5) G[,15l C31@6~. deiZ7l Z5l60JCe 00 0.(3)
ai"2 60[., c;'<.CC(:jo~ C; 9GG3:J'eZ5)[,m 6U. 6"),)6Wi 0C;Z5l w3uG3cl ~G8 (S)zs-iZ5)J@es;>ooOuzsi ®c; vUe1GaZ5)
<yG3C G3t6C; 5\<.vf Z5l0Z5) c;'15l6 6® c;'t,Od)6U~ deiz5)(;) ®~zs-i C3®m GZ5)lG3t® z5)a) Z5)IG5\ i.0[,::s-! 6c;::j <..')30'"
0D51U 0I§GZ5'f. G®G38 a®lZ5) @(;)JUC(;)z.,i (s)~lt;')a wGU(;)zs-i OJIO G3m88 OJI0(;) )00 <;')(:jU(s)(;) Z7l(ii' 65-:'0
1DJ015lJ Z5l::JZ5)eI(:jQ) (7 GZ5) C3Bc;6c!iC;(;) Q)eZ5'fZ5)).
4.5.9.
UIC;C0;sf aes;>o')e15'> COz:lj<6Q G",::5l2o-1

GZ5) S3Z5l<-3 W) o<.&, z5)Oa1C)?;;)(;) 6G~)f, 0IE:o GO!>,j 8 OJ) 9 :::3t..~c:;{,
UC a(~w::s-! Z5l6 C'I!>'· 6G6zs-i6 2:j?e)J B6bzsi, d8:5l Z5?tJ, 06~Z5ltJzsi, c;'lOJ)6 Q)r..::s-! G')~ C; ::.::1JV:'" vt;
8i"2C3JeZ5)",d a<;OJ) G'!>'J5G3;lJ5 3U. 4.10 6toGd aes;>C3JCZ5)GdC; c..1JG!>'J015'> 8(;)~ <;')0C3zs-i15'>0:::::7\0) (l::J'
8i"2 C0~')0')a(;)d aiib w2['(;)2o-1 GU(;)zs-i <;')~ a~zs-iGCSlzs-i c;'16~1 Z5l6 oSJI~-.:;8vf, ;';:::1G0U c;'I§. ~::'--:J' ~~.y",
t<,C3J~6) <-3t5 0IGIdc6Cvf aJ®JZ5)J56G3zs-i (:l010G1GGzs-i ®C;d CO~ c;'JI..J')oZ:;)<-3zsi vW0:sf OJ30 (,~...;,:..,~-{
6OJ:J' 51!>' !>'d:5l eI~5J. 660zs-i§ @c.:JJZ5lJ5 m6J1G')ac.:Jzsi <;'1§3 w2,c.:,G3Z:;)CCw (Jz:;nc;d il5GO 6:::.;")e:;:" .....,--
'))
(S)It<,§C; OJ) :5v 1 20al G::5))UIU® B&'C3 ~J:::"J675)c.:J ®25' 25'I2! 8c.:J~ C9Z:;),)C;0 ",z:;»)OJ C:5lG::;.i (..')1:::,-,,~~~
6ZSlC; ~~ e
\..-01 ,-')aJ §iaic.:J ;:o~U c;'125'. <;'GalZ5)6d UWCG3 :5 §§bi 5\i:lll',?>ClC9Q)· OJ3v C;6<e,P0 ~~,.., :::~~c.'
CCce :5Z5l)d<~ GZ5)GO 8G®Z5"i'§ @C;J§Gc.:Jzs-i 5\I~ w3u C;6~Gzsi GUc.:Jzs-iG(s)zs-iOJJ ~5G3:'51 0~ ~~):...~"'_
@;06Jz:;f::j? 6t;:5l <:,:5'6 6GlZ5"i'Z5)zsi Clp Z5l0@c::d Bc;5\ 6l00c.:Jzs-i C;zsit,) <:'I:5'·
6® C3"W1 GZ5)J(:jc.:Jzsit;IG [S)J~5\) Z5lG wI§ c;'15l0 0®JZ5)c.:J0 C;Iu U:5mc.:Jcl C)DJrn af.e:J c;r'3 :5)~"'<0'1 0,fJ-J
ij'ClOJp 75)1~(;)<-3§. tlG§5f§ ~6Z5)zs-i ~Z5) "'Ie) §C <fjwG G3@zs-iae)mZ5)) Q)Iczs-i cao 15l15l'e)<-3§,z;f(;):sf C U:k,..,
6® C3<:;W1 1J:nozl11 §5® 615100 0c.:J:J'CSl15
0Z5)J6U. 06.l:J'dcld SJGZ5)(;)Z5l mce)J 0t;0Z5lG 0G'»t) ct2 1i)GG
t<,@ClJC;Z5)G3C3<;WJ c;':sfwC;J i:llC1 C'r'I§ Ci'13)0, E!'DJ aJ~d75)e) c..010511 Z5lG OJIa i:llu GCSmC9(51)O G'I5\·
66.l:J'60:J'mZ5l?13)0Q)~ C w(3c)6d @<:; 6WGm @vf§\ a<:;OJl wfw QGZ5f 01~ em CtJoo a<,;w) 6:5'0@ ar ~
6Z5)J0U. tlZ5)@ OJ~ OJJ CD 00 CtJJ ~m ~ oJ t,ezs-i c:Jc~G3 ;:o~ <;':5'6 ~m 6a)iC96i:5)Z5l22.l' 6Q)t) e c:'I('J5---L..
W) uzsi (S)Io®8 ~~ 6< 66®::s-!® §0&i($c:ee Melia dubia: Meliaceae) (..'))
(0§a~J Ddc.:JJ 0518<-3 J0d
@~e:l9 (®BGZ5J'a~J &~CJz:5)J' 5!c.c:s1(25)J8~ ).:X5 Michelia champaca: Magnoliacae) C'1~ ~IV 0:5".., c; ",<:.G .
6.le; al~® ae;WJ wfa GU. §@3 (3mm), 3~5 (5mm) GIm c)e.)'):sf 2:j?e..,1~ (:'.l:~~) \..-..,::5):.,,~::ol~ "';':;1,
74
Ol:c) 0lZ5lB0@~ e.'1CI0 ~l~ mlt;Je.;,O Gl5lJalGCl5l 1m G®® Z{!zS"> Ccll5:l0 Gl5lJO)li5\C CZ5l?§l 0l5l'lGm) ~l5lt®
G®Dl@' 8;.:l~ ZSlltl~~::;-l' 01:;0)1 oC3~d
<';lv G0;s;i::3~cl Ct.-oJ O)J al&OI® 0t~® 0<';0)) o)JtJl5:lJ ZSlGO1"[ZSl.
(03Z1d G0du, Pinus) O)J cC3gd GO)Dw 8C)e5 (8fJ6r.e:! 5Gm®, Cedrus) Llm §§B®O ~00J51~
,-,<';::5)<';lv L1 1':;:51::::vt.-,w 0:::::fmJ)0u.
0130 5\l::515 0<~O11<';lL Gl515Gg~ 0lct5k:l PZ{! De;,w DlC;(S)w ZSl~~

l5l~ 6® C;l0 6~®0)l5l' a500c.:lZ5l~,
oQC)) ~55\lC6 ~1~ CZSl2§l Ot~o)J o)JOl5lc.:l 0l5lJ5®8. 6G®l5l'® Z5lC alDlw® 0<';0)) cocl Dt/<0Gd
oC-06i'CWl :G\l5l'5\Dt/<0wcl 0)8G QiGe; §O§ll5l'C;, aZ{!cetCGC 0~gt5~0~l5l'®C; CfJGCa i5\B® vz.<;<0310U.
Coo Lt5(5)0d <;lC ~JO~ZSlwl5l' ~t30d CtC0C gJc:l<§ZSl Cf)GCac.:lcl 0GO <0t0®l5l' 60 Z;),C az.Dlw®,
0)1£)W~"i 0l5lJ@z.§l0®, DDJW ~t5~ ZSlO(s)l5:lO)lZSl.
GilCS2::;-l'01O
30 q,:0)5\~ 01Z5lG31 ZSlCJ'5f G®l5l' oGDC; 0)80c.:lcl 0))5l5:lJ tilBG®Z5'l'GlGal5l gOJl5l DJ8c.:l l5l~, 6~ Z{!E:
z:;)z.<';lcc~i ®l5lJGcl 0)~~D1 (S)lzS">0e;0)) , 50m®Gc.:lm 0<,; ~D(l;ll5 a5~ 60)J G 0), ti\5@)O ~/tS,
C!l?S.GilCS2
O1l£)~JD3. 0ZSli..,dDD51 ~O)<,;D<,;0c(0)80c.:lZ5'l' ZSlz.5c.:lJ®O <fie; ~l§l @,OJ Oc; aB~JGu~, "'DJ &..a G®J"')
B5® 0)1 0)"l8c550i!J~ Oe;lW ~aB~JZSl)B 5c.:l 8Z{!c.:l.
OU)c0JtJZ5l e.,C;'" G~ Cfl5:lO)l05Gi!J~ GG(0)8Gc.:lZ5'l'Z5lz.5c.:lJ®OO)lBl @'OJ GaJGo)J50 Oc; al~® o<';o)J OCJc.:ll5l
<;'51§\DY:5g l5:l0)e:)Z{!GO 80l5l' Z5l~Q3G3c~ Oc; Cfw§lZSlJO~ (ZSl~Q3@,@l5:lOc; Cfw§lDJc5~) (iJ15l5:lc.:lDe;J31
~::::6J GilCS2 ~l§l 000G ~GC0 GC;c.:ltil.l5l~W Cfa OGO, Q3CS2
Z5lt/@)1l5l'5\c.:lZ5'l' ZSlt5®'ll5l'l5:lGd
Dw®l5l' l5:lmDc.:lc.:100W,
ooe D<,; ~51?S.D)o0 Go)j' ZSlg@ :§)@5\ Dc; ~31§lD)O~ o<';o)J ~C;C 0c.:lC;5® ~l5l0CS;ll5GC;c.:ltil.
v:s'®::;-l' :51:s'GWW0G:5l Le;1:5l e.,lc;m:5l Dl5l'Gl5l'GC(0)8Gc.:ll5l' ZSl(.Ge;l5le6 <fIO)<,;DC;,

ZSl(.C;"lCC
01"[805 O<';o)J
<!:Jd3®Ja :Sl500~ ~CCl5l ~JZSlJCb8. 4.11 0tCJGc.:ll5l'OC;c.:lcl~z.C5G~~ 0)) O1"[o5G~~ ~~(s)®l5lW ZSlE:8Z{!
~2Z;" g::::x:;JO)Jw 50l5:l0 ZSlO~z.l5:l.G~ ~l;I"1D DC;c.:lcltil850ZSlW Z{!l5l'Dz.@' ~~c.:l (3) Z{!G ZSl"l0ZSlz.~b
;.;,~ 0mJ0u. mB51 ~Gmcl ~~wl5l' GC;ZSl Z{!E:(1 Oz.@, 0)) 2 Oz.@,~cl®c.:ll5l') (S)z.0i3otill5l' Gl5:lJOOZSlz.OZSll5c.:l
O1lWl.@CS2:5"ll<;lC<j'5fO1l805G~~ DC; "'0~ ~l5:l O)l05® Cfl5:l))OCS;ll5Gu. G®@~ Cf~(s)®l5lc.:lZSlG ~Z{! gc.:lJ
B§GV1s1 4.12 0t00WZ5'l' 50l5:lo ZSlOCfll5:l.OC;c.:lZSl
CfGmcl alwl5:l aBcl®JBlB® eeeeoo 0C;c.:lC0l050~~ ~ld(5)®mc.:l
ZSlG;';'~ 8§0051 4.13 0taGc.:ll5l' C;clDJ Cfl§l Cfl5:l0<fIo)l5:l0<,;0)l5l' 8c.:l~ CfD06JOl5l'@~ 4.11 0taGd tJOl5:l0
OpOl ~l§l ~l5:l0, G®@'OJ OC;c.:lOBl8~ O)J@,wcl 5®O <fIe;cl Gl5lJ@z.l5:l.
Z5lG -22Z5l c:'0(.,C))55\JDc.:ll5l'
;)q>a l<jm c:'),-,,:5)ZSl0c.:l~

~§\l5l' G::5»)®l5lJGclDC;~lCC® eoo O)l805® GWZ{!GDZ5'l',
~JO~o)G~ ~O)e; Oc; z5)CJ~cl
WllL ~t;:' 01®1:51:S 008c;'Uc.:ltil. DC;c.:lclZSlz.CG3c.:l50 6c.:l §gc.:l~ ZSlO~ao)~l5:lJDc.:lBlZ5'l'G5\JOD l5llDl5:l151"
s~::::j'dmwO (5)5\ O1lZSl.4.14 0t00c.:ll5l' Gal5l'OJ ~ ~l§l ~8~ Ga)Go)j' CfD06)OG~ c~ aBc.:lZ5l Go)j' OJ~OZSl
dl~ 0<';wcl z..,Jz.~wl5l'Gl5l'6w Dz.0~ ~JZSlJOWO O)l05® @'OJ, 0C;c.:lG~ auwO GO)J OJ~OO o~aZ5'l'O [)
r::-J5\ 06JZJl0Wl5l'-:.:l.0®Dl@' ~Dcl6)DZ5l DC;Z5lz.az.CGl5llDl5:lwGaO §l@ CfJZ5lJOc.:lO
0ZSlGOCCJoOJ C0J5l5:lGwl5l'
i')l.~~ O)lZSl.0<'; dl~® O<';01J ~f~ GZSlGOCaoOJ [b6~, GZSlGOCGZ5lJGWZSl®lC; l5lJOUGc.:lZ5'l' (0)J Z5lGe;
G::::C:l5l 0001 Gel5l' CaJ (l")5\ OllZSl.4.15 0taGc.:ll5l' Gal5l'DJ ~l§l ~8~ ZSlz.5G3c.:lOc; GZSlJOcl 0C;ZSl6ZSl0
:51:-»)Gw)GOC O:';C:::1LCl5l' ale; l5llDl5:lW0)8Dc.:lC:::~lZ{!6ZSlE:a~ Q3CS2l5l' 58Z5'l' ZSlz.5G3c.:l06Jl5lGc.:lZ5'l'Go)J~l5l'
06 :7.l::;-l'~z:;)o 8§OZSlO ZSlOl5lel02'iJ. G®@~ 80?5)aJ <0l5:l2Z{! Dl<,;(S)wZSlJO~c.:lcl l5l~ DC;c.:lclZSll5 GDl5l'
v::5) 06):510d c.!l& C0@e;J ~l§\CC:::~ 6® Dc; ZSlz.ae GC;ZSl
§~OZSlO BlB® oe;o)J Q3CS2l5l'
GDl5:lfl5l'5C:::, ®fl5lC:::
6~ 00)J~::;-l'3(';::::3 ZSlO<0lmB0 0l5lJ01"[BIaD8. G®Dz.@' ~Dcl6JOG~ DC; ZSlz.ae GC;ZSl
GZSlGOCau OJ Del5l'
75
ZS)lDl5) 6~ BB(3&i~, 6~ z:5:l0ZS)c;JO(3d <'flIT! el~ (3z:5:l1UO q;uzsf BB(3@m SieJm Cl)U 6e:; t;e;)Jzsf C>l~§,
e.:)&iamZS)D a1oe.:)1 8~e.:)z:5:l0 z:5:l1§~z:5:l. (3z:5:lGe.:)CaU()J~C G')i:iJOGe:;m l5))0z:5:l)Cz:5:lt, 6~z:5:lG t,c;e:; o00c)
e.:)lz:5:l8 e.:)~Cl)), 4.16 0la(3d G'l§\ G'~~ aleJm ~c)l5) ~e:; ,.3~~. QieJ::;1 6c:; ~:5)z5)m GCl)1' c,C;z:5:lzS\m
e.:)&i~t:5&(3e:;m 8~e.:)z:5:l0 z:5:l0~ G'lZ5'· (3z:5:l0e.:)Cauu1 Cl)1Cl5)0d G'l§\ ~lC;(l)mz:5:l@ ZS)8 alo;>mCl)() t;c;...3 8~e.:)z:5:l0
§B0@m ae~ 6@ aU()1 z:5:la) q;0m §B®() G'lIT! Cl)1z5)e:;103. e.:)@Cl)0C()z:5:l 0z:5:lGac 000) d3m 5'10Z:;),)Cz:5:l~
5ll~ Dc;e:;~ alo;> ~c;lCC (3Dl5) ~ ale:; Bii3ae:;~ <;>l~I§l5)~@ Cl)3[,Gd coC;16~0~m ;8::il0e.:)Ca0()) z:5:llril2 <y0Z5'()
0(l)ZS)e:;ZS)aD0 z:5:l10z:5:lQleJ25'i GQ)1(3Cl):J' eo
c;lz:5:l(S)l5)Cl)lBe:;. ~c; z:5:ll5l8 l5))[,z:5:l18Z3l0 Q)l~® e.:)t~Cl)1",t,:5)m
Q)mwZS) sDJ:> DZS) Cl)&1iDC, 0Q)t:5 eCS, z:5:lto1iDC G'1~e:; Cl)1Cl5) Z3lG0Cl)")zsfDc;e:; 8~e.:)Z5)6 BB;8@m ae.:) @eJmCl)()
~D1 z:5:la1 q;Dzsfz:5:lG (3zs)1~B D'tj G'1l5)· QleJm D8m q;Dzsf (3zs)1z:5:l0~ Cl81 0Z3lCOe.:)CoCJu") 0ZJl1()d oee
G'Dd61Dz:5:l 8l~ aJCz:5:le:;JCl)() q;Dzsf z:5:lG Cl)lz:5:l.
dDJCl)JDz:5:l Qlo;> (s)&JD)e.:) <;>c'DJ ZS)5ZS) Cl)8D ~I§ c;l®(3@~C;, ~~J0d q;Cl)c; c)c; ce;)a5 (3Cl):J'Ol;;t,C() Z5'''))
~~(3&i~C;, q;Cl)Z5'(3~C;(3d e.:)~Cl)m G'1z:5:lJOe:;U @e:;1 z:5:l1§~z:5:l. (3@ii3~ 8ii3 Z5'5l) (S)l5) ~!{l t:llC;(l)zsf Z3l~~ zs)'"
al~ (S)Q)e;)1e.:)ii3l5)DC; (3z:5:l1ud OJ~Du (3Cl):J'c~ aCSe:;u DC;e:; e.:)&iQ)mw (3z:5:l(30ZS))amB d6):5)~d 0zs)JZ5'IQ)5
Cl)J e.:)mB <;J6e:; ~aBDu z:5:la1 (S)l~ 0e). 0@Du e.:)ae:;ZS) Cc; q;Cl)~DC; ~®~zsfD Sio;>mCl)u c~D=b() 0Cl):J'
OJ~Du e.:)Dz:5:l0 (S)l5) ~z:5:l.
J
x
4. l i dto,", , O<;c:Jz:i Z5)zoZ5)z8c:J cozii3 (f~c:J251 Go251~~ ii38:§l. tJ<;c:J Z5)zoZSJzBc:J cozz:iGz:i (!?S<i2c:J25J 2 ts! ~G
o:§l& (,/ OCt:i)G25l25J <;t:i)~ ZSJO tPzl5J)· O<;c:J 3 t>zt3 (!~c:J ~G G25l:JCOZoBc:J c:J~...:J.
(X OCt:i)G25l25J Ct:i)~ ZSJo tPzl5J) 6Ge:J ZSJ(;Gco:J15l tJ<;...:J Z5)zGcJ
76
4.12 dt0-.:l' 0<;~Z3! 'f)1J)(;Z5J' ef(f53 cCJc:fc)O(!!S 3D CJ1J)C;D od(!!(f cp CJ3~z:D (!!1J)j OJPt,z:D Q!lC, ef(f53 0<;-':;Z3!
2 0::5) ~t,dc)Jt.;D (!!(l)Z5l d(!!0~ (!!1J)i ~JCJo:J f53@Z5l t:f.)c:fc)JCJO (!!(l)Z5l d(!!0~, Oc.:J 0l CJe.:JD1J)(!!zs{
vOl 2Jl:5J';;;:5l' <;z:D~J ~lf53 ~:;)0Z z:DG :;)!j}GO. B8@ BDz:D~ 0tCJe.:JD1J)(!!zs{ <;Zl?& CJZzsi(!!zsi (!!CJZ5lVJ
(flf53 (fc:J0l GZ5lJ1J)l0[Jc.:J c.:J!j) (ft5JO, O(!!c:f z:DG(!!1J)Jt5J' f.)<;c.:J z:DZe5 c.:J8.
77
1
4 .13 OtO~' ec.; oOc.::e5l 6C5J1oJ@e.,e5l 0.t=: 0<;.:.:Je5luC;0l.5"5),§ CJB=J iilBBO (o0():)]5 {, [30, !f;8751@ 6;..0 Bod
c"!,5)C (5)751m CD, 6c;e.,me., 00 C5JJ(5);..Oz::;f(J8r?) ZSJQZSJtJzs{2:lJ @. ~::.-():)::;mOl &3oaO 6(5)m """dm
@ C!JC5J1@ &m ~0ddJrd) &3fE <!Je5lJO.:.:J02i <;(cl ~<;",J {!(!)mz::;f ::5(515) 085:;2) e5lG CDzz:D.
4.1 DCS2GDrn, @~ mel5lc.:l e..,UJZJi C3oCW1l5l1ZJi®z=J '=: Z5lt:5®J315)c.:lcl G;s:)(6c.:ll'51~;.3~ ceDi:) ~u E31 "QiCl2
a6l5lCb" l5l® de) BC;:I3JZJi@)Z5lC3 8C:W6d
0 6mC;;)(S)(~5'.®i:) a~G 6ti3 CZ5lC3l5lC;; C3e;oJ1 :5\e:;5)' jl2:l?e {::5f
l5lJ~&'z:;)@)c.:l ~@) eoo t53a1r,:J® Z5l1et53t:5~ 8~6Gcrn C;l:5:ie)J <;'125'l.
6Gcl flDC; al&' Ql~rn 8~@e; BC;l.'Y)ZJi@)Z5l

<;,WXlc.:ll5lc.:l
C3e;OJJ (5) f5)Il'51l5l C31Z5l86® 6(sBOCc.:l dccl 01§ZSl
c1675itjDJ £:j5J' (Francois Huber, 1750 -1831) l5l® de)lt0JC E5C;Xllex:;cJl0 ti3§c5cJ ~~e.; <;'1l5l· CJ1&' @Cl2rn
8~@e; @CZSl dD BC;XlJZJi@)Z5l8C:w1rnl5lcJrn, l5l@)J <;,rnw0cJl:5:i ~e.;C;, l5l@) <;'l5le)18cJJ Q c16~C;tJJ pjf5l5l75i
(Francios Burnens) l5lqZJil5lJ0GJ GCJZSlJ60cJrn ZSlG at50d@~ @)&)rn 6e1c)i:) GOlG Z5l0l5l e~.
78
4.1 C}CSJC}: Q3cs;>meZiX..3 ut:)')m' ooCWJmJm'®ZSl ~ tsi@me;m ZSlt5®n;'imc..3zsf @UC) 5ZSl0mc..3 5®C) ~~E,m
GmJGc..3zsf 60Jc..3"l(S)"lz5'l®ZSlJC:§)t5~ B,s6ucm.
Q}~ oo~o~ m® &cs;> ZSl"lt;"ldeZSl 8 1851 vc. V0'. C"lmc1d6SJm

2. clUJD')')CZ5l 008<lJ6d c;'~ZSlom (L. L. Langstroth)
0c..3m tsiCle;8 Z5l1t5c..3c..3
OJWZ5l oeue;
(OCO)~) eo~C}~ *
1857 613. 6®l3oClJ' (J. Mehring) dt5®tsiw
1857 613. Vd. wJSlom ~®I3ZSlJ v. d.

(J. S. Harbison)
1863 8. 613. 66)Q3mom ~®I3ZSl) 6. O.

(C. J. Robinson)
1865 vo. W"'6"l@ZSlJ (F. Hruschka) ~d~(':l1u
dSm @lW"l0ZSlc..3 1865 e. 6ZSl')8md (A. Collins) go3dW
(,J00JCl6d 8C) ct"l®BZSlJUC) ®W) 1870 e. @® (A. Grimm) ~"l®I3ZSlJ 6. 0.

ClO®J~6c.'lm 55c..3 dSmm gu')w~c.'l
cje; ~m'§k,JO®uc §8)c..3 p~ ~[)J\!9 1873 vo. t.;Gcl (F. Weiss) ~®I3ZSlJ 6. 0.
z:j)oOc..3mGClJ' me;cl6(:5d w"l[)0"lu
o§)~wm §B0® CoZSlO~c..3 (GO-Ie)
t:il)<5~ e:nwt:il ~e>t:il~* 1875 v~. zsf5mQ) W) o. vo. Slom'w® ~"l®I3ZSl,) 6.0.
(M. Quinby & T.F. Bingham)
0)0 g®J~c..3 ~~u @cs;>m tJ§.eti® 1879 6 ctG. OtU (A. I. Root) ct"l®I3ZSl1 6. d.
cjltsid®c.'l UClrl6c..3m dtlmm 06JJ 1883 vu. ct"l60' (H. Alley) ct"l®I3ZSlJ v. 0.
§B0el :g® W) CU
Z5:l?B>®dtlm 6ZSlj'®GC dtlm ~C)c..3J 1889 5. v®. ~8u0' (G. M. Doolittle) ~"l®I3ZSlJ 6. d.
~"l:51 ZSlB®
zsnt5w O)OZSl V~OJ Q3cs;>ZSlGClJ0'C 1889 Ci. 8. GClj'()t5 (E. C. Potter) ~®I3ZSlJ 6. d.
ZSlJt5(.')01wZSl aeo 6o~(6)~ c.'lt 1892 5. [)2i). 6[)®JB ~®I3ZSlJ. 6. 0.

Cl)(jm(.') §'50® :g® ow tJiJ (G. W. Demaree)
06J'iCD ClO')(S)6>c.'l Oe;WJ wGuwm 1895 v®. Q). Uc..3U(M. B. Waite) ~®I3ZSlJ 6. 0.
E35w 0Z5lm'O~ Z5lOJ 6(l)m c.'lt6® :g®
ZSl®Ql tsi@Z5l cje; ctm'§UJoel 1920 vu. [)[)mu (H.Dadant) ~"l®I3ZSlJ 6. d.
ZSl)t5c.'l 01CZSl ZSl2@l® 800m :g® 1926 V0'. cpt5. 6U)UOm ~"l®I3ZSlJ 6. d.
(L. R. Watson)
* 6®® coZSlO~ @ CoZSlJuC) ~e;Jcum ~mo Ot5m®Jm ml5l'uc..3 c..3C)6m' ZSlJt5c..30JWZSl 6CO wJ5mJ ZSlb
W"lZSl.
79
.:.::, ••••,,).:..,'1 ••..•.
.....::.:..'"' :",(':" - ••..... --
,:,..::;'1,:. ••...
..,....•...':'(;""'::':"--1
:"'-\:""':"j -:....<;.;:, ':''1(':'..'::;~:;'"'l z....)..;.'~c:

...•.
::~:;..-) vC' c-i.: )5'-......,::.:..,') (~~ z: ......c.:
.....:..' .:..:c .3 .......•..

) .:....c ('" J .•.....••)...1...,....:;.:,-'"
::';'"'l}:"':"l)C'::""1':'" C-:;";:';--""'::""'" :..,;
..•.-:J)
~.,.• ~ ::.A; .: :3C :':''::''1..; ::.'l3'"j ':'::t; C') ) -Y.:..-;

:"'\ '-;, CL~"'" .:...(:;..:; .
80
5. ~e5J meo2S)~~ ~C5w2S)~ eeeo m~J~J~~cl
OJe2S)~ 6)5~
® al~ G)~JDJac.:l1:5) DICJ® AC3BZ5:k~J1:5)JBD mBZ:;)®~c.:l 1:5)E:50 C3lrol~8D <';~§c.:l rol§ 6d aoB<iJm:;l
qlZll. 6m13 q;ro&;m ql§l cm:kSoGd (.:l() C3lzslZ3l0 al3amweJ Cfl§l 010 0<,; Dtiwmc.:l um0m ~~Q)Z3lU
c.:lm Q)D c.:l. CfC30<~c.:l C3r& al~ tJ6@@_ Om &Bd 0G3J)m? qpzsfeJZ;j))
C3roG~(gJDOzsl coeo G<';C3lzslZllOzsl
G@lGd qDC@@Z3lDc)10eJm a®JmZ3l0 0<,; §8C3c.:l§m a®mtJZll Z3l®1:5)1<';ICCZ3lmm6m c,'10Z5'l35' <::: 1{wz:;)
Z,jlGc.:l (J.\ OtC3c.:lQ)cmm).
al~m6csJ aroa oOc<<'; ~ c,'~Oc c,'10~Z3l ddJmDc 1:5)1<,;8 Z3l1~G@ rocBlc.:llCJmal c,'cC ~um
qJ[laVl roJamc.:lz:;) um roSD Z,jlE: Cfl§l §B0@ arop1:5)® acaJ~ CfIZ3l.6G®m® Q)1»)0@<l2m 0)) <;C)uIC
al~m c.:lm C31S, @e12tJGd@c.:lm 0<';1:5)cpD?Z3l roSD Z,jlG c,'1§l1:5)G 0mlO)I§ aD <faO ®~ZJl6csf 6G~0)0m
GroDzsl tJDaZ3l odlmDc Z3lmml 1:5)1<;80<,;a Q)IG0®m a(0)1~8 0U (!.2 rol 1.3 Ota (;"dcmm). @ @q?
z:il1<';IGCz:il
DICJ® (l;I:)1:5)c.:l1:5)
DICJ® a®(l") aoamc:;mc.:l 1:5)1£tJO ~c:! ®&lm aaO a@Q)mO eJ S'151 (J;)lZ3lc.:ld
c~~oZO (CfJ0C:fz:llc.:l0c:;aO rol CS20IzslDJ1:5)ti@~c.:lOuOlci0 ~(l;I)DO) rol mt5(l;1uz:llD S'1{)8c.:lc@m t.,tiwmc.:l
GU. 66®m® q;O)§m Cfl§l cadd00d c.:l0 alzslZ3l0 al3Q)mw eJ <fl§l @ @q? 1:5)1C:;ldc c.:lJZi)0lu
(<l26zuiDJ1:5)ti®~c.:l0t;aC) 0ro1 oroGO) 0)1 0c:;aaO t.,tiwmc.:l 0U. (l;I1z:llc.:l1:5)
01t5(J;)Uz:llt.,c,'1{)o:iO (S'lzsim)z:;)
G@lm @ Qiq? z:lllC:;IC~Z3lc:; a lmZ3lo Dc:; §8C3c.:lz:;) c,'l§l 0U. 5.1 0ta0c.:lm el @q? oo,?t.,d O)i3uc.)Z;j)
c:;®J a§lc.:l1:5)O OpUzsl, 5.2 0t00c.:lm 6® @e12oo0D® roSuc.:l 1{)G ®la 1{)m1:5)C)apu al<;)
<rc§l z:il1C:;IC0C9®J~c.:lZ>f, DICJ®Z>f0(l")m roco c:;z:;)t!8 0@ 1:5)0I~ c,'mu c,'C30 alroc~G [,m aoB<lJc.)z;;-)
Z3l13 @ @e121:5)1C:;ICCz:;)<l2OczsJ"Uc.:l
~(gJDc) 0roUzsl c.:lO~OcDzsl, (l;Il1:5)c.:lz:;)<l2OcZ>iuc.:lDEJoI<w ~(J;))uD
Gro[lui G~~oIDZ>i ul0eJmJ aDS. 6maJ CfZJlBc.:l~ 1:5)0I~ a~8ti~D Cfl§l uO c,'OJ~wu U5wmc.:l
aDzs:fDJ6mZ3lc.:lt®C) m@ Dt5wmc.:l Dm 0c:;BZJl 0®Jmc.:l13 CfJ1:5)JOc.:l§mDzslCfD8om:;-j 0ml§lQ}@ Ult;(S'lZ>i
GU. t..:l13G10c.:l§m Dl6eJm (l;IJ1:5)c.:lz:;)
6c.:lO q;rogm eJ,s01 Z3l10§iD§m cpDO~c.:l Z3lG 0cs:nzsl (S;UZ3l0d
[lZGDZ3lCfo~O eJ 'oz Z3lro§iD a®(6) G)160m OdJm0d BO tJ1:5)a§lD O[CJ®O aOm G)~. 60@m@ @
al~ m~JDJac.:lz:ll DzCJ® 8&;Q)t~ 6®8~ DIc:;mzslDm0m mOZ,jl0ID® 68 DICJ® B,sDm0m a10§ZJl ® 86)0
<f{roe; Gauo0d aDS. 0C30 ae;rom (gJ1:5)c.:l 8&;ae; CC:;lroO~0d 6c.:lO <yro&;ZJl88J eJ[;Oc Vlro~0c)m
6B Dtiwmc.:l CfD801:5)C 00 <glroe; Gauoc.:lO arogZJl 880 CfeJGd Ctc:!C, <yrot~0au:Jc.:l 1{)G Bfum
[lc:; aroE:O DICJ® uGz:;)DS. c~aD Dc ~~ Dc:; Dc Dtiwmc.:l Cfe30d CtCCZJl c,'Z>iroOvme.n 00®
c5J~ [lC az~Dc:; Dc Dtiwmc.:l 01~0U c.:lOGdZ3l0c.:lm Cfzsl800U. ()@ 0C5l1{)Umal cPaJ(..')z:ll Q}e:mJ
[lc:;t..:lz:;) DeJl tJ(l;IJC 0U (4.6 0tac.:l aCZJlm)
OJ~Dz:;) 1{)G Q)~ml Dc:;c.:lz:llC)
~JroJDGc.:lm® Dc:;UZCJ® c.:l3~01c)Z>imti(gu1:5)c)Z>i Bfpm <fZ3l0 q;O)§m 88D ao~ uc:; 0<3B@d B.s0U
Gl30t Dc:; DC 10J GaO Cf~zsl D(;tlC Cfl§l aIrol~8 0Dma m~, 0@OtDC:;Z3l(~[;~~Ol aZ.<D[0c.:lm'-1Z>i
(Qzsi§l®zsl eDJ Dm CfZ3l0 0mJ6@Ot Dc:; A.s alrolD ®a[;D §lQ}@8 Dc:;DC crl§l Zi)UO 1{)G q'15)C:;leJ
z:ilOZ3l @ @e12~Oc.:lm 0(l")m \:31D(..') Dm sDJ5 Z3llmaui 5®mal 6® Dc:; 1:5)c:!c.:lt0~~ .st5uti~ um
qZllO (Qz:;)§l®zsl 0U. dD1rolD0c.:lm® d8mc.:l c,'iSui @a.suc:; Dc @PCt®O e)1E] z:ll1®ZzslZ3ld (~dvm
qZllO ale12m 0@Ot ao~ Dc:; Dc 0l~ G)OJDl §B®O DIE] Z3l1®ZZ>iZ3lZ:;)
c:;Z:;)DS.5.3 0tC0(..')ZJl S'~Z>i 0)
ao~ Dc:;Dc 1:5)180a0mm 0[,md 1:5)@alroc~8e) c:;z:;)DJ<f1Z3l·ao~ GC:;Dc ~uoc.:lmGcsf Z3llmaZ>ium
al~ ~O gJDc.:lm mal 68 5ilif1:5)@roc.:l
c:; c,'6zsl Cc:; DcO DeJ'l ®e;d Cf~ c.:l.uC:;c.:ld c.:l0Zi)OZGaO)GO
DzGDmJ CfZllO,@e12m q;rogZJl 883 <glroe;CfI§lC:;IE] B5®o 0m1p.sp ao~ Cc:; 2:l)roouc al& (l")Q)Ul
z:ilo§l.
81
0)8UC3~ CfI§)Z5l0m @CI2m' 'fI0)§m' Bw~ 0l& 00()UUeO G~d c:JU10d 01~ue 0l&dd BB®
0,,0)1 C<,;:5'ImZ7)V)CfI23\18CfO udi1GO)J50 COZ5leOmcJ Z5l06. @CI2m' 'fI0)§m' Cfz:Sl 0l& GOUUUe
Cfu:;f 6w Cfl~ (5J¢!Ge: u<'; 23\m1'5bm' 'fI23\1 f,01U100C3;51. ",d)0~Xi 8u @CI2m' 0l& 01(vue: Cfl2lZ5l'
:.-c::,:5'II~ 80 B£um 0C;C3Z ..,i:5)0 dSZ7l <;,yd 6w
@c C;IClCl8. '" uI&\ @mu8C3d BfGm'Gm' @Cl?
(5"lO)z;)c;d <;,iJZ5l 23\c::,")C;::.::d<;'l§)~ 80 Gm <;'23\0 ",a Gof~t.. ;5101 <;,iJZ5l0 0 GQ)~wtCld Bf0e) 0
(61 loZ5l100 0») 6.3 UtOC3 ~e:m'm).
C3GelZ.:ii 3 @C12 Z5ll<';lee:ZJl @CI2m' 8Bm' OBO)00i.>C3Z5l0m 'fie:; g~)~C3<'; u<'; u8m' BB Gl~
'fie.., g®l{;%C3c~ ®lm Q)ll2lu00)')d uI<,;(S)d Z5l01~ BlEloC3zs:f <';lm(S)23\
0)1Z5l· 0®m~ GO Z5l1<';le"'e C3Yj0Um'
Ot~o)m' Z5l0l5"fC,oz;)@CI2l5"f 8Bm' gt50i.> UCi10C3m UO)0(S)m Cfle, 'fIeJZ5leJ g®I0i.>C3C,oe). 6&\01 Z5l1<;18
d0)mGd @CI2l5"f
8Bm oBroomC3 0m1Z5l0~1 md <;>UZ5l1Ci1C3m 0e:Z5l1 Q)em0l5"f ml23\. 5.1 rol 5.2
0lou8m <;dU1 <;'l§\ oB~ CI @C12Z5l1<;lee:Z5lOB®10Um 30% 0®0i.> @CI2m0(s)l'51<; q;>e,B70% t..C; t..8m
<; 8B <;'l§\c)u 680 9:»lld:3 u:5)u1 <;'123\· 6;5101 w0~zs:f @C12Z5l1C;ICe!;)-)(S)lm Z5l01Z5lum 80 68251
e:bf~ C3l'51Gm2/3 ~Oz;f ue..,1 'fie.., 05 lud q;>u t..C; u8m C; q;>§\BC3@CI2l'51;:J(S)l'51
C; BB <'fl§\ dit..C3
<;'0 g10w1&3~u @C12Z5llc~lee:Z5lg®l~w um ~ut5 (liters) t..8m
OB®1 c:JZ5lZ5lC3zs:f 0<;0)l'51 Z5lom e:IG:;;;.
~1C;le<::Z5l u<; oB®)u 0(S))e..,ml&i® ro1 ~B(S)lmeJ® or;rol Cfd§\e..noC!J G(~ 0lua®, Cfd§\t..)(5e u<;
<::~) (S):» rolB <'l'uddIUe~ ZJlGrolB GC;C3B. q;>u23\em U<; 0)1 q;>Ut..8l5"f <;,z;f~U10e uC; &\dmc::,mwd,
o(o,::l®z;f (0)1~m ~,::l<:fl @CI201& &\dmc,m Z5lt5®1m23\C3d (fIe, ouOe: p<::w 0<;C3B. m~d ut523\®'lm
23\z;fUC3z;) C3U0d 'fo @ e:oZ3)')(je)~ oo0i.> GaOL uc~ (je 0<;0)1 'fI!,;01® W1U23\C3ueJ'ld (j('xf(S))5Ge).
5.2. o6~ C)<: c:»a5)~ : @ eot:5»~C)CJJ<S6tD ~ Q}~ OJ(25)~ o~<:CJJ C)~<:G)~ C)25)
oO~~~cl
q~B.lD)6® De:I (comb foundation) 0t~® 0<;0») 000i.> t..<; C~Z5l0 6w <;'l§\ 0rol<'; q;>~ ;51dol0&c.::
::3"lO(S)Z3lwZi! ,,)uz;f ow oo~ uC; u<::O 01<~lG~m rol&\<;Ic.::Z5l q;>~ 0<::di3l'51 ;5101 oo0i.> uC; §)Ql®
0)1;51C;')C3Z5l
diud, G~)(oro l' 8u or;rol5"f 25)0 <;'I:5'l.Ge (jofz;;>l5"f
&\01 00& u<; fOI~C3 r,:lZi!dic.; tilO&C3
(je).
00& t..c~ mC51 <;u1B<;IC3Z5l23\dUC3zs:f <;'1§\ul5"f(jm' c:JUJ gGC3:fcmud Cfm'q§l5"f W1823\1 (jmlBB®
&\C51Ge). oo0i.> u(~ UeJl ?2)®c.;du 9C5~~ ~))O ~~ B.ldC:l)6t:i)~cl (solar wax extractor) ®Glm' 'flU
&\dC510mw 0<;0») W1t)23\1 Z5lo23\d, (S)&1<)10 z3\0C3zs:f 'fIe, @C1201<::ZJlGC3Zj:l0OUl <::"lGdm'0l5"f q;>u
dueowB. Clu Cf®23\OC @C12 me:Z5l0C3Zj:lrou 23\®IU CfvG'l15<;,:;f§\Ul0a u<; 23\®1 8Bl'51ev 0,,)10roJ'
UUZ5l C51<;1(S)Z5'(jmlrolZ5l. 0a 23\1.)fuwl5"fC30(jz;f 00& u<; u8m', c& CeC3 W)823\0wm' ;51dolomC3
Z5l0(s)l'51m1 'flu ~§\zs:f GO~ C5t~® u7;51 CI 1)2 W18:5'11 Z5l00i.>1 Z5lt5®Jm'23\C5<';0)1 8B&® t..e..n ulB
<;lwZ5l0e).
~d§\G103 v<; C5(~60 broJ C50c... <S"l1zS'l®08®C3Z5l',Z5l)e:C3Z5l,®<;(jd Ulw Z5l0mU)u UeJJ

g0C3fcmud 0») <::)0')<;18 Ul5"fbm' 'fI~Ol® OO~ UC; Wlt)Z3l1 BB®B. 5.4 rol 5.5 OtO GCSm'b<;<;'1Z5l10wZ5lU
&\dOlc;mC3 Z5l0 "fIe, 'fz;f§\Z5l10eJ be; Z5lroP tl<:: C00w:f&i23\1UC300m'tlJ <;'1Z3l.5.6 0tOGC3m' 00m'UJ Cfltil
GaOt 00& U(~ 'fIr-01® wlE-bC3 0eJ,Z5l' cE'l23\ Q)tl 00zS'l C3mUJ Ci'1Z3l. 6mC51, 'flz;]23\ tlG,1(;C3m'® q;>~OJ®
OO~ DC; w123Z5lC3omZ5l C5<;0)l5"f Z5l01~ CfZi)U tleJlz;] 0C3:f(s)150e).
0(& fi'o;dol~"'''' or,"" to @'I)" l~"'''' ""d",~ ~f,O.".,.,d o®",d <JCD~ roi3/" ,mB",e>&; I;tllllD""" '1.",,,,d "Co D~
'1ZllBDJO@l
,mB","", "1>1;:1",3 'II"'. o~tJ~ ro3tJ .:"8,,, tJ"., @'I)"'C""~ tl)Jtk'OJWtsl "Co "'~lDJo",d ro1803@O '1dBDJO@l D~ @"",:Io"",,13 W.
ow¢;v e;":::;f~tJ)16e
!:.,~ e.J(~~ c.:r;ml e:tl)bt;~l) cy(3 Bdo)6tJ), tyQ mm~ 0t~6S COtJ)6~, ~D)f:9 oc~~ tJ)(0~S B8GS GOz:i)6~ ep~~ oe;roJ
'"'1<0,,"'" C!!l) 'I l~_I:S""""d ~t.,l>1b dJ. 6£\01 ckJtJ1fi'o tsl!5@nsl",,,,d 0(& fi'o;do1~"""0<;"" 8 ® ~ O'lC"'''' [)DJW ~p'fi@uO@>""O 0trl1;l
iJ0 '" Or,rol t! C"'''''U'''' ~,t.,d c,«,..x..>m oO""C~ 0·8W1".,'" 1:} 680l18", f,Ol:il[)'11";"
82
m3~:"':!ZJJ ..:'J:5)~ZJ)0 ~::J6 :5'z.::;'l::J:5' t..'c 6hg 602.t~w} ;j(5)J':"'- ;s,zi.52
z.",<;,C'C.
83
5.3 0t0c,.:J: (L~':"'"' i..r)) ~5,J- .:..(; .:: .:..;.,:.1(:.:..'""'.....::. <"J...:":"]' ..:..-C;.....:: :.-.:....,f~.:;" .....\,;'1.:;" :;:5 ("i:;". (-::;~:;w~~""'1
...,
....
.:..,"):3',./5' ~:..;""'I
...,.....".:;( ~(J
:':;J,J- .:....(;....; L- ••••.-.j~) 5:5 ;..., ':':_d .....,..::.k ..) ;...0.
84
(2) c;'cmd C":§;l5"i c;'Z5'i':§;c..noe v<'; oa~J \.0lm~ § cozs-)Jou ~ ,&:5'1) f~ZS"lO GU. <5v) oa~)
\.0V' mz.i3v~!5f ;!Jt.-)Gd ®C c;'GZS"l v~ c;'•.V'.
@ ~t:5'lZ5l~ 0lc.-l:sf~ ::;~,-,d::Hl:o c;'~v :3 ale;>l5"i CJ6~ c.-<,; :S;)C c; &, 0l6.l[,) i3B~() vw)
Z5l•.q:s1:5'1d <,;dt.-m dv:s1 al<.'2 ~l<';l<:!'v<:!, ::s06J t-<,; §l.R:>5 0l&' 0l'"llw) i1lB5G 2.3 c"ll<'51C5d
vZ7) dv:s1 c;•.wl~2 C c;'e·
ao~ t-<,; gco::JJ'omc.-z;f GO WJcV') i1lB~ 0e;W1 6® (S)6JJc)oGd® 0~B®G aZ5'i'2 C<,; gcoc.:l:J'om;.JC
G)l5\ p:s;)c.- c;'•.:5'I. ale;>l5"i c8l5"i eywe; c;'lt51 i1lB® Oe;WJ ::sBwom::J ZS"lom c,,)m c.-<,; g®G~:5f 0®J'O)
ao~ GU. 6§,0) 0®® c.-<,; ZS"l)t5c.:lzs):lt.-6 lD)CV'1 Z5l@ ~!{lt; c;'lV'·
6&) Oe;WJ eywe; coauo0d D<,; aJcmc.:l 0lCO~ Z5lG 22310z;J, g®Gc.:ll5"i C<,; G®J'6mC)z;J 0®i5ll5"i
6® 6&)0t c.-<,; eyw(~ coauuc.:l CO<';0lz;J15)G0(S)m 6m coGOG c.:l. 6m~ G®8l5"i c;'c~wo Ul5"i0l5"i <:,~231 U<';
1§31iiaJ<,;mc.:lcywe; 6auJ0d ®z.<,; Gwl 6c.:l !{lG c;'ltSl eywe; ZS"ll<,;
•.GC ®z.<,; 8f GZS"l00mJ QJD8 0®B~
er~(S)®Zilc.:l ZS"lG(.J5;!;§c.:lJ ZS"lCJCJc.:l5.3.3.1. 80 5.3.3.5. ~m GZS"lJGO c.-t: CO:5'lO ZS"l0 c;'•.tSl C]':5'I6 5.7
80 5.12 <,;dv) c;'ltSl 0lCJ DCl5"i alw •.~2 ZS"l0 c;'•.:5'I. eywe; coCJuJ6d 0<';CJOG, 0~B®z:;i 0®5i:5f
g®6::JZil' (S)l5"im) GWI~l5"i G~Ot c.-<,; 6Go® tSl6QJZil'mG er•.Bc.:l GW)z;J ale;>m' c8l5"i® G®® a06J c.-<';c.:l
aaJ ZS"llQ)8 ZS"l0 c.-<,;cJ Z5lBCJ)f i1lB®zs) Z5l0;;i) ClG2lJ. G®C •.§, ZS"loa1f Z5lG V<'; CCZil' eQJ)<S"l:5'lO>l£)
g6c.:lJ'OZil ere:; ~. 5.13 Gv3) 0tCJGc.:lZil' eywe; GCJuJ6d er80l5"i gGc.:l:J'OZilc.:lG 6Zil)G(S)m §,GQ)::;)'mC eo•.B
C<;c.:lzsi ale;>::;)' c8m' ZS"lomf ZS"l0erl§ c;'Zil'<;® a•.wl~2 ZS"l08. 0 WO CGZS"l 0®® a06J c.-<,;::5)0::5)£:c.-
Qlql251 c8l5"i® 8[ Z5l0Zil'G<'51<:,~z;f c.-<,; 0t~® Oe;W) 1)[:, GQ)J(S)lm®G Eb wli1l c.:l.
GaO oe;wZil' Z5lelzsi 0®m', c.-:s1®Zil' :5'I231t.-c.:lc.:lGG:5l eywe; G::s()5Gd C~CJJ (;))':;5)) £)50 ::51.;:; m::::3'J
ZSlOZilCJG c.-w) C55:5'1 GU. C~ CJJ O)~ c.-eG c.-eJJ G)w<';Jc.:lZS"lCZil <:,V'O C~ oJc.:lt;;;) a~3"l ) VC;"':2...l
OJ~Czsi :s;)@ Q)~3"l) ~<';~G c.-eJ) C-.;;»)C GU. 01~ W)C:5'IGc.:lZil' <:,•.§l. e)Z;:;)® c)Bc.:l 3"l0 ~(~-Z2...-j
oiSb 01$v c.:lG eo:5'l.:5c.:l al~G 8JZil GO al® V'lalc.:l wli1l er:5'lO, o z?5' (50:5'10 G<';G~25f 0» ~0
C015)OG::JZil' 0)5c.- !{lG <:'l§, c.-<';::JG c.:l~ erJoZS)UJ~d 0lG60ZilC) lb WlZS"l· Zilpz;f ~w~ Qle;>c.:J'Jez:lvc.:l::.£o>G
6 60 0lCCOOZil <:,JOzs)UJGc.-m' c.-l<;CSJz;fgGc.:lJ'OZilc.:lzs) GZilJ®t.V'.
eyroe; C<;c.:l a06J f,:.CG 6c.:l eywe; Ga()3Gd 6zs) er8mZS"lG G01GZilm <:,15)0, 68::;)' 00 ZS"lC?Sl 6c.:l c"(<i£,
6aCJ5uc CJlSo (b~ c.-<,;C8l5"i 0~2t56J tilB® Oe;W) 1..0JCV') ZS"l6Z5)t:[co2lJ. g®)Z5)Z5?eD t-<,; memc.:l
ZllO a & OJ~ UCG 0lCJ)2 0~Ot 6w1 CJ66J C<; @GW CJ•.& CJOc.:l !{lG~ alo;>l5"io>O CJl& 0lQ)e:;) i1lB®
l
oe;roJ erD(Sd)5 eyeJ g®J6Jc.:l OCJc.:lJ CO<.
erCJ G®B~ mwZil CJJGZilc.:l c.:l~6CZil' <:'<;WO ZS"l0l5"i6m ey~Bc.:lG <:,•.tSlc.-m CJl&' CJOc.:ld ~G~ ZS"lJt5c.:lz,i::l®t.-
(gJZS"l®Q 6ZS"l~ ZS"lO CJ•.& §,1iiCJJ<;Zilc.:l tilB® Oe;O» g(3;)O:5'l COot-ZS"l ale;> CSJWZilc.:lzs) ert.t5IZS"lOCSJ
•.z5)® 0U.
G 1i3~erCJO ctltSlUZil Dl<;mZ5'i' gC>!Zilc.:lzs) Zil ,aio;> m6JJDJo::JZS"l 823::.3 ;J~ aie;>Zil'GGJg®J6J::J8. § C°ZS"lJ0U
85
oc..,:sf25)]:.:;0))015)}GB<:.:l6l51:5l'e.;~m c.:le;6z;i til0cJ(9t~ 1 8e; 2 <;clu) 52 GZ& g®J~c.:lcl ;5la<;5®
a<';15)) Q)02:51 15,000 CJ3~ c"'>15):'5)c.:lz:;1
82b ~Z'2 ~l516 6®® <Sl15)25)6dz:llz<;zce ce;t5 12 o®~ clc.:l
",3~,2 (:'5:5'0e." 3-.:, GCJO 2.1 0z:;))e;Gd' <:.:lJz:llGc9)

z:llcJcl 6®m aZ& §'dCJJ<;25)c.:l<:.:le;1m ~l51l5U(l;ll5
<:.:llwz:;)
~~B:5i 3 c)z;§) 2t5e.; ee:,:.>:l15l51Juc.:l
25)~ G)15)25)6d g®J~d3.. e')6®m® G®c.:lC§02CJ)Cz:llc.:lJ15)e;
clJem--3 z:llG 15)z£) 6z:ll® <:.:l)GZl'l~C; 6~).
5.14 0 tOGc.:lm c.3§\ 4cl (15)J 6 cl CJ®~ aOz;i25)J CJZ& OJOc.:ltilm g6cJ:fc5m G)Z§'®() G)15)25)Gd
S5 J<60cJQ)eCJ)25)c,o~Ozt:(915) Zl'lOc,oz3)· 5.14 0l.aGd 1 025) 0~c.:l6c.:lm 6CJm~~ z:llOmGm c.3)®l25)15GcJm

0aJJ(15)J' Q)U2G JCz:llc.:lm15)e;vf15)) 6Q)JG15)1G)~JuJc.3c.:lm()z;i 6CJJ.sGtl 8.su25) c.3 8<BcJtil. CJzSuUJOcJz:ll
0
S'J6eD0("'~ C~J(15)J' (lJ~Jt,Jc.3~m6(lJm Oo~ 6Q)~ c.:ll® gz:lle; z:llc5z~til. CJZ&UJOc.:l()GaOJ~OZ

(:'c..-20d 5e;-:; ~Z§\e.,:'5)Gcme;®G c.3Z0~® §,c.3J (lJ~JOJc.3 Oz.5®() a()m (lJ§,. 6® §,c.3J §,c.:l az&uJOc.:l
c:'JOeDG("'~ z:;)z<; eGc S'z§ e.,<;aB JU() (25)J<;zBc.:l
roztil 3)O~ C§o;>('")15)25)c.:lcl
<; e')§,c.3J® t:(l;lJC
:5'C;6l<;c.:l::;)
C;(:'Z§6tl. G ® l51<;aJ<;c.:l
<:.:l®25)c.:l
Om6m Oof2 6Q)~ c.:lJ6 §,. 63ii3~ ~0c.3)25)g§e'JCc.:l um6m
CZG5j:5l CJZ& c,od'uzm25)~e') g®)~c.:lcl U25) ~3)O 6Q)J6roJ t:() CJro <;Jc.:lz:ll
(25)J5®8.
ro(3e:,c.:lz:ll
S'z§ z:llZ<;zCCz:ll
S'z§e.;25) 3)<;Q)<;c.:l
8~Q)e; <;z25) (lJ3) roZcl6cl ct) ClC6C ct'zl5de'J aZz;i6z;i 8(25)J
Q)02m 6<Slm ce. 5.15 0lCJ6c.:lm <;clOJ Cj'z§ Cj'80z 6®® 3)<;Q)<;c.:l6roJ€;m <;Z25)(lJ3) 15)Zcl6cl ct) ClC6C
qz:.j)C CJz:sfGvf<;cl25)() CZ6Q)25) @02 GCJJ2:j?0zoS§,. 6®® C§o;>6aJ2:j?c5z Cj'z§ 5®() gOJ25) 6rol5d0 25)~
@02mme; Gm1~m 58B 8(j®() S'e.;cs;ll5 3)O® DC; aB®Jucl (25)J§Ql®8. e')6@)m@) ct) ClCC 50a3) z:llb5()
e')~ S'zl5dC GZvf0vf 5.16 Gz;5l 0l.a6c.:lm 6amOJ ~Z§ ~~O C§02m e')cl d60c.:lz;) a®~z;) S'z§
25)@63:5i GG§, c.:l:5i6m @02m:5'® z:llZ<;ZC6Cat5c.:lm3)c.:l(15)uvf ®J8~ (15)J~m otil25)J Q)08. 6®um
S'e.,adJOZ5"l~ Cc..-:sf25)1DC;g61<60c.:l C§CS2(lJro25)c.:l
c.3®Ci3ml5d~l513)z;ie:;c.:lz:ll
auz;i25)J Q)u Gam~~ z:l108.
5.14 61.CJGd 2 c..-me.,~Gc.:lm Oo~ 6Q)~® z:llJ6C:iC3)O aJC25)c.:l z:llb ~z;i 015(25) ~OB6d ~ gCJ;)d3)G)15)25)
@)'::;:::::3z:lle;
G25))e')ezPl~ G)~JC;10c.:lz:ll(lJ15)25)
3)z;iuc.:l 6am~~ z:l108. 6®OZ§' G)~JUJc.3 DC (lJro25)c.:l
6c;vZm GZ& 6oJC3~ 8(025)6l51cl a®~ 6ro:i ce;t5 16 z:ll o@)~ z:llZ<;SaB®JOz;) 6am~~ z:l108.
6®vZ;5l 2.)J51C;~z:;1S'Z§ um6m 6Q)J6roJ' t:e; 015(25) Cj'OB6d ~ Cj'JroJO c.3Za~@)Cj'U(l;l15
®u:::::®() ut)J
S't)6um 5::::: c.:l. u150m Cj'uBc.:ll5db~ 015(25) 6tl(lJc.:l§'Bcl@~c.:l z:llO®m 8.s8
CJzc)l5d4ll CJB~ Cj'§6t5z:ll
S'1o)JO ozof216®m 6®uzm l51510c.:lcl CJro86um® ®(lJroZoG)2.)J
rozz:ll·
5.14 O,DGd 3 e:,:'5)0~6c.:lm Oo~ GQ)~®z:llJ6C:iD3)U aJC25)c.:l z:llb roJ u15(25) ~UB6c..,~ g(l;la2.)J6Cc.3
(:')15))0 0zCJB3cl §\@ (lJ~)[;1oc.:lcl GCJm~~ z:ll08. ~uCJ;) ~ua6JOc~ ~§6t5z:ll ~J15)JO c.3zCJB6®m
c6c..-~ c..-t5~25)~d CQ)JG)l5) mZzS)~3)0 e')uZ§' (lJ~JOJc.3c.:lz:llaz&6CJuB ro3)Ocl 6ro:i ee eoo 5()z:ll
5,2:5" c..-e:)) C;S;lJC G)mm~z:;1 a&53m CJz& UJOc.:le;8t:8c.:l 15)zz:ll.C§020JCz:ll8m 5.17 0l.a6d 6a~J
qZ5' S'c.:lc5z0(50)
Je Gl~JU)c.3 CJzSu UJOc.:leeeeoo CQ)J(lJz§'®() 015(25) ~UB6d ~ cz;ic.3Jro C;zBc.:l
2l5d c.:l.
8(5O))e Glro25)~tilm c.:l73l G)~It,Jc.3 cQ))(lJz§'® c.3e;roJCJro3) c.3e;rom z:llc5z~ c.380J §Ql@) Cj'3)150CJ;)15
6tl.
5.3.1.
d.&;5lc.:l3G1 :5'vfe.,c.:li)t5~~ 6153 c.3e;roJG)~JUJc.3 £)3)0 aBcl@J tilB ~3)l50CJ;)15

z:llJo~c.:lcl 6Cc.3
ozC§J3:5l' G® <TIo13 G)~Je.,JO CBm uO aBcl@JzS)B z;i 6Q)J615):it:() 8[6tl. 2:j?®25)z:llJCJm3)Oc.:lz;)
q:5'O m<!f,Jc..-
lc.3 G5cl@J Z5"lb 2l5d <; c.:lm25)c.3@)roO C§02aJCz:ll8m t:8m §,3)0 S'<:.:l~CQ)25)
86
a66, .:..-c; ~cdildf3J63)--'
~50?!5) @3 ::"'Cd 5'l~ ~~
!5'Cf)~ aJ~2Z5J) W0 vC;
5\l.:5)3 .:Ji;OJJ e93::""~):.0Ct.:J
~C~-<t15 ?J):j w3v....:!w')C
f:Jl::3:2 ec QJe52z:;)' :500 (~?2J
:;~5J)3d v<; 3)lm31 CUJ::50Ci)
Zj)j' C!(iii C'JZ5lJ6:.,J. 1857 ~
e55:iJzS,;J.:!. v3. 0.50 (3)' 0
(J. Mehring) E!3d Jic!

vC; (;'3)3k.lJ00 e:i;r.§f:5 ~)<;3')
cr:. (4 I tic{?':"- dJcdm.)
',PJ ?5Jwf,Je..,c Z!)5tJ!J) 0d
0(7 tDz.:51® :.':Jt;ro)

';;25)2)J~c:;y5@j:"::Z:n' ZJ)Z0';;O
zn:j (3z£ @(j9 tjC~25) 51tJ)
OZ5lJZ.:1:JB z:p36 ZJJzzS,3C
GJegm' 0c.3J§ JC-; ('?ltB
(!)Z5lJ6CJ. 1873 ?
<"'Z2i8Z5lJ60 or-< .:..-3d
(F. Weiss) E8d 9..53
CC:-:Cil& 3G..,;J~ ZDZC...JeY
f3cz:pmZo,C t-C; <",:519':"-J60
ilac;c.-m c? (4. I .:..-c{?.:..-
dJcdm)
a6& 6W03/6@6l \\lWt;VC;

\\l~6J§ aze, 6J@I r,;0ZJJ
f3zac3§ :8 CoZ"J00 f§6J
!5Jcm0d [)w§d ZJJz:;f[)CJ
c::;D(~jJ5J~DeJJi5l cJroC;J8Qzs1,
aWCjf::w 'i!/@h6l.
87
Wa/<; :.!;o23;f):..f ot.J-l :!)ZJJJZ5)ZJ"J £);p
060t :Jo<!f5 ~C;...Jd:Y~31C (J),mJ;
C~Cl8~Z5) cYz-;; ~C;...::zs), 63 CCo.Jc::.;J e.o30 ~c;J5Cv!)Of;::;]

e..,<;6c:f 8:':m J
QJ"di5f '1/'-'31' £l83. 0J;53i; Q)"'2i5f C'J:JOJ ?CD<;
t:DZ<;ZC/C 00.3) "';:Q)CJ cZW . ...5t;ZJJ' r;& e5JJ8t5)(!)~m' 033
@c.JJ[)Cc.J Z-i-,CJm@ ZllG; CDZZll.
88
~~)-C;[)'-"....;:;') ~(8i 5)~
vc;~z..,l": ("v:"'-rI...I .:,.,c;9";')~~
~~....;) ~...::, c'Jl6....::.
5.10 0t0cJ: vJ.J( ;?DJ(; ,:.,(~...; ::318 (oou...::,3.:..'l

!"'l~) I..:.>ll:::f,v"';"':"'~ :';l8:; 5)_
.....
C;.:...j.:.l 55::....:: c-'J,,1:..j.
5.11 °t°'-' , -=--<; ::l::Jl::Jl::.....,~ ::JlC'~ 55_-./.::;"l' :-,,,,),; __ ~~ __

0<;' 5):::i ;;"::"'Z:.-l c-'(5) !..l5\.-"""'I!)I ~':""i::"j. .:».: m:.:
q;.;....::...m v<;....::z..,-=)~' v3'l)0 ((fj~) C~:...,.':;_"";':"'1
5'l:j;:"-~:5)) .:;&) (V~5") ':"'C;""::':'j ---){(;"j,"::- ~lC'(~~"':'
=;=
89
5.12 Otc:lQ 030/ v~ c.'(30'fBos:: ::3,d;, 0)')
0~?S)d uC;6 CJZd;, (:jCJ(,)J(:jJ 6c~C
!JZC!:36. (Ei[t;Wl!5l Q@OI!5>e:;)'
gsC-'i02JJC-'() W[61<iil)
5.13 0tc:lQ, QiCf' U)CZJ)~J0(5)' CJ(Cz5l(j'CC 0c.JJ5i 0Z5)7cS, '\Jo)<; 0C!CX]0J

te!3m?;3) £j~ ~rot; '-'c;..,.')z:s) d6JZ5)D 88;5'/ CJC)ZJ"")J ZJJdo?[; Z3)O
ct,:&3 c;>d<;6. (gsC-'io2JJC-'() S2JJJwd Ei[t;wd Q@Ol!5Jd qOsd

C-'t<iil)
90
8
o
•....
x
40
,,
, eJl€iJ isfiffeJJ<'; OJcJ
<, " '\." e:J~C0J 88cJ 8Z5J
................. ~ ... , ... ~ lf~~ "'~2»~
..... '\. '3
"', '2
"' 1
5.14 dt0c;.:l, :..;tf{.)z:5) {tt)!J0J (fZ&3§ 8[J{.) [)tf{.)Z5J ZJJl5f[)::':;ID0(ffrsf eoo 6ot)05J~ c:Jl0&rsf 5Jeol@ mcn QJq>
(D1ilZ5lc:JZ5J ~Z&30Z5l 00IDdZ5J&. oZ8 8dtsJ6 c:Jt;eJ] 5.3 Gz:5)]i)c:J 5Jezsl'ID.
91
5.15 6tClc:l' ('-'c(c-.ce (~l'5}{:; :::;l5'~j' :'::(~~::;'l =:
;.9~ JZ~yJZw3:..."...:; ![}C ("'ZS£ S,-,':Y:'-~ :J)<;-:Jc.;"":;
.:JC0.:J~.:..,.:5):" C;Z::;")0'"J51 CDZzS ...,0))( ).~,:;-,",'""lz...)~.J.
0"';;;';;~ ,-,3)~ 0'1Z5 B,J:::;1) (.;]02:5)0 3:£38

£3.J,.;;c v<; (-O~-<J':"-.;.'l~ ....,0.
5.166tClc:l' c-.:., c,cc (",'5},e :::;(",~", '::::'l -w.:]

:;.]:...;,5...:;:.., ~-..../<)-:):..) 5.2 •..,-,,:'1 :"'(;c--(;' ;':']':';'
;:''1) ,:,c; ;..;, )v:~....; ("~;'; '3}C:j"'I,:.JI )::"""":'::.T.'I e)(:;~
,.....):.- ",,':':.:;"'\.::;'11.../ •....:"J .....J'.
92
:.. Jl'.:.l :"'1.... \... v- J:"- }.:... •..••.••.:..'I """'.:...(:..,;:;;,-"'v J:'" J:"-
'::1. :;-:").....1,,",,-:"'-'" ~\ ....,(~ ~.:..'))(~ (:..-:..,.:..""'1.:.,. ...•.:....") L .-.J)~(;.
(::':'1 <",':""~ ("JC,)JJ -"jr-':"-""'" (':"::::'C:"J-..J .....'-"..I...,L':'"'I'::"-"')

:....,) •••••...:.""'1 {'":..-::~......:\ e:i~.....
J:"" ('-)["'1)J .:....,:....2 .....-....,
93
gc;fZ5'lC.:liSl. CSl~">1tno eJBd:t,)0ti ~ ~~c))t5C.:lGC.:lm® d.e5Z5'l C;lZ5"lCSJl3"l®O cZ5io)CSJ C;lB® C; 0~®l5J
@C.:lJud OC5.lGC.:lmZ5"lo:Q)~lGQ). d8Z5'l C;lZ5"laC) CSJl3"lG®m ~lC.:lGcsi l5JZ5iuc.3~t5~C.:l iSlB® G®8~ Ga,)GCSJJ
G<;GZ5'l1:i)
GaX5CSJJ C() aC)Ga)(jO)zs{~ Gti. d8Z5'l <;lZ5"lCSJl3"l® iSl8Gd'Z5i uoC;zsi Z5'll§ GC;C.:liSl.Z5'l~Z5i
~lC.:l <;(&G®m eJ· <e£zsi ~lGcsJ GCSJJe; GCSJ::rZ5'lOZ5"l iSl85()Z5"lZ5i e,o~c.3 Z5"lG GZ5'l)~Z5"l.
5.18 ulm 0tOG(..)::;) d8Z5'l CSJ) QJl:S2m 08l5J <f,lCSJe;

uC;c.3zsi GOmo) ~ Cfll5J. a() G®8 d8Z5'l CSJl5J
roliSl<;? Q)l:S2m o®mm 80Z5"lJ d8Z5'l GO)c.3)CSJl3"l®O c.3~ l5JO®Z5"l GCSJJ e~<c;zsi GZ5"lGZ5'l1:i)O§QJc.3
eZld Cfl5JO, ale;lm ctl~~ Z5"lo<e£J. WZ5'lt® CfGc.31:i)O G®® CSJliSlC.:lJU eJCSJ9Gum caJCSJl5J ~Z5"l. deZ5"l
<f,lroe; GouOGd ~l§l DC; CfGOm WZ5'lt® 6Z5"lZ5"l80C.:l ~Z5"l. §Sm ® 80l5JO CSJZ5iuC;Gd d8Z5'l 80:;1)
<;l6'l® 6zsil5JOJ gG®JC;c.3iSl. 6G®m® 0t~®Z5"lO oZ5i 5®iSl. Z5'lll5JGCSJ)Z5id8Z5'l G05® oe;o:n 0tGCSJZ5'l
®rom8c.3zsi C; Z5"l")cc.3zsiC; ®eJ0G2 iSlB®O 8fGti . G®Dm Z5"l)Cc.3zsi CSJ) ®CSJm8C.:lzsi 0l(..) Z5"lOd8Z5'l
GO)C.:lJ C;lZ5"l ac') CSJl~G®m c<; CSJliSl 6C gGc.3JOZ5"lc.3zsi GZ5"l)®ll5J· 6Gd' Z5"l~ d8Z5"l GOJC.:l) oCSJm8
5c.3 ~zs{0zs{ ~l3? <f,lCSJe;GeJuJGd ~l§l uC; 6iSlGZ5"liSlm fOd' iSlB ~~ <;lZ5b ~iSl QJe;lm 6t5lGZ5'lZ5"lJ()
~t~ 0lGC;Z5'l QJe;l'-'lC CSJ~J[,JOGd ~Gc5J'63 l5JZ5iOC.:lGCSJgZ5"lO~) OeJ)Z5i 5.19
gGc.3::rOZ5'lc)zs{c;t:5(l;lZ5"lc.3z5).
0loGC.:lm <;zsi[') ~§, G~,-,m QJe;lUlC 0lGc;mGm Q)e;lm uC; l5Jl3"l® oe;CSJJ i5'® ;gBo ,-,em
9)[,C.:l '-'Z5'l <f,l0 SleZ5"l 8GGc.3c t5lBG~~ c.3. 0<; l5Jl~® @c.3)Z5"lJBD Z5"l6CSJ~ c.3~ camGm OJ JZ5'lr;Gc.3m
GroJe; i5'Z5lc)c.3Z5"l ~l§l CSl<e£)t.no(..)m c.3.
d8Z5'l <;lZ5"lCSll3"l®O UU1 ctlc.3GCSJm <f,l:25c.3 8~ Z5"l)t5C.:lC.:lmCSJB("))Z5"l)OG<f,lR U ctl§,C;l3

Glc;CSJz.s:iDmGm
§'t5~c.3 t5lB®3. CSl<e£lUJO eJBzsimGti Cflc.3 ~CSJ~Gam ~ C;lZ5"l CSJl3"l®O CSJlt5lPD GWJz.s:i 63m ®C;d
omGl5J::r® Bc.3 CSJlZ5"l·
Z5"l~Z5i ~lGCSJm <f,lfj5L3 p~ Z5"l")t5c.3c.3m
G®)Z5'lU)C;? 0l& §,@mc;Z5'lc.3 oe;CSJ) ~ QJe;lm
o)CZ5'l0d ~ ale;l d8~c.30csJ 6Z5"l® Z5"l)t5c.3c.3Z5'l~ ctuC5.lr; l5JO~ Q)p C;l@®8. G®® Qj~ GSm ~l§[,Z5"l
Gd'BZ5"l)um c8m 0l'&' ~&mc;Z5'lc.3 oe;CSJ) ®p dd' Z5"lG p~u ~ll5J·
5.20 CSJ)5.21 (")Z5'l 61eJt.-em ~~§lm OJC;JGCSJZ5'l6Z5"lOc; UC §alc.3 t-:l~ GZ5"l)Gc.3zsi[,t:5CZ5"l ~OBm GeJm~~
!SlOZ5'l ~l5J6 GO 6mm d8§,c.3GcsJ l5JZ5iDc.3 ~t5~c.3 Z5"lG ~Z5"l. DC; Oc 8L3i3 <f,lCSJe;~Oom (0Z5"l
Q)p, Z§Clc.3m O<.l) 8G~m) 8d' l5Jlm GZ5"l)~§D 8uZ5"l) Gl5Jzsi d8~L3GcsJ l5Jz.s:iDc.3G1me;alti e,o~L3
!SlG rolZ5"l· G®C() ~lc.3() iSlBCSJlc5c.3iSlm Gl5J)OD Q)a Ct®O <f,leJ wBmZ5"l. Q)p 08l5J DC; 1:i)UO [,C;c.3Z5"l
5C5.lJc 0Z5"lJ()0Z5"l eJlti'iB ctl§Z5"l~ 6c.3 d8~L3GGJ' l5Jz.s:iDc.3GWJe; aDO Cfl§ DOZ5"l) olz;,,~c.3iSl. 0®Dl~
d§§,c.3Z5"lGcsJ alPCtG~ Z5"lJt5c.3zsi13®l5J)Uc.3
~CSJ()® eJDz.s:iDJGCSJZ5'lc.3l® oe;o:)) ~:;I)CSJ®Z5'lc.3
~G H~ eJ1CZ5'l®L3
cOB® <f,l~B GZ5"l)()d' Oc~ OJZ5"ltic§J Z5"lO~ clGQ).
6Gd' (")G®zsi d8Z5'l C;lZ5"l CSJl~® Oe;WJ 8l5J) l5J)® cz.s:iO)W CSJl5J0Z5iGz.s:i ~lc.3 ~CD) CSJC§'l®() CSJ)
GroJ CSJ~JO)OGc.3m <f,l[,z.s:it5lB®O ~uC5.lr; $2 ao
c.3. g)GC.:lJ<'i3Z5"lQ)1:S2mCZ5"lGd ~ 0®qm ~Od''') GC;Z5"lzsi
C;liSlC.:l ~Z5"l.
<D gCnZ5'l 0l&D)0c.30 g6® oop Ga~c.3l® mcZ5'lc.3 iSlB® 0e;1m CSJ~)UJO Z5"luO Ga~G~~.
G®® @L3)usc.3 6 GUZ5'l oBtJGclC;Gd 05d'l5Jo)z.s:i®Z5"lU C;zsiu) Cfll5J·
~ c.3~ B~c.3iSlm CSJ~JD)oc.3Z5"lO ~Oc.3)G~ ~)GtiCSJc.3 ctl§l5 6c.3 d'0oD® Q)e;lmGGJ' wl8BG®m
l5JCSJuol $2 50 6® ~)GuCSJc.3 ~G1$'DZ5'lc.3 iSlB®O (<f,lDZ5i iSlB®() GW) ~eJ0lulz.s:i5®()) ctu(l;lr;
Q a ~~CSJ®Z5'lc.3 Z5"lG ~~ @c.3)uSc.3 7 UZ5"l oBtJG~C;Gd, ocd'l5JO)zs{®Z5"lU C;zsiDJ ~ll5J·
Z5'loz.s:i CSJ~Ju)oc.3zsi ~c.3® ~JZ5"l)0c.30 O)CZ5'lc.3 Z5"lG-SZ5'l@ G®c.3 ~Z5"lUC5.l)5c.3.
94
c GI @JQH@JSl;:Ql ~ a ((): g @J ~ a 8 CJ -", (") £",JCo CJ g ~ -'ll Jj c CJl UI
"'@J U(d::lu",U(;) ~u C'JCIJ(;) "''''-flIcx eG::;:i,@JCJ@(") (3 W ~
""-c CJDti(;) i701 CJ, (;) C') G: I g a '" g I::J N t\:)
sv "'vc::J,GI"'(j}c" , 8J g ~ '" 8gB@J'"
CD c @J f'... c: ~ @J~x ~'ll~a",O~
~"G) r»
@J", CJc.,
G:-r:I a
-flIC\g@J1 9 CJ, Sl C'?0N;:S'GJgS ~'ll G: @) -'1)
cs. (> C') @J U -".0 fa a ..... g 8 CJ @J €> e
"" CJ (3' 0b\t;lG:.c",l'!> 8
G) D8J
oCJl.paG: ti ~G: 0 GJ kl~Q)-flIG)
Sl®
O\!j
a b\ C\ GI 9'\
8 (;) '" ft
CJ g. !i\ a; 6), "'C' c~
2 ·oC"vOc gCJ"'Q-cCIJu C\ /'.0 C>
'-<, a I
~ , - c::J, ~ c
&C!
~ ~ ~s c @J ~ N ",~sClC o, (;) ('?
(,,'" ~ okl a S' ~ GI c a ~ 9
C:'3(3~' @Jt;I G~~alSl e((): ttCXCJkl a G @J '" '"Ol '"en g 9 C>
8J1'" ti@J G C\G @J (1
C') ~ (i'D ~ ~':'D ~ C') a Sl '@JftGJ ~ PolGI s-
g ~) 8 c::J,u Sl ft~'ll ftSl C"..JGJ @J CJ
iff
@) ft a ftkl C'; 5t'Q N U 8 ,~ a ~
O)t;lG: ti 0: ~ (~) a~@j)g7tGlCJ , Sl ~ ",
G o, @J;:Ql ;:;J '" "" C")
G G QJ 8
)} °en@o: 9J ~,~ @D C') 9Jl u ~ G (,) -~ G 8 G GI S 'G [i) C') g ~
0: en (3a,sf@J uGll'!>",aftCJ u 0: U a '"'
G)~)UO"",~) ""-ti ,§ftSbg~) "G) G. 8 9'\ t;I '" kl ,,6) CIJ cx .f1) tel §
C (3 0: "il C en 8').) a; (3 ,,6) '-<, U u 8 ,en
Sl(3(3~oS 8' G C') Sl G s
U
~ CJ
_'11 G: r ~ G) 8J ~'ll , GJ GJ 0J _'11 g C') S'O:l'!>1'lu g !:j) G CJ £1
'C' '-' g (~ '(j) S 0: xa~f!JC\(), C')
CIJ s 9
c>~'vO>-'enG: QJ ~' ~ 9Jl J} @J Q.D GI -flI
c.,GCo'''' a J} ~ a G&CJtt CJ
kl ~ C') m 8J g g C') QJ O:og@Ja~~ _'ll .3 g ~
GJQ~LJG:", uCj ttQ;'Q '"
'"0:'Q0: C~ a
GG',c.oS Q", GI -flI Sl c: g CIJ CJ C") G Dl C') _'11 g od ~
Gl Cd: CIJ &3 8 C'~
c.,C:0:~ 'Qgg '" 0 Sl -"o~4p.g@J~ b\ su 6 G S
~) C') ~ g C".' ~
u8G:G:C\GI ~ Q SlJ GC"CJNC') 8J Sl v c.9
&3 t;I G Q .»
-flIO:(;).f1)CJQl'!>C\ ft a C" C") _'ll G ("
S Sl a ~ 'GSlb\8C,)Sl~ g c;9
",~gGlg f!Ju ~ c v ;r. '" G: G C' CA Sl (1
~SVGJo: a4 a GI 0 C") kl '" ~ '" 0: C') ((): GI
U !t)~~ (3 f'.,'l Sl C"gCJ~g",~ ft &3 C'
P-ftC'Ja CJo:kl C') C,'I)
.s Cl GlN@J@Jt;I b\ '3
(0 GlQ C1l a",rv. '-<, G C'", _'ll '" t;I "'J U u a Sl a
CJ
9C\
(]1 ® ClGlCfU~~ a GI 8 g ~ G ;:.r8CJ'Sl~a c .r» o
GI @j)
~N,GJG""S5 ~ G" /'.0
8 C") CJkl ~aG,§GI~a G G G
Nt:).JftSbu GI~' gl u N u
a ,,6)
CIJ a rSl N, G" u Gl (0: ~ @J /'.0
Ol~ ,1'
8 0:ft Q ~'1l Sl ex III t:).J 8 GI .oo
~ ~Gl8uC'J ~ C') @J ~ @J
l'!> 8@JGJ8Cl~ C\~ 8J Cl;£ll CIJ @J G a a
S'wa~ CIJ Gl a .f1)
9'\ a_'1I 8JCJ GI 8 8 6 GJ C G1 ('?.f1) a-a,QG~gft "£ ~
CJ ~ g /'.0 G ~ GJ-'il @J Sl 8 G ~CIJ §
~..J ft (0 C') -~ 0: ~ °G _'ll a @J
ftQU g G: .(lj
"'u::;:i,Qg (")J} g @J g> -flI U CIJ CJ C\ CJ, (@ ~
'8 ~ 9l C'''
a "'CJ GlGI", -flI '" 0
GI t;I) 0: c')~g, b\ CJ@J e Dl
,..J~Qu8e!G,,'Q C"!:~~ C\ &3
cx", G o, ti C,'I) u .c» C"'CJCJ,g~ ti
c: '" (;) 6 l'!> "', ~ ;:;J @J 0
'" u 9'\ u ~ ,. ('J S t:t C') a a
11 C') S a (Ol Sb ~oCJ S a 9
Q@a~Clua8r> Sl t:t a Sl ",QJ@aGSl~ -"< '"('J _'11 C\
) '" D g C' «o Q (3
"G) § g) O:C"UU C\", '" Gl (3 ®
C"a 0 ftg] R, o @J U
~&u ,~ Sl 8J a (" C:J 8J Glt:t~ @J CJ
ft@JCJ GJG", GI (,) GGl9",u 8 C"J ~
..no ti U -flI -",C'
C') ~ rn. tt ~ en G" CIJ g ;:;J. l\ (n ~ g @)Gtt(3G1~B -", ("J
'G a a; CJ 8J Co' o, Sl gl g tt Sl.l ' Xu C» @J R, )} coQJ
, CJ u &3
tt GlS5S54cnO: Sl 'Il. C") o CJ, Co' ft to Cl b\ U
gag Q@J8 u 9'\'" 1>, ~C:'" Gl
C'''' uoCJCJaCi'JJ c,§ Sl Sl no GI ~ C") ~
ro ~ "" @Ju('J'--"SlCl> GI .c»
~c: ~Cl> a'" ti ~)uSluQ @J C
8'a ('?(ilkl ftG a; Sl ' 0 (3 ftgC2J
G: GI CIJ , SlC\u,§-'1I ({3 (@
U ® Sb C') ~ S5 ' @J 8 @J r.\ f.l .r» ' Qj ft @J
u "" C" G,9 @) 1QJ~QJ~p- Q) U ("
Qj ~('?ClJC: ~4 9l ~~ ~, G C" 1'0.. 9JC")crSGltt ~
@) g S5.'" GI QJ @Jr;;,., C" ~
~ Sl) 13').) !,tgSc»g [,
U «'J g ® u """ C"
r9 °G ~,sp /'.0 8 CD ~ 8J({3 a G ~
'" G: 8J
<... c 0 _~ Sl «'J ~ CJ, fiJ s
"Ij kl
G: CD 8J~ a u ~ fa " v (@ Sb
G
a 'a
(;) G@J-flI~0l8 g ('J) G 8 @JOG G Sb .f'U G
CJ G ft C') n _ (lJ_'1I ~ft!}t (I'j .Cl tt ftaklCJ9§ a e C')
5.18 OtCi<:.:l' 0d8?;;;-)] 85GJzs-J C/i5J0 /2 dBm C5&Ji5J S'i'we; uC;c:;z.;-J.
0ZSJJi5J00 S'i'2:5l@mm" dBm 0t.:;?..jJ (5)5) CDZi5lC;? 0@Cf;
O(00cS 0@)25'J~ 025'1:)0 0~":;zsj' @)!5J? Q}CQW 0ZJJc.JZC
0Z5))88mJ dJu 0§tD? §!5J2.J--) 23)0 f/GJ ~4]Cj. 6(CJ~ ~G

CJt:J CD) OCDGzs-J C'zi53 CJ?5lC; t:JC;q;>~ 0/0..j C)l<sC
gZ:;-)0dom;.:: 6i80@)ZD~ 6.:325) 8um] dOJZ5)cJ 0~]w] (DtJ)
CD,z.;,.
5. i 9 dtow: (fH!;;J][):JC3GJZ5) wz:lE)G3, 6GJ C3Zi53w8c(J

o[;ai5J z.;SB0CY~ 6@[;,m QjGJ[;ZC;'
C;,ifJ0@zs-J :5io~w z.;'G 1lJ,ZSJ. 6@W
(5)~)DJC.:;W 6(5))<'; i5Ji5J~WZSJ t:JDiilm
Qjt.JD GZ£ Czt;GJITl e.5)~z:))cJ61 Z5):§)Z5J~
dBm C;Zz.;'10@zs-J
O@~?;;;j (f)~JtJY-:J0c:f
t5JZ:;P.JCj t)O&cJ ZJ)G e:;Z5)JWzZ3).
96
o
'l
.1
'oj
'V'" c
.j 'l
(8
I.)
'l )
(J) f) .) j (ei 13 t'~-
[j el OJ-') el
S
')
'r,.....•
"
cl
)
"u Ie:;
)
.~ ~ '~
(;) ~l . 1 r-i .) .J :)) [j
\') ~1 Ie ~.)
'v....
;' \) ,) s.....
(:")) 'J
.)
'l
'cr:
" C (G ).) J .)
J .0 ,~el .j l'
'J
11",-=
;;: 'i (',-::f)
) {' ,:;:.(~
d ~
'l PJ
'J- "
(' r, ) I'l '" .j f>
G ~l
f) o (G G
eel 'oJ- f> ,) "') c
G ~ 'i
[.) .) .) .) '0 -j \l. ,) Of> r-,
-) (\v- c.::J
GC)':"w
13 t'J- 'l
lG •.• ~ v-
OJ
8) 0") ''oJ •.• ) ~ t3 /)
Ii' ?; I))",> .j :)
0", ') •.)
~'l tel
(. '{) fJ
u G fJ <;N
9.- ~l r.J ,.l
'0 n Oro;
o f) G ~
N ..1 ,.1 I')
In '0 ,) f)
u
9.-
'0
N
In
5.3.2.2.
,?/t:)t5lt:)<;>e.l3;lJ)Zil1vc.3
a1505Z;;) :5lduc:J ®Zil 0e;1 wCd5'lJ (Slm5'lGd g®l~c.3 ®Zil §\O~c.3 c)5'l q'ZilO
-.>®®008<Bc:J aW5l Oe;wm c;';J0I 31Cl2®c:J c;'GiJ Z{)5'lt5l0Gvz;)t5l0 <;Iclf3c.3 WIt5l·
05'l®:
<D Z5)I<;IeGe utlWt5l c;'COc.3Z{)G~mw5'l e:l1C5'lc.3,
® 3I&v10c:J Z{)G~ (S')W5'lcnc5'lc:J WJ
@ c:'Gof§i t5lJC;...:l Z{)G<;mm5'l a')c5'lc.3,
5.3.3.
@O aOG o<";mm Gl5l Gt5lJOd' t-c~ G<; g®,)~Gd 31C5'lc:J m) e,'?l>0tB (S')w5'lGd alCl5lc:J q'vd'01
34 §)m f3d'ZilO ::;)0 e,'IZ5'l. G®@ c;'Dd01 34 ~ cmCZ5'I) t5l0 c;'(@ Gt5l0 0c:JE® W) OoGcl:5'c:J5'l" ",(Sf
3IWe~C i3B-.:Jd 5.22 0t3-.Jc.3m cd':5'O Z5)0 c;'IZ5'I·
OJ®J:'SlJ5Gc.3mCe....CteGcm wi3t.,c:JZ5)e,'I@ @~ Z;;)1<;IeCt5l,?/mG ®1i3® ;.:;a5'l"G1Ez;):'Sl <; C~Ctc:!C

Ot® CO® Z5)It;leGe ,?/wG ®::;O®O vW)® 'fIrog5'l" ~ Z5'I1@c:J ;...:lZ{)
l2IZ5'I.C<;1wo~c:Jcl D(S:lGc:J5'l" (Sl~oe.;,)O;...:lO
q'@GtsZ5)q'lW')O o(oB®O q'C3;llS fj BOt5l 6® q'JW10 @r-5'l ZJl1<;IeC CE35'l" Z5lIQJ®O l5l® 6c:J®Z5'I
q'D3;ll5rod' 'fIucl @21b ;;Z~ c:J. G® 0<";m1 ox;) oro:5' aI&. low00c:Jcl c':nf3Z5'1J t5lG;JZ{)e,'Z5l0G®®
c;'vd'0JG 5.23 0twGc:Jm c;lroI~C t5l0~ e,'[Z5'I.
'fIWe;G<;G<;Z5)i5)ma®~cl 0®5'l'f313)~ ~t:)1 m~JD10c:Jcl (SlI5'lOCt5lJ 6)C®. G®® ~t:)1 (Sl~1G10c.30

OC @d@c.3 w,)€!:5'vc:Jm d'vea t5lI<;C 'fIt:)cl Ca)') ~ q'IZ5'I· G<::J® (S')~1C.oc:lc:JGZG,s5'lvJ <;Z3 t;Z5'l (S')Z<?l5
vZ<;m:5l' v5'l e,':5'O e);...:l<;Z5'l"'"'I<?loO e,'1:5' 0W)e;® ~ c:J 5'l® <5)~Jv )0c:J vZlo,s5'l"5'lC 'fie.... WeB~3.
G® oe;roJ G®® D<; G<;Z;;)i35'l" c.3d ,?/wr; Z5)Z<;Zc'Ge 6cl aZZJf13)Z5)O rod' cP ai3c:Ji35'l" (Gw] rod' ,?/mr; cJ1@Gcl)
oZ3BG®5'l" t5l1<;Zc'GC vti...J5'lc:Jw5cl:.) t5lG Wet5l (5.24 0twc:J 1 ~5'l e,'t-d'0')D). q')w')O 0Zac:J~ c:lZ{)O
<;Jc:Jt5l5'lG<;I5'l"Z5)I<;Ic'~d5,-,5'l;...:lC;...:l;J2.l.'c:J. rod' C~3Jc:Jcl Gm:i o')~vcl ®<S35'l' t5lI<;ZeC e,'c:lC
rod' 'fIt.)cl e,'Z@ t5lCE30 @~5'l" 6® d'015'lGd u<;c:Jcl ii!zg;®o a05'l' (S')Z5'I;JZ{) c:J. G®c:J~5'l Z5'klc.J§5'l"
® GW)~Z;) CJZme~CG5'l <;':5'0 G® 0<";W1 ~5'l 7 ?Jf 10 ~ e,':5'O~ m~JvJoc:J 5'lzvZ5'l 3Bd~1t5lG c:J~c:J.
G®CO m&lx.no;...:l vtlG5'lc:J v5'l'G5'l"5'l® 6 oZae i?Jd' Ct.) aJGd v<; Q)lg;® q'10<3ro t5l0 §@c.J
;JZ{)co. 5.25 0t3Gc.J5'l" cP aUc.Jt5l Q)~5'l1 c)<;c.Jt5l G5'l1Gc.Jcl q'Dd'01 <; 6® e,'Dd'OJG5'l" 0 q'?l>0ta
D<;Gd OJGdcl:. €!;$,lJCZJfDc.J
C; c<;m') C;clC3. v<;c:J o~ G ,)Gm);:)Icl 3B25J',,:0)i3BG~'5'l"6i?J g®1&lc:J
§lts&lc.J i3B®O me§) f3c:Jc:JZ{) c.J. @~5'l" c;'~ZJf v<; @Z~®O e,'lc'®cl G5'lJ<;clD5'l"G5'l'5'l® 6i35'l' Ga<?l
c:J5'l"G5'l"
®p5'l" wO <;,u(),))5
Gc;]Cl~c.Jcl G5'llCZGQ)5'lQ)ci3. 6£)01 G®® e,'~d'0)GC)~ ®~5'lO q'@GtlZ5)
c;'JroJO013B~ CZt;C0ZJfc.J.m~1v10c.J vts05'lc:J v5'l'Gm 5'l®, 6® q'~ZJf c)<;c.J 50% g@J&lc:Jt5l0 vZE::;®O
'fit.) rolBc:J eZ{)c.J(5.24 0tac:J 2 v5'l q'~d'OJv).
50% vIP~ G<;c:Jcl 5.21 0taGd G35'l'UJ e,'IZ5'l·Cl'~d
D<;c:J 50% ®()O®O CIP~ f30 6c:J 'fIror; Z5)1<;Ic'Gc'®1<;O G(S')5'lq'1 ~Z{)q';:)IO 6c:J til@ ®c' d'o15'lGd
Z5lDd D<;c:Jcl ii!zg;® oe;w') rod' 'fIt:)cl 0lai3c.J ;JZ{) c.J (5.24 0tac:J 3 G5'l c;'Dd'OJD). 5.21 0t3Gd
Chtil 50% DIP~ D<;c:J,5.26 0t30d c;'L§ o®~ts&lGc:J5'l' CIP~ G<; m1 0oo5'l"<;5'lc.JZ5)o5'l'5'l.
98
@<Dt; 00()i30C::;Z;) Olfli1 00i3i3c::;O
tl<: I:jIOIC3@z;) 1:j@Ci.lOlfli1 tl<: oc ----
eS6JZi)C::;0t)Zi)eS ~@ ~tiJC tl8z;)
r-~~~~~~~~~
I
06JCi.l @<Dt; tl<:C::; Olfli1 I
I
00()i3c::; @l<: (flz5) Olfli1 6J@ I
I
0<:ZSJZSJOI:jloC3@ I
I
~-
Olfli1 6J@tlCO I:jOC::;Zi)
@<Dt; tl<:C::;
cf] CiCC 0<Dtlz;)

K'---.;--.;-~-.,--.,--.,---.;:---.;:---..:---.;-----<:---(l_ (fl?5JrJ tl leS@
(~l~ld~d ~fnG €J~h~)
Vl ----1--1----- I:jC Q)z;)z5)C::;
.::D~~.!) 03)~ 0<D1

(f!J5~d Cic'C
(::;s,l~ld~d /;;lfnG €J@J~)
5.22 6toc::;, w(3t)GjZJl CfZ£lZJl6m QJcr;] W&Jt)Jc:JGjzs! C5JcmGj &86&J~ B{ioZ!'/c:J 8Zl) (ft)do) 8dZ5J6 &8@.
w(3t)c!j(:! t)wC 6om'tJ) 6mJ81Z5J. QJcr;] ZJlZ<';Zc'CqZ5JZ5J15wZ5J
{)m w(3t) COJoW O@&zs!6@ti3 602Jl'tJJ
ifzZ5J·
99
vvvv
5.23 6to~, c~i33(j!5ZJ)ttJWJO CJZc:x3@zoi Z5JO&J DEX: ¢!JWJO QJt'j6Z5l roJ C{]Clc'0c' CJJ0dzs-<& BfiJu@). ttJWJO
QJt'j0Z5l Bc:J0Z5l Cf(&3 Z5lm BEo Z5JZC:;Zc'CD'f)t;OJ@ 'f)WaZ5l &3Qj@ Occ:;mz;) (1) OZ5lC6c:J25J' (i) Oc:J
c:;Z5f[)J "fzZ5l·
100
DOl]]]]u
uvuuVIJU
= . =
= =
5.24 0t0c:l, Z/)cJJ CD&JUJCJWl:5l ut5CimwD ,!:Dc 88@. @Wt; u<; 2 t5lm' fdd GJ&JU)CJw @Wt;u<; 4 <;z:sJUJ,
(ftJe16J 1 8D 5 <;l:5l'tJ), 8wtJ6 5 t5lm' tJt5Cimw t5l8®.
101
G1 (")(I, a '8 C) <€l U1 (,,).ro{)JS3 9 '88 ("; US U1 ('J C a"'lJ fl OIC"'U: (, u ro Gl a -ill a@J e@) ~) C'o C' c€l
@)~,("B,.gS3B W (")8(3 @)S50l!l '" O:C·'", W '" r."''''
@ 0-;'> ~~,{',
~ N8'"\,) n \CP
C'JI c:a g) n
@J G a ~ .f1l U C') 9 D ':tS'I 8'1
a f1l o"J)'" 0> ""- 9. []l 8 6
W W "'. ,,<,)0 ::J ,., @) 'G s Q SV f1lNGl'"
w @Ju S5C'J)~S3(")c? Ilv(," 0:C\8G; !:D (Ql8""'8'"
(")~~ GC"~ QJ (") Ol rll r) '-' (' U U Q)' @J_'lJ '" ~ (;j .r» rn"'lJ @) It C"
'" G1 @J YC'" S3. a
~S3.8aG'~CJ _'11 !) G f1l o iS n C') a G:J I:!l il'I ~ C\ c 8) (!J o (oj G l'
r. ~ '0 C\~G.lt'D>L':ta.,
~~~ @J.f1l
[1C\c€l ~ U lJ' G1 «§) I:!J 8 u
@J a ~ -~ ~ S3 if e.o ~ 8 ~ It G. (} '" 4 I} (!J ('j, ~ Q, Wo !;i.
0. "'~ (,1 S3. S3. 8 (") <3 8 9l)uS51G1S3.~~ij~ iii ~e il'I_'i1~("jG1S3.B
N) " _'1) '" (") Ol 8) 'r; N ,t\) (, a 01
u::J tel .r« 0l)'G: oi:;J u S3!} @J@J~(;j t!~ C'llC'JI "'lJ !;lJ j S3. ~ YC"J
c. l C\ (") <.;» "', 9 ~) ~
~ G j C') rr, 8 @) [' g C! o>tju@J ""'"ue C' S:l.~
'-' S3. 7c~ -'lJ S :i\, ,f\> It G! 01-" U o-
!)'@) !) (;Q o ((']J S c;; w "', C 01 S:l (' .' @) a rr, [l to
'Q-r'sr)Si (j~S5 8 u ccS';~ i,:, (;'c G1 lJ) ~ !1
C\ C\ t' S:l 8 8 G S3. (" 0: CiJ f1l OI-ill i,:,ot;) @J U ~ C;; OJ t~[,
~ IC" '8 ~ 'D u (,,' ~d '" 8 G s('J@J C\lrilol>- ~ c (" ",,, [1<,' (A
~Ji, ""w'[1 N '",<>"t!Cl 8 S3.
o C' ,,~ Q []l "'" C'JI co @) "'", !l. U g (')a~ g)" G !1 '(~I Q ~ 3 C
w[l~~)~~-"" (?a
'-t'"~{ (".J @J a (1 ;:;:" . [.,! !J c&) ('.I <t []l
_'lJIt (\. () u c» [1 -"', [' C") u 8 ,f\> C' « u
£@ C .' .c» C;; c€l <€l B (,J _'lJ C' @J;; OtB •.•@! YClG1"'"oJ 0) (?) C~ I:!J 0:
(" ,ilV!;lCJ"C l> c C'),n, tel c'p@JO:G."Glc: ~~,.g C)
a.,Cll c\'-' '-' sltB v tI>: a c> @J !1 ~ (;j [, U 8
o u, -'lJ 0> •.• @) _'11 C' C') C\
Si S3.'u _"l [;
(pC\C\ G C rllC"-illClail'l U G'9 ~. §'o s
iGllttell'l G,~ U ~ .r» @l C').f'\,
wDluS~(?'J(", lJ' ::J1!) I'll lPc€l 1b)~8@JeG1S:l1~ol>- (''' e C;J § S5.
g;, @) 'QJ lJ' ,., ,'r,) 0:
~ lJ'
","'- .f'Ot!",""'C")B('j, u I'll G C\ U S ~ C') ",0 It g
'-J C') (") '" '''4" LJ C! 1'1 G1 C$'j,""'t!,-. (")u C') El) f' f1l ,-.,-r's
@ ~S)~ "'";!)-ill ,n)G ex u~ G1 (D
,.(1j] !;l8°~ S3 u a., f1l QJ a c;;.'" _'l! [l c€l C! '-'!) \,) Q'c.,,,,G1
"'"ar-' 0101", '~) ro ~ r- CD n'" C' S fC;
lJ rr, .1 \:i ifl
c;; III !} a ' u il'I ~ 0 (A
~. C') '" (" CJ 8
cCJ) Q, ("J
_'lJ c~ .8,-. G l!b -s '" B 9 !:i C'
~ [l S3.'" co ~ <€I ~);!) _'11 G !:D", @J @J G1 8 OJ C' a:'G G w .:'s <t !j) (, !j
S5 S3. 'f1j ('", ~ G
~tj~~Gf}vc~ G ltSi·,S 0 ~ 8.!) S3.~ b~G G'. ~~ ( C;;
eG
. (") (,1 CJ C'):P fl Dl ~ o C
,f\> 9 C0-' B Q(,
.f1l (", 0'0 8 S:l. -r's ("J o ~ (lJ ~ AU@) ,. .r» 0.. ~ @J('~[]l,S'C\ ,-ill!:) ,.SA ~. C 'G
(~
el) ~("
o~
,..{'\J
C')' ,f',) G i:::JJ
C' "'"" »» It N ~ <€I C') (.) B c» ':t
8 C\!}J ~cpr)-ill ~,~ r)l S'J S5~ . (// C;
~ ,a ::J. a '~B 'J: g 8 l)J @P@J(")Go~'?'.-.tfJn QJa., »OI"'"~
!) ~ j c'; c~ ·OJ
C"J W ~ \CP
o
a (~ w (?'J o;!) ~) (')
L G:J @J
G"'OIYCl,{'",(')
c» _t'l ~) C') C\
,.,
~ B u
C'JI!)!)8ltX"G)S5~
It ("\ o 0G-
a., @) 9 N
« 0 t' l' ':t
~.) ~)
W
Th@) a.,
I$ (; ~oO:'teI c€l"'"
C'J.:'. m S
Ol ~ S (')('", G.~ (1)u", 88 S3.G1& (p@J[1
~ i,:,'8 C') ~ ~ g :n, U 0(1)
'" 8 '" (,1 \,) V< C\lS5J8 .f1l;g~aS5 ~S ~9 (0 ~
""- !)) (J., C\ i,:, g. --J ,':t '" CJ
-;; ';; C\ .r» <;: (") r' . ,.)
!JV !). (,: c&) U --J G1 8J co
III S5J'''' ,. u It CJ .~. [1 [Xl"§ C~
~-"" (,
a., -ill S'0) C\ ,.2'-':ta.,2:3 ~@)C;; Ql@J(,,) ~ [t ~ t~ X Y. f:: .g. ~ .::J. il'I 8 B
B C;; G) (?'J
C ~. 9J (3 C;; @J j}J [, W en (0) c 'b G
O! c. ,S" 8~.A:S3.@J(') ;,€J~~nc) c
'-' §' @ Si C') C;; ~ @) G c» (I, -ill Cl A .Ol a.,,S'a u!)~;!) ""'. .r»
• C') rr) Iril ~ _I) G1,.::r c€l re) "'lJ r..J 1jJ [j -(~)~ [1 !j
as@)!) C"4 a~8 t1 Q c"e'@J[]l G I:;i) (;) @) @)(~S@) (')
i:;J U @.f" --J ,., BA[]l '" 8 @J 9. '!} "'b ~ OlJ (?'J [1
.(Ol~""'18UB) r)il'I G @P C') g] <t ~ C [j)
~ , 'S3 -ill r., eo It (") (")~ S3. ~~ !) S5. (".J <j ell
S 8 ,. '" "" G' C" co ~ 8 u (; It o 0: «
'" ""' Y) (" S' N c€l ~ ~ ~ @P (0) C')!} !) {)J G • l!b "G) QJ «) -D;
!) C;; Y ::J S ltX,§8J i,:,a\U .0 r t~ !1l C
W "t! (bc€l--J'" rJ"'lJt!s,C',r-'9!:J ~ -ill (3 ~
S ~ (" a • PJ -'lJ 8J~<p","<A,r) a('j, o "'" 8 )-"'u~Q) GI.f'O u 9 v
S 10 "'" (" @;
eo It G1
a., (} N C\ OJ @J G1
..r, 9J ~ C;J S3. 0 @J ,.) m S \:i
001!)C\G1S3e NO: u!)D C\9. § C)~
SJ~Ol ~c;;~a., ( S5 C'JIc€l Gl ""'a CCl "G) @) '-' L< ("ol
" '" a "" C\ -" c, c> U (U
c;a@Jg ,r)aG@J~ ..r,telOJ'-'t!"'lJ '" C\ G P G c:; ~ (') G. -'
~ C\ U (l) Ol @) 9' e;~lil'l"'Nu
S:ll C\ % (0 It '" .S3. D ~a G "'"(") 'l~aC'o \) _ (' (.\1 ::J C'
c, ~8J::JJ8 00> ~i 0: (!J en !} ~ (('l
''OSC. ,.('\J
fl, ~./ \I (';
8 fl 2' G1 S3 a., G (", ' U, c: [1
_'lJ C\ S a., (,n (" -ill S3
a., '" '" '" U
0[,'S38t~U0 98GG.fl9'~~c€l o ~ (. @J ,.(': ct::l (J C'JI
' 0 '" (A G) (")
iii - Q _'11 Q C;(P C8"'''' @JS3n(lJ C\ ~\ S3.,S' @) (") G G) B " DJ e @.) ~ 8 (1'1) ~ .
8°\,) ,,,SS3. !) (1')l U S3. S3. [, ..rl pi @) [l 8 S3
'-t G1 '0, 1l. ",,-, S3 ~ lt~)~ g ~ S3._1J ':t~ (" :Jl S3. c
p
C') !} C;; @) ~ 8 <€I S3. lJ. ~ ~ (,1
CJ (", 0 ~ !)) 01 It· Ek @! (b C" ('" C' ,,9 S3.-?- !j "'~ (Z) <t
0~~G. GS3.[;Ja.,-"" G &fe'G) G1vS (;j co (') r~, S (,,,
W
C') S3) C') C\l B c€l
cYe Gl r)
•.• ~'('" C;; @J S3. S3. (" -r's u'&Q)"'lJ em':;) (";£:,' It u S3. (
("j S3. a .<, l· (:
teI~· 0 G1 QJ
(') S a C
~ @J S3 0. S3. @J UN t:J "",J
~ GI G @J b ~. 5. (;j,
c€l("lt8' 9
U
@l
» '(")~ C, -ill J¢J nt;J 0J (?'J S C
S5 6 OJ C') 8 ('" It-ill ~ :, CD Co' u -ill
8 ~ S3 C u
G. 0 0: C') C'lJ C (i).§
-I) U c€l '-'0 c" c;;
8"» ':-"G@Jrf:C>- [, ~
?r -"',(")~;!)
(' ('., g,
S3.("B(} @) !) ~ Ot @) C c,< nC;J [l);£;' C (') [l !J ~ !;l g t~ ( C':;'" Q, S- § lUp (l ~
(i'J ('j (,. C\ C bl !;i Q u
_" ':-" _'lJ r; e (') S3. lJ ':t (?'J L ~ ':t '0. (') (?'J C\ C\ It ."'" 0:.-"', ().:'J
a9J
,-0
.r
,---;:'
, I ' I I
I ' , I ' I
10 15 z o em
5.25 dtO~: cwu,J...JW) ':';l~c..;ts1':"C;~t

.i"). CCw c"ll.,:.,d0J .:30) g3)~;,;j:5). 50% d ~ 0l(.,~Z5) ("1)0.:'.1'--')0 <;z.31 OJt;z)',)
01z:R3 ~lC;u"5"> 0::5»:.:;:::;1' ::;~5~c (f';:;);9~t.- :5l0!)1 ,:.,c:;....:!w) oYz;;3C ;;~ ::Jz::J:J~ ~~ ~Z:8.
103
5.26 0t0c:l, 08g!J&0.JZ;) vzw6; vc;...Jz.o-f,0®&J c;2:D;:;5]lJ)0 QJepz:i 450 z:5J'056; (OOZiJi (0015)6 0c;...JZJl
B:]Z5)J i§eg:cl0(5)' 9SJ&~ 3GDJ~;t" Z53~z:i) !5'Izs/0d::5l~~-rz333C eozi3 e3 0:;:3 -.j,d?,,;,0 ~
0Zc;(5)ZJ\' 5V ( 6..'3 0z.o7)0 dCd::Jl). 5.2.5 :5(:3c'! u:::::;-f0J ("'li51 0~6.1 0!5~lJ) ;:;3-)6;...JlJ) o,:;;,,~
cx::x; 25~/ZJ).
104
6 7
= =
8 9
10 11
,,
,,
= =
105
S',3iG3m,2:). m~d :5®® OC;Gc.3 q{B, 'fIme; e.30Q)WOGG3W Zll,zB®O qCcms GzmGu. co®ro~ OU)
C,C;",;sf Gl;!lcoc! GO~ 'fIme;LC;C3o,)8Zll1 2:5)0 Q,c;,dc GG@) G,& GGuOG3 C;tllOl EJ3dJC B5® 0U.
'fIme; CC;G3 QCS1 csB8tifu 2:5)Ccs,& Ol@) GC;2:5)
'f)me; Z5),c;,CeO CoD® 'fIW§W W) ®,(~O Lw:5'lO
Z5',ob ;,J0;)G3 5.7 80 5.12 C;tllC) o(G CC::7f co®® Cc; ®10,B5co0 ;@c.)]OeG3 0WJ~W G,W,~C Z5)013.
Sc; 810,,,C1Jf Gp 'fIw<; cou0iJCOc.3 'fI§5 i:3 c,',3"Gb--1 Cc, 5 tll e®&. C;,W l5YlOZlld "eo cod0 fS'd
C~GocJd ,&Wt; 2:5),c;,de 8,C;O Cc: Q),~® e.3t;W) e.3,d3G3 ;,Jo;)L c:',Zll (5.28 0tCSG3 118m qCdo)C).
,,80 LC; ®JO, B5co0 @C31CCG3cs,& cocsuO:5d OJ@)6:::;1 e.30gt)1!.lijCm COlSl~ii 0mJ0mJ3" 'fImc, COGUOCOC3W
9)m<, LC; 3:;;)' cs,g, 018CCO ®JO, 2:5)om 0;)0" 9)me; 0GU00d cGB® Cc; C')fum 6 2:5)0 Cl®~d 8®lQO
(.0&\@W ~(00® 2:5)Oco('0mG3J ;,J0;)G3(5.29 O(GcJ 12 SO 16 qtJd01G 0Zlltll)
5.3.3.4.
GG® G,& :5GuiJcJ Oc; 01® mG3z.5)m' e.30gts~ [) C]',§ qOdOJ0u ~ 'fIzo) ®Q)~JO Om 'f)mr; 2:5),C;,CGC
Ctiw:5'lcJ e.'JcJ 0c; mZll::ci(7) C;tllOl 8G;nc 2:5)0(0,&80 c.0)OlSlJ 2:5)C::;;;~ qlSlO 08® qDdolCW 5.30
0tm,c.3, qCdo) c.0Z5'oBm' (17 80 20 <;,Ldo) Oew) Glc.0,~e 2:5)0 <;"Zll.
5.3.3.5 ~~ ts)~<:~ciG12><:Dtl)o~~ 12>00)3<:.:)

<:tiDJ DlIJOtl) 6)B@ OC) o~~ 12>00)312><:I2>ti@
OJ~ D<: Dl3d
oB9.:s~ 6)B@
'f)ms GCl0Cbd DC; 62:5)0 Ce::IJ q,:5l [)O ~ (530 OtGG3 20 Cm qOdoJO) e.'JB q,§ GO~® CC;C3
:5'l,CZ5' cod G,& 01~ GBgts~ BB8 e.3e;m1 mC3Zll) 2:5)Cc.0,2:5)·
08B~ 'f)Wt; CC;0c.3 c.,)1('0C3W03)W
GBets~'2 cs,& OJ® 0C;2:5)8cw@) e.3,d3G3 ;,Jz:;f0d CSG® Cm Cl,& 0CS0iJ0d @),C;OG3.e'J e.3t~o:n
'fie:; eQ)JC0,:5I®O GG@) csI& coCS0UGd q,§ Oc; OJ@) 8C;2:5)tll COC;Ow cs,& GClUiJG30 @J10I 2:5)G
;,J~ cJ. DC; 8JOI BB00 @C31CCcJ 5.31 0tG8eJ m1 5.32 0tCS0eJ 21 80 30 00m <;,00301 C;tllOJ
c,'I§ <;,0030) 10 Bw EJdZ5'O 2:5)0 qI@ q:5'O csI& 0euiJ 0C;0tll GI& OJ~ 14 ® cs5gtsfu Cm
0:5'tll 0®® @c.31CCC3 ~('00® 2:5)0 G(0:5'l C31 (,30;)C3.
0®® @G3JCC0~ ,&Wt; COG000d q8w CC::7f CD)J (0wm) Cc; 'f)~0)@) 0c;Cm csI& 0GUiJcJO
e.3Iu8®tll COml2.5lC:;,Jo;)cs. e'J 8Dl;!lDO C]'fj:5lW 'f)c.0f; '-'<C G-))(0 eI§ ClI& 01~ ~ew® Gcij0
C:5'l GI& 0GU00eJ ®,C;O e.3IGi3c:o ;,Jo;) c,'Z5'0GG~ ClI& cocsuJCOc.3 G0 Om cOd §i21 DC; e.3BZ5'
GI& OJ@) G®~tll (WIg, 0GU00c.3 C]'81JfCC), 0C;C:5'l GI& 0GUOc:oO e.3IGi3c:o (-SO;)C3. G®C:O OUJd
DIc;c')z:;f OW0W 'f)c.0e;2:5)IC;ICCOC qGw Cc; Cc (0)J0c.0J' [)O LC; ®JOI 2:5)Om <;,CdOJ0U~zsf ,&c.0<;w
:5l0~JmJ 0)I[)m. 0®® 'f)W(~w wO e.3J3"~ @Q2W(3)W e.3dClJC3@)CIRJ® qlSl15U3d15C3. e.3Jbio;) 3iCS2w ,&c.0t;
q,§ 2:5)Om 80<G'dG3Cm ,&c.0t; 2:5)IC;IC0C ®G)50c.3 peti)U 85mJ C]'ZllO @)Cw 0c;Om CSI& 0G05C3
GZ5'tll m®w 0m)2:5)oG. 00 0W::jlO me.31 GI& OJ@)OCO e.3ICSG3 9)c.0(~e.3BlSl Cc; 'fIc.0(~q,S', 2:5)OfuJ
g0<3dC3 c:'1e.3Wm0G3W® §3iC3 p~ G3. 08@) 'fIme; c,'m:5'timZ5' Oc; @l10,0U~ qZ5'OOC-52:5)OG3"Cm0w CC;C:O
QIB0@)~ 2:5)I~@) GtiOlJ0U qmlSlts3):5' Cm e.3C ,&c.0t;9@)1~cJ G®g,. m®11 e.'JO,m csc q:5'LOC:OZoJOOe::lJ
GIC;(03" enS 80 me.3J 'fI~5 2:5)1e0~ e5JJ (0Zll WI2:5)·
5.3.3.6
G,& 0GUO GC;0Zoi OJ@) SC3cec)8 Oc; e.3ClC31 GBSitifu BBG®w CS\;3C,CleO) 8G3tJo EJG3 (,32510251
9)<,')(;GcsuJGeJ GC; 9®)~C3 qOtll C;ZoiC) CICJ®O qC2:5)J3d e.3Ie8®i3. co®® @C-5JOCC35.33 0tCSGc.3
31 SO 34 C;tllL) qGcloJ Oew cdlSlo QO <;'IlSl.
106
12 13
= =
14 15
= =
16 OVUD
c-
···
1Rl1
··
·,-
107
= =
19
LnlJOGUJ 20
W10ITill
111110 RnmJ
= =
108
fiililTffi
21
rna
Ii 11-- ----- -'1
22
,c. t
~ t
t
t
I
= =
~lnITJlJ
I
I
O_llmt
I
I i
llo
= =
26
UflIlII8
mnH
= =
5.31 dt0c.:lo wG8I wz-8a ",:::;~::;.:; vC; vC;::;J :::;39:1-0;;; iiiB::!I t:;(S) 0ZC;Zc!C "'C;:0t-m ::JZ-8a 0"'05<.:: C;:ZD't,Jt!15Jo'.w
iiiB.J;. 21 Be 26 vvil cv::Jc3).
109
• I
I
I
o-
.-l
.,
-, ,
= =
I
I
I
I
\.. -0-
= =
110
31 111111 32 IIIIII
111111 IIIIII
== =
33 IIIIII 34 IIIIII
IIIIII IIIIII
= =
111
<:Jl€i1D]6c5
(f]6@e5)(~d?
<:JBg6~Z5)6
a';]ID@ID (fl6) 5)C] ee» e 6]WZ5J
<:Jl€i1 (ff;<:JCJ8 eJc5 eDlzSJ
9@]~c5 <:Jl€i1 (fdDlIDID
2 z5J.fgt. 2 ..,.. 5
4 5..,.. 10
6 10 o CltJ
@eDe; Z5)l';lc!(ff;c!
D6wIDc5 e5e;eD]
6)6Z5J6lD 6)8Jc5
8Z5J ef3d @tJ
5.34 OtCl~' 2!,2i::- )5--::C ::-lm~ g0@0( ..nil' wi3Cc:J?5J <"fZ£l 6J&JCXJc:JZ51 £lab p~ Z5Ji5l'0c:JWJ 5JCJ0CJJ06JZ5J'~
C'-"-' mea ::5(8;; ("1JdGZz;)2)).
112
(5 '3 "'3 '3 S' G oJ '3 "U ~ G fl 'fl ;3 OJ ') 'O G ) "rii-) '2 11 ";3 ,)] ~ 13 flY ';]
o ~ ,s
5 ((J ~3 "J,. ')
'r:
~) D S <!.) ~ r1 '3
(C '""
~ -
n ') fl ~ '3 n 5 ;.) ;6
l:-
fJ '3 ' '5 ,)
'3 8'"U <r ?~. (c ") ,)
o f) 'tl J--.:.- fi ;5(iJ'''-'®1l~
() c-·
::2 J ::...
fa n "'-.I '""' ') ,... ?~ ,) c- <r ) 0) r 8 0 :9 8 n
) 0 ,) D "', () ,) '~ J G cv \$ 'J 'J (';)(n
'3 J!) "<Y S
\::;-') n r:;
"c «r J.)
?.; ,) 3 ® ;;)
\) \$ P" G
\")r-'3 \"Sv \,~V~ ;) .;)
C.S
r:;)
o 0
r: \3
~ 0
D
h ')'J
~
rr: ('
lri (,) ~ i S n:::'i"3
fJ)'"
\)\'}(-;J,"r.:G
:-'
~~ "J
r ('3
!] ~ "G
N
~
lOD
8 P" 15
'Or
r" '{)
f:) r- r-: ~ ~l 'J
,)
on S"r.:ffl· S r:
n ,J ,1
it ~~<: ~ () ~ (ri
"J '}
0)
';]
IJ v" r'-"
S 3 ;) 03
'3 a ~ ,) b"') ,3 '" '6)
o .oJ IV G 3
(V?~ S
\l 'i) [<Y
c-JlY)),)
n "-'~C15
rJ P" "-'
o c::
v CD
,)(':
(fl . "
('3
'(~~(;
\)'].f)
()
..3 eJtl
...., "'3
('.
5 PJf"T
. G
~
>-J
S
<J \')
8
\$
?~
'3
r
o ,) riG
13 'J
15 CS ,'0
'3 Vi) 0, r-
"c
n,.,..;
o (G (,J IV f,) r: ~ '3 ""'3' !D V· '3'Jr.:~3.)r; ~' ,",,?~-u5
<J e- (r.:
n \,,) .) 1i") 1) ""
,-.. '-(...1 °G:J(ry9~GD~~ 'v [1.J ~ V .J,,)r~)D~~\.v
S ~:):;)
'3 5fl513
1.,1
c) c-...)'G fl ,) ') ri -o C n J '$ (fl 0) :£ (() ('J fl ,'Cl rr.)~Vt>$o13
n~531J~'3
"<Yn'Cl0"S<J9
Kl 5u')
'3 ~
fJ S,
~
0 :e~ '3
GV
""'il-Jr'lD"cS'"
OJ S ,) 5
(6 15
!5 C\6 <J
?~-:G Vi)
P.r \)
rC
fJ 'r: 3
1') c: 8'
f)
• '3
<J ('Cl
,Q r--I
3CD3\.);J
~. ~ ,;,..... 'V'
r
aJUu ,(iJ'(,J (J 'O Kl G ,.) S 3 G('i) ~ 3 'J 'O 8
o~ D'" ,6)
<\.rO";)'o f'...;-~. ,.... 3';] '3')~~~ 510 r J ® S) ~655®(G'Y
'{) tl G o ~ ..) G).) f.;- 5 lG D ('J"' r;)
R o S '3 5",
13~~e"UKl~G aJ')I}'38,O, n 13 ~ c; Cf.) 9 (3 C;)
')~).", )
o.
1) 0
~U Dr~
......•
p, ~ "'>~4
~J®
(,y;;;@~~
~ D
13 il ;0 iJ
r;; -o (;] ,
~ ® ') n ,) 15
J ~3 ' '3 -3 .G d.") )
0
13 ,]
;:; \")
'~~J
,
dj '3 U)') P, 1.2) OJ ..• '0,) 8 d.')
'}
~
,) ;:; ~ f) ("')
SID
<'J lG
Rf)"U"<I'
,1 "?)tl n ori
'J [<Y (\,:)
1: ''1)
50
'3' G l;J
o ,)
'J'
n;) ,t 5 Ii) ~
G 6 " «r
!i):a.
i) ~
t.,..•.. v
,]
fJ
(iJ'
'h
fJ 5 "11
{J"
f) C5
ItT ~
(~G
11';)
~)
;::~
'O '.iJ {j G lQ G
'0:9 (","'0'0" '5 '3 5 ~ eo ':9 (,J ':'S'u~~2®'{)10 G 3 5,,(5 ~ ~ aJ o .S'
co ,J :9oS ffY
:G
'Y
:9(5 10 <3 (5 "'J ~lOvr ;0 'u r (,J "l3
N;).
ItT f6 '3 ""
en 1:':9
® 00.)r v~ G:lclO :9(0")o ..)
.)-;\CP®C{j
:9 3 G"p
:9 r.6)
3 8';]
~tl 10 0315 5:9 It;-
0
03 C5®D.)95
'O
G fJY 'J- q)
'3 L(J '3 G :a ",,')'3-.08 50T)IUl~1D ""
0~(313GG
:G fJ)"i) (').:9
';] 15 'i '13 ,,) .c ?l'?o . Y '<J
3 q)
~
0'" C;)
r 'O"-'
6
Q "11 ffJ it '{)(:(3 96) U 8 13<gCCl lO
w3eG S
u :95°:9:0"g5G r;,'Q"?)5''3Gv(,JG
3bGc
J cJ ' c: r '"
9 'O ~ G i»
£)'3~'{) 19®0 ;:;, ~1(,~o15rtl ~®ItT'3x')
o 10 6 3 fJ 5"1110 ~Kl
((J
"''O 3 ," 10 ® ,) re G- ItT ,13 o CD 5 ~ r 5 .) CS rC'J 3103
<t (J 0 D §"""':' ';) G<j2 ,~'O"5® ~ 5 CKl'0 ,{),<v 'i3 ®:0 ® (v '3 -o r '3 G 8' 33
u Jf ~ G 3 ®
~(')(.)5~CGr;)~
15
(J
;x)
()
Kl®~
c;)~
5tt,~G"-'
0Kl
:9 ~
"'10
v
n (5 5 2 ®'©E;"Y
:G ,...,v ~
r
'3 1331i
'O
e
"" ")\ ." ,j- G G "-' '3
'31O~~]
3 'B 0),,,-
9.-9 ~ . )
Q~~~Sl(J
.
~(iJ'®qz)
'O :9 "J
:9
'" (J 15 ,J '0 3 (iJ'''-
')0~5D~'{)'B
5 'to.) r: r-
(.) <r "" .,)
.~ (iJ'D '3 3
'Y "" 1(. ?J ~ ') (i) Kl 1: 15 5 Gy 13lOG'~3fJ) If] 3 ® 'Y '0/
Kl..;'313~'{){)G
.vs
u o itro{] G, 0 13 ,6) S'bo?:l! ,.)'0086 '1),,:9
S 3
Kl"Rl
'3
r;)~SV9(f)'g
3l
!3 ,..., .) 'O 0 10 8' ';] ::r"r- ,,).~ G)
r: Pc~ OJ 5 r: '"' n 0
r;).-;If]'OGJ
:9 10 "-'P-"V 6 fJ"Jr
'3.6)fJ)"r-,yr o G u '{) ~ ij.J 3 iO U (J ® 10 ",,°'rl:jro ~
s 1§'\ -.0 "-'
r ·J'1)rlD
L(J :9 !,,' l'J G "" D "-'4-:.> ••.•.•
15
(.)
(Jq)~<J:9~15~
,)(j o;,l'3 ~:9 6 ~ G Q 9.,. ~ 9~13:S~~era~g 3"J'5°®~0
:9 I(,~3, m '1 c:
G 10
" 0
5 13 I~
;) 'C>
V
I(;- "rQ0J 0:9 "11 ,..., ,,) 'r:.:J, ~'{ ,<"Q ® 0:9="" ®1Ul"-' 9 " ,) '" "I'l ,0 '.6) 0 "rl ~
C6 .) 'i) G G"D ":> 'Y'S~ "->,,,u-u r- O~'N5D''1)13 OJtl'O(",~~
S- '..I 1f]\.'}v~"6'Y U> 3f1Yr U'3'C'!D "-' ')r3,;] ,)
'{) G -0;3 (.3 ,)
6 ~"tD ~Y 8 e;J
@ J'QfG:99"r..~
fJ) lQ
(,J
G
·"ri
~,'(lD'~GJ'i1j
S o, i.:: '3"-' n ~'15 fJ 'il c;Lc6 0 10
Kl
(J[,):9Go
.,J 13 1'::' €)J ~~ o fi .) ~
"J d.) 0 0 l'J ~
,3J ;') 3 '3 ' ,] f.) c,) ~j
~ 593;£U35UJ' 3 ,~'-' o D9
r,)®
3 C) '0
9;,,5
U> ')oUoC150'38 '0.)' 9 n c5 (8 ,) fl
9 "rj"B-; ~® ,'{) (jS ,,,,,()n,)~,,<y
m r U> :3 r» c? r» R 9 4Cl ;0 'J r '" 'tl rr: fC If] <3 1(,-
:)D'~()'{)'3 uJ e nOi)1ilGS C'J D v-. <JCKl'N'1)V~
.go (n~(&,6) o.p\) 0
D
:9C15,f; 5®
"-' ,,'-' '" ~ ~ vo
;,
6 6 n ® ;'3
,
'{l
[l
(,)
r.: "
C<J 5 ~
!Do,-,
'B~13SL(J~
'{) B'r
(G it'
s : s"-' ® r- <r
° ~ 6 '"
® (fJ ~)(16 P.rr J, OUcr;. on:-") ''''®, ",Q';]r" 8 D9.6JO
(.) '3'u8"'ouou' U r '9 OJ '" :9 8 'Y ,;; r;) '3
~Y
°~ S .", 0 c
0 "c
o
'O [3 o 5r'{)<J" ~
""-,,i!)13,)1:- gi6c5) (.) ~
D
®J .) r 8 5 CfJ)0J~<JfJ):'G ) ,C; 'O (;) (') {)
~
:9 0
o G ~~'
3 fJ () G ~
n {j e:, :::
-;
rJB'fI''i3n'Cl~0
'0 ,.,. <J (E "U; fJ) r
~<O
I'J
(5 c(i g
6:l D 13 ® ;:r!~ en
UJ
""
®
(V ,,) (iJ' V
." (iJ'
'Y
')Kl
U~Ii'(C;i)
q) OJ <U
o ~<oGlO® (Gel Pc- '" 0c
co',
cD If] ~ '3 m:;;)
0
m'!'J5
"5 ~o~15lOoG
"-'<0:0
13 !tr G ®
~ ~
~o5nG5(JJ "V<J
'o/ef§., 8 0{l fi "U C) If.) 0 ';]
13 fJ 10
!,,~
3 c,., '3 '3
\.')S-O:9GS,{)8
0 ~ 5..Q;s,,,, "c9S il "B lG 3 D C5 tl f) v it 3 ~ ~.H:; .) '3 &.,tlKl®~~1i
'"':9r83'"';o (3 :951O<J m ,0 'O
,'-"3 ",:(3 () "" :9VC6):9®G
3v:9"-'3
I"- ;;) ;;):0
o
r 3
''''~'''v'''
"I co ;0 10 (;)
0-o8()
3 e:J l.'3 10 'O
:9 V lGCS Kl
<Xi
5
-v ("" ('"
'U .•) If] .'0lG'Q3
\1,Ji
niCl:9(5r",vlO (",
c'"
(") "',:9
(")
lO
1CllO"?)(;)100~
~® ,,-,3® r
M 0$ ~l\$®()cv~ 8 ctl
M
13fiC3~'o/3~:981O @Cfl~ era ®
M
If)
"-'
KJ""IOItTGKJvlG
"-,0(iJ',,, 'O m '"""
t{)
'" 'J'
1J.!®IV
..t:'
'0
10
,,-,or
G:(3
U"" ."-' 'h
KJ{):9
:G M
If)
o CCl "-' ,...,'0
IQ)V3lOtta®
5 '0/ ID
9"":
'"
1tT'Q
~
Gt{) il~~cp
~®"f,J D
3
"X
ItT Kl
";(;
°
"X "X
ItT {) 10)
,
"% lG t1
'(:(j""')[(1;)'))
13 ~ 11 11 J ,) 15
V,)3c.sG;J
<r 13 -o 11 o \:) {5 11 "fj {5
() ',,:, CS 8 '3 (.S
xr Q
'<.10,)
GcG~'fl\)ll , 'tJ
~:5
(5 Ki'
8,
w,~s Wofi' (j"0'-:6:fJ· V fJ'CG130D'OCG:-' 6~r:G.5'®m !lr GJ
6 .9".)6CKl'rv~ Q)
@
~
'3)(50 "V~ ~ '3 '>.?
13 6
,,).) C"'
"V '2, Ki '$s (G "lJ ,\l ,.; ~ V 13
~ Q ~') 'il (fl ~ ~J 13 ~ 1i \.-)'{1 '0 'V 6 S '0 ;:)(13 ";J j) V "V 8
,) G eo {:" ~~W130~ 'D ,;) r:
'"n
(3 ~ § q3
'J
rG ~ ~ r»
'D :)
(13 5)'d"6l~n S
~ (G ''':,'
~ 'J CG (0 00 ,);<)
IQ 'd r '0
rr:
n
1(,- oJ
!tr
~8aJ'G
° ~ \.')
D 5:
f _
"V C'3 8
i5 B (l,-
® 5D B~ 11 :(2 S '3 ,'.) 0 CS r>
fl B' ""I 'J, 10 "r:
,G, n C" D Cl2J 6
ff
cS \,.) 0::> @':
J 8 13
@ 130'3\JiJ
r-:
O,)";J@':R'0®
'D N'V'O
';.:i £) 9
'('J ';2.. '0 KiO .J ® Gl ,~fJ
'0'6 ®
o Sf)'5 (O ~ '» ,) '0 ,13® n13G 8 \)5 J "1l '0 ?V fl ".;) 0:.9 'V;;g(~15
i:fj iUS"lJ13;.)5G ~ 0 r--
r"< r-' 6613", 1\7 ~®'3SD(6~ ® 'D
® D
«r '0 'r (0 oJ".)C6211Q8 'J~Cl3'SV()"V 6 KJ ,
fJ D @: '(' ~3 '9 cKj 813';.) 5
(JJ
ff;)
11 ;JncG'$15 S~ !tr ~ 5 fl' '3 ~ '3 5)0 '{)~(V"Vs o ,), S (S 15 0 13 "'" qJ (13
(2 '311S'3fil(,~ c: S 6 5 Of!, Afl 9 (g r- ~-...I r 'O~;:; ,r\.') so 0 W
'3 '3
'J'
OJ ",5uOS cnGJO ~~"" c~ "b \'l S Ki ""J V fi "J'
1l W'
.)~'dtG13(G ~ ?~
f,J,)"rO'7::
<DD"lJw:GDW ® '{J ..0
'"6 ~'3S 1113'09 oJ ""
'J' ~ 0 1< '3 G ,)') ® 5) o
6 v rr{)CflC\')
'3 \Ji ,)
, 1113 ®r r;) J ""0 '1..10
00;)
e:tlo::>'d
<¥JV
<IiID (,7
'0
fKJ
N 'J
'3'3613~3~) G ~ :0 'V " <r ,0 'D 'v 'V Cl3 S
¥ 13ci1""".;)5o'3·G~
rvS'O'J6"
~3 G- V "'" ff,) ff ;..'V".)i:2~3'JG')
r-:
-o ;) G "V 'lo 5' ~ ® 8 "6
a '.)""'613 SwS
X) 5 W '3 "7:: n ~ s» \Ji 13 G 'O
()""r~aJ Gfjn(V Kj V
to
cG
D '{)'.)
6
s ~V~ 1iS'$6
S 1i 0 ~ (13 rJ S 8
~"rJ\Ji
WS@':""'3wfj
'D ® c: ~~
''7::D
V
~C)O
(Sd),.,;®S;),)
:v '~rv r r co
,,",~(0
-o ~J 13 '7:: ~~~ D
r J W
D'tJ ~
D 13 ,'.)
'oJ 13
(13 ® ;p
h'mgD
r
~ Cl3 1') ,) 5 ~J PJ..,.., UB"°'3Sr On ,,",'0Kl'{)'{J.~ (0 (",JO~'3 ~ <~
8 6[;)(6;)6 ,~
B'3'3'7::(j~~ '3 (13 V '3 (S 5 S 116[Jo'~O ~ Q)"Sm
o 50 0 V <0 13 '0 -o 8' C6 KJ 09
'G(T'OG8flr5 r ~3 '3 ClJ r IV lG s~ fi (~ 5
r~~rfJ(sO
S
IV V'3S8S~~] 5u;S'30Q)
@': !tr Q) 'J' 5°
('
,;2
'J)
\Ji CG 'J'J ~ '3 es
I'(l
'tl,
fJ'q,,J'3
13~~GvSD
D'VfJ 13
6 8~~
')"55 ) ~'G .) 8'
(l
'd ' \.') '{)lGClJ ""
n 6, G '$ "lJ ,J, 13 0)
Kl \Ji 'V @" , ',6)
'J<n VB ,,- ~
@ '2vS"sQj5r ;) 60 (l,~ re '3 (6 ~® G f1fi9 {)
, IlJUJ"r
,fJ
@:(~
'cuB
~
~ r- 8
w 0') g -o, , 11
'J
0 8 \.'):d' o l\) ffi fl Of) t:y) :2 10 r: (0 , '; ~
~
8 fi ~1i £.D'{)
m;) \i
13 ",
@':
15 ,)
~ I(,~
511 0""'DoJ 'v 'd 'd \Ji
'V 8'
8 ~
w['a
8' 15
0),
@':
""1
Coo ] 8
6
8~
CG 11
'0
'tlrf
,J
~Jn13so'
1i9f)~ oG
°G0GD) l\)'3
r.) {) 15 '-' {)
CS'3rt:V".;)'7::<nS
13'O'w fi 'w 'J
re '"W ®
Cj) [<J.)j
n \J
C5 ®
'$
6 6 G (G g ;},- fl 11 fl' S £.DO 1l '3 0 o Cl3 V 13 () fJ fl 6 r-
G
®J ''!.- G '3
V
13 ®
r
~
~
I'jn 15 fi t'V "0 n J (8
'"(,5\.') '7::
r:; '7:: [,) 13 6 11 .)
iii 'J ':2 'J
;] \Ji t:'. , D'13 S £.D 6
(<.r
fj
(") 0 " n () N W r-«
(J
'n
(d'? f;' G ()
fl Cl3 B' 8' (15 (0 11 ,) ~ "", fl
(.) 1i J s~ Q ~ ~ ~ r . <39G'00
trl
'd 13 fl
,0
''0
(J,
<Y) f) i)1'(l~;J'v~ (.) S,0 "n) 11
tl Cl3 \Ji ,0 11 13 13 ,) 'v'lG~ Sr.) )11
'l) -.....J
s r.) "" 5
""' R ~
'U.1.1 (G ~ ~
IT' 1i .s n '3 (j "r: ~
<n
'3
~"")'d
,~- " 'ro 1] (3 ~ r;) .~ ~ S ] '3 ~ o
'3 \8
,) "(.. G
<J
(3 ~ \'") ,) 'J' ,) w 'J~)'.l
:J' .) (13 .~~{J 8 Ci fi)
0G?~-fi )&r:C, V fi '3 ~ ~ '{) '0 '-' Or. ,) ") [) c.. 'l "'J' Cj) D ,) 5 6 U) ')(
8 5 !) \i no D ') '$ 1'3 '0 13 ? 'J' ,J
([1
.) r-«
\£: <r
~ I'j
,
'l Y.. "
W ,) « ') ,) ('0 5 CS B "J,) ([.) ~
"fi f1 ,3
~PJ
"fi"
c,8r:y;
s IT> ~ 5 '3 In ') B <J
'J G
r; V)
S G \J?;
""' fl c,') r}fi '<) :;",) f,.) n (c"fi \) (3
"J
6 0 ,J
r»
P~-
,'1 (; (,.)
(0
tl ~ '3 J fi '3 fi ) ~ fi '} G
,,] r: ~?, d
r)· ,) c' '6:) ClJ'
C'
-J Ti n r5 r: G ") )
n ) °
:)"fir;,~(:'~ '3 n S ~- " fi, L\)
,1
o-. (Q n
C\ 'r:
')"" ,;) ,)
~
(d
)
,.)
(C)"
0 '3' J
~. ~
'r;
,J ~
r"
\$
,0
~ ex
rv -
G ?J-
YI ~)
Of) 13
3
) C'lV
fi r; )
s,.., ')
m \5
,J ,J :2"
'3
fi ;) \$ ,) )
,),)
P~ n
(rJ <r \~
'"1
;2 n
fi '3 fl
~
,0
V3 '
s I'J'
',(8
f'j)
'J
1)
r:
!'\' ~ ('
3
(rl r;
'3
fl
,,>,
'J'
nn
S
'1 U S
n \; % <'/)
'd
~
')
'0
,,' s s (('
S V
'U
U
) ') [) (,) -:r (8 ) (S ' ,) ') ~ fJ~~
~ i ':{-::r:: v
~
~ <_
('.ife
:3- ~ Ti fi) n iJ ,1
) ,) \,))) (r, )) fi::J c; ~) 8 ,) -) If ~() ('J ?J 'J' ,) ~J 'oJ- 1~- r;
8 '3 G cl ...-. '>-I
'3 m
()
) )
r
(1 ) II
' r
«()',) ,
) ') ,J'
<'/) G fi
,)
T) i:" ) rl
" n-I
'J
'
(~I'J' '3'
"') ,
V ) .l '3 S ,)
'3 CCl 'v- ) S
:i J G 3 '0 '?, i)
(oJ _J ') ') ) 3 f)'~ S) ,) J
Ol
'.) "3
,) )
f) S)
) (fi ") ..: ,)
~])
) ,J ) 0,) t'J' ,l
~J
i
'J
r:
~l ,))
i)l (0 G ,) ,) ,;
__ ~ ~ ')
) (Q ((j G fi c'
'J" ,-.. 0
Y 0'l o
')~j
tt
)
.
M l\,S Q (\) ,)J G_ _ ',:. .- () (5 fl y. ()' VII) f) -:: ~) 1']
.2 n ~ )
I"'"
M
M ,.1 :... G (d J ,,) G f) \) oJ ~..r ,3 '3~ y
M ') f) ,'~
,j rn
...; (J [) )', , ) ,) .' ,J I~ ) ,,;
\I') ,) )
l
,)
oJ )
) ,~ ,J ) ) ) r) ~ ~ ~ (>: fj (' j rl r, ~ ( ) r) rl' ,) fi n ;J U '5 ;-j [I In rJ
6Z5)® 0<';W 25)~ C"<;::)Ctt!C oz:.,i ClldmZ5\z;l q(25) q'mo of?, CfzZjJd Cllz:;{m mBclC3<%w §Be) (:)u. of?,
@~ ~Ol~ ~roj' ~~i cl,",jw~,-, vGJ) Ute::, gv)<::llJv::,i5)z;f Q)U201 8:3::7)0 )ZJ)o ~2z;-; \j'"'m::7'l,-,~ ,,-,:i'J~J~
Cf7}5lB 530Q)25)Q)t.- ",dolo (5)51 Ol,::;;). 03">0 (5)<%ltnow tJt:JWZ5'leJ0G6m 5,00):71) ~)vW' 6z7,w) cl-3:,
0au(Jt)Cu t)ltbo G<; g®)<%eJcl 0ld3w WZjJ Q)Gz,-{(:lomG) "'c::.
60®m'® @<lJ25'f0Glm'0Z5'llG(0<:% 00l)' dC-2m' (25) )(5)IUeoOZ5'l 5k~G<; Z5)(t~lt!"'t! Cfl;5\3>0 Gi3:::;i ,,")Ol3>W
zsia<%25)c.:lvvc325'f ClG;:;f3» Nv ,,;:;f::)(,9 \5)51 Ollt;;). z:;f~<%2J)W0G vi Cfl;5\G0 vz'::::';:::
j C'(5- iDdvc.
'f,lGd t5lBeo®25'f Wllc.le-jt! g01-clUW t:!le..,1 §BeJ (:lOll' Cf§(:lt)Z5) CflOl)::) c1Cl3"eJ3"\ 3">zv23'z,i",")",,)3">W
t)t)W25)W z:."o (5)1:5\..) Clv;:;f2J)1 C"~V,,'lI.>U\
1vwzof '-;'::7lv or w. Wl(<;lt!(jz:." g-Sld:.,-., SJh,(,'--.., 5J":;'~
Z5)Gc.:;Z{)
Z5)025) cQ)m'",;:;1 oiD Cf(S'I v(~ S~V6iieJ oz:.,i dU2 f30Jw5:5f w0-clUzsi GO)",(5)3> 3:33"" <:,z5- Gy0.~ 1v
®m ce. @<lJ;:;1 Z5'l1'~1t!0t! Cf::;i f3o)z;)wzof6) (:lCl)t:!l0l (:jZ5'l)(0l(:jom q'mo 00lf, Wl(t~It!0t! OG'"l(" V.J-N:.7i
'f,lroe; dz::,i2SJB®O CClt;;)l::) z:."e):5i 3&0 ~Cllt:!lOz:.,i 01<,;8. Z5'l®:5'1'0)0 ::;;))(j"'~ ~ G'"l3v~~ ~(, 1J~~G
ro) 'f,lm' B0m d<lJ (:lCl1t:!l01 <;03>0 (jl",O)::3)ii;) 68m OlcJvcJ CfWbm'm60~ 8Sl)(j 051JG~;:", c- t':"
aD 00m'G1 (:l<;3> Cfmo l3eJ0) m:5fGw G3)l0) o®mw ZJlG cJ~w (6 GZ5'l d3u(:)cl(,eJ Q)e271:::5').
5.3.4.
@ (j0:;;l10U 0Q)'j(oOlJ' Cfvf301G(j <,;clmO cl",Q)m'l Cll& G10WZTi' o§ 4 3e; 6 L;:5):"') ~6.....
,-,5i·
65\01 (:jOGzof (:jZJl] Wl)(jwd Z{)G~ ooG)cJ ®'lO 10 (:lc.v~ od-clU (5)<%1t;)0c.:;z;-f me.;0--r~ §B0v:5i,
tA5W:7);.J ~j '"'-'1~,.j0Z)f vC'~ ~c; t)tnm8vd ;§.::5e CC~'),",02J' ::.J~'::'" eel:;"
(0<%)t))o",d (5)OlZ5'll3dgen-clUW 5It)-clUW 50'" '~ 051 l®z:;{ t,1(~(5)d GZ5'l c,z:.,-j01""t;;)eJd::7l0 c1 &v 1j~
~JO~CD0~ "W)' Cl1&Gle)W ZjJG~ 8fGm e)°v (:jQ)~eJt"ii;) f3t.-1G11i32SJoo3<iJw vU. "0",, '-")"'~,;:"-))v
ocf3mot.- 6 G3> OBJ0d<;(:jd (:lCAS)O<;dt, 1 C)'(51
c:JI(jaw w:q) (f0md GI(~L.(")2.>-f ZJ) )6~c.Jl.J-) m@ <fIm~ ~oJJ0d ;.,d® qt"lJ~d 8rv75) 85 v(( '-' --J~-:::;'I....
W'J0
(.5<;W1 <;'G(JC)l) 'f,le.) OCleJl §\QleJi3. al& U1CJW ZjJG~ 'f,l0l<; ZJll<';It!0t! Cflm 8eJ~", s::::: ;:'"-:-.:J
erl~ e...8:si e~ "':::7) m3::Tf
..... d.5~C @~ e(o a~ml qGv~v S'e.... gt::J)~(..'j q'(tD5 v.;v.;. ,-,,_:"~:7-·.:..Y....
'"
0m) (:j1S)J~15'l"
G 1c;::7lw Z5'le)@U2:5f i3S15'l" 0<SJ0?S>Z5'l®e,..; (0Q)e.)·nS)B® O<;Ol') 8c.:;d cCB;, "'c~ = vc.
c.,eZJl' oa~t5-clU:.3)O §\(jQ)m <SJ-clU)v
10c.:;;:;1 f?,l~ Sf. G:51 0Cl 1f ooS<(Jc.:;;5). 00GC" d.~~~ d~c, _~
~l5, C,Z3l0 0e.., g~ )<%W aaw:.5) (jQ)15'l"",m'GI0e..,Cm' OG:5'I'm1 G<';G(j <;l00d ",(5)1e..,3"llv(0C::7l S~~.,:::-
\
Z5'lt, ~30 ~iSl;:;1 cJ.
i30d(3(:lW;:;1 Cll&G )OW CflOa[))0~ OoC) (:lQ)~Wttii Cl1(jmc.:; zSlB®0 WlU(J (:lQ)£,mdo lqm (5)00):' ):3,..;':"~
'f,l1S)t~
",o:J](:ld <;,~~z:;{G<; Q)1~6 0<,0l1 q'GS-l'6 'f,le..,0ICl36 0511 G1<;<SJ:5'I'
w. d.~::7l:' a::5 L, '" ::'.,(P1
~G..srl--:>!fie." g6)~v.:. G(8GJ cOc.:!4) edzsf0m Cj~§)m 0 Q)~Z»)') V(~ GC2Jf vL5 UG.5::"v ~;! :""'(,
Cem' O::3)10U. Oz7,C 1 Cz.& G lOW ZjJG~ 'f,lW(~ (:jClu(J(:jd G<; Q)1~dO C'1;5\ .::'v,,~.)~ Ivw ~",'5(J
(5)(~6~:5 at.~m) Z3))j<JU) ?...J~¥3~ \.J~~Vz:;{ vl~i.S1d \...3. 5.34 (}(c,-,~::516v l;vdoK;t.) ,-,...;.Iv (~:""v'""Jj'):"""":'
eG<SJl5'l'G) <;'l51.
5.3.5.
Cll&t,10W;5)m' ClOG <;'lW'vZ5'l <;,viJ",c.v~ a50o~eJ:5f 0lwuw3> <;')W 10 v(j c;'e..,vz:.,i ~Ol) ::7l1;5\C",,:=i
<;clmO Cl",Q)Z5'l Cf0m5\ Wll(;wzSl. "'0 0mZjJG m(.5) deJ® q'uww 0 )t)0t:1G ClO ;5)BeJCi (5)<%lvXJc.:;""
~t;..>ll) moii;) <SJQ)e..nZ5lG <;'10l10 §ldeJ ;J1:ilcJ. (:l@eJ <;'0m§J Wll(;W O(~W) (5)-clU1010 Sl<;lZ5'la §B"" w(&
GlOw 1,lt:!l:5'l'G::3)Gl:5'l'0.vt'Sl::7f Z310-clU1 <;'GOl271 Cll& ~dOlc5-clU c:'Gf301"'U~ ZJlG w~ w, "biD;;;
115
~ k.l ):7>J~--::::;-f::.. .J:, G2m S5 t;' ('j. o'Wi 01.<eE uouJw'Wi <:'~rrf£iWl1~c.:: ~G~ 10~>1[,)Cl6d 000G,)1-:5mw
G(~G'll 7,lS;O z."OQ ~1.0Q'J.
0[&G 10W '?IZ-i);:,-fu"oZ5'iOCl @G2(s)G'lZ5'lGd'Qi~&Z5'lWzsl <;Z

.'--!Z5'lC)
. er,dZ5'l <;,mo 0®c.:: Ut....
)""m-\' 01.G'l,~GG
,~dZ)\v G'l(z.,·-k.z.,i0(& 00UJG~ 80 @62Z5'i <;'~u 0G'l.f Z5'l1.§B W10®£i. 0®® (S)G'lZ5'l zsl~-6JmcJ
qmG1tiw0wZ5'itJ 8ruw cJz;,i2))d Gm qmo 6w CJ1.<eEu1C5w'?I~m' B ®)Cl 5 Z5l CJ®& z3:n~wcl
~G ~)<:;0G::;fG3. ,,0;10 q001s:, 23)1~--:: Z{lG~ 01.& G<'; 0:;V1Gmww'Wi @u;>Z5'iG(S)m(:):5'lOGZ5'l ~mo
0"::;:.i; £DCl 0<..&G<; 'fI=Cl~d qn:~i!)&wC) 0e0m8GwZ5'i' 6ill1f01.0U.
,;10lZ)\W d5-6J;:))w GZ5'lGm\ ClQ.SlZ5'i Ce3Z5'i® BtS3J 01.& 00UOUGZ5'i 0C)Z5'i 0(s);:)) ~<V0W::;i G<;Ol(;')
etde(~ ?2)®GwZ5'i omGO 0(s)Z5'l e0®::;i 23)(<;<.deC) CfGScllJ
'fIGm' 23)j (S)2))--::~ w. 00 Cl<:!&bi'® Ce;....,
'?Ie..) geJl-6JW ClGCl;:)) e<.0Q'J. 23)1<;Cde 'Wi~-6JZ5'lWu®C) 'fie.:! 'm1.5w (;,mlGcl <f,lm<,,;
8(~ OlW'Wi <;'WiU1
oS&. d3-6Jmw U00 co5t:) 0;luC)® <f,l0l<";
U(~ OlWZ5lC)o®6,cl 8®1 Z5lG (,.3cl6W, <f,lZ5'i0~c)OG0(;,)Z)\
:.i;)Cl 5:...-1054~ Gts(23) qG2...;.~~ 6®6 (S)6,1t.nClW ;:))Cumw 0<.&U10W ClC;Oll GtswZ5'lW23)GcJZ{lG
C'1.S; ~"'"l3S. ",-,1Z5'l--::i) <;'Gd0 )G23)vG'lf zslS&Z5'lW B® CYOlmClc;mZ5'iC::o® S,J000Z5'i ""Q'JdC) 0w20
6w C'S;~J~ c~)G'l)j ~lc3'-'Q::7i' Z5'lGmlGw ~Z{lL q<.m. 6Z5'l~ 6®uC£i mclc)C.:lzsl wOG~ 0C& m30 )(~Z5'l
2--::.:,..::;':;'G'"lC--::3.00 ~rrf~G mc 1 @u;>e:nemwC) Clf,P GCl)CWZ5'lzsl 6Zll101 <Sl(3)<:;@~, <;'6wm 23)1<:;;:.32{'C~
C:G"::;Gw,,,,--::z:;1q§"ti23) Cf10l1:::5c1.0B®z..i CfU(S;):tl
UZ5'l d'0)Z5'lC.:lzsl 6Zll101 Cl)cm® uc<,;(S)clW. 0@ BGQ)e;
Jc 7,lG'l23' 2:3 ,,:;) )(;(jd' ~ Wl6[~ o<.G'l1.~G23)0 <;'<.Zll.
~,-,m:3 :...,l<,:-.2 ~C V"-'J G-lf:5~v0 i?lm3'lv~m mOl 011®?5f LJle:.,W0 B8(jG3m (s)~lClac.Jm'::' O)Ick.JtV@
~l"Ul..')W ::G'l~"G::;lS c:'cS;2c.:JG'l(~5).6mCl) @u;>01eZ5lW1 Cl)&lU1Cl m<.oWt6@ g;s;!;:));:.38GQ)t~ q0Wm23)1~W
~G~ G<:..J)2)I' Cll~(:SlG6::;f 2c.:: --:::q>w Ol<.OWtG@q16U(S)W q<.§<2 (S)&KnClwZ5'i O'"leZ5'lW i35® 7 UZ5'l
-=-3cud((v3 0(tDl~a ~J <tl~·
1..,<S 1G1Clv..:! 1.."0l;:))--::dS<em:7>c.:JG;:))G1m' Cl6&lZ5'i <3JGW Z5l0&1 tS3d' oc&G<; o~(S) 01.&[,100d
~ g0Wl-:5::7lc.::Cl.."ci},S Clt~Ol) C'ljd:::l1Z5l0 m1.al6 Cl1ts0Z5l @62 c:neZ5'l0~ LC(~(S)cl6U. @u;>C1~Z5lWZ5'i
::Jl.&G(~ ~6~ti6JuwZ5'i g du;>::;-f(j(S)Z5'i0VnOGZ5'l G23'zsl 23)t! 6Z5'llWU'1 (S)&lU1ClC.:l d~<emZ5'lw U0@
lK3Z5'iG:7>0:id <'fvlJ(;.~,0 ~®0;:.3Z5'i 6U1 OJ8u0c.3Z5'i'?IUZllO(S)Z5l(,.32{'cJ. 6Z)\@ tS3d' 0L&U(~
<:;'WiC31 qCd'0 k)U~ eG1 Gt310(s)Z5'l@u;>Z5'i
Zllu®cl 80Z5'ltl1 uw 0l<.23),83;:.3 (,.3Z"ilW
£Dc:! ::J .&G<; Ol,v t3<;0l) <;'(3\ 9d~:5I,v CGC5 Z5'l@l e'JG1 cyJCleQ) §'Oc.JZ5'i 88<51 m® c"'10l10c.3
C::(~G'"ll"--::1<;1(S'\C~0;:J::;ibGZ71 :::::7l1S'c.::8.6Q)lbOl)' 80 <f,lJClCi;» §'CW1 zsl5&Z5'lW 'u<3Z5'i OGclZ5'll
v..,o; )G 1~--::~ c:3:5"iue 60l)' c" 2,::;i qc:§; C.:, ueC) 6® G<;ue @62Z5'i d'Odo C<;(jZ5'l~8Jm S'0cl01Ue~
::G) ~ )~o<emw 23)08. GQ)10OJ1 00 Cf1?2)®6,0d ~t! Cfud'01UC~ e'J Q)u <f0C) <';cZ5'l(S)cm®O 0Z5'l1OJCz5\
q:5l6 ","::;0 C'GCu~ '?IOc:l~d--::)0m Cl<;Jc5<.f,
Gd'<; (~,d<,; <;<.23)
<Slm0Z5'l1OJ(23).
0@ 0rrfZ"iltl£it31 CfCl@gt5<!£
0<:;~ ~"]z:;1"'1..":7> G1.8 §g) 23"lc<';cde0t5WZ5'iZll0d §6Q)Z5'l 0<; u~O e'J UZ5'l8C)m' <3JJCl~i;» BOwJ
C'19'--':7>--:::;)6 (~l :51[3 cG23)dc:7>--:: z5\5® Z5'lG6,OOJoc W. 6£iCl1 tS3d'0c&tl<,; m8CJ6W<51<3JGm'Z5lG (,.3clGW
d:...) ;:;)("~::1 ':=3::7'1 ':"'.:3) 8::5) ~vddlvV~ cc,
116
ryw§z;f@ ct7..§ CiiCS2z;f c8Z7i t30~tJBii0W::;l® c,')G()Biiw 0Z5l1Z5lG £Dd Ci7..&GL; 02Sl'6£)z;1 0G;:,"i ~CI
qJcScl~J £)B@() :;s,Cc..::!~ v....:~c..; (,..:.~;...:. rod .::.:(30 v~ :;~./sf ~j:;) C'~:!01i,jeJ S'-" v(( v~ ~G =C6
9®)~[jcl 0Wj ,,:5)1:5'Cii~ v7..t;ISl:J\;.J Ci7..~ U)j::;: ctGc.5:5lc, c.5:5' ::;)WG;.Jz;;)::;) (~(5)f ~::;) 5W2;.Ji3::;)) v(, v~
~6GtJz;f ae) ct7..51G7..~ <;'vt3z;1C WZ5lUJ:5)'c.5®G3z;f, r!JtJl Gc.5l BiJZ5l) Q)CS2::;l qt:.Jc ;.J1-.)(., ,-,2::) G,)c.;v",;.J::;)
€53cl e3Z& ['e; ~.~:5'I £)5....., VZ~I..t")~:J· ~t;~ 92C3~~ L'))m~ vc.;:..it.- )1$'1:5" tD1.6 0[..') h-(,-" :a,-,,~2.
£Dd C37..&GC;Z5l1~t:.J G,,')v;.J::;-l ";2 12:5'-25fC()Ge do)) 6-.:'.1 ~Go uZ)') K.I~Z5"l2lcj (C,.,i )WG:.J L" • .I~ e...,::7'h.:;d) '5'IO)~v::1
UC; c,')j2:c")znZ3)j ,,'):J\ w(~. ::..")):5...::::.:: t3)~2:) G<; ~)jd0) zS;ELjc ~~ )ve~~-) ::':<:D:'3' ':':'(-(G,)::" tj
• £Dd Ci7..& G<~ ());;V 5 -10 1)f Cf13\j g@)Bii::.Jz:;) "Z5125\t)(S):5'(()",..::,' GGc13\
;.:.n)::::J ~O'j W)(5e~:5:f om ~m5"'~i.J'l5" sv.) v)~GJ),"':"27)~ vZ7);,:;a ,-,i:.,'1)~::7'
6....: voz;)':5). ~(0j ~L~ -;;~J):;) §tD00::J'Qi 3)v 1, J---)~ -=2;..')£)::7\ -:JI~"-'v::5')
UJW106J'wZ5l :J\:5)'GW ~CS10® 25\Q)1cS'>13\

w7..2.J").0&! @::'::lGG::.::Z51 00;;)500
~ 00 )23':5"i ~GC; vI25::;Y5f G1~:J ~1~C; E:!J;;; vI~ _'-"-' =00)
COW
§;B)0 ....,~)Of~ Sal ~ ~')zm ~c Be@) aze588r73f 8....3"":5.; ...J. S' )6:...£:3'
vL; ::)).0 t3W25\ cd Z5l1t.)0Q)J't.) 0CiJ5wZ3) Cf~C51 6® (:)Ci:J2::.:: ::J2GC;
~goi (:5'>("'~25\ez;f Naphaiene) 30)Cz;i' ~) ~iii)je 6\:::;...::d (,-...1) cL
£)v3d G::.::2 BBt! d0):5)::.JZ3) ISlci)C) 231GQ)7..~.v(, <;z.2 C::);.J =\,C,-,
58cGZ5l:5)' 2.")) 0Q)fe 0Z5lXi5::.J ;,:;crw. (5.35 6 tCi::.J RlCz;1Z5l)
Z5l7..G13\V rod a7..&' G~ c..~~)G)CjGCC e3L023~() c;G-9:J2 tJ(; ~C) VLnG~:;1 c6~e27f' ':";'::'-::;""'1,-,
0<-,"):5) C57..&' ;JC0Jt.-e ~1'2:)a(..2, (.2.~ ~. 05~ 0I& 0003 ~I:5f Cf;rJ)v <:!v$'J \.j'"'\<S)v)~ vt: ~-: (.')(~.
117
06)t5 ZSlC300c! (@cl2S))~o em c::l@om~ 06Jt5:ICle) oro 0~(S)@ PZSllSduc (Q"JEec
~e~clZSl,-,d @~eJ)o($Cle g($c;cs:J'-'J) t;(s)J c..:JDGZ)f·DZ5) csz&DJOcJZ5'l' G~ZSlZSl~ZO)')C')Z5)0l8u
0lC§cJ cJ~ (3"\01Z5)cs')CZ5)Gc! g03Z5) q'o(S)cJZ5'l'.
w)(j:5)-V::'; 06lt5 8ZSlZceD e ZSlGcJ~ GZ~("0:sf

<7e..,(3Cj °l&D)OcJ csz&D)OcJ CS3CZ5)®cJ ®cJ)®Jt5(Sx.:;Z5'l'
<Sl«lOx./)OGd C001Z5)(.3 °le5lZ@6lt5 )t5~ - Dt5C25)(..) 9,.;,~e::!?5) @000C)

01) G~ csB®)t; @)cl(j5lJ'6lt5 <;'Ggc G(s)Z5) tJ®D <;,5lGt52.1l <;')01')0
Gt50Z5)(.3 5® GZ5)J[)z@6lt5 ®t8 ozcsC3®.
(ts),<,;"ee Cl/:5w2S)'-'J) G~Oz@6lt5 ~~ - csz&' Gcs03 c;~ DC:s-i
csB2t5~ §B®
9t5c; °l&'G')ocJ c5Z5)t)JB 2~ - oo~ GQ)~(.3t® CS')CZ5)cJ

- (s)~J[,JO 202 §B®
0cs6loDJB q'G(S)1e~ - ~c <;,Di3G~ oo~ G6l~(.3')®

0,$1 Cl)o'-'J ®Jt5~ oze5lz@6lt5 CSJCZ5)(.3
- csz&' <5)eo')o~(.3
cs~ csl&'GJcJ:..J <;'Ggc @)clG5lJo>t5 - csz&' c;')O(.3 9®J~2c;,) Z5)@

Groj ~t5e.J 2G3Z5)@
csz~ meo)o~cJ
<Sl~J~)OGd <SlroZ5)(J ®t8 GZ5)JDz@6)t5 - 0e csz&' D~ O')~ <yGZllD

ro1 t,~ oB®,)G dm G~Oz@6lt5 (S)ll5"l® <;'3ocl®3 §B® ro')
:si3~:!5)(.3 55 ~~ c5Z5)D')B (S)6l~J §B®
(ts),<,;"ee cl~~2S)'-'J) S'G(S)je~ GCS6l0D3B - O1zo(:n® D1.G1cl5®
0I d5lI@6lt5 ®Jt5~
118
5.35 OtO~' ,51~J~):':; ~:::.; iii!33 1, ':;0)8:51' (ii}. d:5::::l :5fiJ"3'
"'~J~ ):.:;...;(#.34) 2)0)8:51 coli}. d3:51 :'::W"3' (#89)
0"'~)':")'::'::""; ~-../V) z..,j.:v<;J.:3 5'3....; WJS3'J t;;)6
~z...JD J:.:J 63.);;' .....
vJ;...o)J5'z:J)C ;,..;:::;:5. 5.31 .:Jlii;)
:;eZ"'l Cl?:! ZjJ~) 8(~:5z .::.::83) ,:j':"3'~:55') 5c~ :J..:3~")
~ro5' 01~)':" ).:;....; ,5!J'1 ::5c J c-()z5'.
,j,W)~,W)j' ~:::J)WJCa~,:.,..;)&].:;'1 ~S:::;1=:""':5'

,:]5' 5~:..., !3.(~5l !;...,:5 6":";5':;))-:"'~ 0!JE:
:: ...f~JC: :5'1:51 l;'~JvJ':'::"";D> ez: ~..:;....;!I'
zS3....:,;":' .:;C.::n,.A.S1.3""'l (~l?5'l.
119
5.37 0tOQ, rod 3lfii, C<; ~Jo=J iSlB@ /l)J (S)5J[jJ iSlB@. rod3lfii, G<;
DJ~GOJ,,",ZSlG3J8€J:oJ coDe <;@J BBd 8~8 dc.5Jm~ZSl
(5)5J[j) ZSl,g f..3?:iJGC).
120
6. Oo~ ~@~c~n@) ~Je25')~ ~cn 25')~ (3)~J~J~
~~~J~25')~
00
0 (:jQ)~G'l'J@ :owe/sf QlO215'1",<Sf dO')ealCZ5l gdmm @mD8w 8~D15'1G15'1 gt5D or&' D10CZ Z3dG~ Gwi
9w)m oLE; GK)w S'106';)eaGc.-~ CfL§Dm 8~ c)t50m S'DBG~W, ®m1Gd CJJcmw :omlz:J)G OoU 0")~W)@
GWZ3dGe)15'1
m~lc.nCJwZ5l meam:od C(s;)1C S'~5@cl 8EDm <;'5l0 G6';) mCJl CJLE; U10W§15'1 CLG;7.)::sJgGcz"fdm
S'CCJ ;;;U,
::sJ;;:sf 0 0 0Q)~W13
0 6WJ~15'1 CL6e:::m m6JJCJCJwcl CJLE; CJOcJO §t:8:o6';)~ e)t5w::sJ-Od® g:5l6CcJd v;S;)0wz;)
<;'L:5'Dm dD1eaJt:Z5l CJ08<ww€l, e)mm til8GD~, 00[; (;Q)~cJ1@O 8~3Gw15'1 e CJt'(WJ c)m ~C;1::sJGa S~8
§cJ[,O D(s;)GcJ15'1S'L:5' Z5l06J1 g@oC)<; Cm13;l §5@O 6ea] Gc;Cm §cJvO G-9GcJ:s! c:'LmZ5l06J1 d..025) ~f:S)jil!ll
t:m)3;l til5@O 0ea1 §8COZ5l:d' c:m'alw GmJC;L5c.3 PZ3dcJ, G@@ <;'Gd~Jt:,:sf QlO215'1c815'1 :'51@ CJlCz:J)(·:nO
q;~5c.30 <;'L§Cm 5lZ5lDc.315'1 §~Q)e; CJCJc.3m Z5l1CJ1710l8 0w1~c)J c)3;lGc.315'1CJCZ5lJ G@® "dG )ea18Z5l
@GJJG8cJ15'1 alO2 CJ1CZ5lGJJGcD mcmc.3 c.3iJGZ5l 81je3@iJ <gle.:JeaLoe)GJ 25'@ c)8cJiJ WOt::JC05l HZ3dGJ,
(;;7.)1(;ea] cO CJLE; Gl0c.30 @JCJWZ5l0 (;ea] GC;Z5lZ5l00CJO <;,~g1d5lmGJ Z5lE; <;,~:d' d8mcl CJLE; GJOw Z32G~
mLG5'I c)ocl 000 GQ)~ GJJ@O c:dCJJW GmJZ5l0mCJ c.3LG @5lc.3cl <;'L5l, m§VZ5l0Q)""w1 :::C:::Jt( 3302 CJ1CZ5lcJ15'1
<;'cJ0L d8mw:o<Sf CcJCJ GZ5lJG:5\cl ~C)d alO215'1CJl@ CO@ CJLE;c))ocJ ~C~ ~C;")f ~C~ OoD
c;:s!mJ ;;Q)~ dJ
;;@w QlO2 CJ)CZ5l2:5f,-,~<f S'G~J::sJwO <::dccJ ;.:l::j;; Z5l6c6Jcl c)::sJ <;'25'0 e
CJC;Wl ~C; ):::--.=;:::-- 33@<; :5)v~O
9,lOZW,
Ooy ",Q)~GJJ@O Z32~"'c;m 80)m GWZ5i15'1 D3;lGcJ15'1, m6J1C)CJ0d 8Et::m 25'C;Q)C;cJ0wi 05l08@ mCJ) S'(fi\Gm
Q)02CSlWmGd e5mrne;cJ uL55®C;, <::L0Q)@15'1CJDZ5lmJ ®~ WJ CJZE; 85 Gb DC; mCJJ de5mO alPCtG 'fie:::
qc)Z5l13;l 'i'L15lB GJl®C; CJe;W15'1Z5lG WLZ5l, CJJ®Jm15Gw15'1 G®OLm 5lC;@C;cJcl 0LE;oJ6GJ qJCJ15'1mGd S'L§Om
q5'l6 (;6';) £)CJJ@ CJLE;01oc.3 Z3dG~ 600 GQ)~c.3J® 8f0U, 06';) GW'5,l15'1 £)CJJ, 5,3,3 0Z5l1iJ(;d CJ(";W15'1Z5l0 CfL§
CJ5~ 5'lC;Q)C;c.3CJ@mw tilB® CJe;WJ z:!J@')~~CD CJ66J <gleae;DC; CJLE; 0CJ05 DCiJ @»)6c tilB@d CJ®CSl15'1
m6JJD1CJcJ 8CJ106JGJ til5® 0Lc;m:sf 0U. OoOGQ)~W)® CJe;1m DLC;CS)Z5lDm meam0d omdDGJ GL8506';)
CJoZ5lCCJW 6,1 0tCJ0w15'1 CJLwL~e Z5l0 <;'L5l, e):5\CJ) Oo00Q)~cJJ® <;'G® 5'lrnDwZ5l CJCdD1mI~® CJe;W) vLc;m2'i"
D15'1G15'1Dt5S:5)cJ G:5) CS)6J1GJCJcJZ5l meamGd e5mdc)w q~ til5®O @c.31 til5®i3,
q15'1 8w~ wi3Gw:s!c13 (@ Z5lG, § Gz:llJO <;'J~cJ) <;'L§ gSJm25'@ mLO~C) m'" ee;J(;d CJJC;J <;'I25\ QlO2 Z5lIc;e
G®GWc.35®Z5l0 CclZ5lG GmJwL§ e3®i3, G6';) 0W'5,l0D15'1 eD) Z5;1G qL§ Z5lLC;LCGC Dt50mcJrn CJ®CS)
qmt::1t5c.3GW15'1® qt,'5\Dm meam e0mdDGd 0Les5@ CJJcmc.3 til5®O 0wl S'~ §5@() Gm)eaLz:J), e)0®zsi'® CJCDC;
W/3DGJZ5lC; e)w <fL§ m6JJ01CJ0d mw::sJc.3 Dt50mc.3 DmOJZ5l CJ@ti315'1c)c; g@J6Jc.3.0L5 0mJz:llE;0eal:d' Gmm
"'c;m 9§6C q15'1 Gm1~8~ eaGOc.315'1Gmm Gc;m 9§6C DCG CJ®1m GU, Z5lLC;LCCCJC DC; eai3Dc.3Z5l §p.lmc;,
:D Z5lGcJZ5l GW] GZ5l1iJc.3Z5l§§lmc;, dOJea1CZ5l 8w3 8fOZ5l §p.lmc; (6,2 6tCJc.3) meamGd e5mdD0d DLes
5®Z5lG (;ea1 5lC;~C;c.3cl S'I§5@iJ Z5;1~ Gc;m Z5lJ06J1 Z5l0;.:lZ3dCJLCGd m6';) (2)6';)8c.3~ Z5lLc;8 d~ lmW15'1!i3
3!i3J (5)6J1DJCJ 6Z5l® <;'1Z5lJ0c.3Z5l0 eaL8Gt5 (6,3 um 0lCJw), 6®£)CJJ, CJC DC; wGt::cJcl, ® Z5lGcJZ5l0, @
c:Z5lJOWZ5lG GW] CS)d GQ)mcJZ5l0 t::e.:JJ (2)Dmd D15'1G15'1QlO2 CJJCZ5lc.3JWO 15l® m6JJc)JCJcJ <;,D3;l;s <;'t::d~)GC~
Z5))t5GJcJ CJ1SZ5l <;'15'1C;®O(2)@Gww5@O wltilc.3JGcl cQ))0c;m (;WZ5;IG £)CJJ CJ E;,
121
J
@Z)Je:JC eJ<;
rot3eJ @roi e:feJJroJeJ:!SJ
z:;)l';~
e5JClDc5 @Z)'z:;)G
e5'Cz)c5 z:;)G @Z),ro,11il
(fJ~,eJ'e:J
(fJ~,eJ'e:J
•
=
•
@e5)J~C5fe5JCZ)c5 z:;)C e:JCeJ<: roaeJ "dG '1'165 @e5),~2if e5JCZ)c5 @lD'z:;)G

W€;:;,{he:Jc5C5fef5 efz:;)Jz:;)J{5eJ (fJ~,eJ'e:Jc5C5fef5 ro, 8@t5) '§liD 9<§h~c5Z:;) t5)1~ i'li1lJ z:;)l';l~
e5,:jj6,~ @"'J we5):5Jc5zsi e)C eJC5(J:5Jc5C5fe:J@cJjC5f(fJro:5J@d I!IJ~WeJc5 eJ,t58@ :55e:J'
q'l::5l. q'B:!SJ ::5l<:QJ<:c5zsi q'l65",eJ.
6.1 0t0c:l, z»zc:;C3

d0]25)~Z» ""rot (j)3[;~z» B.J::5lJ de:Jd6cd G)(j)25)e:lZ5:l.:v'C..:>{)zE586@75fez&3uZ5:l @t5J6§@
:5)!:)] C'Z5:lu31]5 "'CO 6.;J 6RJ?..:>]C!I BEw.
122
(S)(3d ?5J0rf ~,i5Jf2 8JC:C,j?5J
d[)JWJC?;5l[) 3lzID 8Jt:Q Z:lJZ<;Zc'c:
§Jm' 8D31D CZ:pOJ c.:;m ())romc.3.
0®8d" 0®® ?5JzC;ZCtr.:Z1}(; &Zi5J
3lC;?i!C;c.:; 0C5Z5l'1i~ ?5Jo8.
6.3 6to~, 0®® 8Jt:Q

?5Jz<;zc:'c: 3lzz53® e.:J17ro@(;
q[j?5J e.:Jc:cC; ro8[)c.:;zj)
e.:Jac.:;? i5J{iJm<; 68m'
e.:Jzc:§Jc.:;2Z1} 90C,j1c5mc.:;zj)
c:zOJ 0mJ@;Z31. Q)t:Qd" C5Z&
6J~[)c [)~ aze; (tli5:tS25),o
mromc.:; Dz38® ibJ

(~Zt538 tfOZJJ 0Z5)O§@
me.:J?c.3 az& OJc®[)C: u<;

ale; (~zt;f0tl/ wad (~?5)D
me.:JJ [)<; §'U31D W31
0mJWzZ:lJ. 0®m::.JJ OJ®
tDJ8W0C,jz;) C3ZG@5e5Z5J DJ8
8c.:;c'c: 6m7C:ZQJ c.:;8
(~025)zs) gCJJZ5)!5l@/ (~eJJ8c.j
3lcY C?[JZ3) 6 {)05J? 0 c:; (@8.
:;;®£3i;"[)<; roz8oeJ®. 5 ..3..3.
..;2..iJJu0d C5t;rod" 2..iJ(; (qi5J
:.]3f/ e5JGm(.3 2S)G fJZ5Ju
SQ)&.
123
0?5lGd 15'l~Zll'OoDGQ)~cJ15 ~lG(;:.,i8cJ -5::5)J10(zS, <;'Z3'O 6cJ <..')~ 1G)ocJ251 0Q)iCG@ dv J10JC?5l @cJ1t,ecJ3.
OoDG@~cJJ c'J 0<;10) §laicJ cJ~ O)w?5l 03~t5~2 28 <;'Z5ccJ ;;.:l~cJ. 00 (jW~G :6)0) (5oc.J0d~cJ1V 01(15)cJ
?5lG ;;.:lZll'GZll'
68251 aio;! 3)C?5lcJ10 GJBcJd Sa <;'lU18cJ:si 015))v::5) 0C8:6).
e~n$:;:)))5~25f c500:sd~~)0 8E:0m ~G2vw~ 0oy)r:m 01C:5)...:J ?5)(; \.0~)v)e::.Jzs) mo ~O)~ GC3uJ6d ~G§
G3aGcJ251DC; 10:5\zsJ'c, 010)f.:d' aic.,;>::;)va) 8215) o0~t5~ ez$;, 000J 0<';?5ld <'; §laicJ cJ~cJ. 0®® <;'Ge-
:5\z;ft;cJC) DeJJ ['ZDOO oz$;, -580.3 §;al& GtJ1s1 v1B<;)cJ?5l G::5) <;':5\6 i=ii<l2G1CZSlcJl516cJ f.lC.:t~ ZSlO (S)Z:&S3C
gcJz;f15'lcJzsi C;zBcJ ;;.:l~cJ.
Gz&Gau5cJC) DC; ®JOZ£l55 O<;10J <y10C; GouOGd GC; t,(c® 05~J 2:ll015) c;'['ddJ0eJ~ c;'13m251 Q)~15)J
DC; tiC p@o <y10e;251c;'z5'.c® C;Z?5l(S):5\10l?5l· C33:fC3GcJ5f5 c:;@o 8C) c;'GwcJ 010;3GG251® C;ZZSlffi5\ 10Ztib
(6.4 0tGcJ). t:J@0 G<; -510i <y0le;5f <;'l§b015) @G m5Z;)~~cJ ~53®251 0;3, aio;! mCZSlGcJZj? <y5f &i~61C
c;'Zzs, ccJ roz§ c;'[,d"1 (S)Z::5) aZCzS,25s1 CcJ cJ~ c;':5\0 Gi:3 8cJ13 c;'Gd"1 01t5dZSl @o;!m(15)G~ GZC;C:i..,sI
0tl.
p@O <f,lo:Je;c;'lmc® CJl£i'oG10cJzsJ' c;'JO@o:JG~ G®5f® GZD®15);s) c;'§GtiZSl <;'Jo:JJO 0lCJ;;.:l eJC)C; 8fGeJ. c;'mGtiz:Jl
qJo:JJO aZG~G~ ®uC)® (15)lGD15)du GCD15) G3cJG0l1;s) c@oZ251 C'1zmcG®251 CJ;3D dtl15) Gz:Jl:f@ OJC;J
qDaJ15'lG~ 002G@~ cJl®zsJ'C; 8f0eJ. 6moJ G®® ZSlOl~ <;'15)D Oop (9)~cJJG~ C'11GeJCDcJom5\2:ll0 c®C)
. Jt5l P ~~pd®ZSl OJDZSlcJzsJ' [,15) Q)G cOZSleb15)cJ ZSlG rozZSl.
60~ G@~cJJG~ ~C;J15)® GCJOJ~D C;(15)(S)l::5'>®O<;10J ;;5do <y10e;, DC; DC c;'l§lD15)tnc;l8 C;(15)ml:&S® <;':5\15G;s;J15
0Z5))Gtl. G@ ae;10J oB::5):5\ <;:>@6l5f (..')~)DJaGcJ' 8J15)1 @c) C;(15)ffil:&S® g®J~GZ5f GeJ. oB~:5\ <;:>@c5z251
(Sl~JDJaGd Bu 15)~, aio;! a::JCZSlcJ1C) 10C ®C251 c;'l§l @G C;(15) (S)lm®C) <;'(5) 010;3 ?2)®cJcl 15)~ ~15)Gd
t:JGd DOzGtl g@o 8~JOle; t:i)Je~ ~G (GeDio) 1500 ;s) 17,00 Z5f c;'5\0) <yiDGC15) <;:>@ol5f C;z2:ll ffiZ::5'>V
t:JC;flJJo:J8DGd GC;J02:lltJ §'5zs®~cJ §5®8. t:J@c5z251~15)Gd Ot® c;'GddJDZSl® c;'0l~GQ)251 G®251 (15)J'f}G3GC.
15l®d ~15'lGd o:JDd 2:llJCGd ooo.:5m 8~JOle; t:i)Je~ 15)~ £bm 2:llJC 8®JuzsJ' ~G~ 0®~zsJ' ®2251 <yG3~®C)
GC)l5'i m2l'l. aoat5CD 8cJ10lB 2:llJCcJ a10 c@o 8cJJOlB 2:llJCcJ c;'15)0tO GeJ. <yiDG(15) G~Ol P@Ol251
(!)~JUJacJ?5l Bu® @GOl om z§locJ <;'z~cm 6cJ Oop G@~cJJ®C) ~C;115)~ D15) @U C;251D15)De.JJ;s) mcJm
C;t53at5lcJ§.
G@Ozl5'i (Sj c;'Zzs,C5 10) 0lGlsl® dv)L':J)CZSl[' G101 2:ll<~5G -52:ll-50::5)1c;'10110 0l0;;.:l5 3:5\ Oe;Jot,§;::5) Q)G
3®1i)~ c;'DDJo~cJ ZSlG cJ~cJ. cJ@ C~cJZ:35f c;'10l)0 al0cJGo c )::5):5\)GcJd <;'l§lCDG10JsI c610 ~@eJC;15)-5cJ::;)
Ca dB15'l G2:ll:fC3£ktm<';15)cJzsJ' OJ51::5)'.5GcJ251 CcJ cJ:q' c;')2:ll)ocJC) Bf t,5fG5f 15)l:5\. 061J(j101 CC) <;'11016
tjzGcJG o~mJGcJzsJ' <;'Z§;Ge..,G10JZ5fUl~JGJOc.:: GG§l251 0@ol251 8C5o 2:ll0~J <;'5\0 6cC ®;:;251 1013!5\z;-l'
@cJcJ8.
lOGO ac;o:Jl5'i ?5lCJzsJ' G®251 (s)~JDJocJ2:llC 5W 0l00® RlPJC 2 5C) OoPG@~ cJJG~ C'11GeJCDcJ<;'lm CG®251
SZ5l'® ~@O DC; m~aJC;15)c.:125J ClGOlC) dtl15) 0?5l:f@ m~oJC;15)cJZ5f 2:ll00(S)15) cJ3. 01®115)15GcJ251 c1tl15) GZSl:f@
~dGJC;15'lcJ G?5lG02510251<y10<; <Sc; GC Cl10G C;J00dcJ. 6z?loJ, @o;! CJJCZ5lc.::J Oo~ GQ)~cJJ® c0C;0) Bft,15)
dGJ1J)Jc?5l aoB<:B251Gcsf @c.::J 8@GGG <;'15)CD®15)cJzS,505251, 6cJ <yzsJ'®:6)z;-l'5 8fC®() ZSlC);;.:lZll
GcJ~ c;'lm @e..,
~:5"!il ml5'i15'lDJ 15)®, ®9) c8251 dtl::5) G2:ll1~ G'Z:51@G C;l:5) CD(Cl®() CY10<;eouScJ 05~1 ?5lE; c.::Zllc.::.GO
~e;flJJ ®~ cBZ>i 6zsJ' 6zsJ' <y10<; G<';cJ -';v15) GG15)5 e5z;)~J zS,5G®251 c'JG0;.;! ::50lE; <';1jc.::5fiij <;'l5\ dts::5) Gz:Jl:b
<;Z::5l(!)Z2l'l z;j ?5lE; ;;.:lZllcJ.
124
Ol P. (}G G.f',
c C}Gl ('j) -Q; !1.1-{'a .r« o @CAQjI)GCl
c ~ Ol @J-8 0: ft @) a ,..0 c8 @Y Q r"
® u CQ 9 OJ ~l C\1 Cl C, 0:
~ @» CJ ,. ~ o _~ G ~ G G o ClJ @J a'Cl (':'I ~
e 9 ~ g .. CJ"'Gi~-{'~u C'D c. r~ ~ CJJGlGo:g(,,)
0. G Gl GftgcGlg OJ~Gn; (),(")a~c'u
u ~ Jj G u c> ~ ('p G ='g G' ~CA
j~ -~ft8' C} (P G [j c g(,,;(,}l(iaG
P. ~) ~ C'D~ 0.. @ @ @) ~ @Jg ~CA()
I))~
e CJ@)I)@JpG(';,.O) @YO)g ~ol>.'.lC}
CQc8 o g cfCJ@J !):l (i'J G ~ (}
g 9 o,Cl@J.01(i'J
@» rCJ G o ED JJ) G 8 a c G
G' Ol
;:0 ~ l)'p)8 .OG
C'J P. ~~ ~l c@ c@ ~c@ G C\1. a09 Gl ~ QNG!tl!t CA CA CJ ° @)
Cl Cll @
u c8 N8\ SGJCJ
~ (£ r" @J p) CQ 8 S C\1 S G g CJ c- Q c C\10~
,.(1) @J .(', ""gg/il "'G
Uo ~ ~ Q '"' U>
'8 a .t\:) a g JJ go 0" Q('J(i'JGQP" @J 0; a; 0; 'g CJ;! ~ ft
~ G OJ g ?sGJu ClJ
u al) (1 G g S "GOlas c@~~01n.
~ g N
.r:o G ::n, ggJJ)o~...l ~ -.) [:j:) '"') G1 0)
Gi @J ~ ~ r" 8 ~CA CA S Cl
'-' (i'J
f]' & ClJ G ~ '3 -»
Ol ED ® 'yet Q, C} g'Q CA ClJ G co ~~, Cl ,.{"b '- a
~'~) 80 !)a~@JilGNg ,.g'G@'""G'
(£ a QJ S
u :'iJGl 9 C4u GGCc;:.mc. "''"'&:jO)O!s
X3!):l C'J)
o a @J 0) g !i ~s a @J G G (" C' "--" ) """'" v G n 0) U
C'J g S G ~(ClI)N,.(1))
o 8
'-' 8 G Q g 0l0)C')~ 6;.,~:u
@J ~ Gl .» Q OD @J a S
Gi Gi G u G ('1 G a g c~aa"" 0) L;""<: ('1 '"'~ ,9 -:» CA@JN
g J Q ""'"' u;
~ ro S 0) ("; C"J@yA' 0:
~ ~!) @J g C~ u Ol o c c Cj] ('J) C"J ,. !tl (") o
@~ (1 u" U ~ (r, g o
g a c ~ ..0 '" G p) ...)
!):lC}u @YCA~ C\1~g0C'
.s- aG G 0: ft o Ol [:j:)
@Y @l ~ u of]' G '"' G ..0 Q
C} u G C\1 QJGJC')s G ~ ('1 c> G U;l J
I'! rG '"'
o @J o C'!J 0lJ P) g u CJ u @J) u, JJ) ,S'l J
S ft (0l., @J a aG
ODc} B P) u S 0a@J!)Sft !tl\))@J~a GJ ClJ G
~ o, (CiD &'J !) CA (y u ft u (,,;,.{"b u a""
o Gl g Gl N OJ ~ g 'r-" Cl) no G N
'"'@JWJn> @J '"'
0
Gl -D! g S1J SP)ft~)SG (ft C"
CQ C'J (()l ~ I) Ol C'Jl u S()J@J~C'l)Ci1l
C\1 c;) @J g U
(}-{'~cO '" GJ
",.u C @J(")gc@ c1
Gl @J rl) .oo 0) a; G
aC} g CJ a ~
a8: ,.{"b
g 0)
o '"4 c au"" I)PJ~S~' Gl .f',!):l S
()J Gi o G G u ~'11 u .r o
I\.) [:j:)g S QJ &l CD c- 8 g 8 (")@ G'3"
G ~ 8 ~ g u G U>
()l ~ur!)s@JS 8aC'D(,_~ Non> !):lI'!N '"
()Jg o g a; " rr, u, ~ u
ft(t Ol Gl ft !1.1 Co) N' G
'" t:I 0: a I) g U (0' 0) ~N
nl5 G ~ C') 6 C},.{"b i2l:1
G Q g @Y g G @ CJ S
'-'
eJ ~ .2 JJg u ~ G ~ -.i N N"" G @J 0
~ ~)
ftCl GJ <"or'" @J
g ~'3 ~~ G
U' '""
-8 ~ cco
Ci1l C'D CJ -~ @J~)U~[:j:) rCl a. _1J"l
09 N () S.0)?U>CJ~
'-' .oo C') G
~ ~ -~~ o 8 Gi @J @J CA g 8 @J CiiO N £ rG N
CA Gl
",0 8~I,g~] g~ClJJ)!1.1~1
r" ~ CJ ('1 g g C'J -~~. I) a
GlS
~ a ~ ("P u u!tl !):lCA u '" ("; 1)
~ G C} . c@ (,n G "",.{"b -S -8 'Z'Q_'llC'Dc8
~ u @J !) -Q; r-; o' .» r».
u .i'D G r"
-~ Q,gg0a
g 9):1 'CI '" .r» t:i g V< CCJ('Jug
g ~ a fj~U!lul) G G CA U
a G
aen
'-' .@J -Q; (0') ft ~ GJ o ~, Q,u GQ~J
@J (,) .t'o GJ~X-Q;~ S c;T'J .C,
C') g a gc@@Ys~
g ~ ~& ~ C". (Ol g U
Ci1l u -{'~ uSO:Clg a '3
-D! CA 'G g (1 o g i2l:1 G C') CA G (:l-'1I~~1)
u & GClGJ-Q;,.{"b ~~¥C;)QJ
Gl U
~g JJ) G C'J CA GGo gc;)0
Q GJCJ)",G~ Ol~u>,
c@ Gl C'J ~ G GG~§-ct ,.{"b OJ) w. I) t,
-Q; 0) "" ~ G
CD g ~~ CJ o @J ft(it(";("JJOl
C') GJ G
o a I'!
ClU,J '"'
G1 ft r" Ol 0: G
gr" CJ @J U!)GgJj (")c ~sn~~~
@J
g
S@J N-D! u
& ~ ~G
~ ~ ~ g !1.1 'G a ,§~] &'l[tl
(g?Q Gi gEDf]'~(";
-D! a o !tl,.S') 1~ ft S1J.f" (rJ 09 0)
G 0 ~ o o .r» S ag9t~ @J e v , 81 S g
g C\1DlugCD
Gl r" G G ~C}SgG @J (CiD CJ ~ @J _1) U
@JCD -Q; g ft OJ 8 G
_.f'\l CJ _~
&
u
t:lftS1Ju("P s: g
6: G g OJ . Ol . .t'o- @J Gl g
o
Ol !):l ~"~ qlg
g rG CA OD C\1 -ct-'ll o' G
'"' ['(', u G (.j 0;'I)a6CA
(CD G ",G1Jt:i@J
C') JJ) 0J S ft '"' G r@J (CiD ClCJC'JG ~ a _'11 Cl en C}
u G o @l
c8 ,.(1) g u ~!taa~ gfta.ftQ ~ § g G G
~.
(",L':~.:;l ::,---)5 ;;C0(~{UlS~.j :;~3z...j)c""':: ~c~ {,,(~c;.,j...., :5'•...r9::,.-.,:5"c..,~:y~""::c..:/ Ec--Y(~
---)(~::'l)':""C;....::z...,
7,':;""1 ).,j.:)""1 ):;5' ::;.:5.:.... .::S....,v<;::'l....:::S. ",:,.,jw .:....c.;...:.....::' .::-3 ....,Z-.,j )....,,-,:':; ("0[3' ~--:):5 ':Yro(~,:;) C;~~
:..j )""'C'
'-'z...j)...::....,~ {,-,{3' .•...:..;,:..:.." 7,'U1(~.:;"l {"::';,':; ~t'c0l?C ....,:...".:;"l~:..,j.jZ.:1' 1:5'. ::;-:)57,U)(:,
("0 .:)::;'l0 ;.::...:/u) ...:.~::;1':"")
(U({j. S....::(~ 3c) =0:5 .... ..;.;)'5:;1:..,,)::;1' ~-.../0.::;'l) 'd':: 8..:;,:,::':':' c:....
;:~~, ..::/BW::;"J) §(~5w-')wC I,.;-').:::fi. 0"'/-.)
5....::(S [3(-5( ,:,c.;..;...,J' .../(c; ("0(9 .;.,,J5( :Jd5 q~5 2.-C c.;c~..)v).:;-'l':""~ ("0:515 ::;'5....::::;-,':51...:.'''''::) c-olS ...,:::;1Jv3:5t
::;.'!J5 :,.;]J5::...-c: .....::,~ )"j,~....,.
126
127
~~(0:si gbG(.3:si O302:si28:51 cgJG:sfz:;)Om c3m m01, 6(.3 :52z5)~ f~'"OI Gti~(.3z:lJ C.'11:si~03i).
0302 O)Cz:;)(.3)roC, G6G:5'2:51 z:lJe i:-.>z.C52:51z:;)G 0::5)')rol6) m~ dom ():1.::)J3E(.3~ c:l~ ~m(3
c:'Go0)Gz:;) ti)<J~ ~Q)l;c:J ro1z:lJ·6m3Z5f (!jm)G~OI dom 6z:;)i3(.3 c:'1:52GC83m) 8e) c:'G(Jc.30
CJ:sf GG@:si 8JZ5'l tlIoc..:J,)GOo( dB::;) 6Z:J:,J@c.32:51
~G 8cJ:i5)') 6~6t 8cG')0 t-e.-) 6Dh"roJ GO
8tb m0)1
®?[ 03C6c.3t:1l£lCJl if,lZ5lJCJro~6t):si® Cfm~oz:;)O [s:ndmc..:JESc.3rol§ @t..;0302 CJ1CZ:;)c.31
(i)Z5I(,J~G c:'7.Z5'.6.8 0tCJ6c..:J:si6z:;))m ~e\ Gm)z:;)G GmJ6~Ot dBm 6Z:;)J3:sf ~tn :52G 8Jm)
()mx;o07. 8eG):sf ()o:simo z:lJ03.
® 6.9 0i.0vc.3:5i Gz:lJ)::;)~~ z:;)0 c:'(S' "'OO( d8Z5'l Gz:;)b(.3d 6CJ:si7,?)~ z:;)j3 (6.8 0(0(.3 ro)
CJCJ<,;:sim). G®G1m d3m Gz:;)lC3 0z:lJ2:51Groi c:'l§~ BO (s)~)~)CJc..:J ro,,§j if,l2:51®~:si 6roJ ~
c:'~Odl"U~® z:lJ::JJ G@~c..:J(,J~e) c:'7.Z5l.
m7.Z5lGrolZ5f
(i)~J~lCJGd 80m) CJO~ d8m ~m2:51Groi
07.':.0ti\0(.32:51c:'1~Gm ~~pd@23)OOp~2:51 dG(S)m SOe) (.3l;i)c:'1Z5l·6.10 ro) 6.11 0i.CJ Ge:si m7.rol~J
d8m2:51 Z51®Gz:;)i3Gc..:J:si80e)6~ c:'~d'd') 6CJ:si7,?)~ z:;)o8.
@ ~l:si c:'mGlti(.3";c.3:5i3 roSGc.3 2~?Z5I z:;)0 83m) (OO~) d3mc..:J 6CJ)(.31 (i)lz5)0 8~CJ ~roe;
:1.::)l<;7.e0e(0Ll::J20d) 8(.3p3 ~roe; GC; 6Z:;)2:51 a)CJ) aB~) z:;)G (,J~c.3. G®c.3 0302 aJCZ:;)6(.3z"i
d8:5lc.3 C;lz:lJm(616 CJ<;ro) c:'mGJti(.30c..:J:si3CZ5fCJ1roC;7.fb :;.3:52
6z:;)® c:'l-d'dJ~[;;5;i";c..:Jm rol~:siBc..:J
G~ ®Z5Id3m 8Jm ~Z5", (i)~)[;JCJ(.3 OoPG3~ c.3JG~ c~G c:'~od)Gz:;)O
rolz:;)·CJ)@)m15()(.3:siif,lro<,;
OC7.<%c:'lf}, mo c:'lc.3CJl~ coouO e)cO<,; c..:J(®CJ1®Jm15 CJo8<Bc.3§.
@ d8m 0CJJ(.3) mlz5)66:5i CJ~ 'f,lrot; z:;)l~7.eC d3m-CJMZ3' ro') d3Z5'l-oroZ51 U(l;l0c..:J:siz:;):::JcJ6C;z:lJZ:;)0
el6:7). d3m CJroZ51z:lJ::J3(.30 f},B! ~roe; z:;)1<';ICGC:si25% - 40% Gz:;))OCJ2:51
G@<';l;i) 6roJ q(roe; t-<,;
2 - 3 <';z"GJ 9-vn£(.3z"i el",:7) (6.12 0tCJc..:J). 603m® 8(.3p® 0l~ GOucJ .5roGZ5fCJ~~t)~
CJI~ 23)1<';Id'c6 d8m-CJtb:5' z:lJ::J3c.3()ClG:7). o()®:si® d3m-CJroZ51 z:lJ':X3c..:J0
CI~~ ~ror; G<';
[;C c:'15\ 8(.3p® d8m 1 2
6z:lJiC3 roJ 6Z:;)JdCJ §8l-2:51 ~§B 6mJ~m 6d' if,lDw i5lB® D1c;mwc..:J.
d8m-CJtbl3' z:;)uJc.30 c:'c..:Jw2:j)eJ1~ q(ro(~ z:;)1C;Ic'C<';0(.30 Oz:;)~z:;)b 8c.36® CJI~ 6CJuBC; Dw®:si
Ll7.~ G)oc..:J :52G~ 0l~ £l~CJ1c;m(.3 CJc;ro) if,l~BCJZ5" Z5l0~ £l;imc;m m~)D,)CJ(.38. if,ll3'1@Z5f
Gro)~:si G1t)-60 05gt)~ ~ror; GC; d8m-oroZ51 Z5lu2bO ~(.3 :;.3~8.
@ d8::;)-otbZ51 Z5l::J3ud :5'G3m Gro1<;® d3m 0Z5li3(.3 (6.9 0tCJc.3) ~f},5 z:lJ0, 6® Gc.3Gd' 6ro)' (l()
6)00 Gc..:JCJZ5l c:'li], c:'m 8(.3p® d8m 6Z5lJ~ ~G:sf Z5lG :;.3~c..:J.Gro)e;® d8m 6Z5lJ3c.3 mt)~c.3
z:lJG rol6) CGc"b g®(.32:51com)®lZ5l.CJ)®)m15Gc..:J:sicoroJ~:si ~t)wmc.3 ~ @JtbB:si CoCJ6mm Cz:lJ?5)
e)~ Ga:si G15\)02, GroJ~:si CO®JOl c:'1l3'18 8f},c.3 ro(6) d3m 6z:;)1C3c..:J
DeJJZ5f 6c.3:fm15GZ5l:fC3c.3
G~Gc..:J:5iCJCZ5l1,0c.3 <yf},BZ5lGro7.Z5l.~1t3CJo c:'lf},d8m GZ5lJC3 <fIe)wi5lB® ~eJ)W l-1c;mZ5fG~m6:si
2~)c (i)ro;:))c..:J6):5i
(,J:sf Z5l::J:3GCG::;) c:':5'O, 0®63:si 3C)Gm",O)Z51'~ [;:si6:si (S)~l-)CJ0d ~e:1.::)(.3)
0C~ z:lJ();,J:52§B6G 6Z5l d3mcl CJ®-60z"ic:'l:5' t;®c..:J.d8m:si 0Z5l() 018 CJoQ);5)G2:51
c:'lf},t:: C()
~®roO CCZ5l BG:5i Qlrot:: d3m G')romGd GZ5lJOCJ2:51 CJ®63:si <~§Z5l OoDG3~ (.3)G®:5i (S)romc..:J
ft5Gc GU. Gl8CJo S'l§ d3m 3Z5l'1'3if,lGZ5"6)B3 G1<';v'JZ5f G:siGm d8m-oroZ51 Z5l::J3Gd (S)romc.3
(.3~ g~ )~c..:JZ5lC Ge..;l ~1e3 2 20c..:J. d8m oroZ5' Z:;)03 ~l®® CJe;ro) f},Qlc..:J
:;.3~ ro8G g®)~c..:J
z:;))C0UCl c:'7.f},[;CJCJ(.3J(i)1:s'®O Gl5))roli5l ~ cO mromc..:JG1t3 d3m-0tS)l3' Z5lUcJCJt~®O 8f6U.
@ ;5J:,ro~ G1C;(i)Z5'"
G:5) :5'GZ5'" Z5l0lfud m~ Gm)(jo6t (;5ro1 C131C) d8m 6:s:d3~z:s:j' 1 6roJ
d5:5) "':1.::))'~e2 6:1.::):::"-)
0roJ .5~2:ld ,,3Cm' <W:5'Bz:;)G 6ro)e.:5i G~Ot d3::;) ;5z:lJi3c.30 c:'35\oc)
128
6.6 0tOQ, @ro<; Goo8c.:l 08~J £8@ Cj<;roJ
C;b'O& GO a, roJ8t5JJ £8@.
oro~;:;J s@ d[)(foc.:l;;;i (f)laG@;:;J
\jlro<; Vc; oe Orob GZJ'JbC8;:;J aJe;];:;J
\jlvzs! ZJ'JO (f)t5J rolZJ'J. c'J80 \jlro<;
VC;c.:lmro BBD Vb'DZ5J cr[;d6J
oro:,:JG[;;:;J roJ £[;l0f;[; £8Z5:il>&c.:l
ZJ'JG wlZJ'J·
6.7 0tOQ, @ro<; ZJ'JlC;l(fG(f VC;c.:l;:;Jro{d, GdOZJ'JJ, 8&0 roJ dBZ5J c.:lZ5Jl:{]m C!JZJ'JJOc.:lZ5l
(f)&J[;JCj
CjJ JBZJ'Jc.:l;:;JGro \jlro<; q}oOc.:l;:;JG(f)' G[;Z5JCj C;b'O& GooOGc.:lm GOGZ5JZ5Jcreal-
GdoZJ'JJ roJ 8&6 q}oo ii3oo:JO 863,::bC;, fJ&O q}oo O(iJJCV eca [;C;Gd t5JC0c.:lZ5J'
80t5JO GZ5JO] Cflii3 £CjJ Orot?6[;;:;J GV;:;JZJ'JOro!=1Z5JJ(f)t5J
rolZ5l. c'J6@m@ Bod[) 8roOZ5J
dBZ5J q}oO OWbO §W&CJ crl?iJ.
129
___
::::;"))...,3:5{ :i3::;'! ~:"}J0. ::...,;..,:;
(-U(5'd3Z1 ...,Z.:)JO,-,"': '-"c..{
-...,:,,'1)z"'-'C ...,:"-')':"'15'1 C;z..?~ tz z: (-uz:§; '::-':"<::3" WJC 0.3;:::1
___Z,.,-,).::.; •....: ...,.:;'l );,..,J5{ 5<::::..-J::>' ......=~,:...).....,c;.
___
35 :J..3z::1
(-
0WJ )G...JWJ VWJ)Z"l -Jc..'(~ WJ5z;')v )::>,' ::;;,.Ji;,(jj'::;1> ,j;.j 6....;; ..:;23) ic:...f
e.:..'1 .....z..,J)c::;J -=""CC v~) ':;);,;..2n:",:;v ,(~!5::..>'5<:m...Jz..-," (0.i) (':"';;;;0 Bv .'3 ::""z::;1
.:13::;1 ,,;;,WJJu...J).5cv:::1 .....,,,,)1.:5;:::1 ~C ~v'::;)~0'1) c"'OZ:: <; C;3 v~~..;::,t;;)'\.;.>'l'::'=;
(::,,-...;.v ':;C 2 ':"',:;'1 U)J 5 ':';':=v:;) ..::-010). !32Z1) ~3i:;:::;)
C;~6J ::;:.::,
~<::...- );"'0'1'""3.5 .: ~;,J:j...JC; ::>'C; ':::lwZ 0'1Z;:;1)••..::...,3::;) :.:;.:.,.:5;..•... C;.:Jl!)"'....,::JI ("'Ol~
....•
::::"-{::;i' .:i.3::;"l ::;y25 :5.:J;::;'l ;';"Z.,""I)':;::; ':"'5'...;."':::.:::::;1 OJl~;:;1....t) (.:.,,;,..,,35~ 1 ':"':"'1

C'i) 7 ":""':"''1 2...]::::;) . .:... 5_ 6 v::::;") :i:5~ ;';"WJl3C"':ZJ ::;J':" :5.3:,:;):;;) 5:..
:: (-u,5'. e(.....; ~_Cv '::;(;C'I) ':::"-l~"'" ':"-'C 2..;"]).::.;v....; ::...J=' J ':"".:.:'1 :;_5'
~C' .....C'..=:.:..") .:::::..-,:;::;.
6.10 OtO~: ::.;-,:....:5..3.:.,'1 5C::,,:;;~ ,,":;:5') (""\)J.:.;;:::1.:,,1 .: ["'l5' ".;,tn);;::::1 :;.5(

.i::5,::;) .....!..J).:3...::...,J. (-u(...: .•..•::...,'J0 .......:· S"':z;'l 2.JJ(::'J., ("'0).:5:)0') :..,.5
130
6.12 OtO~ C'J","JUJ;::) ?:5lCJo 0QJ~®' 0®W;; §c· "'","Jv]~0~'
(W30 # 76) dB83~i) 0,)W<;0<; 0<;w')w! C3§","w-J
f,).3J3 t3)O CEzs)Bwp6 wwe; DC; 0)30 # .34D j)0;5f
Z5l0 CZZ5J. wBD # 76 ec: 8031) ij}~)Z5l)B
d(Jzf3c:Ji) C3p550CJ (7,ii! csz.eG; 0csC;0 8c:Jc'c§
;::)ZCS0c.:J31CZ5JO Oc.:J csz.eG; 83010]<;31 UJ"'"]0Je.:Jc.:J
Dm0c.:Jm ij}c.:J) Z5loB. wBD # 340t5 (7Z£3 d(J31 OWZ5J
0Z5l)i);::) 31Z0Z5Jd cJDJ0d £30:iJ31 d(J31 0?:5lJ'@
W","3"l ("f0D w')c;D 2 w')i) 0(5)1 .3 ?:5li) 0QJE/c:J (5),w').
606'J8m" me (0&JD](..) CE(W0eJ. 6§£m P
3)0
GJv:vJ0JeJ ez3 g@JJ1:5DC::;?3)" mdCJJC;Z5)~ t3'JO.:5)5)
w,w').
131
-
iSl3J®O ro"l.B~I3. 6®00 0:5"l)0~Ot de3Zll 0Z'SdC3c.3z:J160yf d~Zll 6l:5Yj'oC3c.3251'q,;iSlB <::5)Oz:sfGz:sf,6@
;§l3J®O ~e.) ro"l.B 6<::5)® 3~Ot de3Zll G<::5)j'C3Gc.3::5'i
80c.,Zll z;)"l.ro"l.(sJ de3&lc.30 <";'Zll~0251' ~c.,Gro)z;f
c5 o<,;ro) CS)z:sfZll)~ts0~1o')c.3C>,)tscs)c.3251' (5COc.3. ®e! de3mc.30 <";'Zll~o251' ~c.,G(5)')z;f o~c., 80B~O
83Zll) d~mc.3z:sf &lOJ (S)6J)c.,)0c.3 d~Zllz:J1 0Zll)~"l.§~ ~Zll');s;)B c.3tG~ <,,;,c.,o6')c.,cl GZll)e)C"l.3d).
01~nZll;:;3c.3z:sf ~ez:sf® 3 Ot dSZll (5<::5)::f~0c.3z:sf
80c.,Zll de3mc.3 oootsCS)(5d 0c.3fZll o~ ~5'5c., <";'"l.;§l
de3Zll G<::5)1~ ~Zll)3rl <::5)0 C;~'), <";'"l.c.3
(S)6J)c.,')00d g3Zll<::5) g': ..':)mc.3) (50 @c.31 -doG
6Zll®iSl' c.3@l~~c.3Bm Zll~ dCh5~c.3 o€i313) CS)6JJG)O(5d CS)roZllc.3,(5roJ~m G"l.~=0 ~ror; c.,c; m3'oz;;i
0~~t56J 0CO DOJ CS)"l.~®() CfUG;l)5 UZll alCl2m(5cD 8®J6Jc.3() Gt:l) ~I5pc.,0roliSl' C)'Ic.3Oo~c.,z:J1
o®G3m 3Q)~ c.3) ~<::5). 0®DImZll251' OJ®lZll15(5c.3m 8E~m0m ~ror; ~C; 0113)0<::5)0 GeJl 8CS;l)C
<::5)It;"l.dc~i <";'l?5-d~Zll-Oro3' CS)6J)~10c.3<::5) 13)Gz;f de3Zll (5<::5)1~fk,blZll CO~c.3. C0;s;l~6c.3Z5f® ~d
dBZll <:'Zll~O<::5)C:;c251'B ~Zll')(5;)eJ c.3t00 CS)l()~GD ~ts(5G1mc.3251' 0CO ~§\B <::5)06J) de3Zll 6<::5)1~
<";'l5' CO~, '-'le)QO CS)roZllc.3z;;i<";'l5' CS)6JJc.,)O GC <";'ZllGG;l»OO[,3:;i)~c.3)5251' 8fGU. 0'"" (0)~G mo)
dS:5"l-oii)3' E.3S))C l:5l0Jc.3 ~m<'"";c.,C; 5;l:5"l~i ..;m:f 0C;l:5l251'<";'"l.§' :qJcn l:5l0J c.,CO :5"llc.,3"\ ";")~c.3
ro"l.l:5l.0®c.3 CG;s;l~3c.3z:sf5 E.3§303 O<""',rol",<60)0')0 831<60c.3 '-'"l.e)l:5l0 (S)lm0@l <::5)
)tsc.3t>i::;5 ?2)5c.3§.
OJ5Zll53c.3::5'i 0ro)~m (> 80% c.,c..,1 c.,l~7.?l c.,<;c.3:Q),5.25 ro) 5.26 OtC3c.3 Q)Cz:sfZll)
c.,l;;..,<QiJ~ror; c.,C;c.3251'
0ro)~Z5f GOl (S)lm50 alCl2m 800 z;f 1000 z;f <";'3'0 g®J6Je.n5j' <,,;,c.,G;l»0U.G~ cOi~C de3Zll 0:Q)1C3
c.,le)QO g®)6Jc.3251' §'p)6Jz;f alCl2m 2500 bi 3000 z;f <";'15)0o ° 0l)5)c., 251'8JZlll <::5)uJc.3251'13)c.,EOOz;f
ooD 6Q)~c.3)~d 8E GZllJGm0m 6c.3 ®Gm 88m® OJCZllc.3 <::5)0CS)mZll) :;i)l8&l (OGc.3o CJCZllc.3).
(j) dSZll-Oii)15) :Q)u0 oro de3Zll-0W15) C3l&' §'cimC;Zll (S)6J)C)Oc.3 6® alCl2 Cc.36m® a80I~1 :3)"l.'ib
roI<::5)·CS)6J')0')O 6iSl0Zll<::5)<";'13)0§lab p~ C6;s;l~ EO g®')<60c.3t.li 0Zll)®"l.§ <";'13)00mc.,ZlliSl', c.,"l.0GOm
<";'10::xDU:;{ cOi"l.?5-
~Zlll® 5llZll<::5) 3'la'lc.3 ro"l.<::5).
mi3c.,c.3z:sf 15)lmo:'31' <::5)GZllG Od)Zllc.3mii3C; c:.Jlc.3251'
c5~ <::5))Cc.3d alCl2m roD 6§c.3D c5~O 0Zll,)~ GO) 5)"l.ab c.35;l'-' <";'l15)·0®W~ 0IC§c.3 ;.'l~ c.,lt;(S):'31'
l:5l6t.~cl :5\@ alCl2::5'i3m <::5)"l.C;C
00J:5"lc.3 GC;ZllO <::5)b cD wc.,l5)D c5 Q)~ Gz;f0® <::5)0~® 00) c5:'31'~
"'"l.mE5 00 <";'God,)Gu~ c.,IC;CS)z;fc.3(I.6.3.2. 0<::5)lDo blCml5)). 8w3® (5c.,l5)O<::5)G(S)6JJG10c.3ZCl
8Jl5)) <:,mGmC3:Q) alCl2Zii, 3'® (S)6J')G')Oc.3 0C30 v@ od):5"lc.3D roOl<;30lf e <";'l§l mm 65
00 )3"lc.30 5 l5)IG15) Cl@~®O c:'31'O)ro C;OZll 001133'1, (S)6J)c.,)00d ZllG 8i03~ 8§:;i)r; @Cl2mmO
<,,;,C6QJ10 :Q)O~® ~3'1 ~lC;(s)51 c.3. de3Zll-0ro3' :Q)UO 6:Q)<::5)0Oc..,) ~lB (S)~l5)251' 0tf EO c5 8c.3dC
C3G® (l")6J1G)0 §@ 06')l5)c.3 <";'OG® 3'lQlc.3 ml<::5)·G®~l&l C)'C061~:Q), <5(5;s;lC30c.3m®0l&'C)0c.3
GDm6(l")Zll §6Q)l5) &l01 <,,;,)rox5 0<'"";01')GZll 3'Oroc.3 0ZllJ~lC;CS)Z5l'GZll <";'13)0, alCl2 C3')C<::5)c.3)(5cD
orooc.,
3':Q)) (l")~')U)O <";'3'0 fO ::lots 5 251'C35<60 fOiilm 3'lQ)c.3 roI:Q). (l")~»~)0 <::5)uJ GQJ~(5®Zii C30C;
d..e3l5)-OW3' 0I&' m::tc')t;:5"lc.3 oe;ro) ('-)')C3'1 235®D blC)0C3)00Jz;f~c.,l5) CS)6Jl~)oGd, 3d
d6JZllc.3 0c.,3"l0 iSlB® c.,"l.C;(S):'31'
c.3. dSZll-Oii)3' <::5)05 <,,;,~..;om "Gc..,)z;f :qJeJ) 0mf (.'")ro3"lc.3<";'~~
:Q)0Jc.3 65 ~d 061l5)Gd 3'lalc.3 rol:o)· (5®c.3D GW5;l~ Zll"", alCl2c:.J)C<::5)c.3)
(5<::5))G3'd c?5iOJro 0(s)~
cs)~JC10 GCO c5[.J")(5d 06Jl5)(5d (5~l5)oE C;lm~~z;f 0<::5)(50 6ro1 c.3@iil8 alCl2m g®)<60c.3~
~e! 06')l5)c.3D l5)IC3' 0l -~® Glbl251'Ec.3 0l5)J~B E®8. 6mo) (5®ii)~ 0®® alCl2m roO Gc..,)3'
Zi>eJJ~ CS)6JX)lOc.3() 6251'e3, 6w (.'")rol5)(.3~i50Gm 0ro::f Dle3BB®() cC3l:5"lJO C(.3ml<::5).o®roO C()::;)
~ 251'0®~ 5iCl2m m® ro8Dc.3mtS3 8ro3® (5Dl5)o BB® 0Z5l'0l~ (5l5))CS)l~® &\0), <'I)C3~ ~e! od)l5)c.30
0l@(56Jm @Cl2m (5o)5;l(5Dm 6® OdJl5)0d 3'l@ CS)6JJOJo(5d CS)rol5)c.3<";'W<::5)
e3®O ~eJ <";'l3'. 6<50
6® ~l5?50 80l5) Q)Cl2m al&' (5CJuOc.3<::5)C3l&' DC; OJ~[;C() 0CS)l5) <::5)t)C;18 ?2)®c.3 c0JC3') <::5)0
C3l&' m::tC3:JC;l5) G)6JJ[;Joc.3D (5ro1 G)rol5)c.3 <";'~ E <";'l§ <";'(5l5)251'
<::5)0:,B~c() 0lC3B® c.,lC;CS)z;f<&>U
(c,",~JD)o <;30C;:;BB®, 5.3.3.9. (5<::5))()0 blCml5)). 1.6.3.2. 0<::5))000 o<,;rom <::5)G<,,;,ZiiC;5DGC.n
(5C:5"lO 3""I0®cl C3ro~~ ?2)®c.3251'C3C<;30IE 'liCl2OJC<::5)c.3m 3""1®(S)6JJG);:~C 3tS3J OdJZll;..3 0c.,3"l0
<::5)b C3~ c5 Q)c., alCl2ZllD t;"l.mE§O c5:nE3'J :Q)0!3. (5®tS3~ aG~ 8ii)0(5®m Od)Zllc.3 (5CZllO <::5)G
:Q)0Jc.3 <";'(S:,m:3G0d (5t;)oOG <,,;,6z;f 3'6JG;::;)lC @()§Zii 0)C;1<5):'31' <";'lQ)c.3iilm c.,0l5) Cl0~.
132
6®® C'!f:lz;{15l~6Z5l)~ <';'7.@c.3
[be c.37.®Oa7.c.3zsi w®1C:5zsia®~ CiJ15l6tl. 6~ ~15l0 wGe.;c.3 <';'7.~0C
woe; 80l5)) @CQm '" z)\~6Z5l)C <';'7.@6c:! 15l~a0 ~7.<; cye.;z;{ i5)5®O 6e.;6WO <;O~ <';'7.15l.
Z)\<e:iiiC§:::ll)~
~7.6lc.3 z:?j®0c.3m Ebe c.3t0®m<;, @CQm c8:5i' Z5l06» 801510 aL'~&'6 cz;iOJWc.3<; mOl a7.c.3£im
W®Joi5)m ~~m BO:5lC a7.®(j~l5) co, ~fS)C~ e.; JZ5;lCz;iCc.36cD5;!6e.;zsi cyC§~® e.;J0csJ &e.;m Z)\®
Z5l7.<;7.C0<:!'
Bw36C1 (je.;l5)0 "'z;{~ CiJm. e ® z:?j®c.3 e.;U)z;{ OOC~ z:?j®c.3zsi0d 6am &'bZ;{, 6®W~
@CQ al~Z5lc.3J6c<f aGo~c;<; CY15l)e.;7.<;wuic.3.D')JC15lJ Z5l0l5) 15l~6Z5lJC ~@c.3 5l<;u7.E3 ye.;0WJz;{
@CQ:5i'wO Oac.30 07.a-8ie> <,;,awo u~ 06d0
<';'7.:51. 0c.3 awe pc GWJui 0'''1l5) 6Ul5)0 ~C6@1w
6l5)J0tl. 0Z5l60' "'U15lz;{6®® z:?j®c.3 OJt5"Z5lC:: D')JC15l,)Z5lGGw)z;i dtll5) OW15lZ5lUUc.3l5)7.[;15laB~1
Z5lG >-35;!e:Jm0m l5)C d8mcJ ouJ c,7.3 (000t5CiJ6d0cJ~) Q)p CJ <"f7.§)@u <;7.l5)CiJ7.§'®() a®-8i.
0l5)~ Z5lUQ 0@<;) ~l5) 10 - 14 (j!15l0 Z5lJC<:.36)m cJ.
® u7.E3ao ~7.f}, d8:5) 6Z5l1~ cye.;z;{ Z5l0~1 ~e.;0'''10tl~ ;:5'U) 6e.;l5)z;{ W~)C)O e.;Szsi 6@S
d8l5)-oiib Z5l03 e.;cc; 07.d3c.3 w7.Z5l(6.13 (}tC5cJ). (j®cJ CGd::>0c.3:5i' g0cJ1ol5)e.;z;{ e.;:5i'0m
dS:5) 6Z5l1::>C7.Gi:ll:5) .:.J<:!' CiJ~Je.;)o;..:, coo' 96d",cJZ5l (®)~CcJ::ll) O)l5) czsi~~ el5), 'fIzsi®~m
e.;7.E5®, Csnc Z5l7.<;ag3l~c.3, coo' £):ta)<;l5) Z)\z;{c,(J, ~)~c.3 6aml5)"" Z5l0l5)C) l5)~, o® coo'
C~<e:iii @CQO)CZ5lc.31 05;! <,;,m m~')e.;JO <';'15l0G@<;ICD(.B®Oe;W)c.3. 6'" C7.m OOC e.;(}<e:iiicJ§m
(0:511'ch m(S®6)m) @CQC51CZ5l(JJ 05;! <,;,m W~JC,)o [;~ui m@C51<;l5)E31-')[;(J U7.E3~;,.3~ Z5l0C,)Z)\
W,Z5l.
~l5)t® d8l5) oiSlZ)\ Z5luO<:.3zsi6w1 w~lC::JocJzsi 8()§)m C7.6@l5) dtll5) 0Z5l1tK:lzsi 1.010CiJ§,. O£)OJ
dtll5) 6Z5l1::>~Gl5)zsi dtll5)-owZ)\ CiJ~JC10cJmO awoGCm® ®J~Z5lG w7.Z5l.@CQCcJl5)Z5l ~7.f},
~m CiJ~1WO(Jm<; OoD G@~ cJtG C~~ Gam~ Z5l0i3 l5)~, ;:5'[;1<; 2:;)0U 6@~3 Ol~W) oEe;:3
~d3c.3Z5l ~,:5I. Z5l J 0@~® ~e.;o,C;GC; ~l5)t® ~e.;0'6JCZ5l~ 8EZ5lG CD(.Z5l.l5)6z;{ ~a6cs:i
~i39)(J 2,(J (J!5fGz;{o'U)D'))CZ5le.; ~7.:3'e.;l5) 008C;Ebzsi o®G3zsi w~e e; O(J ~aGcsJ e.;13(JO woC)
m,i<l-il(J. O£)O) ~c:,::g;S0(Jm® O(J Z5l~ ;,.3z;{Gz;{~uO a3006cJm e'3 Oe;WJ ~[;cm5 Cz;i6z;{O(J C7.Q)
~7.:3' co a®-8i. 000'® ~a C8m 8ro15lQ)J (l)Z)\ <:.35;!15lUz;i Z5l07.~zsi l5)"', W~Je.;10(JZ5l 8Ul5))
d8£)cJGcsJ e.;(J0 2:j?8zsi e.;e.;z;i a7.-8i;:,.')o(Jzsi ~JO~D')0~ @CQzsi OoD 0@~c.3J®O 07.000l5) i:llU3.
(}o<:) 0Q)~cJl®() 07.000Zll (j!zsi CiJ6»U)O C::C0 d82lJ 0Z5l1® 07.aB® Z5lG pz;iGz;i awZ)\ oe;wm
~m<;®O<:.3. 0~Ol dtlZll 0Z:iyJ®<:.3zsi,
dtlZll oiSl15l Z5lUi3cJZ5l() OcJ Z5l0Q 0i:ll<;1 @3'lz;{Zl) 15 §m o®~
~i:llJ~c.3 w7.Z5l.<;J(JZ5l W~1CJ00<:.3m dtlZll 6::ll1®(J 9otl00®m cye.;z;i Z5lG pz;i0z;{ dtlZll GZ5l1~c.3
W) oClQ):5i'C B ~7.f}" 0<:.3 e.;OJ f},~ cywe; C<;0c:! 0Z5l)00zsi WJ o®G3mc.3 (6.14 WJ 6.15 0lo).
9:3'~lWZ5l m~)u)003 cywe; Z5l7.<;7.CGe®C<;, cywe; e.;<; G<;a00 Z)\Cf:l i5)BG®m, 0~ ~ud61C§tl
<;dO c:',BCC§~Zll!5f ®waO ~BC0~;;!)z;i 0e;[;JGCiJ:5) ~7.f], dtlZll (:)Z5l1'®(Joro15l e.;<; Z5l<.@7.eC,
9:3''!))W:::ll e.;", G<;Z5l~:5IOO ~7.5;!e') Z5l0~ C7.G~ (6.16 0(0<:.3). C<; G<;Z5l~:5IOO ~7.Zl)e')Z5lG dtlZll
6Z5l1'®cJ, 0 e.;<; 0<;"'zsi 'fIWe; ~7.f], 9"'C;&cJ ®00 0 0WZllCz;{ C<; G<;Z5lZll7.C15lz;{CYZ)\)g0tl3rlG®m
6)OS) Z5l0~ C7.0~. g0tl3rlC§®m e.;<; 0<;Z5l Zll7.CZ)\ Go 6)50~~ dtlZll 0Z5l1<ll<:.30o~Q)mG ~ [;<;
Z5l7.Q)7.CC ;§)O) ocJ GoUZll u<; 0<;Z5l ~15l0 ro00tl. G@Gd dtl25) 0Z5lJ@ OW15l u<; Z5l7.@eC
gf},'!)IWZ5l D<; 0<;2:;) ®G3m, aWG0 adOJ GZllJ<:.3Zll0d de;B® Oe;WJ Z5l0~J G15l0B® 6)8Gdz;i
d825) 0Z5lJ®<:.30@COt >-35;!(25))6tl. <"f,Zll15l
UCSdG<:.3m®
dtlZll GZ5lJ®cJ 9§)'!)JWZ5l D<; DC (25))Wl~b
PZl)c.3. d825) GZ5l1®cJ m8Gd 9§\9JWZ5l u<; ~15l0 de;~ ao ow @CQm 0<:.3[;,eJfOOZll ozsiZ5lC::®m
~10:::,n) Z5l0l5)CJ ~7.15l. 00d® 0<:.3 o~@mwB ~7.§) e.;<; Z5l7.@7.CGcm e.;ulz;i 0WJ~m gf],\9JWZ5l
e.;<;e.;~O o~@mG GZ5lC§t5. dtl25) 0Z5lJ®<:.3<;J(JZ5l e.;<;G<:.3mcy[;z;{ §B®O aOmmz;{ 0tlGe B0
g3''!)lWZ5l m~)u)oGd Z)\,ma:5J' Z5l(25) GZ)\zsiCY15l)®uigGtlCSdG~m Z5l0P5;! Z5lG P5;! ~Z)\o, GZ5lJ®<:.3
~G 8(25)) ~2f 8Ce.;10 ~l5)5;!ozsi eb w7.€J (l)7.d8 , G15l08"", e.;7.0~ c:'J~ §8uzsi (25)JC25)Gd
~66 ®107. §8GCI Z5l1t5c.3(J Z5lG (J~<:.3.
133
6.13 0tOQ, ,:,;Yo5i dB;:)) GZ3)j{3 di3!5J
~C;",::,t:Jl.
6.14 0tOQ, (j&o5, dBm (jZJ)jiiJ)c:JZ5l ZJ....,c::JJ 902:51'
Z3)6 (5)(;5';(.f)O 606.
0Z5)J0EJz:i c:;5(i3m' ZJ")C5)

',\l0!5JC 0;!)W?
(5)l~§.
dBm 0ZJ)]iiJ)--3U iSl8[;
(7)OC;J:.JZ5l 0mJiSlB@D
!5JOGc:J 0(5) Q)CJ(5)!5J
--3q)-.J.
134
6. t 7 0t0c:J: c ~ _.....,......-
-":'-<;Z.J) ~':':::Z..
i)"': 5'CS;; 53 c...:/:;-'1 c:-)) ",'1:;' :;55':5.;; ~C:;-'l -:..,c;
",,<;Z,;,Z..il (05'5:; .:Jl:J~ d::5::;) ...;;,Z,;)
).:;...; ::UUJ;"'~)'::::J!5ct..J)V OJ )51.5)5' .:J~ ::;':':::;;01
:5)0&""; z.;C)!3,J;. CiJcg:51"dB3'l ~w,f3"':' v~.;;C ~3:iK-"r'('J z..-J5 «(;l:;).
6.18 Oto<;;;J: aCQZ5l'C!3t;/8im)~ J(~....JC~3d;5'/,-" WJ0 d3;s, 0WJJG....:z,..J. 0Jmc; I

,j.;; ::Jlrol~Cv .:Jc )u'1l:3),J; ~(;m J d3::n .....
z...)i3"':' ",:;..5':;-'1 -;;&]::::1 :;'v:Jl
n.5 (""Ol5'. .:;)3:5' ~)..5):5)..)~';;::;)~q?.5) •....
:-)J .....
tf)J ....,<,;....,,:,,"I-'? ::13::::1 I
.x:.))JG,;; '::"',:;,])00'):;") 83.
135
j
o
t-:)
o ~ @)
rJ
C"
~)
SW("'(")8a,e!"'~ (") 8 '!;l II P. a-'ll a<ij o,U S 8 (Xl9l ~ <ij 09ol::l-'lll;j)OI Gl o,C':ll-'ll 8 G c,G
0- ""'Q""'''''''''~~~CJi ~ ~ ro o (Jo GI S -~ D It a s ~ OJ C',) Ci'l (" 9l (i') 'r; Q,l8 llrb-'ll:g G Gi
r-<"
~~(")C?(-') <..J,i}- Cl~ QJu u ~ p.Gl~ U ~ ll,f'_u @-'II,i}-c!!)'Gii'C""'o,_U
a-a a@
@) M Q,) CJ ~ ~ G Gl G; (") ll,o, 8GGGC',uGl~
~iC!J-sa
cGI Gl 0, fl 9J a 0) ~) G ':-' CJl p..x;"", ~
0) ~ 'u,Gl -J t> It ~ 9l u -'II
G ll,' GI c;a Gl Gl ""', ~ S'l 9l)~ a ~ It 'G a G ~ § (" ~ (0 (l) '8 ,,") ~ (G Gl ~ ~ (~)) "g 0)
Ge;C'p~ ~
s.-., ~" a ~~ ~9l Gl U o Cl',e! ll, C'J G N _"ll.fll GlQ:r()(" @)st:,j)~~" ~ 9..,.r0p.
a -'II<,,>@lcna~u.@) ~ 0 S G. ~ u «'II Gl ~r.T I <:,1
,..., i)"\ 0) _11" -co C'J OJ 9 <ij s ~ "'" c;C"QI.)8"'c\'" G Gl M 00
8 I=jJc:)~ 1=jJ§ Q,)~ 8 ~ CJi CJ) Gl )} (") (3 G-'II a.oo&t'(l~'ll C"D(l)~ q.. a u ('" CIlc:, s Gl.fJ ~ 9 ~ ~
u uG@)-'II(ilC"""~ 8) @)l, N '" P. ~ u. ~ 0)
Gl u o,M eo'" ~ N, 0) 8 ~ ~~ (~il It 8 ~ '(11 ('" ~ <.>' 9" 0, 9l G..n''''''S~C!oU.r;Gl G
~
u e; a @.P""'CJC':llo,u t.JJ ('" ~ ji.lj l;j.oouO)a,i}-~_O)~ G C''J@)£1.~'''SM(.J Go,OI~
uGl(3c€lGl ("(,,)eo S GN""" t;I ~G~ N'G-.J.
('" GO:o, @.P @) ~~ 9l (') S
-1IG., e;aa~u('J 'Q U ~ s> ~ ",) ~ ~ ' ~ 0> 0, "'" &
u ~ CJtOl (") '~o: W <">
~ @)c€l ~ _11 ®l 1=jJ,.r0 a G 0) (") (") 0, u Gl (.Oio,O:C»G0C)u~s'\ rG (Xl 0) .s /§ u Gl ~ ::;..ilI c -):il G
G G CJ .fJ~'ll'a~~~~"'" ~""':::JGl
;@)e;ff("'~2~g)~ ~a p. u ~ ~ @) ~ ~ @) 0) Q; GI S Gl CS
~ Wu..ill "'~""'Gl "'" ,e! a ~ u U 0) Gl 0) 01 9 0: U G9'tO Ga~("),.SA ~OI("
Gl G 00 8C3~@lG ll,ss'G~a 'C" o,(")G 0,' ~{' Gl"''''a-'ll'''
CJ C!~~~,9@)-'IIf~,9-'11 9 i'!;l ~) Ci'l 01 G G ,N ~ CIl ~
C1l ""G='" ,...,-M .00 N u.~GQI)a~ ~ ~~,e!-'II G G~ re;u" ~£9J ~fl
alGI Gl G @)~
~ Wllt&~,e!8rGg ~~" (") ~ (.Oi 9 ltcn@)a o,u CJ~ '-;~" ~ (.OiN~~N' (,,)eouS
GI
OlGl @)S @)o,Ci'l <"> Gl (Xl~ Gl 0, 0) 0 ~ Gl ~ u s 0) Q.J 9) a; re; CIl "'" (iI '" Et N ~
o
,.(1{l OCJ~o,~ ,","~~c;~ r~ ~ G G Gl O:CIl~ 8 a a,i}-~ Gl re;lto,~ElI8@) "'u
CD '" 9 ®l.
(9, ij:~~I>:)G)Gl~G~~ 8 O~GlGClJ&'OJ .x;~((IJ(")
@ Gu~[tG CJ~o"" ~ e; ~ ~ 01 M ~CDo6 G.,Gl N lA.N,9 U.
@I CJl ,,(") u C(1I U a [} 0, to ~~(") ~ ~ It[G
lA.u ()l>.J,..., Gl -J
CJi r., -'II ua @.PlL.' a
w ,.(1{l ~ Oij:G a ""'-+11 ""'01 C':llp. ~~G(")u~'ll .fJG
a ~ a G G G 0, ~ 8 ~,§ (?iJ,,~
Gl ,9 ~ lt~ c,~,fJI'9J~ Gl& -'IIC!o~~w fl(")9,fJ1G~
en c& ID ClG ~~a 8..1] 8auOlGGlul=jJ @.PG
(':, ~~ ~ ~ Gl CJI ~~ o,Gl u ~-'II'" 0,9)' 0)
CJl 0, ~ f; e; a g, ~ r§J Cl GI @) @.P~ ~ GlQl @)~Et~ C"D)}<ijI'G Gl ~o, Gl -+11 Glo
6 9 Wc€l,.r0uO:ElI..ro u,..., a Gl J.,gjli~CIl:Gl0~S>~8 C"D~;!JI 8e;~.x;",~®,.8'
Q ..., (")e;~cn8&~P. ~'ll0, 0) u. 9) ~ cg c:" It ~ 9J 0, a 0
C! 0 ..ill GI Gl U 00 a ~..ilI 1=jJ~ 0;(")9-3 gjDGl ~8 8 fl~
C) G , e; Gl U 'Do,e; u@.Puw<"> OICl!ClJ@.PQlt.JJ(") 0I8..il1Gl
t!! a~";; CC> G., ~.x; ~ Gl 0, u @) ~ _0) o c€l '" 0, 9 e; ~
~ 0:£ ;C;u 2 u/§ 8 Gl ~ D~~ £Y W .x;
Gl fl(Xl~~Gl«'ll~", c; ~ P. ~ @l Gl "",o,~<,,> 8"lA.u CJCJiC ~ ®..(1,Gl9G0I9ccua
-f'd ~)ClI.ooCl.&~ ltg @.Po, ,.SAG Gl ~,e!-'IIGluCDf1 , 'CJ(.Oi G., @ 0 a ~,e! c.a u
~'ll e;
C~ CIl@)@)OI%,GU-'ll .~ U 01 8"-+11 8C.0I o (")'9Ja a Gl C, o, (~ Gl M M ~'ll 0) ,,~o:
as
~ @) LU flN 8 ~ ~ e; S
a It'''''c;~t:J,,''''' u@)~
0) c€l CJ ~ ,e! N (") Gl U Gl £ tt:g It ~ a~ ~ _'ll ~ ~~C"D0_@.P 9)G~~Gl~
& o,G., 'GlQl ~Ga~ug s
u flg~0&~«'IIt;I p.~ ~9~G~U§Gl ..roO) u~(Xl~c,~a~~~~~
/§ CJ ~ ~ CD] 9 c!o@t' ,...,a 9
~
G s <ij u It 0) <ij QI 8,fJ1 6) P.O)~~eoCG ~-'II Gl a @)G
o,~«'11 M ("H@P.~ ~ 00 ~ ""9"'ru
U (")[tG~C"Da &~CJ~ 9J", a
G8 ""',..., C!oG lta ~ (.Oi o ~ S ,N !1 0, o o, ~
UOlCJ 01 'GC"DLON
uNCG-'IICDp.~'
&@)-'II
,..., Gl9)Gc,~""O-
~a
gu 00
~ @)""',e!""'G Gl 8C"D&tGG88r<' 0U~,
CJGGI=jJ~~~ne; eoB -'II 9J o CGMt>l8(i1u..rot.JJ ~ lt~ 9 (}~G CJ~~~~
,...,~' ,,~eou C':ll-'ll ~ ~ ~lt~,e!~~~@'pQI~Cdl..
~ ~ -.J ~ c€l Co CJ ..ilIl CJ@.P ~~&a ~CJ?t~ ~~g,9
C) ,fJI'9J CJ 'G-3~G98G~
,..n, ~CJCl_~~~~ ~ aa~a§a~~~~~ @)~ ~g-+1l~@t'~
G ott ae; ~g ~~
r(1)~p.CJ' -'IIGl a p. N u u o,CJ@)M u o,..ilI _u
S -+11 a 0'SJ G It
0101 @) (4) ~(")-U '"
~ 01 ~'" 000 u Gl8 c tn o)8JG eo a
~ ~ 8 ~8 a ~ ~'" 0,-+11 ~ CJ a QI) §J p.4l!
u a @)9' Gl ~
CJCIlG
9 '"'"~ ~(iI~Gu- 9J@)GlCdl.._'1lr.T
""c;,..., 0,,, ~ ~_@)~~ ~~ ~GlG,.SAg.
&0, U CIl~" r>~p.~w",a~CJW
fj '~" Gl o 01 a ,.." CJ ~,9~~ ~e;<ij<ij ~g G Gl -'IIV'uC!oO>N~G ~
~ CJi Gl CJi"'" @.Po,,..., Gl o,M ;""''''''N N CJ@.p
e; ~a 00 ~ eo u
!?J uGCD@)CD~u~ G 9 a ..roDla ~~ ~&&a,:-,@.p .ooG 9)EtG ~ 000"",,,,,,..(1,_
6.4. Ol.~ ~cal'O)<;:5)CD~);:))~CSId g~:5)tl) gW)~~) 5~ ~trl'CSItrl' 8B:5)) dd~~<;,
:5);:) ddl5J~cl<; ?
Oo~ (6)~~m C()~ I.Sl~Jt..Je.3::.3Z5l 83mJ d82§b 6ii3 85mJ 2102 (S)wm0~m' 0Z5l,)()e.3cle.3~G)m' ~~:sf Z5l1<';C
a0Jm::.3cl0e.31.:.3,) 8()e3 d.3. :iJ®C() ~t! (s)~JGJe.30d gomZ5l gCm5k:n Dmco~m' 66 @::.3JZ5lJOZ5l0 1/()§5®()
66 0®)O®m' S10Q)m dtlm COZ5l)@~§m'8()Dm mG di§mcl c8m' Cl:lJo(S)7,:i'l el::';~' d8m 0Z5l'b £),j'01<,;m~,
oo~ ::,;6)~::.3J®()g0®0::.3m' 8fC::.3 (JZj)::.3.6®~e.3,) at..')wJCZ5lD 8fGm oo~ coQ)~::.3J0~~ oc.)zsfm') 1.Sl~)GJe.3::.30
oop coQ)~~15l e.3t® Cl'Da0Jt)Z5)~® mD d8mcl el::';~' COZ5l0a0t)i5lW, aDxs:)')eJZ5lG oop (6)~ ::.31C!l~~80t:
::.3m d8~::.3 e.3®&lm' CD~JDJc;0d CDWm0::.3m'25%-75% <,;clD') g®J~~cl 80 e3 ~B.
6co®m'®, 0Ifi;, G);:b0 S0®0~m' COWJClIfi;,D)O::.3 Zj)G~ ~1£3 Z5lG mt.. d8~::.3, ~I(Ocs:I'Z5\OI~G'))v::.3 ~e.3J
83m) di§:§)::.3() t..e.,,1 Go))~m' @::.31Z5lJBc.)m[,) ~1Z5\18 (6)J::';WJ C() ceZ5leom~ Z5l6~. 0'" "oJZj):iJZ5lJ0
0(s)15l0Ifi;, :5'),j'm<';::5"\ 'f'~JD)e.3Gd 8emJ di§m ~t)) Z5luC::.3cl e.36G)m' Z5)UC (:)Q)~G8~ q;;[,zsfZ5l0m e2lm
S':5'IeJClIfi;, £),j'm<';:5) Z5)u:JGeJ ~~:sf di§:5)cl 2l6t:5() q;;t) e.3ee.32. e.35w6 C0Z5l 065 ~6~C e.3<':nm ~12
8rn::.3 wI§ di§z;) ~7,:i'lg)aZ5\m~3 m @~JCl3CJ')3~cl Q)()WO ® 2102 (dad eeJCjeodJ) ClJeZ5lBm' L,)1C:5'I)
•.;f~co~m'® ~0~ ~ ClIfi;, ~dCJ')<';15l Z5lt5®Jm'Z5\~cl
25)68. 0®® ~d::.3 ~<';1e C.m'0m' E3C!l::; o()Ge<...3. C!lZ5l3a ~Im
15l~zsf ~e @ eoZ5lJ0U e:JDrnm C.t5i5l®Jm i5lWG::.3::.30COWe:J1l:l:5'l<';lcl3Dm Z5lJO~) 0oJZj)0Gm' ~e.,,1 ~fCl
~®~ Om'::,;m' DIt3®1l:lC: de~::.3 0Ifi;, £)dm<,;m (s)~JDJc;C!ld Oe;D') CDI~®zsf, oop 0Q)~::.3)~ 0 )emc.;
Z5lomu)zsf e.3®G)m'~1§',C.m ~~zsf d8mcl aGw G,)o::,;w ClIfi;, mde:J1<,;m CD~)C.Je.3 e.3e;0)) i5lQ)) CDIlS,®zsf::.3.
CD ClIfi;,GJO~ ClI§&®W e.3®&3m'8fGm 0u(S)Dzsf vt5Gmc.; me.3J q;;wC; 0e:Ju3Gd S'CZ5l :5'I<,;Q)C;::.3z:Jl
~1§',0U. cd® cou(S)c.)z;f
Gt5wm Z5lJe8®JG Zj)E'.~~~§m' ":>z.~®()e()m' CDm'm1C<,;~cl e.31¢1m;s(:)::.3m'
~m 7:sf lOw, ~1Zj)eZ5\ (oW) a() Ge.n ~~ Z5lJe::.3Z5l~e.3~~t5~ gd)~~0 :iJ(S)m 6m S':5'IO
d8z51::.3Gcsi2l;1et0~ 8~p)t..<,; ~mZ5l() 2l¢ 600 e:J ~ <,;!5iDJ q;;WG ::.32. co®~ @~1<,;')3::.3m'Gcs:I'
g§',de~cl Dmco::.3m'Oo0GQ)~~J® DIGIclC~ comJwI§ Z5\zsfG::.3Z5l0 ClW::,;U.6me.3J co®® aG)LJ )CZ5l
@::.3,)Ge::.3::Ji i5lBG®m' ~~w d8mm' £)de:JJ<,;m::.3Z5l0~J ~Z5\O ClIfi;, mdClJ<,;m::.3e.3t;WJ
~15l1.Sl6:5)::.3
~GClrl))@~JZ5l15 S'm'Gm'ztZ5)(51O)m::.360ee.3® mt)z;fZj) Z5lG WIZ5l·
(2) 01fi;,U)ocJ Zj)G~ eJClrl)e (S)~)DJe.3::.3m' €5l 80m) ~~w d8mm' e:Juo DIB QizsfZ5\o<';I@®e.3e;WJ
q;;Z5\J~t5e~ Z5)')e::.3cl (51m. e.3®0)6E3()Z5l0~® Z5l')C::.3e.3Z31 6 cl e®~ ~t5eB C~ WIZ5l. 6o®~cl
0::5"\)v, CClrlJe CD~)G1e.3~m'6 8::3m') ~~zsf d8mm' GQl1Gwi' C() Qi¢et® ~JO~G,) Gm)Z5l6®
OoD0d~ 80t: ~3. ::';0GoJZj)cot..m'q;;§BGm ('0~')D1e.3::.3 2l¢em GaC!sJ')Gm' ~1§Gm e.3JG<';;s
:5'I:sfv~-::' ::l:5icou.
@ GW)~31 2l~e:5), @~)Z5l)5 d8mcl Gm1®1§ (s)~JGJe.3::.3Z5l80mJ ~m'::,;m'~Z5l 210231Z5l1t5cJe.3,)CZ5l

Gee.3 ::l1a, e.3t~2:)e.3e;w') 3E;; da comJZ5lo2. 0~ cooJZj)e::.£)e.3J, 2l02ClJeZ5l::.3J~~z;f d8mcl ~1§Z5lG
(j)~JG)e.3::.3z5)m'c':;1& mo<,;e3®() Q)C1GClJ00JWZj)Dm'::,;m'm~, 6® d8m Qi~ et®0 ~t5~ Z5l')e::.3cl
1.SlZ5\
vG(6O))W eI3i:)15l grnde ~e.3Zj)() <';J::.3Z5l
C~ 0l1Z5l.
de", <;~g1d""",,,,(Re - queening) ~0fS\co•••"",.; ~@J", ii)DfS\6@ iil"l me"'''' ti\5~(1;~<;~J(;~§"'D eDo "'&1.,,,,j ~e",dGEI. d/l", <;;1l9'dm"''''~,
8)~a')c!:S)~~ !)'let ~~)t,;10..:,2rl~ aC<:rI1 o6~ ::102;) GB~E:D e(~ [;16l.! ~e~@, oeD ~lP~ d.8<:5)tn f.)JtRo@)~ t.,CPG~m'Q)<;:i:51' ~:1t:l)6;:rlGm~GIDm
(..,,,,1 Olo;? <;80"''''''' ""05,,, <:,""'""w:>zrl) $(;1; "''" d/l""zo{ (;'"'..0<. G@§ 6DGc!'~(; GiiJ)Gm1 5""" <;80"'''''''' ",6 0015 /)(2"f> d/l",zo{ ",,/.))
~pt:.Z)) GdB=nJt..zrl a$o.....;~~:?:tl ~~3~ ':Sl(;:)(e :$&2rl GCS)~1 U)~ tnl£~' 4.9 0::l)Jv~d d8m ~~eJo'?S:lZ5)"" Ot:;IDJ :8)o~t;) t...(e3 ~~~ !S)O
~(£) t:;1~CD~ ~J~&~ ~j. tno~~ eJe-;ro?::'5oj <;7.:51. m~!rl 0€~) <;0 j~ t";~~$:)Z:;)~;,j ~ ,;",...,jCS:>D GZ5DW. <;:3 600 ~e:JJ!lf ~~~ B\!L~me 07.&
t,;)6~ ~e~ e;~5f dB~..:~ :.:.&1:J1 \SI~lt..)~ oo~tsf t';7.rnts)6 <D(t)@t}'f 01:5) $Je Ci1~JE.,/)od 9C!Jts)JE) do2S"l 06):,)) U:>l:s)ml.! 07.& ~:!01t;25)~ Oe;m)
1)1:5)S 50iJ§m ~:{)1 \£l(~J,=t ~.
137
G ~) G,.5l 9 ~ ::p.~~G ~J,!? ~ S 9 ~ t' <&) o, 'ill C r$ c G) o.
G~-'ll G, 6·"·Gle'2Jp.B
tl U, 0: J3 u, @) 8 en ~)"" 6 Ql uG;
Ql '(t. 0) Ql.) @J @)'L-s-, gr~ 0., C)O~ g~, ("J ~ "'P ~:. @) (,\,c' Ql) (':) S\ 0) Ut t
u l.l S u ~ v .(1) 9 (' ')'.(', ("
@J ,O)J U U 8 •.• g 0 V'l G Ql
0) g G ~ Ql I (, '" "'ll l,J (0 9 C" ("p~ [t
...{'J u w
~C")~"u a G p.G-fll
J fa, 0.(' 'G.{'.o~ '('
Gi 01.,(1, d ts 0. ~ (" -'
U, G c.., G BSBJ8~C") u,Ql
c ~\ 6) 'f; sf u g G) Ql a t ~ .{'. C· r&l @J 6~ io.
U,c..,!t2J C;'(>; @)g u aC"...Jg (j'£i G (', (?J C b G S\
ggkl!tSf (" c G) 0 (;l g
GC"<o,,e ""I'fIW6QlGl@J G(;, l!t u
9:J G (?J ~..:1i C" t;<
8 eJ> o st st
ffc'"
~'1 Ql . Go Cl 0
S, 0) ~ Ql ~ r~ Ql c: (' -fll0
t< C> !1 .....ro. Ql!Jl8~)J 0) '0) L\ ~ 8 Gi "4
6 (,J g u :t o-fll Q;Ql "" t:J '" ()l 9
S U " Gl G ~ OJ 0
();,
,,' r", Ql CD P. '" ~ 2Jl
B l.l)... @J a a;
G -fll J Ql C) ~ u ~ G, CJ "G) .j>."'ll G,e § (")
f'J o .0. re', 9 -'ll ('J . Cl~) 6""'C'0.("60 ~"1j)
S\ G a ""a ~ 0) ~ ea9 111
u @; ~,., 'R ~ ( ~ c ..."'-' <:j f};ll!t~ GJ u.,-,
a~ sS\ ~OJ ~ltJ ~ GQl. 9) ~~ CJ a SJ a,e
0. U GO 9 Cl
a 6'C")~)GCl" Qlg (},@
x6 ~ (, ctCQl-'!3 U c:
S E'" g) l!t 21) 0) 'a, Ql 8 g) 0. C")
9 ~GlQl.)GClgg
a a CJQ u C" go a r\Ql)pu~.(" r- ~
"'ll G
'L->GG
G C")
Grg8 0,,9 @"~o: 8 p. 9..,01 l.l u g U ""OJ "'0.8" @J O! C\1 &i::n. c> Q
'&'! c:g
"C;) c: e ('))61 W('lCD~
"') Ql uG.(1) g u, @) ('1 61 S\ 0) CD @J c: G o :
a aQlo@JCl 1>~~ §!co@g ~ct(' 6
c 0) 6 ~ a en 61 g,g-fll 0:-:::-' @Jg
g•...•
C' G ~
•...• !3Ga~£te<:o. ~ ~
OJ a U G .{'.\lC" e: G. 'il p'u p. -'
2Jl U, ~ Cil (5, ~ ~ S 0) Ql. C! 61 ,..., '" •.• £t (" l!t u,.(1) CJ 6 0) f,!l g o ~ ·6
.co P. ~C" l!t 0) •...• (.!;J ("J
"""'<:).10. ul>')"'" @) e) ~) tJ e» s.: ""gJ61
p.~ ()61 <OVJBG@G' ~-fll2Jl a B@og~) g OJ
a '01 0. G u
a W WOI CD 2>
~g g,CJ!!L go~ U Ql6 Cl:-@J~~ enC;;~JB8 •.• G1 G CO) 0. CJ.f'fJ Ql.st
g Ql..{'{) 91 61 111 0. 8 g g 8.,'@J rl'1> •.• £1
~ ~2JlQl((aGlClu~ 9 8 ""@J •.• ClgCl8 W C")
l.l @J
,e S\ r&l B ts ((a ""-o.Ql@J
•.• '" ~Cl @1 Cl Q8 S>'c~,o.Ql.Ql-fll ~ CJ PI'1>("'O!-'1IOJ §; C" 0)
..t2 "'" CJ G ,..., 0I;:£l!~'S\ Pl C;;:£l! ;;; 61 !!L
'(") CJ~GJC'1)[bC")G&a-2 u9J)c;u ~ g/~ C") Ql ct §
e l.l C") '-' Cl ~c..,9!)~""9!8
C") 61
XJ "0) U@J g)
Ql Cla0 61 GJG !!L!!L0. co S> Q P. c.., 61 @ g .r» l.l 8
Ql.@Ql.1~g Ql g 6 U 9 & ,...,
-fll 91
C> a ;:£l! Q @J 2> ff') ~Cl
D> W ~
•...• 61 U 0 8 0. u OJ o;~g@Ql.xg
6PlOJ8C") ~[9J)o@J~l.l -g,61 G (>;aGlC")@J ~ ~QluOClGG
~'l~
u,.::r @J G .r» •.• p. en9 -fll 9J ar&l
SJ ctI Oo u r&l g'@Gac> o U ~ ~01 !!L Ql. Ql)
co C"llQl)G t< -Ql 61 Cl0~61 ~~u,~ (> g 61 o '" en £1 0. 0) 0) 6 O! -Ql OJ o o
G U u
£t .{'.\l-'1l
ex> 9!G. Cl9! ~6~tl~QlY~9'Ql '-' Ql 0. @ ,... 0 U ,..., ,..., @J G::n.
uC;)o,goft u. ~ C") @" b" o 0. r&l 61 0. a O! 2> c@ c@ f};l 9J) 0)
9J Ql @J a ~n3 @J~ a o 8
Ql) Ql. G ~ Cl 61 0Ql.p. P.Cll.lo. 8 u. {)1 0, GGi(")6 Q •.•
6c
u 'n grl'1>
u ~ u Cl!!L
OJ C") G ~~r~"" ~Cl~a.rorb S\ e Cl" Ql C! {)1
0 .(1) c g ""
~;:£l!(~~a Clo.$@Jggg ~
•...• CJo.~611>') W Cl",..., •.• U CJ is. ::n. g
en861 Cl -fll @!l'" 9!Ggu'rl £1 GigGi""GenCD 8 U
~9J)u g 2Jlag ag ~..00S\~ ..." U 61 "" uQl. Ql"" a~61::n. @J61 !!Lo.
. g 91 Cl-fll 0"", ,...,
G
~cg 01 ,§J tCl G C;) G
o& 9 g ~ ~ Ql) g) c» .j>. g61~Qn9lCl2> S\
@Cl~9J) @ Ql. 01 u. OJOGCDQl. y6 o 61 ((a Cli: 61 G
ga
8 ~C") Og@JCJ ~Cl~6a'@ @J ~01 @J ~, ~, u.-fllQ,..00 @J ~ Ql.
,...,6 (>;
-fll n 61 61 8 ,..., 8
U f};l~Q61Ql.o.G@J ~ (", g
G ~C") 1:,' fA. .'ll 8. O;CJ~ Ql.Ql a a S\ f};l 8 Cl U "'"
6 -2 ~'W ~.
91 g9!-{l!®Wa
c 0."'" g @)
o,!!LCl,., ?; S\ 0, ~ Ql •.• ru r\-fll S>@JQl ~o. p.. 9J),...g l.lU 0
G U U '-'U~-U""Cilu,"",..., 61 ~c>S>~ "'Otu{)161 ~61 W@J8ca W O!
0) C3 G @ ~ O!uo.Cl "'" 0) 0. Cl" e;
~ S>o o.~C>@JCl~~ U 0 61 U G . g~G-fllgCl Cl'"
6 6 P. 0, 610~a~a""Qlua
C! !!L .f};l
g Ql .Ri! 0 ~ c@ 0),9 ~ Ql. u'''''' o II: ['CJ
rn -D G 1f .Ri! [ @J ~ a p. 2Jl ~ r@J
p: 9 (>; f!j 2Jl f};l ro U, r&l CJ G ~
CJCJ9! ~ I'fIgna.C")~ Ocgc@ (PCl""
(; r~ G ~ ~ j;J@2Jl~~J39!Q, G
•...• 6 0) C") 01 6:l ~ f!j C> -Ql 91
o O! u 0 1t
u!!L6:lo. ClC?~@Jra,~g a 8 C") 61 !!L ~ ,..., l.l 0. U 9!G.(1)Ql @J U
-oo N C") u0 @Jl.l~ g
61!!LS\ g
~ G W rl'1> "" C6 f};l@ Ql) O! -fllaOc@' 8 ""g
U>
"@"'''''
G t< 01 ~ 9 2Jl@ a ~ a c U ~ ui:enc@
g ()1 Clra, •.• tLDlG o f' C") o en ~ ~c@en661S\
f'G U 8 Ql) ('l,@Jg9! U ""'Cl9!.(1) @Ju 8
uCl""" OI"""'r." •.• u 9 '" U 0. -fll 0!!lY
G
!!L@JS\OJ 0""t<06u","""""O g ()1a; 8' @J
G0Ql.~ 8!!LC")Ql~S> ~
«s g ~ro f? 9J) 2>;:£l! G Q;:£l!S\!!L Ql.~ S\Ql""::n.uO Cl
~ 1t U
.ro~Cl~§ ~~ 9J)~) G9J)u61 U G
U Clo."Q, 2Jl"'" -Ql ()1 o
£1 <t>
G c> {)1 {)1 0. @J u. ~, N
'"01.(1)0 ""
a 9.., g C") S> 6 US\<061:rll.:L.,
~~Ql.((a u U ~(''''' (iit '-'"", ~ G OuaQ,!!Len
~r~~ .[b61e;Ql.G""o~ . ..00 g 0 J;l § g ~
1 2 3 4
'~ID
6.20 6toC:l' :J.t) GRi? '-'l@ aJCID'-' iil6® ,m me- (l)&Je.,Je:J £ac;8@ t:Je;,m (l)&Je.,Jt:J'-'zs) ?:3)()[) 0Ri?G"'?
C'l:1l(l)@ID~ ?:SJO&J @'-'J BGG00Gii3 t:JJOJ·3d'-'.
1 DID C'udc5JCJ' @roe; uC; 8 iilZJJ' roJ a,eiii 0a().] 2 zsi t:J@ii3zsJaJcr;]2s:l0(l)ID't:J~gt5& (l)&JCJJe:J~zsi O·?!
0Ri?@ e:Je;roJ a,eiiie.,Jo;.; fr'C? dBID G?:SJ1C3
£oC;W t:zZ5J.
2 DID (fDdc5]e." f:j):;)(j r§iiJi?@. BBmJ dB£,-,O dBm0?:3)k3 0m]®Z&l \ilrot; DC; .3Z1J;:;f
em 8cJ{:i@ o,eiii 0a()[);:;f
t:JOcJJ 6cJ a,eiii £@'OJC;ID (l)&JDJe:JcJ 0Ce:J Z5JG>lJ(l)m.dBID 0?:3)1& e:Jii3Z5J@roe; DC; 5zsi
'f,!0;:;f :,,0 &',..JJ8uJ @we;e-c; 2 i3uJ WJ .3 i3uJ ~;:;f dBm 0ii3Z5J eJ&JDJe:J BG0cJG ?:SJ08.
4 Dm c:~..dc5Je-, 0l~ £dmc;m (l)&JDJe:J0cJZJJ' t5JD;:;fGmt; 'Proe; DC; GC;ZSJzsi

aJepZJJ'oii3Z5JD @[;;:;f ?:SJOXJ
e~d ;1!3m t:z&l (l)&Je-Je:J~zsJ 0e.,t5Je:Jla3;:j;. 6CC ZlJDJ (l)&Jt.JJt:J dc5JDoroJCJ~O a;:;f8@?5/,
;1!3ID ')d@~m' QJ..dCt®O;:;f aCzsJ (l)m.
139
6.19 OtO~: t:;)~) 0"'l&J2..-J:';''''':;Z,..,-') 2irof :50~ (5)€GJ:../)~...JZ:ij" ~Jcm::..: aB:§.
(~.§)0:;ZJ) (-o)mJ5 :':;~"":;:::'l (9':i)0CZJ)~ZJ)...J(f)? ~e..n Z:iJzC;zC~c
(~)5:..::;) :38SC e.: JC;J (t>

Z53 ~c aJ:5J~5300 5) )C;Z5'!c.J.
6.21 0t0c:J: ~~C'.::;'l ..;~~z...-,}2..-::;, :;S~J6z...-;"):qJ55...JZ,..,-' ~ Qj~ ~3Y)C ::Jo6r.5)::;£jzn~ C:;::5J"

2..-(~...JZJ-' (jZ,..,j lC:::,Z:;{ .:13::;-, S;v ~ ~z~...J:.93 c: 'Jfu5) J2..-C:;?:.j' .:5):J) 0du'Z3)]2]:sJ0(5'l
20aJ /5:""'::5)::::"":;;::-"~,:..:.~~
;:)ZJjicJ ::... Q)~c:;) (:'00...JZ;;JG o~5f0U. o13 uCJ25JO
e:;,;OJI ].'5.2. 0w) JOe:; OJ J 6.6. 0w))f)c:; aJc:z;{m
140
(. (A c. ~ (,) !ll ,f!J C! ~;fJ c. (A G -;::; G o ~ f]J G.. c Gl (" -Dl Q.I 6 n G 6 oo (l, c P> CJ, (l Gl a Gl 8 Ol ~
§ C § (i'a ~ ~ ()'BJ't.,..3 (,1 ~ 0,f!J "" ~ 6 (")£b(}N c;ga. .3u®® C) 8 'OJ ~~
a 'OJ 00 G 6 g o ~ --l
-'i -'iC>G1G!1!l'll!1G1c, G"'un ,.:r ({; C> ~ "@) C5 s:- -<l! DJill -Dl '" C.J G G g
£b u CA CA n,t» U UM8'<o
'C) !t CA.<O
f!dl c ~ ,elG..G@)u
@)~@)80! Gl ~GlGl' CA ~ +l! CJ!tG@)1l'S 8' <:J
G!ll Ci'II('1) G a
,"'..nB n!t n Gl GI o G. O! r<' N CJ 9 ~ G
~ CJ S 8 [W 'M" & 8@JGlC)@)!t@~8
@G@u ~8ClGlU~u<?-gcaCl" '"GlGGNo.",c:p
~ -<l! !ll ~
GI '" Cl"DJ<O @) '" 9 Ci'IICI" G~I~CJ~CJGl-Dl~ Ci'IIl ~
G ~ @);!J ~ u ~!llJ!j ('j,®t~"""'Glc;,n
~ "'" CJ CJ C) a C) CJ 0) ~ N 8 "Sl ~ '0) ~ U '" Q.J ~ 2
M G@Ju @JCi'II GI aGl!llDJ 0..
CArg !ll CI" U l. ~ o>.r.o v <fl ClJ
~!ll ~ aC)OJ§ 9 a 8 ~I
It GPCJ,9 8 u 8 ItG -Dl '"
'8: ",~G:
-'ia8 g.,:£'I", S\~~®o.81
&'-'
UM ClG ~)'C"U~U",
~a Gl C") "r"Ii<fl tCJ 8
g GI v ~ ~ [W C") ..' GI PC) '" (,) CJ, Gl QI '@ (A 8J (A CA 9 (,) (A U» 9 @J CJ (A 8),0 CJJ
C")p> U8(A°QCJG .Q '-'
@)GI®,.::rJ!j n<fl(") _0 CACl!ll~ 9l ~ !t QJJ 'c, GO !tG:"Cl6 CD
C' IGi U C" OJ 9l 00 U C' C') CJ u
GI ~ o ~ ~ S c> a a te; (A ~ o J!j C) 6 uo0' C' (A 9
i'7 G:Gici CI ", L<
JJ::-.t". ~ g
rJ 911 0J f' il (.
8!t
<".) ~C''' ~
8 G~ ~ C"),(» !tco!V'" (~'8:'@ ®,-,~@J'~? '-'
o -Dl C),.::r ~ ~ a Gi a ~ GI '" C) '" !J.) *1 ~ G U '" 9 ~r; ~ o CA"'8
a'Ul !ll:l<fl!t8W13GC;IPGI !t o QJJ ~) ~ C) C'l G1 0. !t ~l ({;","'GG" ,",MG: 8
-:'D ..) "0 Gi N '(":e N <:J C~ +lI 8
Gia GM P8i~8i'" f:'b'" 0) 8ir9- u G:.1'g C5 t,j
G] u CI" C"'''',a''' ""'f'..'!t ~
Gi ~i Gl -"',(I, 9l ~ ?-'a 8 C"J g U CJ,~ GG:l;vC" S5 [, u it "G 2 J\l ,-SA li u 9 ~
a!ll § C")8i S C")§ C" '(")('})~cClC")u_ @
('J) g '@J (A U 9l (A fUG:" J!jQ 8!t '-'
~~.ro!t@)9l ~GI'a0i Gl-Dl!ll G:!t(' (" "'8 a ,,0 (A 0)
@f_U{! L! C" G: ,GI G; G f' (;;' % CJ
~g o 9l(wQJC'" C) QJJ (A 9) ""'9 @)C;(;)ll 'v>:JJ
~ (;n a "'8 ~a I~ @J -2l 0) ~ ~ 'Cn C) g , (" C) '@f~' ~ c; U J!j @J'"
c' '-'
8 ",CA gS 0 ~G'-' uo.GiGiQ) 9l *1 G:(»-Dl n
"(0) U a CJ ~ Gi 8i g)
co ~a(')Dl C, @J (,~ 9l No C' ~, CJ, G ", OJ. U a
u ~L.6J f?l.)~;:Gl [W~ ~; ~ 01 -Dl» (A ~ !!l" "'" U ,"'f (!, @J cJ g <:JJ",' -Dl ~ G N"o Gi
u 8 g ~ g<fl u C!l(Xa~ws Ci'II(I, DJ CJ, r» ~ r.J G: a
cSJJlAGi8~r f?l.1<@ ~ c' ~ G.,I'" g c§ ""', Q a
q.,2
!ll g "'1) ® ~. ~] 8 G to 9l GI '" a 8il 8iG:CAU~' c. 9 (A ,. u 9) "'" 8 C" C" C") Q ~ 8
8 u G ~I C".J9l fl. QJJ U '" 8i
?1g ~"'8 @JCJ, ~ 9l a ~J!j § ~~ a .•' G: i fJ\ ~) ¥ u, !l]) u Cl'~ d" n
• [Q) G: ~ f, C) IP [,n, ® "'" r» N CJ<flg!tC" ('1 "C" r»••
8 f:'b -Dl @J U 8 N 8 (OJ 'J /'-0 v:) !ll~OJMu G:" 8 S \" 8
@.(\) f, lC")Q.le:eDJg ~&q~
Q0) U N'" ~ 8i", Cl"Ci'II ~C") 81 <fl "'"' <:J. (,)
.j:>. a ~
...•. C. c CI"o9l @J n9l G!!ll C) - C") g CI ~c:pCJ,!llgr; N
CJ., G; G'
N "'8 .s Po 8J C) 8 g yC"),8
..) U-Dl o co G· 8 CJ,(")C"J '-' 0. 00 (ill !ll (A f;J' (l c0
g G U 8 C) g (A '" 01 G: G u u (. ..f1>Cl!1Jo.X~ Cl :3 8 0 t» ,,; C" "'8 8.1 ,,,,. co
u13Glle~GI '0~8i8 a '" '6G~!t' 8 U 8 u c' e: G " c< (b W) 0 0"
8'a (Ae u~1 =<'l'I.GDJ o
0,C")a @J'(")@J~g ~ 8i g a ..) e') ~ U ('I '"
2 @Ja 9' ClJ fil' n' Gl r; 9 .C> U c> LC!
uCA!lla,M ) G !llJ W (') 0<0 a" Cl ~ (p
"'" ~ , G '8: 81 '" , Gi C) u ':e !ll g uQlvG: 0..0
G1 G 9l .oo @;J;:Gl a g. 8J PC) 0 Q G r(l) q ('1)CJ?-U aGl 8 "'08
01 Gi C' rw @) 0;:Gl g g ~'CJ ~ ';;' 8i t:JJ '" a
a(;;Jw ~ClGiJ!j u Gl G Cl8il !ll @) M • U> "0 N -'i
'CJ i3 C; C) 9l v. m nC5 @) N c..' G (I, c 0. 8 Q Gl (,~ !ll:l ~
a C' (")'" o>(")!l\('j,~ ~ 8'0 ",l.D!ll G:" co -
GU>u",lo>:)u' (AloM"'''''@J a .r» C, (A ""'sgl?l" GCJa@J
u g co "" a Gl C) (A v J!j co a ~ 911 g. @g» OJ 0] ~ C) Cf"
'-'
@Jg o.e CJ,~ !t~g~Q
-Dl (A Gl C; "'8 C) N co (,)@J@J~('1§ N C" G 8
f?l.lQl'" QJr<' Ci'II.('a u G DJ""·"" ::J..:, rJ (~ 8J!llr(>J8 @J"r"Ii (3 ~G ~(p
a C) CJ a v
QJJ<fll g) <fl Gl g ?,i I'G . @ G ~C") G: C") ~(AC")",GiGi~.J- !tQJS ~

g 11 ~s : c a fl.~ C'11 !ll CJ 9
@J (A (A ~ OJ l'I. ® (('J OJ. J!j 9' @J Gi (A a CJo.Cl a C5 l"r- G .s @)
+lI aJ C) C5 0, 1t? (?) g ~
Gl"0 ~ ·6 CJ, Gl "'8 a G 'C' Gl 'G § '0 !t !t ~ OJ. -x : @) (l'G ~gcfuG", !ll
C") 8 e') G @J ~, 9 a . 0 G J!j PC) "G G: S CJ, CJJ
Gi "'(3t29'
Gl N '"
9 tll Cl N J!j Q.iIl
a
,:£'I!tC") -'i' aCl"gM 'J(A'" ~!ll)8aCl,,+lIl'~ "C) U 8 G S CI" w!ll)!t+ll fiG '" U C),(") 0
..f1> !ll ~ ~.~ ('j, "'8 (I, 0. @J 8.1 g l'l. Cl C, f:'b
c\t
gGl..f1>Q13 aGl aJuf:'b g!tu
g' S G C. Ci'II@ S 9 Gl rc) 9 CJ, CA ~ i5.§ CJ,@JG 9 PC')"@ C")g~' !ll~g~co!tg
(AG:
Cl g, !ll. (;!J CJ 8 8i co/C) ~ ~ e~ ~ CJ, § ~ ;:Gl DJ"'8 ~ C) Q ~ G; ~, '" C) ,® C} C) @J Q G:, !ll
o C") aJ !ll @J CJ,.SA -Dl Q G C'11"'. (;;J G 9 J!j (p !ll G:" 8 9 '" 'e" W nC5 '@J W'"
GluagGlCi'll8..f1> ;:Gl'" g co (;) u, C) Gi rf G: GI co CJ u "r"Ii
@J ir.; 0. C'~ (;!) a g CJ., G 8i ?- C) 01 8 GO
Gsa!ll:lS (A Gl?-9lf?l.1o..6J U"'8 W on (I,
C)'4 ?- !ll:l
& aJ G [j) QI'(") (") G &h
~&h G aJ g l'G DJ 9' § "C"~I -Dl g ~ ~ QI G: n(" ,8 6 ~
@J U @J 8 J!j C) r"(")·'C) 0 !]l a U @;J!ll u :e G"c~~ag C"J'" 8J~('JJ '" !t@JQ
(,,). ~@J ~ ie, ~ ~I !ll:l rv. @J Gl Gl - n, C.
+lI CJ ..nB
CJGlCl!ll~e~a va' geaco 8 Cl Cl ('}) lOd Gi C) a C) Gl v U
Cl"'8Gi~J!jJj..)~)a 8'" I?lJ CI'! g; CJ CJ @) Gi G 9 u S5 Cl g
aGi;:Gl @J Gl;:Gl G", @Jrt:! co 0) £t (A @;J!ll", ~l ~ g~ CJ,P@) 8 ('JI~ '(") @J~@J & ~ ~ g' g,:£'l G
e i'-' ~»:?
a f:'b' f:'b!t 9 @J,.s-' (') (Xl(\, lX, ctCi'll !ll @J ,((', (XGr9-~ I?l" G <:J~ ~ ~ CJ Cl 0. ~ C) !t f:'b !t
4 Gl Gl ~8 CJQ1l.,g Gl GlGl @)Gl ~a Cl<€l B Gl4(1, G.CJ8 fbG. ~ -2 G Q1l ~ra CA(j) g Q1l 10 o g 6:l~ a 8
CJ~ B!t' ..f1>,8ce>C'Ja gPe>aWOl-!, CJu a Clac.8 G OlCJ ~ CA ~ ,8 ce, ~,.SA,8
cn~3 ~ ~ (1IJGg@@
&~ ~ t <€l ~ CJ Gl g (ID gg a -NJ (1, a ~ ~ & 9 ~g @ ~ l" !teD~ rt a ' ~ ~
a @I g8G:~~9'_G~
c> fb~ a,J1 CJ U CJ@rtGl <€l G~ gr(")~ !t,.SAc> ~ G g.x C'll (lDGJg(")fbCCJ @ m G: (a
~G.~g~a,g..f1>&, ~!t~QD(lDa 8(/)~gGl.(1l8g 8 GCl,ga' C'lJ "') QJ 4 G:
CA 0) ~...QI uNA
~»a !tGCAG(),GG:g
eDC."'oCA~ CAGl ;!Ji;l@91G.rGCIHG~'N.f'l(j BguS g. a ,8C")~,g8
.f'l(j u t:IJ ~ @ fb C'll..f1> "" ~ rr!1J r',g ,g <::4, 00 '-'-,..., 8 '" ~a@ "0
~ClC") C\llBg= fb~Gltf' ~ u.,C'llClQi)eD 0lJ IJ\ ~ a g Gl !t!t' G "" \I) ,.SA ~ !1J ';" 8(IDG
u.,gj
Q1l G ~ u 0lJ @,.SA a,8 52 g ~ G '-'- G C'll @ ~,8 0) Qi)-@r8 c> "C) ~ ~
8Gla~ggG~
~@gaJ :n
,8~Cl4g CJ 4 g<€lCAGl' ~O) gUQl.,gu C") @J C'll<€l eD
8'-'
01 ""gX,.SA(/) 8 ~a
aeDUg(/)Bu~l'8@~8~u' <€lGliS g,..., ~Gl a ooCAg !t &(")~
u (), u "",.SAgg.(1l~ GlB@"',g@;!l'~ C'J(1,G 9 (1Il) ,..., p@8GJg~0G-+lI
(/);!J"g(}C'll;lCA o GG.(1leD~c(")aGl..[,,08l'8a~ CJ "" ..f1> a a(} (j)G
8 QJ g ~
g~'~@~C'lln~14..f1>~@~CA.f'l(j~~~(/)~a~g4 .(1lQg@ cn8Gl10c)Gg(1ll) G Gl @
~ C'll a ~ I@ G <::4,?; ,..., @ U>,. U CI1> ' g .r» C'll 8 B Gl.. ~ G"" @0G- (")~
(1, @ a !t~@-GgG:Gl
fa
C'll@J
~~ca
G(/)
'" 0) @ M!1J B"C'll ~ 4 ~ g o Gl "" P~ @) c~ Qi) a,..., @ !t G CJ CJ
rtlC\8::JaGl,...,,, l'8::Jo)G"'''''' Gl,8 (lDGl U ~ "'11 C)'OA (,,)~8~,,! @ @ 8
GlC")CA!tu8g"4,.SA@ t$..f1>(/) ~ ~~@4 Gl ~ ~ 8 (ID 'CJ!1J ::J u., 8 0) g ~!t CJ
Su Gl u.,' g a(ID~ C)6ug..f1>@eDXe8C'JS C(b ~> u
5(1 ,8 4 Gl
C', «» N~Glagg~ ~
~oogr(b~ <€l:g CA@~,...,®g g~ g ~C'll~ ~g.i'.o 'OJ' ~ "" ~, au"'" ~ U>,.
a ~ a § CA~u s» U ~'9J ~
u,g ,.:T'gG:G ~g
'" CJ 8 (") CA CA
si~~1~fG~~~l~Gl~~8~~a~~~~~~ 4 (/) g CA~g.~~~
,9 g u »~ CA..f1> 0 (ill ~
~ g u CJ) ~ ::; ~ ~
§ ,g g ~,.!p I~ !1J ~ ~"8 ~.x 4 QDfbGl 9J~~ (3 Q1l PC! ,.:T'
s~ (g ~ @G g 8 C") CJ) Gl
SQ § a~CJQ1l~G SG~cn~"8-@8'~'C'llf!l..g ~ §'9J '-' ~~C")~~ ~GCa,8
~(ID ~GJ!t -G
aGC'll ,8t-:l@a4 ,,",,"G a C)CJ~C'5uG C', 8
Gag Q1l G GI ~' C'll @1'8 ;!J Qi) 0).... o CA Gu ~ CA !t a ~ ..f1> O! 8
G: @,..., ~rt Q1l~~g:r6
~ Ma,8Gl,ClIC")
g ~ a ~ ~
!t ,8@C\ g-NJ~,.SAg,8s ~~!t~Gl0~ @<€l @ ~ ~ fb Gl ::J"81 CAGl 8;:::, J)l g ~ CA
.j:>. J@S ~C)Sp.u G ~ '~'aJS Gl' Gl G U,8 ~,.2l8 g QJ@J o@u~"", 40)gGo
I\) ,g !t eD ~ ~"CJ~ ~ 0C") C")!t "C')
~[~~~, ~~~(}~14 ~~CJ~",~0C\g~CA@ Ci) Gl G. 8(} G: ~~Cl
mS~ Q"!p roo G ~ Gl~;!J (hC)..f1> ~ ~ CJ)a Gl 8 a C'lla u,,@g~ii..f1>~g
:+ o 'E:l '" ~,
Gl~ A
.r» G 4 "" ~
O).f'l(j
(lDG:::JC\l8u !t ,...,
Gl~~CJ)8 a 8 ~~~&'<€l ~a ~ a&2~ &r(b ~~) ~ C'llCA48",@0S @ g O! G
~~ 2.2 aCJ ~""'~ffi~,g~ a CJ ca~)Gl Siu (It
@ 8 O)'e, u '-'- 0 @ -G ,..., ~ u ' 8 ~
@ ® a8 ~ ~CJ Gl"~
:;.. _CAGl : 'n '3 a a (},8 ~ (ID Gl C'll S ~ g G. u gGlgC'lJ""6:l~~
(")(")8G~,\,~CACJr(b"" G.C';1 ..f1>"'C)G~~CnG10G. o, ~ ~1 (0 g
(") 0 u cO OJ 6 N U '~~ <::4, 4 "" ~ t:IJ @ u g (0 SJ '@) Gl8(\C)G~8@ ("0(0,84,-,
u..8 ~)_~g.(1lq~Gl..f1>~QJgGlC"))?CA C")0l ~(/)~cx ['G 8 CJ @,gGg 0..f1> G ,'oAg(/)
Jj D) ()l @J CA 0) Q1l .c« f' OJ ~ I'C') (') Gl
~ ~ ~ g CA ~ G @) (ID ~ 10 CD ~) S !1J~, ~ ~ 0) 8 ~ G
Xl ~ (/),8~G~
r» ::J 'l' U ", "" '" @) '" ~ c- CA '~' Q r-; N c- C") g !,;j !1. g C" (!l.&
u: u.t1JJ ,9! "'" CJ "'" O);J u - t) U !1J U QD '-'- m ''i. "'" {» ,..., @) Q,)""8 -Q S CA ~) c' ~
BfbG~CAGlcn(/);!Jg ..f1>Gl(}gj@a®C")~S rr, ~ /'. G: r. u ''i. "u v "" (" g(Js
nOl~C';1,...,gG~G(");!l'QDB@)CA ~~ G.4~~)CJ@ 8 co '" ('~""8
CALOW"'" 'C>, '" '"
C".J""
8@ ~P!J\ClO)~p.fb@JJ ~ @§a ~<€l)?gj, Ql.r!, tt a
d (,) (bs(O~a
u C")~)u ,();)~@)G.QJGl @)(}G C")OlJG' -o Q;)
c.)~sgj)frSg~ u r: u c t;j
C'" ~ gj """ g '" (;" g c. a.
(/)~),8 8 <€l G: '"
~,9 0) tt ci <€l c 8.J 8J fb a @ d ~ [;j) gj ,8
9' g 0: g" C S g (/) C" (Cl Gl
j '" 'oA,..., 8(/)
8 (1, "C) ~.(1l
@)@)IJ\C")a)~ u (")G~ C\lC'.ll.
G ~ C'll.,g ,..." rr, Gl G: ,g g 0) @);!} G: G: § @) (3 @)
C'll,8 c'Ilg:g
*~
'-' c Co: (be 0) ~> a N 8 g ;;;- ,..."
(".I -{'~
-';,fJ () ""Q;
cJ,..., 8) Q '" U r" "" a
-0 CII @) C1 g 0)1'(,,) C") CA (~ Gl 9lJ @J o (3
_f" ~ ~ - @);!l' ~""8 Lt ""'''''!3[j,'''S "'"
8! G 8 ;!J a n 1!l .{' • ..; • ,..., g (/) C'J- @ r-; ,.
Ggj&<€l ~(} (") ~ 0G ~@(")~~Gl..a~~a~ -NJ rr, C} QJ () C9 '" ~ ('.ll U g
t1J g l!l) ,,'" "'" D ","'"
Q.. ,!",l"
g ~ S ~ ~ Gl ~ c@) g (f,i ts ~ Gl ~ ~ C ,@..f1> Cf ~ g "~ c~(pcg,.s" g(v G Cc\ 8Q;j
~' ' @ gj r(', CJ 8 @ L ;!J "'1) ~ GJ ~ G. ~ '" u'
~ S (ClGt;j~-"d' ,. Q -", U..... OJ
G @)@, ::J~
ac,J1r)"~ [:;bg-
!!: ~~ g- g) <.A Po. @o,
CJ...,!1o "G)""8
C"!j 0:
~ ~ ~ ~ C") ~
Gl 'aJ '" gj _@(t &:p ~ a a~ ~ (lJ t;j '" 8.J C'\J & "" rh, 8],..., S () "
~ G- a"" tl ",.::Jf!~-
C") ~ 4 ..f1> @) G: G: ~ <€l (; 9lJ <€l"'1) t1J ::J CA OJ) Gl.. &> -/'. IJ, :en ~ G: gJ ':J "" -/1. t-:l
[1),..., @ 0lJ fG eD @ @ C") 8 ()l ~ 8;!l' 8 g (} a) C C ~ ~ (/) u ~ 8 Q., (" 8 gj "8 it (/) C" (,: 8) (/) 0)
!1J (a Jj .1'.0
0):+ @ a.(1l [; @J.(1l ~ ~
~t (0 g C(b g ~ u @) g (/) C '-' (/) ~ 0) (") U u ~ ~ ~G.!!l.G!t
d.5Z5'l oro<5l ~t.,,,,
9~J)~cJ5lC) Q;\S)v27)::7le~, ~m '-' 8cJp d.~27) (25)'1:3 cg:C15fZ5lG CYO)<';
Z5lz.<;ICe<; 8c.:l~
C51& @C5uB<; om~ GIE; mdG 1<;Z5'l(s)~1[,10cJ:af 00) d.5Z5'l :::5ro~ d.~Z5'l GZ5l'b oro<5l \0(0)<;[,<; 2 - 3
15f~le, G)~)D)o z5lroC5c.:lZ5l'
GI& Cl:::5c.:l~1:::5~mQ;c.-~6or1 GI&GJ:::5cJ ZldG~ Z5lUJ (0)~e®Z5'l' C5~D do;! Cc.:lZ5'l
ZldG <5lIQlc.:l
PZld ~1Z5l1:::5cJ6.24 :::5tC56c.:lZ5'l'
GIWI~8 6Z5lGt).
G)
~c!~'()'f:J'"
ZSJOB 4 ZSJO r56J?@
0I
2,.
o ~c! ~'()'f:J'"
ZSJDB 3 ZSJC) r56J?@
I
r-'
0 I
~-j
I
0
o
r -,
~ _ ~ ~c! ~'()'f:J djgJ dO,?;)",
6.24 OtO~: ?;5J():; ;f;:;iJ?0~m' aOJ, QJep C;c.:J0;:;) §c! (S)e;;;JeJJOJBfi33 dOJ25'Jc.:J C!'JOJm'25'JG.:f GOJl 6§ dOJ25'Jc.:J DOJ
sC!i J - 2 m oj)e;;; (;,6£25'/ dBm OJfi3w OJJ 6fi3w roe;;;JDJt.3 [J86z~J wiiJ25'J C!'Jz5xJ6.:J,
Z5lUU ei5Js;C50 0te<;Z5'l 8c.:l~® (S)~)D)o ~c G)~)DJO e,B! clC:rJZ5'l6W80 @C)t) 2Z5lG®~ E:::5:§Z5'l'(c;>:::5:§Z5'l')
<5l1~®e®ro ~8Z5l ~<;O)o 6eJ. ®1<5l2(s)~JDJocJ 8ro2l ~C cl01Z5'l6d :§8® Z5luBcJZ5l'<5li5J~eZ5'l1eI0Q). 6E3C)
~)Go Z5l1<;lce 0Dm C51@0Z5'lZ5'l Z5l'0d0 alo;!Z5'l',Z5lUQ 6i5J~e®Z5'l'G~ rodE ~le, ~c dO)Z5'l0d ®<; eeJeJCzsi
d.~ 8c.:l)0:::5 Z5lG<;,06 0eJC)D:§Z5'l' ®f'Z5'l'~EBZ5'l'2 G)~)D)o ZldGC)~IZld6 0eJ. 6Q)J00)1 ~DdoJCe~ 0®®
Z5l'e30 Qlo;!Z5'l'
~IZldp [,Z5'l'0Z5'l'
d.~Z5'l orom C51& £dG1<;Z5'l (s)~JC10cJ ::j?GC) 0eJ. d.~Z5'l oroi5\ "")~ )[,10cJ
0C<5l 01C52 \0(0)<';0<; wC 8JZ5'l £60d alo;!Z5'l'(Ce~(]GcJZ5'l' OJ:afZlddo;!Z5'l')0le:§C0CZ5'l' 2ZldD d.~l5' dwZ5'
(s)~JD)o eDi5\ ~® 0eJJ:af OEOcJ. e')[;C) Z5l'e.:::t0do;!Z5'l clc, 9 J~cJZ5l' d~Z5'l oro~ C51&' :SdC3J<;Z5'l
(S)~)DJocJC) 0IGecJZ5'l <';'3'1:::5
£G0cl aio;!Z5'l8cJ~ 0<;Z5'lJ®DGc.1 OC5cJJ Ylmem Z5'lD C'l~JG10 0,,-,GcJZ51
(S)O)~cJ q2
airoE®C) ~le, d~Z5'l :::5ro3'l~eJJ (S)~)DJO DcC) co. d~Z5'l oroi5\ (s)~1D,)00d OJ15fZld2lio;!Z5'l'0cs:f
:§5®<; <5lDE00m d~Z5'l 0Z5l1@e')ro 0t~® £e~wZ5'lcJ :§B®C) 0oJZldeeJ. :::5op6i5J~cJJ6~ dD)w'1CZ5l y16eJ(s)cJ
el~®0 Yle" G)~)DJ00W O®J~c.:l o®dBe,c.:l C3IDI15f®0<';0)1 i5JeC5:lZ5'l De<;(S)m8c:w')Z5'l'mc.:lZ5'l'
Q;<;Z5lZ5l'
Z5'l~
Z5l1<;GdOJZ5'led Yle,DZ5'lm<;i5J<;cJ£301 Qlo;!t5Z5'lmDcJDeesE® 001 OJ:afZldaio;!Z5'l'~(JZ5l DGd0c.:lZ5'l'
droE®mh
0®® ifDdOJ e<;Z5l®~Z5'l'8cJ~ <5lmDc.:lZ5'l' 8Gdd<5l ®UC)®Z5lYIS E30~ ~le, CZ5'l'0Z5'l'GI& DJC5c.:lZ5l ~10~W0~
(0)1 C51& DJ:::5c.:lZldG~ cJ. \o/O)i5\~®0c.:lZ5'l'e®® ~J0eJG)cJ £36~WZ5'lcJ Z5l:::5odeD C5JCZ5'lc.:l
Z5lb 0)1Z5l.
G@@ ~@~ o.dGC!e6,~tiBG$m e~~. ~€~ co~jm:5)Jv~ tnJ £jDl6~tmt>~~ Bg~e;t:. C!lt5~~~:n:5'l@ts) oouts) oznJd ~Gc.:!e@@ 00Jtsl ~~~~()
(!)~ ">,00. 6Be, 600, ",@)Ol~ 6,3 ",,,,,CeC e;£lGtj",,,,zs! D",,,,com "",::,,,,,(;z:;l rod ee;",m ",::S <:1"',
143
6.22 6t0<;:l, 0;'{I :)0[; 0:3Jz:i}::5zsi ""v:!)) ;\leD,; v:303.;;
Gow"):5 c"?(f0J 6....:; ro3::-"":'t;)j0 <.0li321.
6.23 6t0<;:l, GJ!jeJ) c~:dt51Z..i) -yeDc::Jl' @C5Jt:i}:5Z GJzP<5l Qjep 60f:,c..,;:sf C5eDZ5J0 (jJZi5@
t.3(;W J 6Z3)JeU3)) (jj(S))Q0zs) 't)nDzvJ z53B§.
144
7. eoiOwJ~ en 0G@l@JW eoJ~ C)i6id'B~ eeee»
(f~@l~~ (fJeoJO ~ioC3~
O)I0c.3J® GO)t;z;f t3lI~G d0)Z5)cJ (,-,WJ' wi3GcJ) ~5)~0 cJ)®, @ (d3d

(jotll)GU § @C>2i5'l 0e::,6JZlJJ !f)z;jfJt.J))
Apis cerana indica ) w)(jZ5)::':' §e>-5<%i~ ~(§\l-Z5) gWJZ5) (0I06l- 0U. WI0c.3J0® wI8BQ)O 005Zi) Gs-l(0::':'
i5'l,
aBooGwZ5'l' (jI;jQ):5) C'JO))j 0IwcJ;j0 C'c..,wJe..."g;jU~~ (jz3b6J, <5)VlO @~ z:;)l~Id(j C'Icd8® 0))
~z;)az;)(l)I®' q;2 e(jd :6c,cJ27f, ;jC;i:?)~Z5'l',?:;?O)e::'G:siW) ~"Z5)::;.;-J'
aG,-dJ,-,w::;-J' G\Sl' C')g6~w G)~ v:5))vwd
GroZi)~clc.n C'I3\· <;'Y~~ aiDacJd 3.)G :::00:5i'GZ;) (jC; at5Gd:::3~ G(j smd(j <;'Z5)G ~JW)O C5Iww00
<'f~ aD ~O) (l)~JC.no;jd ~LU,GZ5'l W).:i;~ Q)c., o)-()cJ)G<%i g,,-;lZ5'lw8 gW)Z5'l (.,m~c., GGdGcJZ7i Gaz\'\
c.3I3. G®£)~ GI~(l)~ GZ5) ~)WJOW Z5)<%i GdJtll owl-aZ5'l' CLGi:?)Z5))s-lt:,--J'§l~Z5)tll 8~ ;jWG~
t3lJ0a::fwi3uE:)':::<;')0))0 GU. ~)W)j alwcJ® ;jZ5))<;,c..,GaGi5\'Z5)) <;'0d0J0Z7iiS)~ C; @C>2

~<';Id(j C;';sl:::3Gw:si®
q;0)e; t3lI~IdC <;':5)0$,)"",d <;'Icd'BG®:si W) t3lo<,;Ot3l)BGd' ~G30®:si t'J"('OW)00 ~lvU(:;lW @<!2:si 003\
~§\ t3lG Wlz:;)'
.:lleJ2C0~)DJOWt3l t.J)Lc:;8d'O)Z5'lc.3~Oc.3)G<%i ~OG;)l)zj»)Dc.3zsf0)) t3lI~Gd'OlZ5'l0d z;)D [08zsf t::)OW§BC6®

(d~8()G<%i) ~c.,s-l'5::J1)l-cJ~ WZ5) t::)C5d'0JZ5)W 8©i:?)e; ~cl['Z5'l O)I8B<%i~cJJGGwi5'l CiJ~i5'l0csf q;0)e;
d~(5<%i ~W)t::Gw:si C5®(0 q;3\) §:)i) C5<%iQ)i5'lwz;))c.,t>i
~IVI. ~OW)0<%i qJGU(l)W C'(51 @<!2(l)~)0)C5Wd
q;0)e;d~®8 C'9WQ)c.,cl c:;d0Z5'l <;,z;)c5 OJIOGZ5'lJWZ5)
(l)~)c.,JC5Wcl q;OJe; dz338 9cJd0d 00mt,(3 .
.:lleJ2Z5'l'B8Z5'l' q;0)r; dz3dO ~cle:::Z5'l~ocJ 0OJ)' ~c5I~b t3lL~LCG ~G8 0L®C;>~Z5) OU)(0aO @<!2Z5'l'Gcsf
O)Ga'zsic:l ~Co)::JIJGW oBt.Jim§BC6®:si 9I::JI)®~ wOJe::,C6CZ5'l',,))£)o G3rlGwi5'l® ~t5~w t3lG wI§w
(7.1 c5tac.3). Ql<!2t3lL<';Ldccl 0t,VI 6cl t3l)(j e5t3lt3lwcl Z{lG~ OJ) 6cl Ql<!2G[,1:i?0e.:nGdcl@G 0L'§G~Z5)
ac5JC000 @eJ2:si0c<1' a(jc.l3\)"cJ :5)~&cJ §B03Z7i, @<!2 z:;)I<';IC(jt3l w0~Z5)) OJloWJ;:jC) C'ku(:;l(:)d
aDJe5Xlt::W S'" )~J~®Z:;) ;.;ca §.Oelnw Z5)b OJLtll. 6<5)a) G®t,L~ S®)<e.SJ~6t3l ::JIt51Gd'0IGcl, OJIOW)®
D1b1zsieJG<%i ~~o gWJ~Jt5(0 (:;lL~® 0e;0)) s0wj~Z5)[,zsf Gu.1
aOJC0oc5 QleJ2:si 6,,3'1 6z:;)~z:;)0 '-<)~ 00)",., tllI2:§1 a5&i:si z:;)I<';Id(j (503\ 0r3&',,<%i (5G<;:5lZ5)
@WJGCGd
aI1D-z.~G c50Jt::cl <,;clZ5'l8 ~I::JI· aO)eD ~i5'lG3'l03Z5)0d ("0~~tll @WJOCcJ ~6 ~Z5)c.3 Zi)G~® e5tll1tllJOc.,
GZ5)JaD~. @ Gotll)0U aC~Z5'l) 0i:?))00)1 oBoo 5)zsft;w3'I W80zsf C6GC:;~tlloc5J(0 0I0cJG®Z5'l' 90% (jI6aZ5'l'0Z5'l'
GO)::fc5J07 ,00 ~ "wJO) 12,00 ~VlOW, 6Z5'l"" C<;w Cc5IGU cJ.
G® DL5~0 (0)(0 C5Iw0WZ5'lwLcJ 5 C'L~Gz;) ~ <; aO)G") 0Law0<%i ~3tll §\~:P)0Wt>-j C'I~G~ 0rolc5J
08:00 8D Gro)'01 11 ,00 ~cl[;1 0IcJ 3 tll a@<e.S tll1Cc.3tll~ w. G®@ ~iJ-§8-0C5J(l)-tJlaGwZ5'l tllJCcJ
Punchihewa; RWK; Koeniger, N & Howpage, D (1990) Absconding behaviour of Apis cerana in Sri Lanka, pp 106 - 107. In Veeresh,
GK; Mallik, B & Viraktamath, CA (Eds.) Social Insects and the Environment, xxxi + 765 pp. 11th IUSSI, Bangalore, India, ISBN
81-204-0532-3, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Ltd, New Delhi, India.
Punchihewa, RWK (1992) Absconding behaviour, pests and new management methods for Apis cerana in Sri Lanka, p 87. Internal.
Confer. Asian honey bees and bee mites. ISBN 974-579-820-7, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand & IBRA, Cardiff,
UK
145
::j?G~ ;j6t;:5lZll 050)01 C5l0~-':~Z>1 80% o®~ Cl0Q). 7.2 0t05Gd ~f}, 9d6)66~cl e.'voJ5) z::ncc.:;zs5
!5}b~ 'Y0le; dzS\®O 0011<'; ~3Z5):sfGc.:;zs5 t;zsJw25) CS)~')w1C5c.:;zs5 GUZ5\ ClG6)25) 001<0 C5lCJ~® ~6 ~25)c.:; !5}G~~
e.':5lw6D'w 5)Bzs5@~c.:; Z5)bt;O t;lzs50w25) e.'JZ5)')Oc.:;0CJZ5:l~<3 Z5)08. 6<3 &\e.:O CJ01(s) C5lCJ~G<3 §S:5nwc.:; :5\t5~c.:;
ZllG c.:;:slG:sl OO)(S) aiCl2Z>1~25)6d Ul5<;30®
e.'Z>16Z>1COZ5) !5}G~ cs. tlUO
OOJ(S) d6CS)25) tl25) Z5)JC1Z>12510c.:; CJOJ(s)
~z;fv:5"l(025)c.:;O e.'0lC3..::zs5 c::;:.oiwz;)(s)~Jt.,)C5 c(jG0l86c.:;Z>1® 0lr:25») (s)D' O)lZll.
G""~lv1C5"::ZCl C51Sdcl3 206)"" C5lCJc.:;;jC)§,S:5llwc.:; 6011 ~)1;)Q'))C:?:il C5®Z5)6~c.:;Z:li ;0 &)Z>1 :5\t5~c.:; ZClO~1
m~JDJc.:l~d f5)tiD c;.:sCl:l~c:l(m.f5).C;.) Z5\cl6dOl Z5)G ;,J;:;I;:;z;f,§8® Z5)lG36Zll0 CJz;f ;:;25)lZllG (."~lw lC5c.:;Zll
e.':5"l6Z>1~Z5)aiCl2Z>1 e.'CJO)i;jD'1Cc.:;§Z>1 6D'lOw e.'10116 6e1c.:;J Oll8(025)CO (c<;1' U:5m olib 6UC1Ucl),
O5C))(S)C5l0c.:;6 §,SD' K:'c.:; C05B®C e.'lf}, Z5)1C e.'Z>1D'6c.:; !5}G~ c.3. 6®® D'zs56d6lC <f,l0lD' C5<;WZ>1 D'dOc.:;Z>1
c.:;~..o:sl 0l3w;j~ "'c::;10Cw :5)B::l·-b~c.:; §B6®Z>1 :5)t5~c.:; Z5)b WlZ5)·
x x 100
x 100
C5J.3l:5l;:);:)c.:;Z>1O5j)(S) 0l0c.:;;:;0 CGv e.'t,d.:h:;u~ (G0)10) 08,00 W) GOlio) 1100 e.'2510) e.'wv v;f,);,)c.:;Z>1
~5):sl!5}G2SJ' ::j?G~ ai'QZ>1 12 6<;(25)tj) :?:ill<;leCO e.'l!5}6 €b f,J!5} C;:25106®i3Z>1 C;:u® w3:lGc.:;Z>13 6t;(25)z:pwd
O501(S) d6(S)25) tlZ>125)Z>1oc.:; ~!5} c.:;. tlGd 25)<3, G®® Cj!Cd6J6U ~.
mf5).<; = 3 x 3 x 100 = 1.25

12 60
<f,lwm ee;Ol::si m~JDJc.:l f5)tiD c;.:sCl:l~c:l (m.f5).C;.) <f,l"'e; dz§lG<3 0loZ5)dCGd e.'t,® 8®)C Gd elc§c.:;
~1{:c.:;. ai02 O5JCZ5)i3Z>1 D'® (s)~JD)e ®O we.)) <f,l"'G (S).D'.t;. c.:;OG;:;I 25)t)Z5f1{:Z5)E: ;,J1{:G. G<3 e<,;w1 e.'f},6t5Z5)
~JW)j ['",;)G"::::si 8&\ s)w~c.:;cl 0le8v vl<;(S)z;f6U. 01.D'.<;. O5WG ®~O®O CJl@lG~25) ;:)D'zs5 (25»)80
30 0Bj~ C?~0!:5Z::l C!'1CD16 ~lc3\"'?' c.J~ -..J. (.0.5].<;. <fIe)~~ O)Iz5) ~G3 ®0838 c...G...iJ C5OJ:5' 0l3~~ a@(5)
0Ew25) C;:0:5lzs5 c;:isdc:, :;i)C2O to :5l<3 6®® e.'wd")w v25)CO aiq>Z>1 Z5\® Z5)l<;lCC e.'10zs53)c- 0<';0))
Z5)025) CJOlO~G<3 Oll8B@ @c.:;1wec.:;Z>1c::; (e.')ozs5@JZ5))B O)l8B®), Z5)l<;lec OU~ §BG@ ",<.8B<3 @c;nDGc.:;Z5:l
<; (0t;~D'1 "'i'.8B®), c;:;:;It00C-1 §I2>®8. 60 GoJ1{:C &\0) @q> Z5)l<;lCC Cj!l§l d6125)6d e.'DO O5Bo06d
(25) )5<;w ;:)wG025») <f,l.J OCi;i) 6)Oc.:;Z5:l <; ~0)!:Jt,Z5:l <; 0)) C;:(25)::;i c;:)g®~Z5))B O!5}Z>1WO 00)i;j6DZ5:l®
Z5)l<;lec :q)GC c:'l1{:6 Cc.:; "'lZ5)·
~:5l6d 00')(0 <f,lWG ®uO®Z5) O5Cd25)1

c;:Z5:l;:)Z5:l~25)c.:; Z5)JC)Z>1251oc.:;!5}G(7.2. Ot05c.:;) (s)~JUJoc.:;Z5)O Cl(6)25)
eXlGzs5co OO)(S) 0i'.0~® GW} m.f5).C;. &\t5~c.:; z51BG®Z5:l, aiCl2C3JCZ5)6c.3tj)O 251® (s)~JU10c.:;Z5:lO)l0c.:;J®O
~C::;J:5l®z51::si833)G)<;i:8 Zllc:!::;;:'?J) <;(5)(s)D' wlz:;). 7.2 Ot050d ~ e.'i:§1 c<;)",o~Gd O50)CS) e.'Z5:lGZ5:l<325)c.3
146
ro3,:",v..:f ;s<;J6?:i)~ ~3~3J£)33 OJ3v~ ~G (~£1 uJ.05J':"')~:'::;~
5)::5)(../":; :::;eDCJ0:..."m' CD? Z3)')C5..,.')~J....,;t.;J0 C;lmCD5' roz4.JJ
9.3....3.8· C').:5~ :5ZCjl&Zf1 O:),)CD ~ZS)0;5'f::3eJ)3m't;lZJ) G0zi)§

;.;.5ro~':"'z<:;()J!5' v.:;;) (~Z5':5, 36 QJ<g:::;t:...,z:;! ~J:5~ ~zS~ (56J(5)
(~3"l'G<:"l'~"',)0c.JZl? oB?:;;ii2JZ3JO ci!cm (,JZ3JJoc.J 0:j)f3 C;ZzsJ0tJ
147
a6,cn lflSi0lSillS25l/8lSi
at@~0@ GelD
4% 25l,c:aBel0cl~c;.5
C::-1
100"1.
o o
06:00 12:00 18:00
7.2 0l0c.:l, tj0gt56i E(Zil":'zs! Z/!tS ro3e.,..:, Z/!o;c DZ§o;6iZil exfxiJ C"Z)'r:xz;)::2?Sl3m' 6(5)' ::;J6D'= i5iY5JJe.,..:,
G$$
ilJJ <'/'<1lDJZ5lC:>. :£f3~6i (jZilC:> Z/!tS GZilJ?Slwe.;J$ e5Z&ZZ5l'{](tZ5l0 tj($ @:£I5l'Z/! DilJ?SlO Doz:sj@
tjOroID Z5lQJZilcE(o (1992 (tG(f)1dZ/! 19 cp Gi5JJo6i. $e (jZilc:J Z/!o;$ ro8Dc:J Z/!o;O DZ§~ &<QID
eJJO 12,325 ?Sl?<;, e50JG) <'I'mGIDC3?Sl 8J<Qm [,JO 5,346 ?Sl?<; e5z@~c:Jro. £f3ZOJ6i..:, ?SltS
(f)6iJ[;Je5Gci ?SlZ<;C g@J6ic:J (§Ct5 20 zs! D$6i B (tZ5l0 d<Qzs) 30,000 e5@6i 603 80..:,ro)
148
a6J<Sl cf25561551lll2Sl8155
a,@~6@ eVe)
2SlJcaBv6cl~c.:l
4%
~
C
'3
Q
f5
!OJ)
2
~
I®
~
!ii
5
<!)
'd
5
-0
ii)
06:00 08:00 11:00 18:00
7.3 0t0-.:l: c:J'§) 0Z5J), Ji]c:J 8 zsJ Zi!G~ £13~&..j Z5Jom c<; OO]W c25J025Ji3?::iJ8m m&]e..,Jc:J..j 0e.,Z5JD
::JZ3&0cY zi39.5)]e.,~· OOJW cm025Ji3?::iJ3m' 0W:5J 91 % 6o:d:5J 07:00 .5)' (3)10J 12,00 d (fZ5J0<;,
80% (3)10) 08,00 .5)' "'3)10] 11,00 d C.5)o<; W&J0Jc:J~() ~Zi!e3 c..j. (0®® gdC:;JO~ 1992
$z3 3)] 6<;c:JzGJ5)(5C.5):5 ?::iJOmc<; £8~& 100, 000 c]c:Jzsim g®J&...:JzsJ ®.5) oc;m@ 8 CzZ5J')
149
GCD:f 001CSl 0lOP@ <glCDb@()C)@r5louz;fzm 0~~t:S6J r5l1C):S)VlOcJ (GCD10108,00 8C) GCD:fO)11,00
<,;tsfUJ) Zjlb 0t@ @£)WZjl 5 r5l r5l)c):s)mOcJZsl ZjlG@ ~mC6Vlu VlzslGd6l r5lG e;.l1@1m15m.I'.5).<;:.29.60
± 13.75 Cm ~VlO G@I3:s) OllG3 cJ:s)G:s) @02:s) <gl0le;d6'\® Oe;OlJ ~iJr5l 0lBr5lwCcJZsl <';zslCm Q)[;I3.
'f,lCDG@uC)@ ~@zsl Quw 3cJ 6VlO~ Ul(~CSlz;fGmJGeJ. c<';JOlO6JcJzsl eJ3;l(!;cJ:S)@~u)OcJzsl ZjlG~
CS).I'.5).<;:.
I.5J6JJeJJOcJr5l CS).1'.5)
.e. 100 C)z;f ue..o uleJ t3cJ CDlB ~3'0 63:s) GO;§) ",:s)G:s) @02:s) 'f,lZ>'1@z;f
@cJJr5lJB (!;eO 'f,l0l<~Ot5)31J Q)u3. moz;f 0lt.0cJ1® 8i;Q)e; e'31J[;ZB eGBB-::vC) 310 CD1z;f e.,l<';(S)z;f
umGm
d::5)5c) e'lfi.. ~6zE3cJ 8@Q)e; <';l:5)(S)l:Sl5i3.
<glCD<';
7.3 6(::5Gd ezfi.. gdc:nOGcJm GOlio) 08,00 z;f GCDjj1 11,00 z;f ~Z>'o OC5JC0 e.:lZO;3 01Gdzsl~
§\S5')e.,cJ :5)t:S~cJ E.5G~ muZo~Z>'1ucJ 3'OluOZ r5l03. G5fi3~ ~1C.~ 8 zsl ~lZjlG3'~ 0:§\0Z>'1 od
~mr5l~ ,vc ~u ') r5l1ecJ ZjlG~® @02:S)GCil' em,,::;J3r5l Oll8B5, oc:h(S) 0l0cJ" C) o)<3dd~u gdd10(s)5'
Gr5l)C)~lZ>" 06,s ~t:Se3z::;)cmu r5lG t;)5Zll3~cJzsl C; 7.2 0toGd ~l:§\ 6zsl ~31ZJl 05zsl~~Gd ;B>CiC
<'; 05(5) i3)JC) oaQ)zsl~3'JucJd 00:s):5)"" ZJl03.
O::3e®w 0l0;.3G~ wrocJ GCD:f<glCD<'; r5lZ<';ZGCC)

8ftlm ~mC3;1l5 8D1Z5y)B mwCcJ CDl0cJ1G~ ~JGt?(l) @02mOlC)
~l§ Zlloum ~Sr5l GoJ'5,!:s)cJ. cJ~ C)'ud01tlr5l ~ (l)6J)C)e.:lcJr5lC) Oll0cJ1G~ ~1GeJ(l)cJ Cfl§~C GOl)z;f
8J02:s)GC.-,'Oll85~ BeJ3;lcJ ~0?@1m15 ~1r5l')OcJr5lC)GCmd GeJ. 6E3C) (l)~)C10Gd Q Q)<Q:s) OGcr,!CZGcJ:s)
@ ®:::5@02:s)~)g@~25))5 oZjl:s)um <gl230CQl6'\C)cJ:s), ~fD®Qm, G<,;QlOl:s) ~')~ OZjlzsl GCm OCDO~@C)
@cJ1ZJl15 Gm)e.,m C)'mo 000r5lJOr5l @02:s) ~")g@&,25)l3zsl r5ll<';lGGC:s) 'f,lCW GmJr5l0§. 6G@:s)@
dB;§b @oetCi ~(S)C)@r5l0G(l)m cJm m®w 01WZjl 8J02zsl <g)CDe;:s)~l§3BB@ CD) d6'\@ mum) <;@u,.
CDl0cJ1®C)~<";)m~ um (l)6J)e.,JOcJr5l ~1))15:s)mo U3:lGcJ:s) ~S:s)@ C;lr5l(l)Z5)
CDlB Cz:;,-J@6JcJzslm~ 'ij)0l<te.,(~
ZjlG 6'\C)",m GmJ®Z§ Q)[;w m~w 8Jp 1))1 BC1 ~Ci3Z5"l'CJ'l§ Q)uw cJ. G~ £)01 OlZ0cJJ@C) 0lOGom
~~B cJ1@, uC;ZjlG 'ij)50cQ) 6'\C)cJ:s) 8u@ 1))1 Cc; @Vl Zi?91C'JUzsl
(S)~')e.,le.:lcJ:s)()m C;zslmC) ClGQlm <gl1))<';
1Dz856 cJZi)~ r5l6z~ CDZ0cJJG~ ~1(;;eJ(s)cJ~z§3BG@:S) 02 ~&'Cm C:E3§I3r5l008C:i3zsl GeJ. G~ 25)J6~1
~~u ~e 0<3');.:; 3> @02 cYSd (!;C02SJJ 01emcJ t5)5G~~ ~Z5)15~(l;ll5GcJZ5"l'
@ <;,~(S)~mcJ r5lbt>Zjl ;@cJ1®Jt:S(S)
GC;r5lm3 ::50;5C i!lyZ5"l'1))C) Gm1r5l[,eJJ <glCDe;:s)~§B5@ cJl3 5uC)@r5l mDz;fZjl r5l6 (l)Zm C) ~[;(S).)
0::3e5~ 0lecJi~) ""OlJ' <;,§3Gt:Sr5l~11))10 e.,(S;l""cJZ5"l'
8t;) ~JCmcJzsl 0Zoa~w, GC;C~C <gl1))<';.
r5lZ<";ZeeC)
(31)5m1 ~cJ6z Sleet B5G®::;f OcJC) §e..,1::7l15 <;,Cd0)C:s) ezfi.. 3:5)1B55c) Cm@e) (l)Z:3)5~ "'.
1))ZOcJJ00 ~udd1uC) g®3cJ:5i e~um m~)eJ1e.:lcJzsl e e.:le;0l) Gm ~<";1m(;;0 ~C001 C3;l3cJZ5"l'0015'

0<';1)):s) 0lt.85a GeX:SdcJ:s) ~~CSl5mcJ r5l03.
<D ez§3BB@ ~~£i5@

'ij)1)){~zsl ""Olj 'f,l1))<';d§GI3 eozch
® 00025)')Or5l 1))z8B@ mz§3B cJt@ ""1)):fmCZ5») C;z3>®·
@ ~10zslCZr5l1))1 O0l6~G~ @cJ1GScJm""m CC;J8m1)))GcJzsl.
@ OGO)§3esJzsl@25)~1""eJ(s)cJd ez§)E) ®SZ5"l'®§C)cJ:s) C; un G(~e.,~C Bep:s) C; 25)JC;l'~@'
..;3 eZ5)O~m BWOcJzsl (1))j e.:l§ BWOcJzsl ZjlG~ 1))Z0cJ1G~ eGd01UC) 6GGOO@:s) 823m) (S)6J)C)OcJr5l
OOJ(s) r5lzu&' OWZ5)00)(l) e:s)G:s)@r5l 8J02:s) Z5"lzc;zGeC)0z@&G~ 0ZCDl~S ePB@zsl 01) o)@)m15GcJ:S)
e:s)G:s)(,3r5l@02:S)GcDCC;J8mz;fucJzsl Q))w6 u(S;lGcJ:S)1))I3CGC;JOpc mBzslcz6JcJ BBG@Z5"l'0z1))z~SG C;Zr5lCSlZ5)
CDZr5l.G@@ de.;)1))10r5l e.:lo8C:C3cJ@eO o8Z5"l' C;t:S(l;lr5lcJzsl
GO 1))105') 25)0 Z5"l'CS)~)C))O 1'.5)f5JC) <;:~Cl:l~
(CS).I'.5).<;:.)
ml3 g@J6J1W(25) ~~@zsl, 1Dz0cJ)G~ e)GeJ(s)cJ C'z§3B@ c;lmCSlzm 8&0 1)))OZ5)J r5l0~ ClG::ll.
150
I
q;wC; ~It;Ide 025'l)d25'l1Gd' Z5)IG~sJt.-GW1:sf Qi02mOJC) ~6GUe1t.-tsi ZllG~ d't.-dJ§\wtsi:3 <;'lvUCDC.:l cmZ)lc
3;:':;I;.3 -ywr; (jOJ0:sl 8e1 GZ5)1'o 8f~ §BBc):si z55C)i3m Z5)l<;I@®C)i!!.J~m GaGGG"U. 3®0I:§j
q): oe:;iJ z55C)c.3m<;'IZll6Z5);:)'ll CI;Ut.- GW):sl Qiq)m ·t.-m GGZ)I c<;1825'lZ)l)t.-;:.:;tsiGam~®
C,)<;%10JOC.:l!5lC)
Z5)0<;%1<;'Z)l0 q;.Joe:;iJ l§C)Gm q)t.-l5lC) <;'I<;<;I:8®c) 325'llGaGGto). 6m01 q;3 oea z.'3\C)G3mq;0W
z3BB 0C;W1:sf, wGtlG3 Sfl'8f §B® 0r,WJW CDm25'll8C.:l00 DG:lG;:.:;m moml5loGG3m (l")<;%JU)OG3
oBtsim§BG®m GaJGw:1 £)C) <;,m~c.Sg§\dC GCD25'l ~G3 wI£) Cfl5l0, f'J GWZllt) mOl® wI0c.:nG® <;')GU(l")G3
0[,):;i' g~CG <;,(!r,£);:.:; WIZ5). G® mOJ (l")fuJ010C.:lm <;'GWm Z5)JCC.:lZllG~ q;Z)ll®:;i' <;'~G0m Z5)IGctb
;:l~ c;':5'j e.c..o:;i' CC:5' 0mGm i1.JG:5lC c;'§\Gt5~ c;'lOJ10 0Ioi2® GU. 6cC) z.,'B Z5)I<,IdGc! e~:e:l:5'JGC.:l
aiq)m c8::7i® m8 c;'~Bm :Ju5f't.,lG(l")25'lc.325'l01c;'IZ)I.
OJ®125'l,;)B§m51 G-slGc.3m ~25'lGeJeOlCD 0I0C.:lG® C~D c;'t)BGc..,~ §8:; Z5)ZG~®Z5)C)wld25'lC.:lG25'l1~

CD<;%)0)0;:':;tsi m.t:».t';. c;'CD;:':;2 C) G:"') ew:5' GZ3®c) <&:.., G25'l1~C.:l
~:::r;:.:;. (l")~1G)0;:':;Z5) (l").:5'.<;. c;'(l");:':;
:JOJ:5)GZ3 c;'Z:5' :;iJG WZ<l3;:':;z))G1:5l06;:.:; 25'lIG:5) GOtsi :§jt5~G3 §BG@)m 6® eOJ:5) GZ05 m;:':;:5'G;:.:;m@)
8fC5 c;'I:5':;iJG :Jzwz~2!5l0 (l"):!5';:.:;:::r;:.:;.eOJ(l") oZe;:o6 c;'~E qz§\ Q)G d'30 G~G;:.:;mtJ m(S),:i25'l;:':;
Z5)G)25'lOGw)B c;'§\0t5Z5)<;')OJ)OD3:l0;:.:;m8m sJG25'lc.3tsi 0IeGC.:l ;:lZll;:':;.CiC)ap ~25'l§roa:.3 ZllG~ (l").l5l.<;.
q)WG :.3t@)8GQ)<; Qiq)a1eZ5)C.:l1 E)@)8dGcm 8.JC.:l ~Zll C.:l. c;@)DIm @C.:lJoomOC.:ltsi <;'4)(l")®25'lC.:l
§Bc;@)m
CDI0:.31C;0g~25'l:.3 <;,D® ®uC)@)Z5)00wt)) G:lZ)lWIZ5)· G® cr'lltl C<;C.:l00IG8 ed Z5))c:.3tsi ZllG~ CDGOC;eJ
Gt;)O~t, ~Btsio~:.3 §BGom Z)I@)mGcsJG:lfu1t)10G3m 8Gar, De)lW mDIo~ mG:l®25'lC.:lmC) 0I6{8b
OJI§ c;'Z)l6 G6GI;5) 06e mBtsi:3~:.3tsi ®ti3m Qiq) G:lfulDl0G3m ccmc OoQl~:»t.-tsi Z5)1t):.3C-:l1GZ5)
Gd'
25'l~:5l'Zl:B56C Qiq) cnez.JlGm WC) c;'Gd'd1t.- Ca)GC;.
G!5lGd' bGZ)I:sf O-::lOJO <;'Gd'd)Gc~ (l")fuJD10;:':;Z5)q;:5)J <;'~ « I C) ~~1

CD.l5l.t;. c;'CDC.:ltsi <;,P) mQ'lG3
wI§ <;'Z)l0 6Gm f'J:sfZllC.:lZ51(jZ51 WI0G31G® <;'1GU(l");:':;
gace) aiq)m ZllG ~d aIOG(l")25'l c;'ImQlG:.3.
G@)t)Im <;,Dd'dlUZ5)~ crS\Gt5Z5)CfJCD)ODG:lGG3m8m sJU25'lG3tsi a@)futsi Oz.aBc;@)Z51wz.o;:':;)G® <;,)c;u(s)G3
25'lz.§\Z5)G 325'llOJIZ5)· 6E3C) GWJ(~ g§\UJOC.:ltsi CQlJ(l")Z)IOJz.z:;iGtsiq)OJG dl§@)c) <;,z.§ Oz.OC.:l 25'lIUZ)I
<;'I§\Z5)OE0B;5). 00 Or,OJl !5lG ~Zl: GmGm, <;'1W10 or,OJ) 8m slD25'lG3t;,-j oa:.325'l <;'Z)l0@),8c.3z.~
q;wr; Gz.t) g®)~d oBffiz:;1 <;'325'ltsi q;wr; c;'Gd'dx; oCb(l") W) 0z.&' (S)Qle)Jt; GW1~m §\c;Ql25'lq;we;
G<,;:.:;d GDZ)):sf (S)<;%JD10c.3z5)m oz.aB®G. G Gd' 00;:':;25'l q;we; G<;3eJ t;1:.3Z5)(s)~)G 10Gd Qi02m
80:.3 ;:lZll G25'llbU.
CDI0C.:llG® <;'lC;U(l")C.:l
aiq)mc;CZ)I gaCG §Vc! aI0C;(l")25'l<;'I§EJC~ GCD1(l").Z)I.<;. cse25'l:b(0) C c;'I§\ E)C) @C>2
a)CZ5)C.:l1WC) SC)§\m q;CDr;G<,C.:ltsi
00;:':;1 (l")Im®C)<; C;25'l1CDI§<;,Cd'd10Z5) ~ WI0G31G® c;')GU(l")G3 mGdw25'lG3
0r;Wl (25'lI:5'!5l6 t;I®6c)) c;'I§\ 0wJr,3 l2)®;:':; :5l0' C)'lSJO eoi6~Je> '(pseudo abscondinqj eso Qi02m
W1C:5l;:':;§B®G. 625'l0 C;,:iro~ g;:':;)Z5)1B ~cGt5@);:.:; 25'l® (l")~1Dl0Gd 8;:.:;~ Q'lq)25'lC)wIoG3m25'l)z:;i
G®m <&ti3Gq;G:5' c.3t@)C q;e..,wB25'l <;':5'0 d§25'lC) ®~m OJl 6tsiE®c) q;e) G25'll~@)G.G G3G<; <;')Z5))oC.:l§m
8:;Z5)0 (S):!5'WZZ5).
7.4.1.
C0fulG10:.3 8m S1G25'l:.30z.a(3 C)w CD) q)CDt:;G<;G3tsi 0z0(3 C)w gmDl0G3tsi G25'l1<;Itsi~Gd25'l®!5lI<;Ic!GG

8:.3~ 0<; aBtsim Z5)om25'l.q)30CQl !5'lC)G3m <;'Jl2)®fuG3Z5)0 <;,z.m 8G3~® D<; q)Dw Z5)G ~Zll G3.q;we;
G25'l).:VI§\ 25'l® <;'G25'ltsirod' G<; 8G3c!c® q)GW Z5)GWZZ5)· <;Im d§fu Z5)GaJGC GG3J<;:JG<;JOpO <;,~c5J
<;®m25'l.CD~JUJO @mwZll z550G3z5)m cz,wJ 0IC.:l zSlaG3§m Gw1' aGOJ ~25'lGd ~ wlo G3'll c;'Il5l. 8G3~®
aiC>2mOJ(3t)C.:l1S)z.oC.:l@m SU15lU q)ti3~ G325'lCf15l0d§25'l 6;:.:; ZllG 805 8(34) <;'Il5l. CDz.OC.:lJ®U8C15lU tSlG3
151
dam UiilZil dam Zl)cJ0. 05®iil 05<';J000 §§l ZilCi5..Jd ;50':)) <:';507 (~ZZil.
dBm ZJ?;JG (33m" s: Z:5)oQJc..J 2..J?c....0U c.J~60?SJ1~~ 8.J~ 0d (f)z6~00m
6c.J c{JCJ5 0c;ZJJ {!?25)00 d(~Bc..J eD?Z5).
152
173Cl2zri®~ 0UCJD§zri d8§,c.: 0C5' ~JCJ~ CJl®0-0U'2' ~l2.5). Oll0c.:J®O CWG5JOJZ5lG QiCS2m OJ8Dc.:
GDl5l mlDl5l al®-0U CJlc.:d CJ®-0U~d®G3c.: c::~ 8§, SJD3"lc.:§m ®S~Ot) 500 (500ml) a®-0U CJ'JOJJO
g®J-0Uc.:cl G5ac.:m3"l. @CS2m OJ8D0d ~6w .:ilCS20oQDd 0®m 3"llD2.5) CJ~oE3Di,:iJ CJ'l2.5).~Dw Z5lG
D~ l5l~RJC OJJ§,c.:Z5l00C0J50lU 03"lJ®(51 3"l@ 3"llD2.5)CJ~oE3~ QiCS2Z5)C:::
CiDJ 2.5)®Z5ll~lCC 0C0Je:J3"llm®0
Gc.:lJ~JC0l~®O 3"llD2.5)G5la8w OllZ5l· 0®® 2:?)®c.: G5Jt50Z5l0CG5 0W,)c;')C02.5)OJld0cl dS3"lO @CS2m
o®&3zri 80u®O 03"lJOJl§ D3"l0d OJ8D0d RJ0e; 850l OJ) CSl~@ 03"l:1®li53 tlc:::~ CJ®&.
~iC;CD!';5) d83"l Z5l0CSJCC dC5oD® OJ8D 0~J08D CJ'D10o Z5lo@m §Qic.: 0~ 3"lf51. dB3"l Z5l0CJJCC
c:zri0zri@Z5l
0lCS23"lOC0lOJlOd C3"l ~2.5)O CStl~Z5lJOZ5l .:ilCS23"lO,
@)O QiCS23"lO OJ) £JRJOl3"lC:::Z5l0~Oc.:§.
d.8Zi) Z5l0CSJCC@CS20oP~lC~® Dl§, Z5l')t5Wc.:Z5l~ccsZ5l')BD3"l~6 cCJJoC0c.:d D3"l ~2.5)OOJl0c.:J® G5~OJ')
c:l§l gi53Z5lt5®c.:cl03"lJ0U. d83"l Z5l0CSJc:!CS'li535C:::OllOW,)0@~10U(J'lW ~li53 @CS2m8C:::2.5)C::: ~G3S G3dJC:::
®~zri OJJ6cl5®O d83"lO ~DdO)Dd 03"l')Ct3?J. 0@ §,G5J Dod 00lr 0c;Dod Cl®-0UOJl0c.:J0@ ~J0UC0c.:
Cl@ 173<l2zri 3"llD2.5)0(J'lmD') (J'll15'>®OOJl§0U. 3"l@)w@<l2m0cDCJ'JOJ'lOG5lCSp®c.:OlCJW ~2.5)C::: 03"lJOJlOl-0U
G1S.JJ15i
®~zri 3"llDl5l3"ll02.5)Z5l
~o w')®c:::2.5)lZ5l Z5l03"lS'2.5)0~DG5,)3"l0Cv~Z5l®~3"l')(J'lZ5l
gCt52.5)3"lwO Clt;C5lW
DZi)d.8m ~ l5l§,Z5l0 ~®J 8C:::u w8.
CD.C).C;. ~mJS g '1'DdO)0U D~ 85dG5J ~DZ5l §B0@~ dS§,w 0G5JW1(J'l2.5) 0~ ~Z5l0 ctlc.: dB3"l 2:5?PDZ5l0
G(l)Zi)80Z5l~ ~~ w. 0®W Dle;C0Z5lCm0m OJ800d RJ0e; 850l 1m CJl~@ CJ'l§CO ~ OJl0c.:J® G5~OJ')
yjDl5l0 <y@~ c.:3"l @CS2m G5®C06d u®O dB3"lO CJ'0dOJD Cfli53tlc:::~cs. 0CSO G5e;OJmZ5lGJd 0®m
Zl'lL~lG0G<yCJaCRJz5'\C:::c.:m
58m 53"l)(3;) Z5l0~ ClBJ Ce; csBd@J Z5l0 ~OZ5l Z5l0 ®e; 0uCJD§m 0lCS2m
1S.JGDc.:l
'1'l5l~0 802.5) ~@~ Wl7l ~l2.5)·3"l;2l5f 0CSO 0d® dB3"l ®~3"lC::: 6Z5l~ 03"lJQ §,G5J 0lCS2z5-J 3"llD2.5)
80Z5l0 '1'l§l <183"l 0D2.5) CSl@0-0Ui,:iJ'1'l5'· 0®® S't:dOJ0U~ ®p3"lO 0OJJ~m cti530t)Z5lCfJOJ)O G5lCJ8c.:
~Zil c. ®~zri '1'6Z5l @CS20o~Cd 0®m 610 CJ~oE30U. dB3"lC:::2:5?p0Dm 8c:::2.5)0C1®C::: ~e:J ~c.: pZ5l0Z5l
alc.:l §t!3acJZ5l0 cs~D cs. d83"l 2:5?[)0U 0<:')0 88 8§, 2.5)CClc.:§m (85 8§', @csl& dOccswd G5®C0
@',3 §B0®3"l' 2.5)3"lJC0m3"lJ eez» 2.5)cCJwd) ~~OJ dB3"lC:::g®Je;5 802.5)0 csl@&®c::: ~[) alc8® De:JJW
d3Z5lc.:l.650 @CS2m8§, 5'CClc.: Z5l')C;l@0®m dB3"l 2:5?~0tJm 8C:::2.5)C::: C015'>
(7.4 0tcsc.:). dS3"l ~~OJ®
!:l)~GDzri 80l5l0 ~3"l0OJ)5f Gi;?),)00lr E30Z5l~ @<l2m d83"l 0ClO~®OW, 0Z5l,)3"lm®C:::w0CJGi%0®:6'i~l0cD
O~c.:l 8E Z5l08.
<y1S.JZ5l
ae;OJzri 2:?)®0e;0d® C0l?JU S'l§ ~c;OJG53"l@, OJlOW,)0@ ~,)0UC0W gi;i)C 0CG5 ~li53Q C0-0UJO,)G5c.:Z5l
2ltliZ5l1S.JO
1S.Jl0c.:J®C:::~[) ~®8 (OJl0c.:J0@ c;'J0UC0W §'0@W3"lW). 0®W Z5lle;S do)3"lw CJ'Z5lOJl0c.:')®O
Cl@~ c15iG15ioc.:§,(5) ~li53f2OJlOWJ0@ ctJ0UC0W00lr OJl0W'l0@ ~DGrlJSZ5lJDc.: 3"lei53Z5l0~®O CJ'l§ 0OJJ~®
12J®c.:lG.
Dc5cl 0l<l2zri 0D2.5) OJl0c.:J0@ ~J0UC0c.: gRJCD ctl§~D 00l')15i ,®~mOJO Ollom0@ G5OJo,)G5®W
(GGZi)at5&3Z5l)
" DJB~c.:" CJlDlZ5l50®m Cl®-0Ud 68m ~15i®~w OJlZ5l 6§'(5) @CS23"lC:::
®Qm0m gRJC
'1'~D OJl0c.:J®O ~e:J G5lC~Dw, 6c.: ctCS0m mc3"lW
C:c.JC3.lJSl5lJDcJ W0015i 8~tl®c::: ~[)OJB. OJe0c.:J®
illCl2aJCZi)Gd Dle;C015igCld'3"lc.:dPD15i, OJl0c.:J® 0l<l2m0m gDt55'3"l0Cv~ 0RJJ0OJJ' gGwro3"lDwD3"l Ole8B@
@c.:lJc)~c.:l§.0®cJ <fcsO 0WOl@ (J'l2.5)
OJld0d 803"l) Z5lle;l~ dOJ3"l0d® OJJ®§m @w tl3"l,)GrlU c.:3"lD')e;,
Zi)lZ5lG1S.JJ15i
~J1S.JJO8COJ 0D3"lZ5l g0<(3;)c.:Z5l0 G502:?)®-0UW
03"lD')e;, W3"l CZ5lccswm (J'll3"l 8tll0®§,.
<yuac6J 6'iOc.:zri 58m ~)2:?)®-0UWZ5l0i,:iJ Cl@ D~wd, ~OJe; dz5'\®C::: ~e§ ~OJG 0LUZ5l15iOW~i"'(5J®
a~1S.JJ~clDZi) aJ0ad@ CSOJC0 G5lCS8®~OJ~ ®()C:::®Z5lcsCW3"l,) (J'l-0UJD,)G5c.:d 0D2.5) £,3"l0OJJZ5l, @CS2m
c815i ~&Z5lD 6t!3g <yOG5CQ)z5'\Owm0m 0d~~lc:! 0~:f3"l,) ~O') ~Dcl Z5l03"l~2.5)0 ~OG5CQ) z5'\C:::wm~
Bi)Z5li) <tl~ ~®§l. 60®m® uGcr8c.: 2:j?~§VDm0l<l2 Z5ll~lCC ~GO csl®&c.: 0OJ)Z5l Z5ll~lCC Zj)~C:::
BC00Zi) 1:j)E9~Dzri ~cl®&m® ®OJ CJOJ2.5)C:::
0OJG§. 7.5 0lCl0c.:m ~5G5cRJ z5'\Owm [j8m c;'J2:?)®-0UW
153
Z5l0~ eISl G<;~cl @02 2ClI<;Ic:!ecl ~GO <;.315lC'1zsnO~ ve.::;f:5)® 2Cl03. <::,10))0 0IO~® G2m®<;c..,c;'I§\
0J~1G10~:51 is) O3G2m ~Gc;:51 6~ 6G!J' £:51 G<;~m6 8J:5») tyJoe~) l§O~m 'f;ld®&:51 'f;lGZ5fZ5l0Z5)
<;'510 (7.6 o(o(j) ,S))®Z5f~ cl'lilU1eJ10C.32')@8J:5)1 0302251Z3l®c;'Jg®&Z5lGm wO B8Gd' Z3l®Z5lI<;Ic:!GG
OJ"[8B@0 9{e...,mB§. 7.7 0(00c..Jm, 7.5 o(o0d <;'I§\ O<;w® Ge.:51G:5) <;'Z3l0 G®® <;,0d'01G G:5)[jO ~6
0<;c..J32lC~z:J))OZ5l@02m ~016C"':5) c;'Iz:;,.7.8 0(06~:51 6@ G<;~ ®:I5)m@02m <yGZ5fZ5lG co
~d'G:5) c;'151JOW
Ge:51G,) <;'(3' C'::3'I0,6c..J 00~t5~6~:51@ <g)J oe~ l§OW:513(SlW 0')') i't)GWGcsf Gd'<; <; G G<;1:5» ~G::sf Z5l0
<;'I25I~G6e:S! ~3.
6G®m'® m1®13l''',)JOc..J0csZ5f 6:5»)G<lU 6WJ~m CSGZ5fZll1 (Sl~10)0 0<;i'»OlmO O'n ~91~OmO 6GoiS30
Z5l)t5~~0)l...,Z5l 0eO <;'10dmZ5l1BO z:j)0;.:l~ Z5loR g5lc; (Sl~1010c..Jm' 6<;Q)0ImO mJ <g)Joe5) §Oc..JmCl
6006G c;'JOcl31Z5)JBG 2Cl0c..J:j?Z5)G OJ"[z5l ~zG~:5) guez:;, ,v!J'6Wm', g5)e (SlilU1G10 v(J:lcc..Jm z:;,wPOz
C'I§, (Sl~)G)O 6:5)1G, 15l5:;f mm:5)Gd 9b1~c..J ~®dGGZ5f m1@6!J'w 6Z3lJO
G:::;),j::;f t;;Sl1e 0JW15lc..J::c-l
GW)(', 001i:ilb z:;,13l'Gc..JZ5l
c;'ltil (Sl~)G )O~m' c..J.
0<;5)0ImwO @02m <;[,c..J®Z5lomz:;,mZd6d @02m 6g®mm d'01:5)c..Jm'8\ £)tiOc;G 0wi 0W@m Oe:5)W
:3~Cz7) 8225)) cD (.3. time ode ®5' S?Jo.))Q ~'Z5)zr !S)6Z)) (jro]' !3'\® ro8L(&;d §()3"1 L.51Sl®6zrl
0c..Jv<;3:::;)52:5») @02:51 cs-5ilUcl 0Q)10WJ co G<;::i>0.:516csfGL'11fOO ecl6c:l. 3<;5)OzW 0 WO c;'0d'01GC~
w3G c;'oe C"'lGGO:5) c;':5'j ~ym m3GGd G<;)6P",c:l GO:51GW 6c..J ~G~ m~JGJO~ WJSZll £)0)
f~Ge [j <;'l§ CO~ c..J.m1~§m® ft5Ge €:I <;'lm m~)G)O CSm~COGm®6<;5)0ImGcD CO(SlJfOl5)OCl
cs13l'coc:l.
7.9 0te0c..Jm W) 7.10 0tCS6c..Jm "n®§m 651102 m~)O)oc..Jd 6<;5lGO~ 60z:;, (~d015l
9:15):2)W)G0ZwI~e Z5l62. 7.9 o (CS6c..J::;)86m Z5l~@WZ5Im Q)I~ Og1&ZSl 0<;5)God @02 ZSll<;Ie'ed 6G51
eo£)5~o ~ ~1~c....25) @02::r)u0f z;.,li~&Z5) g:5':§c.31v Gam~@ !Slo3. m00t3(.3z5):5'f c51~ ~Jg®~'-"'ZS)
0~G<;15l1 @02m G<;Q)01 GO') cl'l:6)~m e :5) (GW)~m Qllf:l:?), 5)<;~) @02 6C3J~0:::;:f 51:5)3. @02W wO
G®tJ1£) G(J)~od z:;,:5)1 66 c;'WbmZ3l0",d vle3 cti~13l'Oc..Jd dzSb z5lB6®m e'J ~G ~ o13l'OW)
@§'Z5f~ §oc..Jd ~G~ ®O) <;l@CO~ w1tilc..J1Gd c;'l51. 7.10 0lOGc..Jm co<;Q)OJOCl1 ZllIl:?) @02GCJ1~Gt5
C::tilUZ5fGc..J0302 Z5lI<';le'6c:! tyw<,; ddZSl€:l6~ c::tilUZ5fO~O Oe)J 60:51J0\de.; c;'0;Sl2ClloDe Z5l0
c;'C-'l.5:51Z3l0
Ge)1 Gla2Cl6 c;'l§, c;'Z3l0 6@Glw 3<;5)OJG SO~(j0 o:;f Z5l63. 6@ ~C<;t5Scl15lGW~ c::t~::;fvGd
0G:5)d't;,v v<;5)OJvd ;saBo CJ?tid~0:sf, ~me; Z5ll<;le'e ®Z<;0::;f (05):51;." 6ZSlOz:5)c:8~Z5fGc..JO o03c:l~
tyz:;,)Zilc.,) cC:y,:;f cswd'15l1Gm (electronic temperature feeler) GWJ z;)'@d'Ooc..Jm (thermistors) ®Glm :§)t5~w
Z5l0 <;'Zz:;,.<;'(~1e cci'ilUZ5fOc..Jm CS~@G~ <;'(§\ cC:y,Z5f <;t5CldZ5l
COZ5l0~ Ge oOmm' 0:5) <;'Z3l0 0@o8m
<':'I:I5)
COZSlo~vd c::t~Z5fG~ <; <;Zil~ 08251 c;'I25ICe.Z5l0~0d
<g)me;Z5lI<;Zc:!"'c:! G<;Q)01GcsfSclBo mci'dGd
C::t~:sfGc.:: <; oOwm 6c:l. G<;Q)01 qB6 O<';W,)cS)Jcz:;,x:':5) c;'iJ C~~ @02 c;e.)~6 o(~® OJ®)15l15GWm
c;'JoclmG 0e;W1 G15l c!J' c~"'~ @c..J)GO Ge)J 6G:5)d' ::i>G 7.11 0tOGwm' GCSml:?) Z5l03.
6<;@OzmWO c;'l60l<lU d'o,)15lc.::mm <;e)c.::®Z51BG~ d'OW')0Z5l G:5»WlZ51c.::1Gc;'~G'l®:5)W ZSlO@m wGo

G<;,)oP c.::~ g®c.::§m c;'l6B0@m G<;::i>0lmC6cs1csl@&,® [,lGl§c..J mlZ5l. G<;Q)0lmWO SclJZ5le:;Z5l')Gc;'~OGm
c;'I6BGlc.:: ~c.,Z5l§:)~Gm vm1~:::;) 9{cS1e~)60 G:5)10J"[B :5)3:sf @02WWO 6c.:: GWp c;<;c..Jz5). e:;o §,oJ
7.12 0(o0d ",OmG) c;'L§, c;'~6z m3Gc..J2Cl0<;')00G Scl1Z5lc;'~c:,e:51 Be;d c;'I@B <ys::6)~ 80z:;,0 ct)Z51
015l')t; c;'I§, 80~ v<;::i>OzmwO G<;100G c;'ocm @02m' <;r.)c.::~ Z5l0 G'lZz§'I@c;'e.w~ Z5l)t5wwd 015l
~z:;,o, <tl~Ol~ c;'~oZ3lBm <;,om~lOGm' mGGcod (:j<;')o\)G G[,510 e'J®0 z:;,I13l'ZSlO~J c;<;@GO~ o~w
c;')g®~c.::z5)m ®01<;l@®0 <; @02m'mC 0m')<,; c;'['d'0,)Gd 0Ie(:jd'.
OJ®115l15GWm~ffl~ CG~3c..Jm alO2Z5lI<';Iced c;'1g®~W Z5l0mGW 6w WJB13l'O ft50CO c;'lm c;'['d'O)Om

0~ c..J. 6G®m® 0W)r; z:;,13l'u0d 8u:5») (Sl~JO')Oc..JZ5l 0302251mO c;'Jg®~Z5l')B Zil~!ftlOm ®t5<;:5)WZ5lb
WlZ5l.:5)®Z5fCe:;eiac..J ~~® C0~Cjlc..Jzs)t):5) i;®c:J'li (Oecophylia smaragnida: Formicidae: Hymenoptera
C:V'3'0ZSlJr'3CJd~6l(f'/ije)J: 0("')1@80fj: m3e:;®015lJd0D6J) m) O302m c;'z:;,Gt5 Ge)JZ5f [jG3f351 ~
154
7.5 6to~ :3c2)5)) w(85® ). wJ~§m
"':5')::J~ c.,)~Jtno:..J?:iJ cywe;
ZSl(c,(C6C De; c;':5'c5D w(::J:..JJvD
eC;)Z5')~:5f 83 G,)~lt/)t:)~Z5)
§~ y;30C6>3m ~)~0~...J
ZSlG uC,':;zsl c:'[3.?~ 6'.5v. ~CJ0
092257. t>e;3-! Zil3c5 ':;mc
coQ)~J~d ~Cl Wt~ ':'l,3cc~
",de; c,(C <>c,:fmJ g,5:>::~<!lii.:;
z.J)::)z;)::::;).
7.6 6to~, oC?:!)?5lJ w,88:5 2, :;:::'::c:'?J

i?JD6~Z:iJ' \¥v31 <;,JJJ;D W30
:::;'<';'1000 C!':"3) ~,:juJ(!jro.:n 6Z51
~~~ZJ)J::5ZJ) Q5cg.::;)~~..3 ~CiiJ

z5)C~J £~)c)~Z5')...J :618J1C O!))C
6(::3""; ~GC :;zj»~~lC3€i5...J
?:iJ:5m'm.
OC?:!)?5lJ w,88@ 3: ,&,:'::OC.,)
i?JD3:5'! c.:JW (j)f)z;f6C9' <';lc'
sC;1z:n] r"f);";!5)J ZSJo 0C;~ ac~
til8@ c.:Jt;WJ c50 Do) 83z5lJ
,;gi:fJZTl. 60CJf) 10.14.24
7.8 6to~, DO'!)?5lJ wl88@ 4 oC,!)Z:;")J6ZSJ

f3i:fJz;f '§!ciocRJ CfJOJe;?5l
c8:5'!
e..,<';608f} cy8c.:J(5RJ8m' WJ {j)[)z;f6@
Gde:; e:;lc' 6<,;:J'mJ §~@£m'® c,;;t-?5f
ZSJG02 De:;GJ fjd 6f)m (J'JZ:;")J6~.
60(5J0 1020 17. f)<,;o DO?:!) til8{j)
CJt;WJ W?5l {2 Z5lJ(50 §£?5fzy 58 z:D
o®~.
155
tu G ) 'J s~ 'J) '"""
'J
',J
l)
[l \')... (.) :') f) (:j G' fJ (;;) ') .)
rj r)
~l :~
L) ~ ,) ,J)
'/i :J ~~ .) ~ 'J 1(> I.) ):B ('2. \;)
,)< (.)
f)
.)
;
O~.. ) ~~ \)
~) \ ~ .) v- Cl
!;) fj J ')
') \)~ n :) f} GGJ (::.J ? '2. fi' .)0 (.;)
(d
~ '5 ('1)~
\..1 fJ \) c"
~)~, I) ) \'"' "
C'I..,r \ r,
(:j \\2 \:' 1(' ;..-?" .1 'J )
u' ') 'v- \) 'i'~ <0 W ')'r;
'J U f) c r".) G ) 'Jl ~ 'v r) ~l ~G w
If'
)
~
.,,;: r-?
,)
~ --' r
) ~]'-' LV)
~ ([j r'
''5 ,.... ~ ~l tel b,,;"' ') ,) "f) /) t;'
'i r1- 'J '. S :) t(:j)? '.) .) Q. (r. ,,) .~
e, ('3d '<r
r,- G"<
0
'J r)
<) ~ 'v"
c~
') '-'
"
r,) (' 0
(~p'-'
~!.:)',)0
f j t'v ~
r)
::: ,.., ") d ~1\)
,) 7\ () f) \,r,
~l ). G' 0) \'J ~ (,) r) .' _
(f> S <I ."- \, .~ 'to ,) d l\,)
U,L I,
'J I (' .J
l'·- ~
8) J ) '3 l co 0 <oJ -e-
\'0 ,.~ (S ,3 ,
(,3 Co S 'v- ) ~ ',) 'j
co '! (.) .J r: "r) p" .J
[] f) (, ,,) (0 '. If) 13 .J .) '3 fi .) ~ ~j 'v (."" ~ 'J )
i,
~)) \1(' «' 2
G'~ ..< ~ ~ ~ n [1l I,) ) '. ) I') 'J J '-
~1 ,,-) ~) \ (."". ro,) 0) <) t-,
r.\i C) ,J " ~~ ,~ 'v 'u' I.) G ')
.) '. fJ c::::
l:~ y ~ () '1'3 'J .~_'(j 'cd u:' G 'G ~'
r
r- .G (f) '"' \il
s- I.f)r.~ l'i ::g
r, co 'I.", .).)
~f In
'» OJ· ~ ~ r) 8 n n 1 s f) 'xl .;
'" 'V"' () -. . PI"i I 1"
..... \) Pv (~ ) ) ) 0':) '0 [i
~ UI.) .) M I~ '", '0
IJ)
:1 G
\);;: \)fj ?~ (.;) d)
S ,.:)tS ;
~ \;), fi
)
'0 I.) tl
~ G \'1 r)
'el ~JU
e
'J
» fi
(\3 .)
'0 ~'1 (') ,) I) f)
n 0....... 1 (s (~3 ,t!
t....
S
!1 ,~~
r-
I"
.) fl' I"~
,j 'j
»
'0 ') r. S. h t))
co
CI) \~. 1(' '5 ) L{)
'<r: t,Q f) ,)
r-
.;; fj 1') f; ,) (,)
t ) ) 'j \') \) fj
~ "; ,- r) fi '3 ")) l'i
~) {fi ;
(j ,," 1 'o- '<r:
(' ~ D
,_ (;:)
.
[) 1",.,.. ) ) ) .)-)
( lit
.• .., "" . .,iit(
f
11.' (~l ~ v~ "G ,) ~l
c ilu V· )
:' • 'If" ".' " . ~ \) .) " 'J 'iJ
I.
...t_ ..••• ~ .. ~j., i'i'

~:7:~~ .) . f) () \) I) !1
) 'Co fi ~ '0
r.\i f) \) ,?~ \)
'J ~'):;:: (' N
) 2 () '<r: e-,
~J '-) ~j ('1 ) ~
Cl \j ,) r-.... t'v-- ~
c....n,:J ?V lS'
(,
.j () J 'l co ;
~ " ;-j ,) \"1 .) -.
:1 r
\) (,)
<:; If)
(' ,') I.)
fj r) .)
:2
c;
,~ (.) 'V""~) "-..<!"J C"..)
''''; .} ) 'v,) 'V")
'iJ
!1
'0
-
0
f'-
7.13 OtO~: ;;:;0":;::;; 0')) :; n;C]:.;,-:....~ c-:».../5 \:;"\ ...;J.
f/3..:;~),..:.;5':"''1 5....:: )::::'l3v":; ....,..:;0c;~ ..;icg:..,'J
f/3..:;~).:y-"J WJ(~lCC ....,,:.,.:;' j'...j vCWJJc:J.
7. i 4 6to~: z.,..,Z:;::;v0ci'c3~2;;)' ,~Oz.,,,,(f1'5i ,n3:-~z.,..,'.

evt 4jtf)<.i(;0:sJ) f5)) dcg.:::n" (ll!JJ0:r
(:;'1zCSz.;-/ tD3~....:: ('rJ)6::;'1~

(;;;:;)')3 z3).
0vn!))~ z:yff)~':; E!3:sfJ.:-z.:l 83;:::;
1;0:.:;;:)653 cz36,5 :-zGCo2;;)::;l :-V:-
iiBZJ-Jo$:.,.J ZDG (5)lWJ.
157
Cl~@Zll'W5lJ[)C.:lZ5j~15l. ~®c..n;) 01®JZ5)15GcJm Q)C2m (p~®~cJ GZ5)J!:5lo§). 6G®m® Q)C2Z5)U<;~®cJm OC[)J
roz5e~ BGCl<l@5lcO~®cJtsi GZ5)J®Z5l. 5l !:5l1<;IGC G[)5l 01®G~Z5) ~®cJm 0C[)J (S)IB® oe;(s)J Q)C2m (s)JB5lJ
z:5)0:z5)CP~ cJ Z5)0, 01®G~Z5) ~®cJJ [)UJ cyli3Gc®m !:5l10~ G (7.13 0t0cJ). Q)C2G[)~GGJ' 3dBoGcJ' §Z5)0
Gz:5)Juotsi G(s)'J' ~@GcJ~ eJI<s:lz(s)5l 0(s)JZ5l' 6Gm ~Z5l'®~ U Q)C2[)JU G@JG(S)i BU!:5l GZ5)J<s:lz§DZ5) ~5l0 6Bu
~ cJZll' 0~(S) ~:J~ ~~Z§b), alC2D:J ~GDJ (S)m§).
i3D B<';l5JZ5l'®!:5lDe(S)i 01300 C<';l5JZ5l'®!:5l[)G®® g@~cJu gWJZ5) GWZjl[) cy5lJ oOCD 0IC~5u, cJ0 cJ0
tnBCl5!:5l 5lZ5l'DcJm cJOc,;Z>\'~@cJm 5l® BliS>d~Q (niche) [)15Ja5l !:5l0®25'i @ Q)C2m (p~®~cJ §B®O GO@1%®
@D ClIG§cJ <s:lz!:5l.~§cJm, 5l® mGtsi5lcJ [)15:Ja5l !:5lo®m Q)C2m cp~®~cJ §B®u Zjl~G<;Z5) gWJZ5) GWZjl[)
@~Zll'eGJ'!:5lz<';Ga61Z5)c,;cJ' oDZ5l'Z5)J OJ13013!:5l 5lZ5l'[)cJ @[) G0 8~@e;[) @~m B®8 Bu Go&l cJG. Q)C2 !:5l1<';IGC
8iS3B cl6JZ5)cJ G(S)i (S)GDcJ DOJ 0ICtU (S)J 5l2~ DGm G5lJoQ 813805 [)IG GOJ@Dtsi Z5)0 ~®cJm o(s)~G[)m®
:ll<s2z:5)1<';IGCGDZ5\ crl~ 63. 6G®m® 5cJG !:5lJCcJm<§3 Q)C2 !:5l1<;IGCtsi [)UJQ 0ICru (S)J 5l2~ ®ZB Ii3cJ
5D ~Zil[)Z5) ~p clDJWJ[)cJ<; ~ cJm 5825'i Q)C2m ~J~®~cJ §B®u ~13 (S)lmGe). G@JG(S)i ~[)cl6JDc~ ~GZ5)tsi
Zj)ro:>:lBecs;f[jcJm (<:'lcs)CcJm, !:5l~ ~~alm, !:5leJ 5G@~ ~J~) (S)G[)cJ!:5l c,~CrGCZ5l' [)(S)cZ5l' ~5l0 <;!I§) cye::l
OOZSloGd CI620 c,;CSlZ5)!:5l1<';G Z5\Z5)~ GIG::?J (7.14 0r0cJ). G®Gd' G[)Z5)Z>\'~~~ 5G@~cJm ~ocl(S)Z5l' (S)G[)
eDZSlD ~@lcJm Gcs-f0I®~® cy15n®Z>\' cOG DZ5) ~5l0 6cJ® ~@cJm 8P<;I~®u GWZjlGe). G0 !:5lc5z~ ~~D
~®<.:lZ5l'eroZll'
Q)C2mG0:51 eZ5) (s)JmcJ e)GtsiDJro5l (S)I§ G(s)Je;® ~®cJ Z5)0 ~@cJmGGJ' cp~®~c.:l ®ro(S)o[)JCZ5)
<;!e:z5)tsi01300 OJW!:5l gCl<ld'5l ®uO®!:5l oDZ5l'DJ ml&l®G. 6G®m ® ~®cJm !:5l1<';G 5lZ5)1 <;!I§) rod' cp@5lD
8J~ roGD<.:lm 5l@J c,;Z5)lCSlI&l® c,;(S)i 6® md' e[)§)25'i 6Z5) ~@cJ25'iGGJ' crmem@!:5l crOc.:lU (e®JGDm) 8u5l
8J~ roGD<.:lm m~J rol:5i® m.JJZ5l' gJGc.:lili3!:5l g§)!:5lt5®cJ§. (S)GD <,;o~Ge) e5Z5) @meS G5lG d'[)GocJtsi
(eoUG8JGcJ0 @d' DI~) ~)c,;c!b §B®, ~® ~J~®~c.:l cymJ c,§ fl5u (s)J55lJ !:5l@<s:lz§ 5lJ[)!:5lJG!:5l 50~®§.
~ <:,JreJ ~<.:l c§ c,;Z5)15®O (S)i3D ~oG o13ooc.:l O!:5ld' §B® Q)C2 OJC!:5lcJJGGJ' [)(S)~®G. 5Gci8cJ ~~~[)25'i
82<';1~ U <,;PDIG alC225'i 3dJ@ Cl0 ®\:l9~cJ§25'i mZ5)JroZ5l' crIGCZ5) ~6 CJ~ sDl5c.:lcl m® ~eJJ !:5l1<';IGC
Cl~@Zll'w 5 ~§) <:'Zjl 13§GGG ~OZjlc5zD 5lDO~ c@G. G®® ~Jotsi@!:5l CJ~ ;S5c5z[) 1.3 0rOGcJ' (ap[) 4)
cyrob D OGoiS3 01<s:lz~C(; GomDJ ~Im.
<yroZSlClJ!:5le)c!iJ z:i:lG !:5l0I~ ~~D G<C?JcJ @ Q)C2Zll' OJCZ5)G~ cymJ [)1<;roZ5l' ~[)3dl5mJ[)cJtsi Z5)0 ®~25'iGGJ'
dDJroJ5!:5l ~~Dt5Z5\Z5)cJZll' (S) ~DCl<l155lJ[)cJm GZ5l'c5z0(S)I&lG®25'i ®fjm OJCZ5)c.:l §B®u c,Z5l'OJ(s) <;IB®G. !:5lI<;C
cl6J:z5)<.:l(S)locJJ® c,;®® @C2m OJGZ5)cJ §BG0~ crl§)[)Z5) gWJZ5) (S)lu~[) QDZ5l' 6cJ <;!IZ5l'5l[)Cl<lGcJm® G!:5l0
<f15ie15i®!:5l8cJJoI13 e®JDtsi ~I§) G®® @C225'i G[)5l (s)J®§)m 5Z5)JCl<l5cJre0 mt5eSZ5)GcJm @~®u CIQ) crI§)
DI<,;ro15iroz8B0 @m0CcJ§. c.J0 ~Dd'6JD!:5l <;!25'iGml&!:5l8cJJoI13 e®J[) Zjl@ ~I§) crJ(s)JO g®J~c.:l Z5)I§)5
S<.:l5u ~Zll' GDZ5)Z>\'~J(s)JO eccn ~mGm@!:5l gG<Cl<lcJ!:5lU oO~®~cJ 5cJ 8ZjlcJ. G0 mOJ (S)10c.:lJ®
<;!ilDJt5cJGcJZll'® 8.sCc.:l ~Zjl ~5l0 Z5)15lG(s)J15iQ)Cf,lOJC!:5lcJJ 58m ~§)Gt5!:5l ~J(s)JO 0Iop®tsi !:5l@ 8ZjlcJ. 2®0
o Ozo8G0 SZ5)(s)J(;cJ 0)10cJJG0 ~)Ge)(S)cJ eSm5l §BG0 gJ6@!:5l OJW!:5lcJ [)Z5) mOJ <;!§)Gt5!:5l<;!Jo)JO 0loGc.:l
>.'J1:j) <;!Dcl6)D <';1Z5)CSlI~ 0)t56!:5l @Cf,le:nGZ5)ec....~DI<,;(S)Z5l'~omcJtsi Ge). G0 GWZjlD mOJ (S)~JDJOGcJ' 5lZ5l'DcJ
o(S)eGDZll' m.Z5\.<';.0I5)
CYZ5lJ ~J~CD1C5l Z5\tsiGd'c5zDtsi ®1i325'imt5Z5)cJ !:5l@ O)I§ ~5l0 6moJ cyUOC@ ~OGZll'
cyDZ5l' §5 8&0 !:5l0~ G@Z5) DeJJZ5l' [)15Jz::i?cQ O)i3D oB~J[) DIm Q)C225'iu G®m®
crZ5)D3dl5 <;!5lDOc.:l25'iGCSl25'i
8J<s20JG!:5lcJJU<';, ~Z5l'®~cJ 0)1!:5l.
8J~Zll'u crZilGt5!:5l~Jo)JO [)Cl<lGcJ25'i0108®u ~.se em sJ[)Z5)cJtsi em §Gci §r0 1.0 tsi (I.Okg) c,~~cJ
®G~ut5 750 (750ml) !:5l ~cJ !:5l0 (S)I&lG®m oJ<';Jm5l <s:lz!:5l. G®® ®\:l9~GcJ25'i 65% o®~ OJ25'is em ~cJO
®G~ut5 1400 (I 400ml) o®~ CIG::?J. G®[)lm em sJ[)Z5)cJtsi ~Z5)r® (s)JeSZ5)cJ§m (s)~JDJocJ!:5lu 0loGcJ
roz§ <f5l0, e5t5®~ acJZll' G@GCtsi!:5lcJ!:5l0 sJ[)Z5)cJ pO[)J cJO~c5zD mlQ)® DeJJZ5l' GcJi(s)l5 Ge). G@Gctsi!:5l
8<.:lem btsi 8.s0tsi (®@ 2 !:5l o®~ 5@!:5l0(s)cJtsi ~I§) o®~tsi §)Q) 0tGo)Z5) ~5l0, cJO~OI[) crI§) G®®
ZSlil 8.sGom Q)C2m em ~cJOcJ cOl G@J~ ~15l (7.15 0t0cJ). 5G@I&GcJ25'i® ~eJJ m~J[)JocJmu ~J(s)JO
158
e3ac..5m 00 6cl 8~jcl a ~cl (';(-'5) wO~~G i:lJ~ d:5B~ 8wZ5i' ",Q)0eclZllc..5til::5f (,;1W)0 e3zaB® Gz<,;mm
OZ5i'0::5f
~[)J m~JO)e3 awp00Z5i'® <rOO <rz§ <;'0mcl m~101e3c..5::5f0m::5f a{i2)0~m GC3J01Zllm @02Z5i'0m'
Cfl5l06c..50ecl 5®0 <f)[) (,;z§ ~5~. a&l ~c..56c..5
c6) @@)e3e;WJ 6cl 8focl a®~cl Cfz§t]O 6w ~[)J
m~JC)JC3Gd @02mO CWp6GzrJ' dZllm5"l WZZll.8c..50Z5i' 8f~ G:loQ):l:DGGze3~ 50 WJ t]U5"I Q)~Z5i'Ge
CfJWJ6 e3za~ 50 6C310JZllm @02Z5i'6(s)Z5i' ~eJ1 (s)~1DIe3 GeO Gm (';5"lOOWDZe30e). @02 cwmZll C'"J~)GJe3
tlGdJe e3o(1)):;1uclctz§E30 Cfr:oz GZU®O 9d®0W::5f (';J1m6 e3ZCi30®::5f~[)J (s)~IG1e3 0e3161Ul(013 Cf5"lt;6c..50
am5 6Q))0W1 f60 Cf~ ZllOml5l ~Zll.
a&l sJUm6c..5Z5i'86fl ct1WJO Q)~m 8w0m::5f Dza0®::5f ap cpaD ®Zll 6W1 6J~ ®l5l c..5(J~6zD l5lZ@0®Z5i'
aw§Z5i' Cfz§ ZllZ<';ZC0c:!'
@02Z5i'wO &3Z5i' aW~0GZ5i'® COJ (S)zm®O ~6Gm (7.16 0taw). Zllzc;zc:!'eOce3Z5i'
Zlli;))m1CfJWJ6 @~m e3r,WI t.-ze3~o i?ld az-80 0a.J<:bcl Cfv.s;J1)W(7.16 0taw). 5.3.3. GZll100d Cfz§ Ota
C30w::5f DeO Cf=0D c~ etee 0wi ~EzrJ' elc:!'e C3t® CfGddJUZll® Zllzc;zeeO GW1® Cfiw§::5f5"lQ)) <;,zl5l
m~m 0®ts3~ ~EZ5i' ete6eZ5i' ZllZ<';ZC0c:!'
<f{W~ a®JD G:le~~ Zll6 Cfz§ Cf5"l0,(s)~1G1G:lWO Cf§0tlZll C)'lwJ6
G:lzai3®O CfGGdJ5~CO CfJW10 G:lzai30~::5f c~ ®fZ5i' e.cc CfJW10 ")~m G:lr,OJ15"lQ)m rod cz-80 Gc.JDwO
ce3zrJ' l5lz@c..5~i:lJc..5
Cf§6t5Ul Cf1WJO e3zai30®Z5i' cz-80 m;jcJ<,;m0d, mcta1<,;m ow<,;® <f{WG c..52. 6&le.:n &02 aJemc..5 GeJ)m
e31tldZll GZ5i'(3zrJ'
Cf§e:;tlZllCf1W10 e3zai3® CfG~ 00®Zll aGz;lD)(S)Z5l Wzz5) a5G:lo Z5l!'5l'uc..5::5f
c..50",z;lc..5.
m~z;l,
0z-80DJoc..5§Z5i'co13® 90wlom ei;i))(S)zm®O ml3 az-80uJC5w i:lJ1S~(s)~JtJJe3wz;J'coc:f UGdJe (0wmc..5cl 80w
~i:lJ <;':5)0 60zm (S)wmc..5cleQ)1(s)zzS,®0 ml3 GtlGm <;'G6w i:lJG~ Cf5I0jt5Zll<;'Jw16 e3zai3® if&lt.-O)tlwc)Gm®w
CfD(l;l):;l5lJDc..5cl
,,)G 8ts35"1dx'"JZ5)~~G Cfz5"l.
Cf§6tlZll CfJWJ6 DGd6Wz;J'e3awm a&l ~c..5c5w§8t]OZllm 6c..5G:lac..5mG0JOmcowz;J'80Zll0 Zll1z;J'f 5 OJI3Dcod

6Dm!'5l' ddJmwz;J'c53, C<';Jwo~c..5cl G~(jWz;J' C3Z'll0e Gtce (';1~ dd1mwz;J'c53 6mJl5lzt.-5w :;JZ'llW.6DzzrJ'mcl
8f ft5GG 5 (,;z§ (s)~IGJG:lc..5z;J'(JGZ5l~9J'" (';J1i?)®~w t;e,.nm ~5 mzzrJ'6e).
OD6OJ)!'5I't]0;.G':3COWz;J'®
7.7.
7.7.1.
@ e oZllJ6e) GQ)X;OJ1;:mGI8Z5l gGC:~WzrJ'0<sf WJ Zll?Ba5e30 cC:C§,z;J' Z5J1S@~z;J' G:lr,W) (';GJ;l:!) 5"1013

o1!ia®R G:lzaBw wzi3 (l;l)Zll6mJ®zmZll® @02z;J' m[)z;lZ'll §13613 ~ <rz§Dm gOlm (S)z06Gcl ",e). 0Zll6d
0Dl5lm 6Q)16W:1 OlBG:lBZllZ5l:sfDwz;J'c..500!'51'@02z;J'wO c,'DCSd15Dm oc5J(S) g®1~W Gz6i;))m i;i)um CfD(l;l):;
Dm ~@a®p g®1~W (:)m1GzGi;))m Q)O!'5l'm5cl(3~w ZllO (';z5"l. 6<3 mG:l1 (s)~JD1G:lc..5z;J' 6D5"I Cf§6t5Zll
CfJOJJ6 :;(l;l0c..5z;J' 8m ~;.30 G:lzoB® CfDCSdJ5GW::5f®
ZllG~Z'll0e).
7.1 UCS20e)6aZ5i'D1 qz;5\ t;z;l5"l;..:lz;J'6mz;J'

q6 (S)wm 5"lmDwcl c..506!'51'
050 g®1~DSz;J' Wz;l m~JD1G:l 84
cl 6wcl0c..5Jt5 5 Zll G'2Cmmc..5Z;;)
5"lQ)1qZ;5\t]C G:lowm GC; c,'§Gt5Zll c,'Jw16 g®J~wO C;zzsi2e5e g§VJOc..5zrJ'
5c;w) C;clui3
@02 cc..5mZll m~JDJe3 G"))(3Wj (S)~mcl m[):sfZ'll ZllGWZ§ m~f Cf§6t5Zll <;')W)O e3za8013 tlwC;® CfBZll
5w OJZZll.6&lG:lJ QlO2a)eZllGc..5~ Cf~m®mc..5 ZllIS~Z'lle3ee @WJ ®1tlmc..5cl ml3 Z5l®(s)~JDJe3c..5z;J' m6<3
5(jozuJ l5lz@®I3. 0®i3::5f @02z;J'CfZ5l0t5CfJWJc5 e3<"";OJJDm l5lc5mc..5 <rD® Dm Cfl5lc5Cf§0t5Zll CfJWJc5e3e;OJJ
Dm 5c..5C;® Cf,;J ZllO(s)l5l~Zll. DzD odzs,o
e3e;OJ) 2 Dm aBf!)0etC;6d 2.3 6ZllJ0e3 WJ 2.12 Otaw
Q)ez;J'm. 66®m c..5G®cl wO @~z;J' G@:1 §B®O CfDGd):;~COZll Cf§6tlZll CfJW)O e3lC3i36 z;J'
(s)~1U1e3c..5z;J'ffl @02 mOJmc..5z;J'<,;,d~15)z;J' OJ1 g@6zz;J'C; CfDGd):;aB~ e@Jml5l OJZZll. 7.10 DCS26Dz;J'
159
0C:;:'51~1 v<';Z5'lZSlOr4i>~Z5'lc..-\Sl~)c..-)Oc.:lm ~CZ5l 9 J~c.:lcl 6Z5l® 00)Z5'lGcj ZllQ)) ($)Zz5'>®clr5en 0<'";0))
~2ZSl ~§,(j~:J) ~ 10))6 g®)~c.:lcl ozoB®cl Z5l@:~clGcl QGcs;lBZll~e):s;J15ZllJe)c.:lm
W) Zllclc..-wm c.:l()6cl
Q"ltJ::;f6®t.-ZmZ5'lcl O)®)Z5'l15@62e3JCZ5'lZllcluc.:lm c.:l()Gcl ~Z5'lUG;l15 Q, QG;l)C Oc.:l<;®cl <;ZB®() 8fUZ5'l
Z5l1tk"::c.:ld 6)e)cl ~e)w)O~Gc.:lm Zllcl Z5l@:~Zi:)U ~ZZll (2.3. 6Z5l)()O 6)cmZ5'l).
7.1 C)C\2C): r5Z5lZ5lcl6®~ dCZ5lc.:l <yZll)q'CZ5l Ql62 ($)wZ5'lc.:lcl (6wcl()c.:l)6c.:lZ5l() ($)~JUJO 17 Q)ZG3:'51
)
83Z5'l E3()~ ~Gml5i Z5lJCc.:lZi:)G~ ~Cm ~§\Gt)Z5l ~JWJ6 oZop®() <;cle)Z5'l g§\UJOc.:l
(GWJO~, 1991 ~§Gc.:lc' 8() 0<;0Z~Q)t) <;cltn).
\Sl~)t.,)OGd ~Z5'l 10 Z5lJCJmZll6c.:lcl q'Zll6 6cl

ZSlI.<;eClB®Jc..- ($)~Je)JOc.:lZ5l() OJ®JZ5'llS6c.:lmozoe
(~(5m§) ZSlIGc.:l 2. ~~:5f [,<;c.:lcl Q)1.e: ~),m6 g®)&c.:l WJ ($)~Je))O oo0ll51C
~)::5aGJ';;~) O<'";Wl($)15le)Z5'l
Z5lJCc.:l (e)6wm Zi:)@:®)O 9cl §loGO
ozoe o~2t)~ 8~ g®)~c.:l)
cot) 5 - 8 1. Wz0w1@) -Z5'lDclZi:)Z5lG -C0()t) 200() ~~ « 200ml)

GZ5'l)WzZ5l· ($)~)t./)o 9 cl
1. <yl5l) ~~ e)t)wZ5'lc.:lcl ®C 308 ± 28 ($)~)U)O 38 cl

o@)mm Z5'leJclZi:)u (($)~JU)Oc.:lZ5l() 8~ BI~( 5.9 Q)tG3m )
2. ~Z5'l 60 Z5l c..-D) CZF:.>
1. ~~e)t)wZ5'lc.:lcl o®G3m ®S. 383 ± 29 ($)~)e)JO 21 z.,i

Z5'lDclZi:)c..- (($)~)e))Oc.:lZ5l() 8l5i §~t 7.3 Q)zm:'51)
2. ~Z5'l 28 cl 0 ~
c()t) 8 - 16 1. O)®)Z5'llS ut)wZ5'lc.:lcl OroZll ®C 648 ± 87 ($)~)U)O 5 cl

Z5'lDclZi:)u (($)~)U)Oc.:lZ5l() 8l5i §~t 12.4 Q)ZG3m)
2. ~Z5'l 14 -21 cl ~Zll6
- pQ)6Z m l5i@e3J<;Z5'lc.:l
W)
Z5'lDclZi:)u
- ~)w)6 0Zo~® 50% Blm
e)Z5 BlBG m d~Z5'l
l5iiiio)<;Z5'lc.:lGg6~c.:l
Z5l@:WZZ5l.
1. 8~ c..-t)wZ5'lc.:lcl G 811 ± 77 ($)~)O)O 11 cl

2. ~Z5'l 14() ~~ (($)~JUJOc.:lZ5l() 8l5i §~Z 15.4 Q"lz.mm)
- pQ)6 l5io:te3J<;Z5'lc.:l
W)
Z5'lDclZi:)u
- ~:lCS)JOoZop® 50%BlZ5f
c..-Z5B1BG®m d8Z5'l
l5i®O)<;Z5'lc.:l
Gg6Z5'lc.:lZ5l@:WI.Z5l.
160
7.7.2.
C3J®n5)J5 03C2 OJCl5l Z5)zsJDG3l'SlG3C)<3zsJepSl<3t5Z5"lcpO:lJO DGd<3G3l'Sl dDJ((lJDZ5"l OOJCD <3WJ' OOJCD (fJ<3C;GdZ5"l
.e3IaC3® c;'l5lDGd15G3. <3Z5"l<3d 8Dm ® (f<3wl5l Z5"lJCG3l'Sl 25dG <3WY l5l0l'SlZ5)0<3G3l'Sl® DJ&o
G3<3®zsf wC) tJ<3(3,]@<3G3l'Sl
DGd<3G3l'Sl dt\l5ll'Sl WJ l5lD CD6,JDJ.e3G3l'Sl <3Q))' iSlB<3i§) (f0Gd15Z5)J0G3 .e3e;W1 DGdJC CD6,JOJ.e3 .e3oQ)15JOzsf
C)'Z5"lZ5"lts:!<3@~6CG3Z5"l Z5)Q)J CDIZSJ®C) 8E2D<3WJzsJ C)' .e3e;WJ aOJCD Cp<3C;GdZ5"lG3l'Sl<3Q)J<3W:)'g<3G3:)'ol5lDzsJ
tlG3 WIZ5"l. (f<3wl5l Z5"lJCG3ts:! 25d@~<; <3WJ~l'Sl 8ZSJ ~G30 .e3aG3m<3l'Sl l5li§) dt\l5lts:! ~l5lZ5"lC) 03p 350 8C)
500 <;ts:!DJ (fZ5)0 g®J6,G3ts:! <;®E.3. l5l~zsJ <3®® 21p 8G3GC® <3®:)'OJ z§\C)G3l'Sl UGd<3G3l'Sl (fI3l <;It3
<3Z5"l<30l'Sl<3l'Sl l5lI Z5).
(fDGd15 sD15G3 g®16,G3
1. q~ 03zsJZ5)o ®<;G3 \9li§) 250 ( .e31®Jl5l15<3G3l'Sl 2:ll2:llG alzsJZ5)O 5Z5"l ~E on

Z5"lW ®C;G3 .e3i§)gt56,<3G3l'Sl)
2. 8l5l '2Jti§) 350
3. <3.e3:)'G3J<3Q):)'00 80 '2Jti§) 250
4. @ °I& §(5 ~C)t5 25
5. c;'Id<3Z5"l:f03zsf c;'i§)CG3 OOJCD c;'J0C;GdZ5"l \9ti§) lOOts:! .e3e;0J') 2JC)@l'Sl C
tJC)§l'Sl 8· (C) @<8( 100Z5"l c;'Z5)a J Z5)G30
6. DC)@l5f . <3). (B) OOJCD c;'10<GdZ5"l \9li§) lOOts:! .e3e;W) [;0@l'Sl B .e30z§\t56,G3
.e30z§\t56,G3 @'2Jt 100 Z5"l c;'Z5)a1 Z5'G3C)
.e3J®"ll5llS0G3l'Sl ~l5lZ5"lC) <;®l5l alp g®J6,0G3l5f 40% 80 70% 0®6> g®J6,G3zsf Z§\C) c;'Ddo1C C;zsfD1
(fI3l<;IeJ PloE.3. .e3®wotJC)Z5"l <glZ5)Jft50e aJBd3Z5"l Z5)zsJOG3l5f G300zsJ 0G3 C3i1l5l15G3
<;zsfDJ 00"lZ5) DIOG3 WIZ5"l·
0®G30 0w25dDl5li§) 0dDZ5"lJDl'Sl @1Q)1C z§\C)G3l'Sl eDts:!@6,G30 CDIZSJ®E.3. 0®® dC)o)~cncl~t:i) (:l)l8<5w
(cannibalistic behaviour) DI@Its:!~®0 (fI3l 0WJe;® g®G3 l5li§) 03C2l'Sl 00Z5) 001CD c;':.)(:OC;G;lZ5"lG3zsf
<3wDzsJ
c:'3l0t5Z5"l (fJWJO OG;l<3G3m <3gJcJl'Sl (®oG;lOl5lZ5"l) c:'JWJO WJ t)C)@l'Sl Dt5CD .e3I08®E.3. 0i§) .e3e;0"l) PEP
aOJCD (fJ0C;GdZ5"lG3l'Sl .e3J<;J CDIZSJ0i§)DU0c)Y~Dzsf 7.2 DG2<3eJ .e3e;wm Z5"lOc:'IZ5'· 0@UIl5l aOJCD c;'"l0c;GdZ5"lG3iSll'Sl
.e3)t50Z5"l g3l6C CQ))CDZ5) WIts:!0ts:! CD6>JDJ.e3G3l'Sl <3DZ5) 0WJe; :;s@a®Q <3w1 8l5l sJUl5l .e3I08®zsf (fI3lDu
~ G3. <glWZ5).e3e;Wl'Sl SDlSG3G3l'Sl <glZ5)J®zsJ <3WJ~l'Sl @sgiSlB<3®l'Sl C)'Z5"lJZ5"lJB.e3oCD3lG3iSll'Sl (.'lzsJ OOJCD c:'J<3c;G;lZ5"lG3ts:!
.e3J<;JCDZ5)WIZ5"l. 7.1 7 0la<3d <3omDJ c:'Iti3 05~ c:'t50e.:ll5l <3wDzsJ Z5)caG3ts:! DGd0G3l'Sl c;'I3l aOJCD c;'J0C;Gd1:51G3ts:!
0C5J(5:§ll'Sl <3Z5"lJGZ5"lIQ)ICCZ5"lZ5)DoJ CD6,JD).e3G3mC) .e3IaE.3G3 WIZ5"l· '2Jli§) 200 Z5"l a®6> aOJCSl qJ<3C;GdZ5"l
g®J6,G3ts:! <3DJ(5:§ll5f 0Z5"lJGZ5"lIQ)IGeZ5"l @@5 Z5"l a®6, CDl5lZ5"l®C) 25dZSJ Z5"l0 <3®G3 :;suzsJoW' Z5"leJ<;J8
Z5"lIQ)ICCiSll'Sl (fJU06,G3 Z5"lo'2' eI0Q). 6®® Z5)caG3 Z5"leJ<;J80G3l'Sl c;'JOO6>G3 Q 0IW'Z5) G302:ll~U 8C3l5l)0d
<glwe; Z5"lIC;ICC ®ti3l'Sl Z5)IslDc), OG3U G3um 0I§<36,l5l alC2l'Sl Z5"leJ<;J8G3 <glOJ aOJCD qJ<3c;IScIZ5"l(fJWJOG3U
CDIZSJ®0 aC)l'Sl CDZSJ
. .e3)®Jl5llS0G3l'Sl .e3aG3l5l C<; aOJCD c:'J<3C;G"dZ5"l
G3i§) g®J6,G3zsf ~l5l 5-7 zsJ (fZ5)0 03C2l'Sl
D8l'Sl .e3i§)i2t56,<3G3m® oB<3w)'dl5lG3C) CDZ5)~25dD c:'IZ5)· <3®® Z5"lJCG3 c:'I25d@Z5)OO)CD qJ6C;G;lZ5"lG3.e3i§)gt56,<3G3l'Sl®
a5<3w:fol5lG3 <3l5lJZ5"lG<3WJzsJ, 62l'Sl c;'a0 CD6>JOJ.e3G30 OOJGl c;'J<3C;GdZ5"lG3ts:!
c:'DG"dlSg®J6,G3C) Dt.lJ DIeJf20
.e3aG3J c;'Iti3 Q)D 6w1 CD6>JO).e3G3 WIo G3t®C) ~<;Jl5li§) Dl5l Q)D <3w:)' :§lo6,G3 Z5"lGwIZ5"l. CD6,JD).e3 WIOG3J®C)
~<;Jl5l®iSll'Sl 8u l5li§), alC2l'Sl a ox') (fJ<3C;IScIZ5"lG3
oQ)GC) (fI<; <;®l5l (fZ5)0 025d<3G CtC6G 0Z5"l25d ~ (fIti3
OO)(D c;'J<3C;G;lZ5"l
wa Z5"lIC33laW~0Ul'Sl® Q)IZ5"l· c;'eJ<3d
<;IZ5"lCDZ5) ClC<3C, OOJCD (fJ0C;G"dZ5"lG3DI~ Z5"lt.l<;J8
Z5"lIQ)ICC 03C2m tJ8l'Sl <glOJ <;I§6i§) ~ QIti30l5l <glZ5)J 2:lleJJ Z5)l'Sl25dZ5"lIQ)(5 <; OOJCD c;'J0C;GdZ5"lG3<glDZ5)Cl5l
tJC) ~ OW SO®G3 <3Z5"l)C)d CO) <3)0®l5f ap <glDZ5)Cl5l 0.e3:)'G3J <3Q):foe5 86 waG3<; 0IwI~(5D <3Dl'SlZ5"lOW~l5lJ
CDIZSJ®0 03C20JCZ5"lG3J0 wI§~®<; OOJCD Q)<3c;G;lZ5"lc;'3l<3t5Z5"l (fJQ)JO DGd0G3l'Sl .e3IoC3<3i§)~ 0I<;CDzsJ <3eJ.
161
7.150toC;) [35 (/.:;:5 3C .500 ~, 51=>
5fO!.Jj:> (Ol§' c-o.:§v,:)Z", ("JWJ:5
':'::;::;"":;3") 0:5 3<!LJ :5""';3")

0:-iJ~CZ3)J?:J)...:;z...J5 36C.5. z:::;;~
:5:iJ{J t'Z:iJ.:; (/.:;:5 ::;5::'-::51 [3(~:5
::..-('530 W)[;5') w-,,53. ~v2:5»
5£) S )~ZI""; C:::5J -'):Y)Z)) 3[;6,
~6v.3J 8[;:5C ::JwG:s/
~....:;::5
3C;wj" ~~&c (O):;"l:J1':'" 5&30)
("">.)(3'.
7.16 °t°c;) , !3mi'j,;y:5 0:iJ0Ct.;"t.;,,:;

vC;:5:J§ (00):1' ewe:])
:J,BrJ ~:;'0Ozv 5JzGJ3.
6:iJ0C2:sit.;,~ 5Iz§;:J,
~(;OJ,) CJJC!5)] WJ:)25'J
rod arBii 6[5f):]..;;

o:;zc:iilc'c;C; (DrIb.
7.17 0t0c;) (0<Ej)v)o:;.:;z:7lC :::;5)", (~)"'c;:'.f'w,,:;w, c:55::;:5z:;,

("')0))::) v~6"":;':"''''~lCJ,j0. ~.:J)88;::;)' ;';W) )(j""';w,'
-..:i.:J'l 3~ .5 Zwj z: 3<:)~ :Jz)ZJJ,.A~:- ("r>:5]:)z;-, czcj

:55Ju'"'! (-())~c;'J1ZJ) :J'1(;.:J""; ":;;V:::..,l C:33)) vWJf/3)'
::;eveDi:5~...:, z..,...,:5 {",.5'. ':;0)(5) (-.l ) .•x~J::..'1z...)....:; :"l~

.w;..:.."c; J!3~,...f ac:g:'5~/ CS;s'l';;::'/5'l~ c,3))z....JG ~w)JCd
5( :';v"':; ,:;mc ::;:]Jc-'1 (-0 )...,<;J,Z,,; 05'1 §~~::;)c;ZtJJ
(;,'13"1 COlt:;).
162
<;.0 c3D:JroJtJlSlaBa:::k.::2 Z,Z7l);.;c;! c;;;1ot53':5)-':: ~ <;'l5., ",<J':J-.:: 3) @q)m O)e; 0lc;mcl ;;:;lE3 0ICGZ;;)z»
O@G@:iOZllcJmGm)~Z31. 6",mZJ\' -'::0 <;,Ccld1t-~~ Gc;Q)0Im, q;JJocQ) zS)e;-.::m, ZllCclom, \!2mm GmJGcJd
o!5l'~m <;'J~m;;;<sf<;'Z3100-.::C ;iu;?::;1 Cz.,iG::7)do <;,a vmJ~:5'l' c;mml 2:;)')06,-.::£3). G3® O::>;lm@<S2me;
6 oii3 DmGm G15x1~0m Ciiq)me; 8c..,1ZllJ5 vmC5:5'l' Qiq):5'l' 0)')@,§j:5'l'ft5CC080z))J <;,D(JGd GO):i @02mO)O
q)~fP oBaO;;:;Zll~ cJ.
@CQmroO Zl:?0Ie'cmGC,:5'l' o:5) <SlImI0 <3®0I~ :;>l~f~ aBaO;;:;Zll~ <;'I§Gm ae:JJZllJBZ31clDcJO<;'l§ Go)J<';
Cc;Jroo~cJ£ll. @q)m' me; 0c..,1:,-f 8c..,lZllJ5 Q)es;)C)6 od&! t.:;,;d3;;:;m (@q)0)::J Zl:?C;;:;family Meropidae)
::j)Z5'l!5l'
c; O)J t:i)8~ otSf~ t.:(;i;s;i~-.::m (lSl~~ Zl:?ccJ family: Dicruridae ) o)Z5lod C; @ C 25)JGU0 at®
9Gc;<ldcJ25)®a:JGw <fI:51 ;,;®® Zl:?0ICCm &02m' G®m'® GDmcl 25)2@mC; 8cJJ®@m 8C5cJ~® C;e:JcJ®
l5)O~J <;'J25)JOcJC'C lSl)me;~ (;io)J~m c;(25)P6t.f GC;;;:;£ll. G®"" Zl:?6t.cc:5'l' O)e; &02m GmJf6t. DmGm
6@®rom d'd1:5)vC @q)m 8cJJao 25)Om tJe;~;;:;. <;,a ® Qi02m' d'Do)JDGcJm® O)Ie:J mI8 §G@mGm
e®DI;§l, tJGc1tbcJm'0<Sl:5'! <SlICB® a<,;O)') 6t.d G<Sl)~ <;'Z5\Bm 8cJJoo £ll5®O cJ. G®Gd' ::JldGfG
<;!lSl5m 8cJt~5 aC;oJl c::ilJ <;'I§, <;':;>lDt5Z31mcJmo<';o)J 2. (0)JC; cC;Jo)O~cJd m® ood:5mcJ a<';o)J
o@o 0t5@C; GCGc;a at~0®~, ~@OIm at® Oe;® c"l'25)OJ:3?i
DmGm 25)?@O)d®25) ad~m O)e; 8cJtlID®e;
roZ5'lJ~£llGm <;'cJ5:s!, :J~:bm'Z5\;;:;old 0fGCm <;'Jodmf 'fIw@m:f5)c <;,woe; CDeZ5l @d' <;,D25)JCldcJd
Zi1@~cJ (10.3 ::JtB;;:; 2lcm'm). 25)?@wd@25) Bd§m' Gmm <;'J::Jdm5® ~@OIm 0 a®~d GmJD ~mcJ
i:50J® 8cJJaI5G(J' 0-'::<3c;m @q)mO)e; C;'fIZ5\1 Dlc;mcl om <;'Z5\::Jc"l' 0w2:i?D :5laJ w8DcJm Z5lI&cJpclGcl
rs;c3DIC ['cm <;')vj~;;:; ~ d'dJ:5);;:;mts\ cJ. OG5m'® 25)Cd'om Dlm com8m C; &02m GDZ5l cpomm
5®Cl Z5lIlSl'25)Om'Gm ®c..,m' 25)?§® <;'JD::J~ 2:i?b (w8DcJm' 2:i?b) 86mJ CfDd'dJDmtD~ cJ. OmaJ &02
l5)Ic;ICC<;'I§ ro8D;;:;e; d't-GJJD<3;;:;m® <;'Jod.:::nD alBGcJm Z5\:si'DcJmcJe;G:si' Z5l@Jml~®O &02 aJC25)cJm
clSl'e5JroC;I5cJ ;,32:i?;;:;.
eZ5'l:Jalc£llc®:si' 5Ge g5'dCcJd 0~G-':::s! se .'38co(25)e; C®~ Gao~ ;,3GOJ'cGd BI§B fS)cJ
<;!:J8cJ:J§Zll @02 £3):5l2:i?e'CZl:?
t-m C)@>6jC)) (G00J't)) 0d0zsn(?)00JmJ8: u06:Jrf)0eJ, ce6Z5!mDJ Varroa
jacobsoni: Varroidae: Arachnida) de;ts\j :5 @q)::5'iwe; 0;;;;)3W)' ~:5)J~ 25)15 ~DC;, <;,a @ &"'2:5'l' ~®fS)::5'i
<r{lSlJ<;!CB~ BOGOJ'53'3'lv;;:;d GDm':;>l®lSl032. 0®® G06:l'GJ £ll:5l2:i?e'c1 <;,a @ @<S2mwe;OmJ0';)z..iYlG
GZ5'l:JDm<;'Z5\::J
cQ)O ;§e;cJ:5'l' 0)(; D®~d 06 g®J~;;:;25) mlO)Ie;d 8f 25)08. 08m <;,ae; <';I:iil;;:;
~§ Z5l0® ::ilcDt-±id @q) ::;)IC;IeclSl0 <;'I?s'<3mJGu. <;'ImZ5\D3:lGcJm® 0GOJ'DJ £ll:5l2:i?e'cJ GOJ;;:;Jc0Ii1b;::"
aDJ G@JGOlJ @02 alCZ;;)cJmOle; <;'DW~ 25)Jt5cJcJz31.G@J(0)J cOz;;) a®O)O 80<<ldcJmtD -.::@~::to
oG @(j!5l' 0Ie3y6 8GD:5)) Z::;))CcJe;aiq)::D';,;<Sl'gC)Jeof:i)-oeo-d5@>c:l~ (phoretic symbiont) Dm ~:.tc
g£)Zl)CCm' @q)m' Gc1 COGe:! 83:5)(,) WI25) (7.18 O[D-':: @cm'm).
C;I25)mZ5\ &i~m mlm <;'D <;'GG)Z»cJ
G(jJ~ GmJZSlG cJZl);;:;.
<;!J8(jJtilZll @ ai02:5'l'G<sflfeO o6@>oj~l5)c:l~ f (minor - parasite) DGOJ'DJ £):5lZl)ecJ :;,3GO:iaJ@ @<gmGc<f

c~ CZ5'l:)(l;lzslJ5 lfw o6@>ojSl5)@>c:l~ (major-parasite) ~C;1 Gd'®, r-Je;ii3o @ aiq)::5'i G<sf G6jm W)
aOGO:i8Z5lcJm'C; <;'0 3 @q):5'l'we; G@lGWJ' CmJGd25)J5 C;.,:jO)l25)·pGO),8;;:; @ @q)m O)~::D'DJfm a®O)O
ep8(jJ§Zll 000C G®GI:5l Z5\:si'cScJd cC:<SlZ5l5 <;'(3) <;'V10 0@ ae;cS)) @c <;,OZSl2' G@JGWJ OaJ<.3m
SDli roJ5Z5lJ 615®e; 6® 000C @q)BJCZSlcJm' we; 8f5 3l0QJ. -3 GW:qlGGm', <3® OaJcJm soli
.
2 Koeniger, N & Koeniger, G (1985) Change of host by parasitic mites in Asia after a new honeybee species is introduced. Proc. 3rd
Internat.Conf. Apiculture in Tropical climates, t 984 Nairobi. Kenya. p.160-162. IBRA, UK.
Koeniger, N; Koeniger, G & Wijayagunasekara, HNP (1980) Beobachtungen uber die Anpassung von Varroa jacobsoni an ihren
natOrlichen Wirt Apis cerana in Sri Lanka, Apidologie 12: 37-40
163
§,t3J, G®Dl§' Z5lZ5lDej15'l
ejCGZ5l §,@C5J~Z5)ej Z5l0Z5)'f,lZ5lJ8B82'J D~@() '1'JWJOejz:s) U~GC:l15'l t3lCGZ5lZ5) @ Gl&
'1'aU'2l 0U. CJt3Z5)lDZ5lC G®15'l ODl§, Z5lZ5lDC:lz:s)
<;'C5() c~J5 0Z5)J®l§ <1'Z5l0,C5DZ5lZ5)1mZSlZ5l0ZSlZ5fDej
OGCt3® dZ5l(S)l~®() @ QJ6215'l W) @ C5l& t3e;WJ '1'lC®z:s) ~z:s)OZ5) 8C:l~ G~Z5)J0csJ® <;,DOJZ5)C:l0C:lJ~ESej
0Z:j)O <;'lZ5l·
QJ62 Z5ll~C CiJ§Z5l0 ~DZ5l0Z5) t3Z5lu8w C55Z:S)@JZ5lE:GWJZ5l,0®W~ E;a w~c)Dcl , l5)e/ CSlGlj~d~cl, ~25)cl,
w~c)D25l, ti)a~CI)tiiO!lti) wtl).~25l ,w{5Q25l ejZ5)J~ OOOJZ5lJO 00croej815'l 85Z5)J 6.lu §,5z:s)@~ej Z5lG
10lZ5l. Z5)~Z5f ®p15'l :§80()Z5lZ5l O)6215'lW() UDJZ5l 0Z5)J~Z5lJ5 ~ '1'B-oGcJ'oej815'l (major predators)
Om0C:l15'l GZ5)Jwl8GOZ5) '1'Z5l0 0)6215'l t3®G315'l ej~ Z:j)@Z5l
CS:lJOZ5lejZ5lC
oCl:J.l~ '1'CC5-D0Cr8C:l815'l (minor
predators) U~GC:l15'l wl8Gt5. 0)6215'l :§WC5 G~GZ5)~ 0®® t3Z:j)15'l wC 0(j)J2'J0l pu~ 0C:l Z5ll~l0'C()
OZ5)J~ejz:s) 0Z5))UZ5) '1'Z5l0 t3J®JZ5)l5Gej15'l ~Z5)Z5l~0)6215'l 8C:l(s)~Z5)z:s) o5DJc..'lJOGej15'l® 0Z5)J~5 C:lJ C:lZ:j)c
<1'lZ5l·Oz:s) O)62GU~GcsJ ~OZSl Z5lJCej t3§ :§WC5ejZ5l() C5®~z:s) 8®J5 <;'l§ <1'Z5l0,delZ5) Z5l®(S)WZ5)ej§'oZ:j)0lO
aDZ5lDl 0(s)Z5) ej(®C <;,u~l5 Ci~~~pd§Z5lej15'l d§,Z5l :§B® t3e;WJ 0Z5)JZ5lDUJ® O)PCt® 82'J Z5lo8.
<f,)WZ5lt3e;1015'l Z5l0r~ '1'~U <1'15@ QJ6215'lWC 0c;csb ESGcr8C:l815'l, ®~15'l0Gl C5@06.lroZ5lJUC:l 0C515'l~~
Z5l015'l015'le'J t3<";W] ~f~ '1'uo5oJuZ:S) Cl~~ DC a®&. o® :5)t3J 0)62aJCZ5l815'l oUl§, <1'roZ5lZ5l0
<;'00501 0101 a1Bt3BZ5l Z5lZ5l0C:lz:s)O)62Z5)C '1'l§ 0Z5)J:§5®C Dm6.lCJCDZ5l f2Z:j)U etlZ5l·
Z5l0l~ G®005 §QJej~ '1'15 @ O)6215'lWC etl§ O~JC® Z5lt5dZ5)ejZ5)~ ®~@l5 <1'15ES815'l® '1'15 C5Bt30C:l
00Z5l Z5l0~) <1'§,@C) 6.lcat~ ej. G®® 6.lCC5l~ etU® ®UC®Z5l C5UZ5lUJ mlm®() '1'15 8C:l~ G~Z5))®
cZ5lt3)W ~lBC:l 0Z:j)GU. (xenobiotics) Z5la@® ES@ SUl5C:l DZ5) Z5l2~ Ot3)C:lZ5)
OGG<f@0C:l15'l®G0dUJC;Cl,lZ5lZ5l
sOl5 WJOZSlC:lUDJZ5l gGU~0®15'l Z5lE: f2Z:j)U '1'LZ5l. G®® 0GdUJC;Cl,lZ5lsOl5ej <1'15ES8w 'f,lCz:s)Z5l·
Z5lG ~ESejJ()
C5®~z:s) GZ5)JD (0Z5)~ <;,a ES815'l ESZ5)Jm:§5®C 6.lCJGC5JGOJZ5lZ:j)UZ5) Z5l?@15'l,DC C5lCtO 0w1 ~~Oej),
aBt300c.3 <;'l§ <;'15'l~015'lC~ 0Z5))~Z5lJ5 GU. O®:5)t3J G®® 00duJC;CS2Z5lZ5lej15'l
WJOZ5lJ :§50~~, e'JDJ C5Bt3oC:lu
0ejX;Z5) <;,Oo5oJD, g®J~ej15'l W) etJZ5lJOej15'l 8@6.le;D 'f,lZ5lJ®Z5lt3lCl:§C®Z5l Dej [-jZ:j)ej.00®15'l® 0)62 0mruo
~JZ5l OZ5)J~C:l DlGlz:s)5® G®15'l®, C5l& QJ6215'lW()Z5ll~C Z5l(5)® t3e;WJ etO~l5 Z5ll~C o5OJZ5)ejw t3lu8®Z5l
aBt3oC:l ~d~G~ 0l~(S)zsf <;,o(s)C:lz:s) Dej f2Z:j) ej.
Z5l2S aBt30 GC;O§ejZ5l 0w1 0DZ5)C:l~ C5Bt3o C5c;O§ejZ5l Z:j)~Z5lWJUej Oe;JaD§w015'l o® aBt30 C5C;0§,Gc.3
80Z5)J ;!5515'l0csJ C@®Z5lJDej 0w1 ESOOJZ5lJOC:l ®Z5lej. 0005oJ8 Z5la~Z5lt5®ej t3e;WJ Dl~mZ5l U15'lG15'laBt30
C5C;0§,0c.3 <1'l§ ~515'l0GJ OOOZ5lDej OZ5)J~ GZ5)J5 dZ5l mlm® ce. @ 0)6215'lWJ 0UZ5)Z5l0Z5)JWZ:S)Z5l
UZ5) 0)6215'l
~ ~JZ5l aOJG3Z5l8w U~0ej15'l C5Bt300c.3 Z:j)@Z5lW)UejdZ5lmlm®() <;'Z5ll5JU~l5 ~5 t3JOZ5lej:§. 0®® Z:j)@Z5lWJUC:l
dZ5l mlm®C <;'l§ g6.lCZ5l® Z5lt5dZ5)ej Ut5Z5l®JZ5)0c.3~ 00duJC;Cl,lZ5lZ5lsDl5 :5)t3J occ 5 '1'lZ5l. C5Bt300c.3
Z:j)GZ5lc.'lJDejOZ5)JG':l5 ejJ® §,t3J <;'l§ UZ5) Z5la®, DCalE:lO 0w1 0UZ5)Z5lCC5SD 8P~l~®() G®Z5lC Z5l2~
Ot3JejZ5) sDl5 c'lJOZ5lej ~Cwu 0Z5lGOZ5lZ5l,
e'JDJ ~t5~Z5lJ~Z5)U '1':5)@C 6.lCC5l~ <1'l§ Z5l0Z5)6.lD ~l15'l 0Z5)JOWt3:§.
G~ 8G6.le; QJ<>;lmCZ5l815'l DDJZ5l t3lc:§@®zsf ESej 8Z:j) ce.
C5Bt30 C5C;O§ejZ5l 8oZ5)J ~515'l0csJ BOOZ5lUej ~d~G~ ul~mZ5lZ5l® Z5)~, BOOJZ5lJO ~5w '1'Z5l0 <;'l§UZ5)
t3o~t5~ <;'0Z5)l51Z5)lS
t3~6.l15'lOZ5lJUej §,t3J ®~GZ5)J215'l0GJ :5)0z:s)Z5lZ:j)CZ5lWJUejZ5l() C5Z5l5®8. 00dDJC;Cl,lZ5lZ5l
SOlS §,t31 0®15'l® Z5l§,06.l1mDmJD ul§, et§~815'l® t30CWJUejZ5lC C5Z5l Z5l0~ Cl@ Z5la@® C5Bt30 C5c;O§ejZ5l
t3®WO ~515'l 0®005 0Z5)Jm5 G3C:lO() GDZ5)Z5l~5w 0Z5lJ()t3z:s) ®215'l0GJ §,Gz:s)Z5lZ5)UlSJdZ5l Z5l0 mm. oou
:5)0z:s)Z5lej DlSJdZ5l Z5lomZ5l ~515'l <;,a 0®W~ t3CZ5lZ5), Z5l2~Z5lJt5®Z5l C5@G6.l10ej15'l D~0ej15'l Gam 80.
uG06.l1wZ5)JmZ5l c0J0Z5l0ej15'l C5Bt30 aC;O§ej DDJZ5l t30c ~JDej() C5Z5lUZ5)CiZ5l0 ~515'l 8el 8Bt3z:s) u®~z:s)
Z5lufoCZ5f Z5l® §,0z:s)Z5l ulSJd§ej 8fZ5lomm. @ 0)6215'l 0DZ5l ~ G6.lJ0w1 <;'UJ8~JejZ5l Z5lZ5lUejz:s)<1'l§U15'l015'l
ZSl:5)06.l1c'lDC'lJ ej()0Z5lej. 0ao t3e;W15'l Z5lCJz:s)0®15'l ®p15'l 00Z5l g~o5Z5l aBt30ej c6.lJ G(~~0c.3 ®215'l t3~C0Uej
~ o5Dx,JJeJZ5l UZ5)C:l8. O§,t3J Z5la~ C5Bt30 ac;O§15'l Z:j)E:@ 0)6215'l '1'l§ :§5G~~ 0~ 8@6.le; DDJZ5l t3IC:§C®Z5l
164
7.18 0t0c;.:l, W800-.3 6<';JO[Je..; (fe:JG mGcJm df{!0fJd. 0®® 5Jf{!0?0d coo,,:;'
CJ e:JZw,&3 00JZi}Od 6Cc.:l (CJ25JC O/O.:,J ZYGO gz:-J6B06O.:,J
z."om'm) 8.JmJ Zi}DJ £&3zyc1cm' 25J® ;JJB00c:Jm' ~vW ?:Sl00J
(l)lmS ag,e:J 0§S df{! !%d mGc:J8. mG;;Jm df{!m' 0025J 0vmZll
df{!m' .:5,<360 0J;':'Z&3 £&3zyc'cm' @fJW?:SlOm CQ)m (!25JO, e e:Jc7W)
00m::;;' df{!60d £&3zyc1cw 85m df{! 6':'ZV OZ0G6Op 0;f,{i3
c;dm[J e:'zzv. G®{i3 85m £&3zyc1cJ oiiioJ§zv duc.:Jo GOJ28ZV0cJZi}
[;m m;:Jr:j.:dc.:l80C'JJC0-.3Czdd 'ilweJz.,,] (Neocypholaelaps indica
: Acarina) GJ00eJm' wf:m'eJi;1 cQ)m c'ezvo fiJ[;:sf df{!m' g[;JW?:Sl
$ )......,D...Jz3 t/:5J0:..JtFi tJ:nCt5)] z.;·x5@25JY (jj~25)t5f ado:.!!3C?5)...JZ'l
~;:..,)wme:Jwa8GGJ£.
165
ae.e.:l) ~m)~®z;) ZSl)Cc.3ZSl
SO® f6®25'l CSl& @0;>25'l(8®eC ZSlG Wl§ Q)t) <;lmS13 ~510 0® 6oi~D
e.e.:l) al<l2ZSlz.<;S6ZSl1eCZSlZl'CC OJ0225'l CSGe...) wl5® Oe;W) f® o:n5z5lJ ZSlO:5lC~. (8Q)J6W:i 50 ~
ii<l225'lcm);Qtil5®0 G3S l'»C511 ZSlO:5lc<; <;!VlO (88 ~01 Q)i.~JO ZSll80® ~ G3&Qlc:d W1C51J §l5
~Zll 0;Q155c.3 (6CSO ZSl®6.lc.:t;'l~GVl W1 gcdOc.3, xi 8pe... Q)C25'l:5l·) @0;>25'l
(8e-51 f6®iJ3 Q)CCSt® 1.6.3.1.
0!:5lJi)0a e.:l)ZSleJaJz:ll0 ~l51.
@q)25'l wz.SoB Oe;WJ f" DJC51c.3 OJt5dz:ll OJO;>mCZ;)C!5d ~51 Dm ZSl6z.~:d e...:5l<;!VlO 6® e.:le;WJ
ZSlom CCSZSlO~v3 f®ZSlc.:lC:;~0c.:l;s) Wl~25'l(8tl(4.1 e...<l2DQ)cm:5l). 8.1 0tcs6d S®ZSlc.3ZSl
eDJE3ZllJ <;!o:m25'lVlOc.3
e.0tcsmc.3 ZSlOCfl51. (3 c.:l~ l::j?C-J,
come! ®~, z:lle.Jc;)S ~)~ C!5:5l1C!5c.3:d (8C: ®cE S®d cz;)mC;:5lc.3 §5®
Cjt:;<lJJ<lJJ551J ZSlG Wlz:ll· f® C3fCS1<;:5lc.:l §l5® 0<;W1 l::j?®:5lse...lOc.3:d o))C511 ZSlG <; 6c.3 &3£
<;lc'eJG 25'l CSe.:lG c;l0e...:5l ..5ZSl):5l :0013'0 (c.:l.:3l::j?0le...)
83:5l0d' f®ZSl6d <;W:5ll::j?OOc.3~GO ~l~~
ZllG ~Zjl c. 650 =2)®0c.325'l 'fi25'l;::':5lSV5c.:l C~ ~51C::;<;l0e...l;>l
c.'l51. -25'l CS~ ~S25'l® <;W:5lc.3WBc.3JZSlJoD
8t:~® e.:le;WJf®ZSl0d ®i3:5lO1® t5lroatlO:d ® 6@0®25'l ~bO awo §roCSc.:l:d (5)l8c.:l ~~ c.:l. I:j®ZSlc.:l
csm'ZjltilBG®25'lCSo 6c.3 6z:ll ~(5)0® CSJCGC C!5:5lJZSlo:5lDJ :5l®, c;W:5l~OOc.:l ~G Q. 'fi25'lW:5lsDlO ~c:'JO®
v<lJ625'l <;lGD®25'l'ti1@® o<';WJ f5iZSl;;,d 0:dZil <;!lZSl108c.3:5l 0wDm :5llS25'l:5l 5D?VlD VllGlb ~~ c.3.
E~ZSlc.3:dcsmZjl §5C!5 ;s) ao cJm CO ®G:5lW..5®25'l9">CoG:5lJG)o:5lDJ:5l® Gw:i 6ro Bc.3:5l CD?Vl
!:5l0 0mJZl)@VlDJ:5l® <;O1:5ll::j?Boc.3~G25'l OoOO~c.3 D:5l DJVlc.3 g®J~Dm G:5lJD:5l £OJ OZSl
0VCJtitil25'ldc.3 ~B d3. <;W:5lc.3l::j?OOc.:l c::; cs01G25'l~ DJ~ l::j?OOc.3
WJ 6c.30 80§25'l DJ51c.:l 0lCS(8c.:lZl'
:5)Cc.3§8BOZSlZ;) <;!lro5 G:5lJ§\OJc.:l;,J:jl~Z5)0 f®ZSlc.:l~80d' ;@c.:l1ZSlJ5B®O :5l® 6c.3 ~Gm ~@~[)t;
c.,J~wJOJD G) 25'l ZSlG;,J~ o.
c~!:5lc.3!:5l
~SZSl CfD~lOVlJDc.3f®:d cclaJ<;:5lc.:l ZSlO(5)l25'l®inO) 6®® <;!D~15VlJDc.3'fi2 ZSlO:5l aJ:5lt®
wz.t)c.3l5fGO):i<;!JZSlJOc.3:d(5);s):5l1 CCSZSlO~c.:l:d f®ZSlc.3Z5 t;s,)Gc.325'l Wz.~25'l5c.3WlZSl.'fiVlJ®cl ojc
.c~!:5lc.3l5fm® d:d GZSlJ:5l:d <;(sC:5l '6CS)e 6cB ZSllQ)leC:d Gtl. 0®825'l o(Go):5l I:j zsf 0lC0w:5l
~ZllO 6c.3 ®£\z;)~ 10 1))) 15 a®~ <;lGDl;>lCflZl). :5l~m ®8:5lw®:d OroVl I:j®ZSlc.3ZSl
<;!l§ Dlc;(5)::;)
GJ8c.3 m® 6825'l <;!l5lD:5l f® <;!D~15csB~ Gc.:lJ~ZSlOO1l§ B®cl ~D~15 g®J~Gc.325'l ~S <;!C)d'dJD25'liJ3
~ cm'm<;mc.3 ZSlOG)l25'l®Owl§lB®m c.3.<3®e...linf®ZSl OJ<l2mC:5lGd ~ DeJJm 90c.3:id:5l cm.J)()~c.3§1.
@02aJCZSl825'l @<l2ZSll<;le!Ccs5~i~lZSl0 Q)lG®O ..500 wGe-c.:lZ::;)Of® G)l8® CCC <;!JZSlJ0c.30ZSlO~J

~:5'6 G® Sc.3~ <;!JZSlJOc.325'l ..5QJJ0WJZSllCc.3:d §d'0d' u-:nCVlJ ZSlG 01t5"ZSl 50 Gtl. f® G)l8G® ~
c.,eJJ Dl<;G)z;)D25'l625'lw8t;c.:lZSl <;!lB OJo;> ZSll<;lGC a5:dii3J ZSlO25'lG25'l
l::j?®:5l<;!o~~:d Oe;WJ <; c.325'l:5l
.:vC25'l §66c.3 tilB®8. C<;JW06c.3:d Ds,)COc.:l25'l 0l& ..500Je-C csl& BoB® GOJc.31Q)l~®0 <;!DGd15Q.
':;O!:5l ZSlb~z;fGZ;) CSB:d~l §,5®0 et;$,l::5 csl& 00':;:~bC::; 'fiW~25'l <;!l§\ ~f25'l c(ec (0):i csl& GcsuD
Y;V5l0 G)l~®8. aB:d@J £)5®C::; <;!D$,l15G50d' Ce...2:51ZSlG csl&, 0CS0130d 'fiwG25'l Q3o;>m'fIDm ZSlO
"~l~®i) ®<;l5f I:j® G)o~ ClC!5C1J.
'fi25'lao 0l& DC; OJ® 'fic)Zl)0 <3G):5l05:dii3J ZSlGp~ c.3. G®c.3 DeJJm
w<lJO8 f® cm5Zl)J ZSlO:5l <;!e-d'dJe-§'.
166
llJ CJ ® ~'ll !.ll1 g ~ @)rG C"Jgcr>, 8 C'P8 (()l CJ "" 0 •.• C'P
CD g pCJ g g d;J pg CA @) Gl @) Gl Gl (1IJ Ol~ rt2
OlCACJ g!.ll.!.ll.@)OllQ
G: @Jirg
~r~~~
oa u ~'ll
g
u -<"ll
CJ
I)
a @) C"J
C') 0. ~'ll Gle€> ¥ -<"ll g> er CJ ~OJ
O! •.• C"J g C\; ti aCfi> rfi>'N °C1lG"CA g"'GlCl'--'g
C"Je€>8t:i£l @Ji8 @Ji !?l Gl CA o@) U 8 8 C') g (\
0: C"J,0 o, C. ~CA Ol ,Be€> @)uGlt\oOi
S G:
co OJ) gg~@).('~
o Q Gl u tll Q.J @Ji-ro ~ 8 ro a p. 8.1 @)iJ 13'\ ~
Oo ..ro CA """ o 9 6
OJ. S ~'ll S CJ
g (')~~~ e€> rCJ Gl Gi 0l8!.ll.gC\O
a g C"J !.ll10igp.8C"Jgi;\
Gl '" 8.1 PO Gl ,,~,.n Gl CP 8g Q(,»g
-*lI n. '"_ '<.G) c€! C"J Dl
a1g ~
C"JI'(") V' 8 8 0"'" GlCA CA' OiOig
g e€> .oo rc g Gl cG(()luSbgC")8.1-<"ll ..ro @) g cr>,
u G,.n ~rg @)CJJCA CJ -<"ll'"
g 6- N"GGNg CA @)~~~ ClJ@)
9'~SbGlg 8 @) {'0, CA C0 """ U' U ;{j Gl P@)
Cfi> Q CJce; CJ S u ~
(j) '"
o '"C') 0: Oi .r» @Ji @Ji g. C'J Gl ~ GlQC'PG ~ Gla~Ol@Ji~
GG80OJQ",X,
8 ~ CD'?. 8 C'.lJ Gl u N u Gi I"" o fb ClJ
rOGGG~ N ("J o 8 Q ~ Gl r@)aSbG ~Gl C'.lJg CiU tll 0. (()l CJJ
OJuCiU", """C"J •.• @)@)Ug~G\.Ji GlllJOJ. Qb
Glg ",'"
C"J g 0: C"J ~, (') ~ OJ ~ C'P g t:i CJ CJu CD @) llJ 9 rG @:J,;£l!
~Sb(\Oio: "" g , Gl C'J>!tCJ (1'J 6 gPGGl Q QJd;J g Qb
o 6 g 0 a C') ~ ~ ("J Ce; PGll~~~CiUd;J~ C\;;"GCJClJ
Sb u g g QCJ@Ji d;J ,.n &:) @) "u po. G
® c ,SP .r» @)6'-roCJ
0: Gl -<"ll CCJ Q Sb ~ GGlt;;e€>@)d;J' 0
~ ~ 8 8" CJ a Gl .s ~G,B a Sbo" c» C'P
, ~,YCJ g ~, 0. Gl ~rg @I_U 6 ro
0. ,.n
8", g CD£lC. CP -<"ll a 8 00 OJ) 01 U!-,' @)8
g C"J' 0. u
e€> a~1t a
8 --.1 ~ g CJ ~ Gl C'.lJce; C'. G'sp u
C"J Ce; '" Gl
CiU"'ll ~Sb NCJc.-+1I ;§ g o G,,~~ClJ@JiSbp. Il. @Ji!.ll.~-+1I
-" CA u g
8 CJ,.n ~ g CJ ~ t:i t:i C') Ct>
~ gg(,)CA CJJ Sb
N
ClJ CA C'.lJ-<"ll Sb @),§ CJ C'P @\,
g OJ C"J g 13'\ 0. @) g CJ o 5i{, f,O C") C'
CJ c ..ro e€> 8 C') OJ I) Sb c
' G"'Q! ruN Gl"'-''''&:)'''
Ol @) '" Gl g~@)i;\fbt;;
(')CDC"Ju g ~G ~~s (()l
g ~ P. 8 Gl u CJ a8agGl
'DJ OJ e€> ~ C"J~CloQ @JiP@) &aa Qb
-<"ll(",@)u.uC"J§ (1'J ~ CJ,
iJ 0. 87.,. .r» Sb .(1.0 N Oi C'.lJCr>, G
C'.lJ (\ n" ~rg ::JJ GlCACi1>SOJ
Q 1i0. g g Qb(j) C')@)~U
£l Gl V' @) @Q~aGl
Gl CiU r>G(1'J 6
g G" C"J C') CD~p.~ 6 g rC) ~
0.
~ 0 § 0 o co. d;J e€> ~ Clo 6-;ilI 7.,.
!J '" f8 @)-g GOJ •'llce;G"Glg
o;ill s, C"J C"J CS) d;) 8 8 ~1"C') t;>b ::JJ 9 @) CJ .co
,.nt;>bc,JOJI) Il.asg ~~rg u,. G C'" @) o.Q.J!,llgG
8 'Ol C') ti N Ol 0.
G: c ~ (()l C') Gl Gl,S} g,"6 g S C')
u Q! 0. YC"J CAa llJ8
'" o, re; CO g Ol@)g @) G: (,,1 a CP~g £l@Ji Q llJN
~ .oo e€> Q u @) 8 C') Gi S'll o• YC'J (", ~. Q !.ll
~ @Ji" ~J
(') ::: C') , 8 g CJ ~ Cl C) cO '
~?~)~ C'PCJcr>,
Gl"'6Qg G C')
N @ G ","P!t(j)e<:.g@Ji re; 9 aCi1> ~
g 6] '£:J g !t cnOJ-ro
~Q!t Qll @)C)~ ~Q
C') § Gl C')-<"ll u C")~GGg 6
Dl @) -<"ll-+11 C'PS "'Mg (1'Jce;p.J Gl ~ a YC"J
.(Ii) ro Gl
e P."@Ji
C') OJ 7n G a OJ. Gl Gl GJ Gl C'" Gl
W (I;> @Ji G" CA Gl c,JaGlGc[',
c;: g C\; ~ C"8 (I)
10 N, CJ C~ 8 .f1D e€> g 9 ~ g) 80r@)~
G S s OJ -D g ~ 9 C') C'" C') o 11 OJ-<"ll c€!na tll
'£:J'Q n. Il. G ('J U (;j ('1 C..J
fb OJ.
ag g
(:oj G: Gl
g!} G, -f'J r(') !!l S C'P o !;J we @;JOlQJ
G: ~-<"ll G ('
c,JJ @) c;:
*C! ~ I) Cl !3 c,J @, )[3
c... ~ @)a(')@)s
c;: ~ aa ~!t~ ,@) ti u(l)!ta(,)~G Il. @) 0: CJ a
t>JZ5Jc.5 (fl?5JCi zeo
(flz5) ?SJ6e:JJdc
168
8.2 6toc:J' ...-:3Jc:! 15138 Z5l,:;i;zG'Gtilzs1 [,&
W,D:§;. G:§;W ~,i53 v,<;W!5"
(1t)]8;:.jZ3)~ m& ,f@ {f[jC5J15
dCln5")c.:3Z5lU 013'13 £815&

(foCIJpD ClJJ (f[)(£)J5 DUZ5l<;'
c,,[JoO sCJ ~®?~c:JZ.51
CdoJ<;Z5Jc.:J Z5l0 (D,N:§; 6C).
8.3 6toc:J' @ClJe; [)<; :§;£i3zs1 && dDc:!o::.:;Z5l' GJ,!36®zs1 6J"f!Z5"! 6G6C1JB
6::':;Z5"!:§; 6CJuDc:! Z5l0 (DZ5JCIJ,til CfZ5JO6CJ z5le.JJ @ClJe; Z5l,<;,c:!G
CJ8~J til8:§; [)e:JJd CJCIJ;:JGC). 6CJ e.Je;ClJJ ®!3Z5JCIJ®tilzs1pd
S®Z5l::':;Z5l'De:JJd ~6C':J1e5Z5J[)m 6C).
169
(Ji!;)S0C;(5:J(JZSl80z5)1 C5l<!f, 0i02m' 0m' t'Y)®JmJ:) muZ5l"~C, ~tlCm;.3 1511sdmZSl q!t)3:)J:)5'I)c.,;.3m'Oq!®5'lOt.-
i!J® 90C;3:)-od q!l§\ 3:)1ZSlCGmC3-J§m' G<£JJ'C0(J;f8 §ii3C5(.}i'lm ;.3i!;) ~J1~ lm'5'lo-Jd 2:l:'G OW vWz;)(J
Gm'Gm' mcv G§® t.-le3C50 q!l:i' §;;::' 0lC5(.}® C5l<!f, (l)Q)e)) c.,3:)0(Jm' C5l&0502 z:;;)<;2vc 5'llm3:5'" tom
~G.J(.} C5l&GJO;.3 c.,3:)0('}m' ~~m0U. i!Jm® (§§® ZSllC eOG::Oc3<';0d ~ C5l'£ 0502 z:;;)l<;C ~cm
C5l& CQ)') (S)5'I OllZSl. G® ZSl~~ ~<;il~ C5l&[:JO(.}ZSl' (J<;il C5l& Oic..'2m'wO <;,<;')Cv w)85'1,) ZSlom
uum(.}ZSl' c.,m q!Z»o ®i;:.;~wm(.}ZSl' (.}<;il J:lJZSl(.}mO <;'<';')G[: WJC:5l1 ZSlom Cum(JzS,.
0Q)00lJ' C5G:5d0l (5:JJZSl

<;'~~C;<';ZSlO t.-oZSl' o®~ZSl' 6CC;03) <;'3'0 00 G<>f~uvz;i i!Jd ClG2:l:'0l C001::2;.3ZSl'
0{~0l,) i!JZSl' CG(J;f03ZSlJC C5Be;0c3<;;.3ZSl'0wt.-z;f o<~t.-d 0wCz;f e, )0('}:51 <;'l3'. 05:5)01 q!O ("LaJ c.,JO(.),
O(."J05'i t.-')O(.} , 3ZSlJa c.,JO(,} ~J~ ~(5:J3('}m' WJCZ5lJ ZSlo:5J'2md 03z;i Cl&
O5c..,? v l:::bt>i C; ("l3'. 0®0
0502 C5l<fJ], UO(.), Q)~O ZSlC5mZSlJC('}, ® ZSle)m GWJ ® GZSll0Z5"lZ:;;)J~('} q!J~ VS10(Jm' C; d3)t)WG~
0('}0C;' 6m&) ~a[:lm'm cl(§Q)m 0ZSl0 ZSlJC('}ZSl'0w~z;f [:JOC.:lZSl'<; ~clt)l5'im (0W:i <;')<;);.3®) GZ5"l1Cl0Q)m
~tleil ZSlJCC.:lZSl'0W~Z5l' q'UJOC.:lZSl'<'; 0® Ot® q'Oa6Jt)ZSlO® 0C51£, Ct>i8~C.:lZSl' 0fJU.
C5G~~ (J)0ZSl' q!aClm'm 0mJCl(§Q)m ZSlJC d (q![:Jo(§d) dZSl Q)CJ CSl:5l®m' 6;.30 01z;f:5d ZSlc5m'0m'
6§ ®wm'8(.}0 CJW S0fJ;.3:idm C5~c., q!~lm'm 0 G3m' ([:Jo0d) Cl0Q)m §)OJ (.). i!J0a § 0502 mcm",d
<'; csl& q!CJ00d (c.,tlCZSl ZSlJC;.3 , <'i0o:f~ ZSlJC;.3 q'J~) (J)~Jc.,JO;.3 me..,:5"':5d is\B~O ZSlC q!)G;.3:iem;.3
(ZSl1C('), ~ c..c, Ol) c <,;e ) ~6 ZSlJ(§m csl&[:')O(.} ~G~ CJWlO(5:J(.}ZSl' o®&lm' q!')ca' ClO5-J ~:5dc.,
q!l5'l·
a)®lmJ:)0fJC.:lm' C5l&UO;.3ZSl' o§ 4Z5l' 6Z5l' q!5'lO ZSlJC('}ZSl'~G ot.-m. 0®0l0 CO::;) 0C50):5dc5l tot:S::nto
Gl;5) 0C;J:lCS2&ZSl
CCStl;.310 ~OJ C5l& ~Jo(.}ZSl' o§ 3t>i C5®<em<'; C;.3 OllZSl. 6Ga ® o§wo C:-d:5-.5ZSl
q!Y~f t.-c~ 3l&Gl0(.}ZSl' o§ 8 ZSl' C5®~ C;ZSl'Gl<'; ~t>o G(.} OllZSl. oJ~n3);:'0fJ(.}m oQ)t:S C5l&
c.nc5(.} 0fJC5Q)ovJB ~<'; 80 ®Jt>~ q!CSlC;ZSl'vJC;, O~(l) GWc.,:5'" ~ZSll2dOa C5l& v)O(.} <'iGCSlJa::{'~<;
80 0ldZ»l®Q)t5 eeo C;ZSl'~J<'; c.,(5:J0('}m'ov, 6ZSl' o®<em csc.,~.
O502ZSll<';lGCZSlt)C;;.3m'w <&w~m'® Cl!l§ 0ZSl10(§a csl& (J)Q)e)1 GZSlGtl. OC vC; W3c.,;.3ZSlfficl t.-C; OW5'I
013 C5l& 0fJC5i:J3t)CO C5l& (l)Q)eJl i5\B® 0f;WJ aC5;.3J ~l5'l· ;32:5J'® ZSlI<';IGCZSlalE;, l.'i@e)J 0ZSlGOm'Gm'
<&W<"(ZSll<';leC q!08m® 6;.30 'fIW~m' q!I§ ~<'; t.-C ce. ?2)03-J5'i ::3I& (S),,)e:,) 7{wGG c.,5Jdz»0U.
csI&
alO2 ZSlI<';IGC:ZSl (S),,)UJ Cc C5IV,B® woa ZSle)ZSlGC50mZ5"l<;')ZSl)O(.) 9.1 c5tC56(.}m' ~OtC5~('}0U. G®
(j'Z5)O (§®o( aI& ~8m'® (J)Q)UJ 0fJZSl00m'6m' 'fIwf; (§csu0;.30 q!10mZ5"l6;.3m' ® <;'IV, C5I& 0fJC5uoGd
Om CfZ»O (§®C.:l0 csc~ 0I~ al& 0auO(.) C.:lIB§(.)~ C:IGQ). 'fi5'l) 0fJOl'l~m muz;fZ5J ZSlG (l)~J010('}ZSl
C5I&0CSUO 6ZSl' 0W:i OLD S®J~('}ZSl' §Ql(.) WlZSl. C5l& ZSll<;IGC 'fIwGG ~J:)Jd5'l c)m[:JZ5l' 0®G3m'
~®(§(.}m' G®:iOJ ~l§ 0I&' S®J~0d q!~5®ZSl' (§w:i C5lE;, ~C on;)Sz;fGGd c;'~~®ZSl' 0C5m'<;il® ZSloB.
0®W~ ees 3§:iOJ <'iIV, csI& S®J~C.:l [:(5:J3('}m' e<,;wa ZSlo=0Gd C5I&~C ec: S J~(') 0~. QlO2m'
cs~m' 0I(§0®m' ac S®J~;.3 q!~ZSlG (§®o(: (§wt.,z;f C(.}G 0WJ' OJm's C5I& q!m'5'ltl(J)l5) 'fi0 ~ClO
'fiB 8(.}Iaa§m' Om <,;®<;ilCl(§Cll 0®O(: (§0l[:Z5l' 5;.38 C5I~ t.-c §alC.:l "'Z5J S(5:Jal5) ac: S§(5:JZ»(.}
18% W) 19% <,;ZSl'~) Gm qZ»o ,0fJ®e'>L~ C5l& cslw®ZSl' Clm1®I§lt) ZSleZ»Q») (l)Z» WIZSl.
170
CS7.&C10c.3 c;'JOOill eJ 05lc.3BZ>f CS®~ 00 csG® 07.& 00u50d 0~0( CS7.& c;'7.5IGU(9.2 O(CSc.3).
ZSl7.C,7.c:!wc:!
cs7.~ 0003 4d Gill] aG t..-t)J eJsne ~ cs7.& ZSJcc,7.c:!ezsfc;'7.5IZil~,cs@~ ill1 0c,0U~
csI& 0003 e.,e e.,c, 3c.3c:!eG® 0<::JJ'01 8c.3~ 0I&t..e, e.,2Z>f 0®Z>f.5Z5lcb WcZSl. 0 U7.~ 8c.37.C5
CS7.&e.,<; <yzsf®&Z>f3 ilcl010~c.3 ZSlG ~~ c.J.
0®€S3~ 0Ic,ISlZ5luZ>fGZ>fCSI&e.,<; 8c.J7.<::3

UCSlJ®eUJ0d c;'7.5107.& <yUZ5lZSlO ISlIzS,®W.CSI& ~clOJO~c.3
§BG®Z>f CS~ €S3cl07.& Uc, 0€S3l5l 0I&0CSUU c,IZ>f illWU0d <yCSl§Z>f® (pCS~ Z5l7.8lc.3 p~ c;'Z5l0,
c;'t)zsf 0I& C2Z>f 86c~ t..-c, 0€S3Z5l CSI& 0CSUU <yillf; ZSl7.c,7.c:!CGe.,e..i1Z5l 0®0t..- Z5lI@c.J ~~
o. G @c.3) W)eJt.. 9.3 0(00c.3Z>f c,zsfe.,1 c;'I63 oB~ Oooo~c.J ZSl@p~ o. cs7.& GCSUU 4zsf
GillJ' ~G e.,<.e30c.3Z>f® c;'(3\ 0ill)~Z>f Zile.JZ5l~ZSlG ISl~Je:;Joc.JBZ>f csI&e;Joc.3zsf ~G~ o(® ~Zil
5 ZSlG GillJ' 7 ZSlG e.,ozsf c;'~ Z5l0@Z>f6zsf cs<.& 00uC3c.3BZ>f C;sf cs<.& ~cloJo~c.3 BB®G ill<.ZSl.
0~ c;'=0e., oZ5l 5 ZSl cs®~ OU§lZil cs<.&OJOc.3d ~G~ 0~ c;'JZSlJOc.3()cs<.& B0ej'9(~ 10 zsf cs®~
6ZSl mwOc.3BZ>f eQ)) 1Sll5lCSl7.ZSl.
CS<.& t;10c.3 ~G~, ,,"")~)e.,10 cs5zsf~1GU~ 0c,t;Zil 07.& 0csu3c.JG c5Z>f 2 3c.J~ illWU GZSl1Gcl
g0W0c.3Z>f <yOl5lGISlZilc<.GOJ. G®€S3~ oBdgJ ZSlG ill7.B 0c,UZil cs7.& 00UU0d Eb7.~ cs<.&Uc, c;'7.§lZil~
6lJG OG® 07.m cs7.& 0CSU00d c, Cf~UJtsc.JGc.3Z>f®8c.3<.<::3cs<.& (0~Ot 07.&) §l8lc.J p~ c.J. O®illO
~GZSl o§l Bmoc.J§Z>f (-''''~10J00d 0<.& GCSUU csBzsfm ZSlO 0Zil1®Z§l Zil~ ~Z>fUZil cs<.& 0csuu(~d
c, 3c.J<.<::3cs7.& §I'@c.3WcZSl. 0®m~ 07.C,G)Z5lt..-Z>f0Z>f8c.J7.<::3cs<.& Cc, c;'<.§l cs7.& 0csuB 3c.3CC
<yO?5'G01SlZil <yillf; 0csU3c.3 ®Z5l Z5l<.@
0Zil)8c.J<.<::307.& c;'<.51 Cc, 0ii3Z5l cs7.& 00u5 ®§lZ>f Z5l7.Q)8.
G Gcl Z5l7.9)GZilJ8c.37.<::3
cs<.& GcsuJ SZ5l c,7.Z>f8c.37.p csI& Gcs03 Z5lQ)1 Zil<.t..-Z5l07.ZSle 0<.& GOUU
®?5'G Ce3Z>f s~ 1Sl0=0C7.GOJ.6CG @~Z>f CSillZ5lGO<.®G~Zil ~OJ <yw~ZJi Z5l7.@ 8c.J7.~ cs7.& Uc,
61~ t,8Z>f cs7.& :,5k~oJo~c.3 BB®() @~Z>f csw<::3GuZ>f<yt..-Z5lZSl0
lSlZ5lill<.ZSl.
G®£3~ 'i'Zilu(l;)15Gcl u7.5po
f~ GZilJISl<.O®GZSlc:!CSZillZ3:nB
Cc.J p~ c.3.
@~Z>f 6€S3?5'cs7.&Goi:J5 <';7.::;1illSe:;Gd 3G @Gts B€S3csc.Jzsf®OJ0Q)Z>fc;'7.§l cs7.& ~clOJO~ cl0)Zilc.JG

(9.4 0t0c.3) G(l")Zil(;b ;.:l~ c.3. 07.& ~cloJ('5~ cl0JZilGd ~ 8c.37.<::3
cs7.&Uc, UC 8c.J7.3 8mc.JBZJi ZSlaJ
<yC:sfZSlGc.J~ c.J. G®£3~ 8c.3<.<::3 cs7.&e.,c,c.J illJaZilc.Jzsf Z5lZ5l7.@
0c:!e5c.Jzsf c5ZJi <;'CUJ 8c.J7.8 ZSl<.8
:5lG ;.:l~c.3 (9.4 0t0c.J). 6eJG 8c.3<.3 ZSl7.80~~ GOJGOZil csI& c;'CSGZ5lc.3t0®Z>fe.,@z;JCJ G)?5' w7.B CfZ5l0
cs<.& 0@(S)Z>f <yu ZSl7.@2ZSlCC~ eJ® c, CGzsfCJ 1SlZ5lw7.ZSl.8c.J7.8 ZSl<.~o<.&Uc, 0illJ' 8c.J7.3 0£3Z5l
cs7.&Uc, GzsfZ>fS1CS01B0<.& £)clOl0ZSl0d uc,C:b® Of;UZil (!j®~ Z5?pGU Z5l0)JZSlOZSl7.eJ0®Z>f
Uc,6:@0U
c;'<.§lcs<.& <yC;sf ZSlOG)?5' CSl<.ZSl (9.5 0t0c.J). csG~ CZil ZSlOZSl7.eJ0~~ Cc,Gd 07.& £)clOJOZSl0d Q)e;
Gc,OG ~9)~eJ c;'7.§l Cc, 0ZSlJGGcl C3<.& o®~zsf <yCZ5l'0U.0c,C=0U t..c,c.3 Zil7.UZ5lwoCJ ZSl7.0ZSl7.eJG®Z>f
c;'GZilzsf 07.Z5l'G;sf c;'7.51 C3<.& c, q;e.,;sf ZSlO ISl?5'WcZSl.
CS7.& mcloJo~c.3 BB® 6§ o)("ZJi~ @~ Cc.J0Z>f® 3f ZSlOZ>f0Z>f

Zil~ 6c.3 <yZ5lJ®Z5l'
<yzsf®&Z>fcrOoZ>f
§B®G CZ5l'OJCSl ZSlGp~c.3. Zil<.Z5l0WJZ5l
07.& £)cloJo~ d0JZilc.3G @~Z>f C3<.&Q)®G cs<.@&®G C3()Z>f
G)Z5l GmJZ51, 6c.3 @~ CS1eZSlc.JJG ®illZ5l 'i'csCSl~Czsf O:;ll 'i'7.Z5l. 6£)oJ cs7.&· £)doJo~c.J 'i'JO~ill
BB®G GOO e 0f;WJ c;'t;(l;)153c.3~ illJ~t) m) 0®t,C~ (ec,JZil®Z>f) ~c,P 'i'~BZ>f 8§0c.JC ZSlO
?5'7.Q)GSZ>fZSlJtsc.3d::o®C illJ <yzsf®&Z>fmcloJo~ ZSlG;;:O~ <;,C::oZJi ZSl@illIZSl. c,7.CS S®ZSlc.JZ>f,f®
::51G)Zil1c;';.:l5Z>f mcl::no~ d0JZil0d ?5'Q))(l")7.zS)G®Z>f
@~Z>f 6ii3 cs7.0~® CGzsfCJ G)?5' W<.ZSl. f ZSlGd
3c.3Zil eJ02?5'C ?5'<.@0 ZJi CSll 6£3 c,illZil ~3oc.JG e.,BZ>fe.o 0aJC r- ~ ZSlIQ)2 c,I®0®ZJi 6c.J £)O~07.C
C,CCJ :5\Q)J 1Sl?5' ill<.ZSl. S':;ZSl0c.JZ>f f® ®o &3£)86 0ZilJZil<.&3c.3
p~ c.J.
171
.
9. I 0t0c.:J @ c'§e;? Zj),<;,CCZSl 0,&
(j)?:NJJ [)]5)d25J 8 '1,&5
(f]ZSl]O:.:J. §'CD<; ZSl,<;,C0C
'1,&5 OOJ(3) (j)&[)] 90((fJGJ
(0@!£31; OGJ OOJ(3) Bog
ZI}!5o 630,[)zsl [)(fJ0GJZ5l'§'CDt;
[)c;0d '1,25J) OGJ() oCD8ll
'1,&5 ;jJCDe; Z5),<;,CC25J' O:.:J()
§'CDCll (7',&50,& Z5),<;,CC25"!
c.lZ5l 0<;(fJZSlJOc.lZ5) ZSl,<;8
90((fJ a,CD,E/8[) 0&<;] 0[)ll
ZJ")08.
@CDflll a,& ZJ"),<;,CC

OOJCD Q80 iJJolE)
OCDCll @CD'7 ZSl,<;,CC
9.2 0t0c.:J, O(;ffi a,& 00()00d ([)cyaGJ

Z5)CD[)t5e:m) me:fGJJoe:mc.l() bSb
8c.l,{2 0CYOZ a,& (7',25J.0<;0[)m
0,& 0a()!J0eS (<;ZI}f!!iiOGJ PS
[)t5e:m) <"f,25J'025J' 0Z5l)Bc.l,,::.:j
0Z5lJ0CYOt a,& DZ5l (~Z5)0 d'[)7
Z5)[)®25"!me:fGJJoe:mc.l() PsP Z5l,25J.
172
ef3e1 e.5lfli1 eJ<; OJ@
z:j) t <; If:1(§) d (s: C3eJ e d)
~e5)~z;)@ ?5)&~ Cl(§}ro
--------.-- ------_ ....•
4 ,-, -<0 <:::::::J c::::::::J
~f - - ..1
3 -.
':
2 .-..
'J
(§}@Ot e.5lfli1
e:J ef3?5) eJ <;
= 2f3 e1 es J 02S) G5 ()
2f3 e1 e:J J 02S) G5 z:j)@;

e.5l fli1 ~ eJ?5) ()
9,3 6toc.:l' 0z& £0~J6~ 9® tJGJ~c:J' CJG§?)(f:;[)w® 0&!6t CJz& crz&3 CJGt£iG[)£ 0z& Goo8Gc:Jw oz&
£0~J6~c:J t:5JG ;.:J~c:J, oz& £0~J6~c:J til8G@W O~ rod oz&C; ~roZ5J G@® Oz& GOo8c:J
rrJZ5J6[)25J
oc5J25Jc:JD (fV~J25J 0z& G"-508...:: (0) 25JZVZ5J~Oc:JJ ~t:5JBc:J ;.:J~c:J,
173
r) (0 :v- Ki
110 ® ,;,) (;,)
3
r<l n
Ki '0
Kl;')
Ki~
"'c
5 ~Ki~
cC.) D~
3 Ki"®16
Kl f)r.)
~
'"
Q
\9
"n
8
8 Kl (0 16 16 (0 16
KlC;J 8®(.) Kl®16
®
:otl:)c\$ '" V , «r 10 (~J 0 cn Kl '0 {) ~) l') 8 ® '0 't$ C;) ID ID V l,) (;,)
t,) CKJ '" eo- s (;,) Ki 11"\') ~..cc;;)'On (VU,) J0(,1 i; rf,)!f5 ncarv~)
:0 Lj) 0"
v- '" '" ~- "3","'10' ,r:; N ~ ® r;') 9'" 8 Kl & n
~?~fi' n :1'0
'U
~ (~ c~ ~ ~ (0 ~ "IJ ~ .o iJ r.) '''300)r 0 2
"''0 R.,-••.....2 s qo cf) {ij' 8 IS Ki'OclS' 0'0 ",VfJ
o J J::' ~ 0 5 V -'';::::' «>f)(,1a;:: JO @ [j®'O;,)
® 1O ~) «r CIlc~ ~''''N8 R f:)Af]!l,r13 KJ 8'''IJ «r
16 -o tV "8 '0 ;,) VOlQ) @on'V f ''''0' 13 i" "'IJ 13 ') ') 16 v- (0
(Q
,J .) .2 ~ n 8_ rJ 2 (~ 16
» : S,3
Ki
~)13 ,6)
~. 'C V (l; N R.,"V
n
') 3 [j ® iJ
@ ~ GCf) ~ ~
[) '" n I\~
® ~ "13
°Ki 'Q (,) v- Kl @,'
J::' n Q) r,;,'N
c
'3 U" 3 '
Ki
~"c
N Q
"IJ
e
® "IJl2 g'Q;g
(8l')cS
;,) V ,.) ''''
(.J o~ rJ lIS 3
'0J "IJ
®:O'OUiJ
\9
®'"
v-~'03&Jv-UbAf]';,)
1f)~)0
(3 -o g'
V ~ ~ 't$ ':) £;,)1 <r
D ",j t5
ci) ,,) Lj)
o ,J ~ .~, CIS 16 ~) .) '3 3 v {ij' ~ fJ eo "'t-c- f)
.)
"r.:
OJ
[j In
0c =r: ,.) '0 C(Q
co . re CO '1J ((l Kl ,c, cG 1,) B "vON"",~"'Dr '"
o D V "8 ~ (Q",.)s((! tl:){)Ki16,)u "'@® w'VcKl <JJS.", v-
'J eo- V-"V ® 8 :0 FiKig l£n' ,)~,If)~ Sr;,)D'O'" vN
(.) '" . r;,) r) ~ \) 'OJ
"" V '0, @ - 'KJ'B :0-2"8 3i3~)
'JJ ID '') x
°Ki " n ;::;~ C30'O
~
U '"'tG' :0 ~
'VeVI.S'"' Q)
16 ~ ~) ® ,.;\;"'~
C~l3-~~l~ '" :0 . Kl 13 l8 [) "" :;":0'"
3' I) •...• '0/ ® "')' >.
'0 D" 'V' Q) 0'6 D 16
CS"(Q {)
lfl '~-o
't,) "IJ V Cfj
3:JV-8'S '" D '"
S {) '"' I) 16 r: ® " cf) r.) c .~ r.) 3 v- '0 '" [j (.J
'.) ('G r) I\~ 0> '0'
s V> llNDV :;'30 'OD,,).,,, ClODS v-
l';'] s . <r I() 'V
1,) '"
3
r)
161l101D'O&J"IJ;,),..c
"IJ 'i) .~ li 3
(0 Cf) '(Q cfL ~ ~ .')'JJV-w '{ij'VJ n
S':).)K) D 0 r fj ~6 'O~"16
~ (1) (0 r.J-3')@I)f)DCO f)8fij D ~ 8 ® of) F)'c\$ [j <:oaV'
II '0 16'l ®
{) 5 !0 ClO £f1
\'l ~,~
"';a, :0
16 K~
l')'v-5f)1l"'Lj)16",
w~ 0 ~ IU-(ID
IDe.
15 c-.
"'~~ ,,'0
0'0/ '"
',""",:0
,',);:;
:o"V('G:7
(,1 '"
G o C(Q r: 8 ,J '0 '.) li v- s CJ2) rv Ii) ClO~
(Q '0 ~'O ~) ,)
(0 "IJ ~ 8 3 ('.)16 610 f)(v'O ~f) n
~qo@'2'() Ki ~ cffJ
c.<o ®
(5 l\il [l e~ @ Of) :0 ~ f), 2" G 13 8(@)'In
," ®. 0®
n D;a!il
"R.,""" '() l')
S® <::t
f'--
;,) '" N ~ • '" ° ,®"IJ ((l '0'3 tl:)qo rv n CO w'
~1't$0~)('J 3 Ki ~ R,Ln ,) f)) D D"Lj)Ki ri Kl6 r
10 8 ~
'" 'V KilO (fl ~) '0 Kl
Kl (0
'0 .Q (0) 6) eo ® D n ~ '0 C;,) ,,) '" '0
{) 'J'" 16 ~'" ®.' J) ~ (0 "V '') Of) Cfl ,,) Kl' V 10 n '"' «r '" 'JJ 9
n S d) (,J n
, 8' -o ,) -3 "IJ 'N
lQ IJ v- eo ':) 8 . 0.) Ki ,) ~ VOOcn ,,",,,,,"IJ'O'()
n r, °Ki 0>' c~ cDS@:u ® tl:) ~ ~ ~ 10
nD
G' ('G
v 0 :5 ®, ,) '0 If)ND
on ,) n :) (0 ® ~ !Ci c5 ( on
01S l£ (iC) llG " co ,,) tri) S n 0 (D
'\J)~'O@:Kln
':),
W (0 "IJ
4q) ') en :JIS Ii)'t$
I't$ 1) '0 ':) (r)
S ~) m (0)
n
ID ffi f) 80 .)
IU- -b (Q :? •...•
'i
(!::,C\1n
~ rf)r(0 ~rcn,
Lj) ,IS "IJ '" r< . 0 (Q "8 "q, lCL '0J ('1 !is 1t ;,) ~
:0 '0 3 o~) rn(~mV ",~,),I) ''l IU "IJ @.::o l'J "i: '"
58J)~R.," o "IJ R.," Kl ((0 '" ~ 10 1) FJ ", 10 '3 ') ~fJ . V ID eo- n 10
(OO"IJ.!")\') "IJ 9 qo 9 ') '0 ",~. S v :0 ® . =r: f).a I.S'VKl 8' ~;{l'
cs n "" '() '" ® rc ra 8)) Ki '1")
V
u eo '0)
't$
'(Q
v- o
G <.j V
r: V-V
') p IV
') \')
'JJ (0)
s
"'"'
'W
11 '()flSD'~~
5
VG'uS
n
tV
'" (~ '0
"(Q 'II)
"srKl
n..... '"
10
V
"J
3 ;J
o 't$
'9
\'l
rJ .s
'0
,.., ~~)'()'?
~ In
v .
G
)
KiGJQln
(j 9 16 v
1ij-'O VJ ID
~ ([)
v-®
~a~)
C'l
011l n
o
m
i:J "Ki
"IJqo(O~)
lIS ® li 16 ~
;,) (Q
~
~
g
'0
665
"IJ GJ
'0
®
eo
(5
J '
0" CKi 0) (Q
A
K) :J
I
. l£
l'r$"n .. Kl S'a r () Ki 3"q) ~ 1l &J S ~ R.," » (Ki ~ 10
<"':'s
"') '" ""
S: (0 "c.,. f) ,) ~e r '~n ')v (~,~ . 5 Kl. nv »,,) n.
~"IJ~
R~) n 'u .'l '3 N ;']
I.S '3 D '" «r
(.J
C<i" 'V
r, ')
v- r,) (10
')
't$l3~)lnG
(~) ':) -o '{) cn 5' ~ ~ n . 'V 1 Kl
.,
,) q 1 If) ~ r
fj.",®'10
/c
"V{)mS"'(<i"n~
'!)
'
\') 't$ ~3 'Qo ~ '? ~ ~ '? Cj 'Q i1 .') 1; 1))(11 on 8 10
;') tV ,r q)~ V l~J 16
o ,p ,,) ,) In :J ,) 3 f) "IJ Fi (\.$ S';....r
,1 C',r '3 \') "')
')(,l:J1.lDf,)'0S')
(Q r fJ'
Ki
, n (.J') I(; "IJdqj 8 ,) (Q q), r,) "IJ .-::. "IJ r.) "-' ' ')iv'ODtlD~ "Vns
"IJ t') '0 (D D ~ If) 0 In v- R.,"Mi
lIS ® fJ :;' o ,) . ° 1J; (0 '0 r v- Ki
CIS " ':) ,) () 13 ' J:'., n ,l Ki;~ ® f) ~;J 0c '0
13 ~161r 'i f) (\.fi 't$KiI\8~~f-!)f)n"Vn
n.
rtCfi
,)
GaV'''vCfj' ~~) IJ
(0/>
c\$ ~
i) :~en
'0J lV v-
,) (Q
rtn ~"~
J.
"""
~
~ l~
f) I(;
") r:) ~
m ITJ f)
x ''t
Q) fJ °
fl" \')
Kl .)\ ~3')
,) S (Q '~
n n
Lj) S . '"
'0 f) 3 S (f)
"IJ V (~) ~) (0,
,) 'u "q) (<i"
oz8v 0oD{JDcm g;Dz;f ZSl,g 8c.Jz9 oZ8v DC; QJ02 (pGm ~® 2f3doJ(5&c.J £B®.
otjJ cOJe5mc.J tjJG ld c:lc'c8c.J tjJ,gD DZ0DmGd 8c.Jz8 oZ8v DC; DCm' g;8 8c.JZ8 ZSlC5J
g;t,z;f ZSlom &02 OJCZSlGc.Jz;!
[;0 c;§ro [;@Z5>.:.J.
puw25'i..:; GzslmSJoc:lJB oZ8v z\3dG:JJOZSl::.:J. oc.J tjJG g;{J 8c.JZ8 g;uz;f ZSl,goZ8v DC; OJ~
oz8v z\3dc:lJo~,-, c:lt;WJ wQ)J tfzw.
z\3dmo&c.J ZSlG oZ8v 6ZSltjJZSlO())Z85®c:lt;WJ fJ wJe5m 0loGd C;t:i?~ GZSlGDBm'Cfzw.
175
iJ&fJJra ~@~ Z5)~,v
(a1eiJ v<;6J@ 6 zsj
v61!5l0 l5)1~c.s CDll!5l)
~@~ Z5)~00 e5JC;e16

- ?5)ro~,v (v<; 6J@ <;6q,§v)
-~@~ QZ5)6
c::J- 6&5 qdiJc:3
//
.~ 80,vJ?5)
//
9.5 dt0..:l: ~&P G:J0ooz53.., GzsJZ5l'~pc:JG:JJ8c:Jl8; iildG:JJ61!5l(:J1!5l Ctrxnm!5J6(:J OOJ C>lC;(Dtff Cow(:Jm.
G§® c:Jl8; iildG:JJ6I!5lG(:Jm 6zsJ [;61!5l0 c:Jl8;tJC; 6J0 6 §Jm c:J,8; iil&:JJ6&c:J t:lJ@;
00(?:5l. G®[!,iil 0,8; iildG:JJ6?:5lc:JzsJ QJeg Cc:Jm §J&Jelc:J1!5l0 (flW W&J[JJG:J[!8m c:Jl8;
iildG:J?6&(:J §J8GCY? GCl?l5)c.::JGCYc:Joot:J[! iilG:JJ 0CJJW 9Gc.::1dl5)[Jw GO.
176
10.
i O. i.
@ Ql1:S2
ClJCZ5)~ ~cZ5"l'® ~JO®W 2:5)O~J <j'JQ~2:5)G~l:j) Z5)®mGcs:fillL§~JD 8~QJe;Dz;), Cll&' ~etClJC;Z5)~ oe;roJ
Z5)® Cl500Gd 5wD~ 8~QJe;Dd DDJd 0lC§C®d 5~ 8~D q'lZ5). Ql1:S2ClJCZ5) ~JQ~2:5)G~l:j) aG~olE; aJ1:S2
ClJC2:5)G~l:j) ~OGZ;) <j'D® DcnG~m ®JO 6 2:5) g~~Dzsi CQJJ §Ql~ 8~ QJD G®tb~ q'DwJO~G~m ®Z5)zsi
2:5)O~. G®® ®JO 6 2:5) 8~~ 2:5)JCG~m ®JO 2 zsi ~GW~ 2:5)JCGd G)~JDJO Z5)Dz;)~D 8~QJe;Dd, Z5\Dd
®JO 2 zsi Cll&' DJO~O g6® ooe GQJ~® WJ ~C;JC G)~JDJa Z5)Dz;)~D 8~QJe;Dd oro 'f/§5 ®Ja 2 Cll&'
DJo~ ~b Cll&' ~oaJo~~O ~C;JC G)~JDJa Z5)Dd~D 8~QJe;Dd ~~~dD~zsi ClQl~ p~D ~lZ5\. G Dl~
p~~Dzsi a®~t5~ 2:5)0 §@~C;, crDcnl5 502:5)~ G2~~~2:5)® CQJJG)Z5) illL§ GWJe; ~dC;l6"l® ~l§ aJ1:S2
ClJC2:5)G~l:j) btbZ5"l' q'J~~ §5®O illL§5® DlC;G)z;) ~Dcnl5Z5)JD~§. G® ae;wJ Z5)® g~c!C5:J~dts)a~ts)~~
~C:O)~l5)~®z)~ 2:5)Jt5~JCG~m Gw:f ® Co2:5)J Ql1:S2 ClJC2:5) aoG)®G~m cCl2:5)JO CQJJG)Z5) w7.2:5).
GZ5)JG~zsi gG<cnDC 8uZ5)J QlI:S2ClJC2:5)i3m 8~QJe; 5oZ5)o ow c8Z5)~m G®® ~J~Z5)Z5) GD§m aCl~J G)Z5)
illL2:5)·
• ts)a~ts)~~ ~C:O)~l5)~®ti~~~ ~o@zsi 2:5)Jt5~Jc~zsi a{® ~o@zsi2:5)Gd® gWJZ5) Z5)G)oGd 8tbOJ ~lZ5)
G®~O q'®Z5)OD at® Z5)G)o~2:5)® Gw:f Z5)G)o~zsi q'JamZ5)Gd® 8tb8DJ ~l§ ~'m5dl5) ~d~)
~wZld6)l5)-.:lz)tbC; 2:5)a!W2:5)t5®
GC;ClJt5Z5)G®Z5"l'~GtlgJG<~~ 2:5)Jt5~JC~zsi <j'l§ q'Z5)O, 6~ GD§m <:; G®®
5oZ5)0 OCl~J G)Z5) Wl2:5).
• ~ (50ts)) Q}~ O)(5ts) e.:lo(D~~ Dt5Z5)®JZ5) C8Z5)~,

<32:5)Jb® 7,
®J2:5)O 9Z5)Jm,s ®JDZ5),
dJ§2:5) <32:5)'V~2:5)JG)JO~,
oDwJD 5C;l5J q'0~~ QJJGt5,
® C°2:5)J Ql1:S2ClJC2:5) aoG)®~,
• ts)a~ts)~~ ~C:O)~l5)~®z)~~~ OC:ZI)l5) 5c:ZI) O~~(l!l~ em e.:lo~~Wl5) Q)-.:ll5)l5)-.:lW q''2?~zsiZ5)D ~6

~Di3Z5) ~b® QlI:S2ClJCZ5) 2:5)08~ a®JG~:fdZ5)~ 2:5)O~J 5ea:l'(l!l 6ts)ts)-.:ld <'i'lZ5). G®® E12:5)2:5)(.J
®Jt5G)G~mc; ~Di3<3m 8uZ5)J <3Z5)J<3~zsi Ql1:S2ClJC2:5)i3Z5"l'8~QJe; 5oZ5)0 cQJJG)Z5) rol2:5)·
C8Z5)~,
GdOJGC;&'~, G)m<3Z5):f0lD,
cC;l3JZ5) 5C;l5J Clt5<3d®~ WJ aoDt5wZ5) ~J~Z5)Z5)~,
~WZI~ Q}~ &le8-.:l 6ts)ts)-.:l.
<3®® 5<3a;f@ E12:5)2:5)~®<'i3Z5"l'

~~ ~Di3<3Z5"l'®Ql1:S2ClJCZ5) 8~~ ~D~l5Z5)J ao5wJZ5)~ ow 0lCl80 8~QJe;D
C; gJ<3~:f<'i32:5)Ql1:S2ClJCZ5) G)lO~ WJ Z5)Jzsi®~ ooDt5wZ5)~ 8~QJe;Dc; @~J2:5)J02:5)® a®JG~:fdZ5)~ 2:5)0~ Cl<3Q).
q'JQ~2:5) Ql1:S2ClJC2:5)~l:j) Z5)®Z5"l'

Z5)Dd~ 2:5)O~J G)~JDJa aoQJl3JD 8~QJe; alc§c®d 5~ 8~~. §8502:5)z;)
q'JH~2:5)<3~l:j) 6zsi Ql1:S2G)~JDJa~zsi Cl®~zsi Z5)Dd~ §B®O 05:1aJW G)Z5)8~ <3Z5)JDZ5)~Z5)O, @1:S2G)~JDJa
ClW2:5)ODDJ Z5)Dd~ §B®C; ~D~O ~~ <3Z5)JGtl. g6®<3~m G)~JDJa 2zsi <3ro:f3 zsi Z5)Dd~ §B®O cdaJw
G)l~® DDJd g~J<3G):fDO~. 5<3a;f®<3~m® q'Cl @ QlI:S2Z5"l'
<'i'l§ §B<3®~ ~~~ Cll®O 8~DZ5) gWJZ5) G)106D
Z5)® illLO~JG0 ga;f~~i3 (7 DZ5) Cl5C)G~C;~ QJcZ5"l'Z5))·G®® ga;fZ5)~ 'f/Z5)J Clw8<3Dm q'l§5~ illL§ ~OJ
G)~JDJa 62:5)2:5)0DDJ Z5)QJJG)l~® DlC;G)d <3tl. illLO~JG® q'JGtlG)~ Cl@ G)~JDJa~zsi ClJCZ5)~ §B® ae;wJ
80§m 'f/We; DC; alCl8® Dl~ <j'Dcnl3Z5)JD~m agoJ G)Z5) wlzsi<3zsi E1 eeeeoo G)~JDJa §tbCl~zsi §.3)G®m
Cl®&'. 6<3o® tbo acDc; wi3D~zsi Dl5go Z5)QJJ G)l~®C; <3QJJ<3w:f q'Do6JDC~ 9<3~:fdZ5)Dz;) <3C).
177
C':J<Dl Cl o !ll (Cl Cl Gl !ll (,) GI C' G
-D! g)-I".IJ E} ~ s,...;; c' c -f/l C"".'l! (') 091 G: ("0 !ll ~'l! c (lJ ([II (l (l~'l!OIWO(~
G @)U Cl (?J or-' 91 o-@) r-; r-' r-' (,) ~ 8
-f'u~N u~U @) 9JWJ..(I'!llUN)?~ ~ev ~l':J(?J ~ G:l 0- C,DQ CJ G @ ", g) (\n -1".. v u o
(,\(,1. r. Gl '-'-I"D9J "9
(") N ev &J -1", _'11
5tu C' o 0 "'J G: ~ !ll !ll ~ l?l" u l\:)
"'C"J'" ~0-4 @J ('0 ,. 8 . (?'D • G",o-y,~'l!"'-CJ u~~
g\ C'D o-~!ll N, C~ r-' o """'t>,
-f''''o-C~AG"'"
", G "'" 9 OJ N "" C' Q <8 . ~'l! O. N G:l G 01
~~[f~C'\J; ~ "'u r(')N "'''';::It>l~ G ~ u ,. !ll e-
~ !ll ~ -'nS ~ . C'J C' rs Dr-' ;::I.~ <.o.G('j)-*C !lllG 8 ??- (') ('')
CJ('j(?JGl.~S"'r-' G: en aGGlSj~9J
Gr-'()(CJ r_C"GGl.. -I".o(l0)!lllG G:~ G ~--..., !t~('j0@),S"1V~, -f' ~N G:lrso
("J"g~Q..I 6
~ 9l
CJ C3,.:1' c> 0 91 ®..(I, u (.\l..(\(J-I"D ~ v,G,-f' ~ (")Q~ (l- o:J.
. !ll~C};g(')!ll0-D!1i aCJ@J@)'C~!ll
Q..1c..(' _ (\0(", a Bv (') !t ~ ~ '0 G> <€l Gl 0- ,.g '3 rY G ~
"Cl(XD """~ G>(l 99Gl @)J
(?JC}GlC)~ 0'~ <8 !lll?l"a (J,g\ C (..0 -aGl(?JC;;~!t
~8 Gl-'l! u ("10 0- ~ u Cd!. C'.J,S~ Q. 0, E} u C\ 0 <." @J-I".(J[j
9 «i ~ -~ Cd! !ll ~ g uGQQ..!ll~CJ C"Q) C')U a
'GaQQJ~~~ (3 (;)91.1 uuO!((1j'Ga QD!t s u Cl-f' 01 C,' GI u' @ G'l N fJ
,.g U <8 r-'~,9 G @) !ll 0: 8 13 W 8 ~J8 gt>lO:J)9lJ
~(}aGl(;) ,~~I 01 6 C') a; @. ~
G(,)l'\> lli~@)OGl o (;)'=' 8 ~ ~ '" 0) -f' u 9 G a !ll G Gl C"J u 01 Uv
a '0 !t 0 0- [' C' !t _'11-f' C'J G:l @) <Dl g
to @)!t8 ('j~ o)!JJ8 [" (;) ~ C;IJG (" !ll ~) 9l:J C) ,-" (,) -f' c"
:J@) O-!t Glw. 8[,G4@lX5~) ~'l!C:QJ G''''''WSjA
'" NCl ~®rs 0Q;!llJ~(lC':JJ((1j(,l. r-'~~c,~ r-' ruQ[')<8
~'\(\r(1, o:Jr-' 0 ®..(\(JCi: ~n ~ G 8
(3 " G: 8 8 [jJ Q cCl'~tO§CJC'," f'J
(") o ~ C ~~-D! QJ 6 o :J c>
~
@)-<'a
c"r-'6G:l
"@", Nr-'
C:tC'.'1~~G:0I
V' (,106 C &
p,!llra,....cC")<8r ~9J~a!ll(q!llJ-;',; al3wu(l~
• 0- c» _'1;::JJ @) o (» &J m '" ~'l! -o C'; [, o:J C',!ll 9u(')B!ll9 !:)@u G -'1 8J
Co (" C")c,Os"u C !to.tD G@(?J3~!1aCd! 01· G § ~
<Dl ~!t ~ Q"£; ('n;; S r-'co -f'("
@)(,) ua,.g0"·~ !ll c ~ 0- C t>l "'<8!:)!ll!t~ NC' Ql!ll 8'Gl~ S
,'§. !t~g (;{ v,-D! g\ v ~o,v, ",.G:l a
~o §C0, 6-(')3 ~ a ~un CGv, C' -'l! v ~ C'~ a C' G .r» 0 ",,1 N (l@)~G!la
r-' ~bl(l·> ~ruv, C@),g G G
@) !ll ~'l! t>l OJ c C N 8 Q 9l.J '" G r-' C;; a C" @J
G'2 ,!ll Gg v,a,9! r-' ,O:JG'"'c.. c .," 8 a Cd! C (J (") ~'l! ~ ~ '@
ru <8 !ll
o ("Cl8((bS u
C")CrYG8 S..Ill8CdiJ 'GI &G:lun ~g U o w~'l!rY o0- <Dl
Gl CJ 0-
@)Ol'GuCl~i,ljC' tDo-r-' (')O@ C (':J-;:;,Q(\n
...•. eva::~8u:::~u~ ~o-®()( 01 GlO o %~ 01 ~ ~
<8x'(')G!ll C\""GlOoaC"Jg\' '--!l
t>l u rC" 9 u ..(1.0 !to!,.:113 G..(\(J o!""U N c,[jJc"""'6 (J>.'",r-' (") @ G (;)-
03 [jJO:J ~ @)-Cl!ll OJ8!lllu(luu u @) "'" ~OJ0' U ~.i:,'\~u o ~-D! ~ ~I
~G QrY!ll ruG (?J~) "C~U G CDu (XG: o CJ S 13 6 Gl ~ _'11 C"J ~ ~ !ll8J9lGl<8
lP. U aNt:"
®('\,a~GCJ_-D!G ()"~ G: C'J C') 91 c" o:J "'" R16~~2&~&~-f/l~[: !ll.!t ~) o-G,,~
-I".oClC'\ a-o~-D! !ll -*r-' t>l C G ~
U G DIV,(l !ll('1 @) t>lr-'G9r-' O;::lQ9GGl Gl -D!
8 ~ !ll ~ _'11 9 !t [i to "",[jJ®n C'C} < Cl'" N,No9J
c- cQ8'" UuiL> o ~ .r» _'11(('J CJ t>l G ~'u Sl (l r-' '" "', 3 (?J re~OI!:il9l
ir QUr-'o-Ol
(»J NaU-f'~(XC o (\0 8 g) o:J N~)6~S @o~~~Q..(\(J
0,,) (' '/3'1 -D! u r, 0, (") "<.~~9J9J
C")!ll ""'u (')!tCJ~ co <! ,. '=' LP-f' N ;::INr-' r-'4G:C"';::I;::I 0
80- o-~C") C(I'D . arJOI~06~ C!l""'!lllQJ~~~-f'!t~ 01 ~ 01 @Jl !t ('OJ S
uSSu!ll u~· 0 '-'(")G: "N ~ G<8@)9U '1:, r-'
r-' '" "" ~'l! (1l !ll''l!P)G@
rsOoC '-"O:J a 9lJ~Cl CJo:O)80(i) !J'Il~~
S ~ f5' a CJ c') !ll cr' -c., (('J~[;80)
g~gy,C:~G: o tD -1", u S G G:l ,~, G III <8
~@)C)OCr8(?J~u , C'.!. .Q., c- r.•. ("1 '-' 0) r-' t~
u 0) u (,)..(1, A -D! v Cl' (): N '"' (,> e"G 60 o 9 8 ('~'0',.g ~Cl ~ o 0- -1". !ll,:::r)
c a-f'@)Q,;"G-f'c ("" " "'" o:J N .", .r» u!ll8N""vCSC"r.uG.
&Jr-' ~G '3 ""'0: 'G G 'a "'" 9 ,. 0 Cd! ru~.-,-· (?'D
a ~Gl 6 GO,.g !t.'l! 01 ~lGl-f'~C"'C" 6 ,.g tD U !ll 0- o@J S fJ dt !ll ill' 0) N G!l Gl
G Q,;G:l ~-f/l,.g {) ;::I" -D! ~
G:l G @~'l! '@)r-' 891"" GJ""
~~~(')Gl~9((1jG J ~~
cu ("J @)&J-D! (,')C")'3 (") ~8:~'Th>' @P~® "'I !ll 'C, u
(")613 @)-:--o-..(\(JO)
C ® OJ ~ o ,-'''' '[' r-' "'" c'
Cd! ~ & &J 0' -<'a u 91 (l G: Ot-f' ((1jt..ir:H9~
Q U "" @)
~ ~a~~uC' 8r-'°WJ(;)~'l!C")0I Wl(l"" -D! @) C'J
~,.g u
CDGl ~~O g @ QJC':JJ'a @.PC) ~ C'.J9 ~<8 a SO ~0'-' o,.:!t C;J 8 S &J (0)
6 N 891 Cl @) ~ u 9 (l, t>l U G 0) g\ Cl @ c G;
u (\0
'" Gl ~ S CJ @J<8~'G DIe') !ll OJ '"' ~ ~
"',0IV,4~!t uv9•8('J
0-g\~94~I~J c QJ®CJ C [jJC}!ll0tlr-' C" ('\, ~@J C"C"0~@l
-f'~~ SlUu-D!DJ gU<88a~'l!!t OJ ~,o- (I'D 9 (") ('J
a <."J -D! (01 (\0 e '" @)
!ll 0 OJ Q @J (\0 U r-' !ll OJ 9 @J .13'\ '-''"''''n,@'
~S !t~'l! (l 3 SJCj Gl g w ~ l?l" C?:I '-" 0 !ll
@)~ 9luLl,(lI3G c'p!llOlcaC"C' g\_'11rb(lO,..,,,,o-w
rv no G' ""- '''- '" (\0 L'r
!ll (,) G:
CJu (l C'!ll (XG c'@ ~gQ ~~9.~ , lPG:@) V' u C""'-'Cl ~!l'\ -i"D Q..I'ClJ @ ~
(') SJ -1 ~ C"J ~ [jJ [jJ C" (,'~u!}J~G S> ~ -2: § 8J C} ~ ~ ~ @J tD G ~ 'G <8 @J C) ,g
N C Go 0- to' N t>l
~ (l § C' ~ Q ~ ~ !t rh 9 [" C" _"'" "'" v, Q Ql 8 _"'l ~ C Q..($J G 0 <8 !t @ r~ ~ ~ ~ 0)
f®z:ll W) C3Z& §)doJC5z:ll vZ§) CC3z:ll0~ (l)G@ d<:52C3JCz:ll8m tSl€i3C3GC;Gm~~Z5)O GQ)C;' Q)t-®,0z:ll0
G(S)m WJCl5\, tSlB®C) wZtSl miV ~Sz:ll 5c.:lC;@c.:l@g®J~c.:l£)m GWJ ~~z:llo(S)Z5)illLz:ll.m~l5I' (sHlii'~JC.5
mDl5I'~ 6)5G@~ ~Z:5l~m c'"JZC)f!)8@Q)e; GQ)JGWJ§O~c.:lm zsieHei)z:ll~(l)Z5)<;:l~ ~Z5)O o'Vwj;d cC)z:ll
6G(6) ~D3;Jbl5$ 8@Q)e;D z:lle ~Z~D ~Co@ tSlB®C) GmJillLz:ll. G@:5)O) C'Jj@(.')0w~ o®wozsi
d<:52aJcm c.C3z:ll0~ O®C3G,"",83m) Ge..,mZ5l'Ql<:52
C3JCz:ll;.:omo~W wf,0e 9Jv;!))jz z:;)j (S"\zmbc) wz£)
;"GZ5l'C3ot- t.5t® Ql<:52aJCz:ll0;.:l~C)® Z5)®mG<S'J'®
CC3z:ll0~ :5lQlG®m l5\'VmwO e-C) 58 ~c.:l5m
~~D
~t.;(),l!>Z5)JD;.:o gGc.:l:Jdmc.:lC)(S")Z5)wztSl~® DEJJZ5l' DJ8C;Jc.:lz:llc.:l.<yon5' oe;wm 2SlJO~') OCz:ll)
Q)ZC0@~ C3Z& §)@C3Jc;m;.:o Oe;WJ Gz:llGOm a~ C3Jcm®;.:o D15JC3JOc.:lzsi Oe;O)) ozctilc.3 c.3~
C)'lGc.3:Jdmc.:lz:ll C3zillL~SGU. G®Dm OzCtSlc.:lp~ CfJGc.3Jdmc.:lzsiz:llOm0m m@ 68m Cz0Q)m
erDG;l15Z5)J[lc.:l
~dDzmmc; wztSl l5\O@ [lzt.) z:110(l)zm® Oe;WJ aJcm®c.:l C)'t-ddJDm 0wl~m C.5zCO@6)B®l5I' WJ
c:rc.;) GWJ~m 8@C3Z~®Z5l' <yl5\) ~zC;(l)Z5l'Gu.
10.1 t-\S2GU 8C) 10.4 D02D C;zsi~) CJWJC)W (l)~m;.:o tSlB6@~ Q3<:52aJcm caz:llO~Gc ~;.:oc®zsi
8,sQ)e; <y~Ol® ozC6') zsi Gm)c;zsiw ~ZZ5). m~l5I' 6c.:l (l)~mc.:l tSlB@~C~ ~8 c,'G(Ql5Z5)) c.:lC)",l5I'OGz:ll)
6@®w0m Z5)Q)mC;ZGw8Dc.:lm oJ®Jm;:, l5\l5I'C;.:o:5"i
Q)zCc.:lillLz:ll· CGcs:fa0;.:o:5"i® ~00l51' ozc£)e0cm tmCl5\J
z:llCGWJZ5l'~yjzf 5-6 "))c,,C£)m GZ5))O~ Z5)Q))(l)Z5)
illLz:ll·C;zt- w8t.;c.:lm wC:: i:3r:;;:s;i30c.:lm
:;vcaJm mzwzC)
m@ GUc.:lm WJ GZ5)Z5)®m;.:o 6e;1 :5la® §)OJ WC) (l)mmJ ~6Jc.:l(® 0U. G@ BG:;ik~ 0Z(25)G'Vl5I' yG0W1Z5l'
6® ~DddJCm C3woGDm® ®ww6DJ (l)Z5)WZz:ll.
6<:~d® 10.1 t.;020U 8C) 10.4 D<s2u C;zsivJ «<:5l CC;JWO~c.:lm6m' (S)~mc.:l tilB@ mdz:ll8m d<:52mcm0~
C1WJCJW Gz:llG6€i3Gc.:lJ~ tSlBG@ ~c;w8m <y~5aZ5l' z:ll6 «<:5l ~Z5)6 0@DJ ~Cd0Jm~c~ @)C)U ../l (jt-md
5c.:l illLz:ll.6§ioJ G®® D<s2Ql<:52mcmGd CJWJC)W (l)~mc.:l tSlB® Oe;WJ <y~5a:5l' z:llj ~z§ ®c(")r:;em~®zsi
C3®&'.
Z5) GCD z:') t @C) GZ5'))(,~ "

8 wC
0 gdl5\Jt- 80Zbzsi
179
10.1 DCSJD, 5)t)Z5.f~ z;s)6~J m~JDJa g®J~C.:l q!mD at& £lJ@'aJ<';5)DX>JaJ6C.:lZ51ae;WJ D5) 5C.:l<';®
WJ q!J<';JC.:l®(ab~ ~P6t<<,; ~b® 8C.:l~ ~JGC.:lj'o5)C.:lzri <pap c:6lJ mt~G~ ~li3gJGC.:lzri
DX>JaJ6C.:lz;s)b 5u)
GH1UJUJC3 C3oQ)xnu ts:>8u 5 ts:>8u 10 ts:>8u 15 ts:>8u 20 ts:>8u 25
BC.:l<:~ (6t8C.:lc')
wl3D ae;WJ 1.500 3,000 4,500 6,000 7,500

(6tslcl 0, 300 <il,ii3m)
m~JDJa ae;WJ 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

(6tslcl o( 200 <il1ii3m)
at& £lJdaJ6z;s)C.:l 600 600 600 600 600
b®z;s)C.:l 300 300 300 300 300
q!rnGtlz;s)q!JOlJ6 ata8® 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
(m<!li)JtJJoC.:ltslU 'fgo,<<;tsl
8in §(!)l 4 <il,ii3m)
550 e.5ta8~ 250 500 750 1,000 1.,250
6z;s)~D 4,150 7,400 10,650 13,900 17,150
~c') BC.:lc;~ 4.980 8.880 12,780 16,680 20,580

(20% GaJ~C.:l a®m)
q)<:)C.:l~ (6t8C.:lc')
at& 5§-€fiiG®zri 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

(<ilCJ=JeoJcl~
<:,~m15) m<!li)Jt)JOC.:ltslU
§(!)l 10 <il,ii3m)
m~JDJa 5§&G®zri 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
. (6tslcl o( 100 <il(ii3m)
6lCJGOJG6JZ5.f~ D5) 5,500 11,000 16,500 22,000 27,500

q!J<';JC.:l®
e{§~ q)c;)C.:l~ 4.400 8,800 13,200 17,600 22,000

(<3tJe;;e;=J;; 9<>115) inOJ
'fJ<;JC.:le@m 20% §m
'f~~e@m)
e)C)C.:l + I qe)C)C.:l - - 580 - 80 + 420 + 920 + 1,420
180
10.2 C)CSJC), me:JdZSJ Z5l0mcc; (MJO:JD:JG5 g®J~c.:l <t~D 13"1.& &l@a:Jc;m Dwa:JOc.:lZ5l c;;c;Dm m:5®c;;~ Dm
5c.:lC;® em q':JC;:Jc.:l (ab~ DG50 ZSJb~ 8c.:l~® 5c.:lC;~ 8c.:lD:J Cl)"1.z5)c;;~Cj!li3g:Jc;;c.:lmDwa:JOc.:l
Z5lC;;Gc.:l"1.8cClZ5lCamc.:l c;;Z5lc;;t5).
(S)'~ODJC3 C3oQ))5JD OJ8D 5 OJ8D 10 OJ8D 15 OJ8D 20 OJ8D 25
5c.:lc';w (~8c.:lC)
q>t5lc;;t5Z5lq':J<l:lJO G5"1.a8® 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

("'&Ji)JOc.:lt5lU q2<\<ic;t5lU
8e, §§t 4 Ql,rom)
5BO G5"1.ap~ G5t';eS)J 250 500 750 1,000 1,250
1l)~8 q'D(J;))5!l)1 250 500 750 1,000 1,250
acgp DG5c;;t5 m~u 580 80 - - -
~~ 5C.:l<;w 1.896 2.496 3.600 4.800 6.000

(20% GOJ~c.:l o@)",)
q'J<;JC.:lW (0"1.8 c.:lC)
13"1.& 5§&,c;;®m 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000

(e,,,am '1'JC;Jc.:l@)",j'
e,de:lJ<;mc.:l 20% '1'~ ~
ee Ga t5lca mc.:l t5lG15u )
(3Jc)C.:l - 1 2.104 5.504 8.400 11.200 14.000
Cl)~:JDJG5 5§~c;; m 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

(~ 100 @"1.G3m)
~~ q'J<;JC.:lW 4.500 9.000 13.500 18.000 22.500
(3Jc)C.:l - 2 2.604 6.504 9.900 13.200 16.500
181
10.3 C)C>JC) OG~ 0t5®6d G'l~JGJe3 10 §1m' C30m' mw ~l'S2C3JC:25) Gl5JC3JOc.5Z5l 6<;025) Gt5@6c.:fc; 50%
§1m 6WJ 100% §1m m~JOJe3 g®J~c.5 DIes Z5lomw DO 6<;025) Gt5@6d qX,JW® (C3b~
Ge36t5 8c.5~ e5c.5c:<2l8c.5GJ G'lIz<'6<2l q&3gJ6c.5m Gl3JC3JOc.5 6(25)G36d c.5I8 CC3Z5leC325)W
GZ5l6t5) .
G)~Jt;J~ ~oQlJJJt; 15 20
(50% [lIese5®Z5l) (100% Gles B®Z5l)
B(;.J~~ (oI8wd)
C3G~ Gt5@6c.:fc; m~JOJe3
(25)Jc§l~® me3J (25)JC:I?J~ qJ<;Jc.5® 500 1,000
C3G~ GC30t5 C51~D 80 80
c:'~cl 108[1 @c~ mItJI®O 1,500 3,000
q§lGt5Z5l qJWJO e3IC3C3®C::: 1,500 2,000
w~8 qGs.:J)5i5'J WJ 000 e3IC38<2l e3e;WJ 1,500 2,000
62S)~C 5,080 8,080
~~ B(;.J~~ 6.096 9.696

(20% 6oJGc.5cl e3®m)
q)~)(;.J~ (oI8wd)
C3riE) c§l~G®m (£)'81 1 zsl 100 @,<1315'!) 15,000 20,000
(s)~JGJe3 C§l&6®m (6Z5lzsl c\ 100 @(<1315'!) 1,500 2,000
9JCJ0C3 ) (joJcl2:() C25) qJ<";JW® 16,500 22,000
Gi~~ q)~)(;.J~ 13.200 17,600

(60:3@:<"; 6OJ@: gldm z\'le:lJ
qJ<;Jc.:l,,;i~)15'! 20% zsl q~ 1::6®15'!)
G)C)(;.J 7,104 7,904
182
i0.4 C)C3JC), 10.3 ~CS2Ge) <';lz::.;j~Qlts;)OJC:5l m
e.-lSJaJO<:.3 (5)e)l e)t)®6d ~ (MliiJe)JO OoOll5JGe) 6e):5l0ZSl'
Z5)O G:5lJG<Sl:5l Ge)13ft./)6<Sl:5l &3<:.3[58 tb<,;® em <;'J<';l<:.3®.
m~JDJC3 C30 Q) IDe., 15 20

( G5'lJ0C:5ld'~ GG§\)
5c:l<;el (6z8<:.3c')
CftilGtlZ5) Cf1tmO 0IOQ® 1,500 2,000

0)~8 ~~Vrlu5') 0») GL,w °laQ8 Ot~o)J 1,500 2,000
6Z5)~D 3,000 4,000
~~ 5c:l<;el 3,600 4,800

(20% ;;aJG-.:l c:l®"')
tp <;Jc:lel (oI8<:.3c')
C &, c§<3065d (B'8t 1cl 0(100 ,""(63m) 15,000 20,000

<Sl~J~10 c§'E.oG®25f (6!5lcl o( 100 ,""(63m) 1,500 2,000
Q)CJGCJ60J13fZl;) e.-m <;'J<';J(.3® 16,500 22,000
(3{§~ tP<;Jc:lel i3,200 i7,600

(...:.t.(;@l"; \.SOJG guoim Be)
'1'J<;J~e®m 20% cl '1'~ 1:l0@m)
(3Jcs)c:l 9.600 i2,800
183
:- rr, @J Ol o 0J W 8 r@J Gl ~"8 -D1 CJ a-*llGl-D1@D 8 -D1 -D1 c- CJ @) @J C') Gl a
Q .:, r" @ CA rvv '" (") C') 0"" (;DQ Ot u ~ G c
C'JC, (Bl
ll>'> :ro (")'8 @J G !!J) (") o o
A ~a~)(£!l£ 8 9 G ,-' g B B 81
B> r. ",,:-,,i:lJ.g o @J ~""aQw c,..,
h 0lS'\~-'~0:~ -" Gl 1'1 Gl ~ b' C< C:? ~ (& 4a~s C:? 0) ~
. ~l cfj Gl Q G Glg-f'.o~ g CJ,a""'C 9 c 0: G 9
(;D C! g g
~ ~ Glt>t-!)G(Vf1 8 ,. @J g (Ol -D1 !l Jj Jj CA 9 !l ~l
('") (., 4 9 2§5 g ~ G Ci
.o gcoo,fjU"'" '-<- g 0) '-' ~"8 '" ('j) (") (i'J a C)cv '" @J CA .B
'-' I:j U ~ Gl (Ql C:? "",!lC'J
s vCb!l8~ Gl ~0l8~ !'I Q ..I1l <Sl
.,>
" .(. ~
0) G 0) G on Gl~(l)~G~~ ~C,NG8 ("J ~ C:?C:?QJ
@J U :;.<) . !l ~ @J ~'l! ~
[i', G f1 • 8J 8"rroG '-"6) £3 (~ CJ, Cl B .B
i'J (,) '-' '" S\ Q
(7l Q""'ff~cPCJ C'.'D ~ 9 U ~ Gl o
e _'"i ,.(1,8Jj@JOJC1l CJi:?J~!lJjag S'\.
-" ~ ~ 8 C ~ ("J
g @J a
8 G g o U G C g
B CA @J. r(" Uo '" U
o ""u(('iJ~aGl S~L" a C ® ~'"
ft riJ i:.:> ~ CA@ 8 Gl -*ll 8 @ g ~'f: CO r"
9 ~G g ~ G!l 4a a '-'
. 8.roa G C:?WC8'-' !l8£ ""'!l a 6 ~ ~ CJ
G
~ ~Glu u CJ ~a a C:? Gl &", CJ
G> Gl ffi Jj .oo ffi co",-C'
o g U C 8 ffi~~ 8 c;(")~ a a ~a G ~) G g\I ~
a ~ U C:?Gl u-*ll u @} 0: N '''- ;!]'C>(£U~ OJ e, '8
SJ '"a ~ (;D
~ Gl ~ ~
9 CJuf18GlOl g8°C)0:1 c OJug@Jf1 Bl Gl (1'a ,8 ~'i! S
~ @J a en a CJ
;!J Gla""'ffiC:? o 0) 8 0) g ("-cl G @JaGlu"", G ~" a
g, Il:J ,.(1, -*ll @J ffi Ol a S
QonGu~~"8 U (',,,,,~,G!l CJCAf1 ~
Gl (J>.' -eo ,.(1, U ""'C<-D1 CI Ci
~ 8J 6 (Ql~~~~ Gl 8 "
9 ,.(1, 8Ju SJa:13 8 -D1 CD @J (") BJ Gl Gl
C, o c @) G W @! ~!l~~g G ~ G
aOO)~a 8 ~(")U~CO B C:? CD ~ ~ u a
[ e c GW@J p(,,)B0)uGlaGl JP8~[Q
C:?~"'" Gl
g U G
~a aCJE?
U ~
gUPl~0)~ ab\ga~r"G (('J 8 ['8, CJ, G
C'Y8,.:;r c G ~"8 Gl c£l 9 Q ~ ~
a ~~ '0'J t& U
(lJ G:.r" !'I'Gl'"
!l ~ ~{~ a ilP !l
EP 88~C:?-ft,G wc,@JG -+l! <0
u~~8@g ,.(1, g\I Gl
ca '" u ~ .....•
'1! u u
'"8 g.
!1J@J-D
f3
U C:? CJ ~ 8
" CA CJ C Gl .B0J C! Gl @J Gl,.(1, §J
@J U 0: CG g,§~)51 @D Cll u
cr; ~~~~~~ ~ !l 0) ~ 0: G CJ ~
rC!a~0)gcfjOl Gl u
U
""ex @!)
-*ll~"8rG~ u Glr" @Jg-*ll u
~ g;:G' rul @ 8 i~ ~ ~
& Gl Q £ @J~a
r» C'JO! ~Glu(Ql0l -+l! U C:? g -*ll 8 ~
~ g-DJj@J9JCll @J 8 Gl 8 CJ,r" Cll ~ C:? U u
a
.roGl ~8 @Jg ~t-!)a
.0) CAGl 8 CA C
@Ja8~uGl a ffi Q 0) G ~ ~ Gl ~"8 a Ot Gl U Gl U
~ on G ~ ffi a ~ U CAG.,CA
G C:?G@! !1JaJj CJ ffi~ ~ C> (l)-D1 t& G G
!1J OJ..I1l CllG~ @l.uCJ~ ~ ~'i! ~ ~ ro8J !l
C ~ G Gl
a a Gl U a Gl
G WOJ
~ § ~!1J.R !1J @J G @J C !l g
~
r» 'Cv@
G~ltg~(('iJG
);; CA @D ~ -D1 CA a '0'J ~ Gl U g
9 (l) !l [~ 0JOJ@J~8 N Gl ~" -*llffi~ 8 CJ
~0:JCJ~ :1 8 CCJ
~'i! CJ rG s» G g '-<- a Gl
§o, ~ca@8~"8~"8 ffi G 8 0: Gl 0: u
CA~ JjGl :;t.ac, ®!lGl
8 Gl C:? i'CJ re C> -*ll ~ "" G., 3 ® C:? :(i'CA ff>
6 C:?
~ G CJ cro C:? ~ -D1 6 0:
a -D
Gl OJ -D1 u 0) 8 8 g !'I U PC! CJ g CG ;£il @! C:?-Q
U
it Gluo"",CA~a
W @! @l
!1J ~ ~
~ Q ~r" ~ @P CA C1l ~ ~ 8 CD G OB@
~"8 N~888 @JWC.('1{) }~ 8J ~ ~ -*ll G @J
uO(l)@J~~ U @J G ~ G g a
~
1£
U
8Gl~~~"'@P
'" "" r" N Gl
G CJ r-sl G G
Ell 0) on Gl
G-*ll-*ll
G>
U (") 13'\OJ @J ,Pl § 8 ffi,§ Gl ~ ,.(1, a ~ ~
g ~ 8J g 0J CA ~ (") CJ, O),.:;r Cll !l § a ® @J
.n. CA,.(1, U
C:? !1J 0) Gl .B G N 8 "" !'Ira
-*ll r" on ri '" 6 @J,.:I C
~ ~ ~ G ~
~ 6
JJ CJ""'u(,)oa~:;t. c. -*ll ~ @! Jj Gl Gl G U
S a~uQCb !'I ,.(1, cr, r» Gl Gl u ri B,.(1, Gl
o:@Ja"", O-D1(('iJ@JQ !l CJ a
Gl -D1 }f; oN no Gl '-' Gl u 0)
-Cil @} *.-D1 ~ G A l.:1 LV> @J U U i:?J Gl,.(1,
G '" g~'CvGl G 0) U
riJ "",r" ,'~ C:?~~
o aW 0) ~ g . Glt&~@JG~ ~-+l! ~ @I.
~ G~ (C
a (a B U
~(',-D1g Gl Gl
00: aon a (") G W C:? G ~ ~'i!
§~ ~ CJl a ~ & Gl 0
t-!) 8 8J ~@;£ilu~u § B 0 f1 v ~
);;G~CJ~ a; c<
~riffi8rCJ CA!1Jg-D1 (j) b\ 0 g
~Gl~@Ja8 CA c
Gl S'\ N U @ r" ~ ~ CJa a
Q
g "'" uC:?@Cil G Pl ~ ~ ~ !l 8 ~ B
~i3 !1J?tGl ~ r"a ,.:;r Gl C:? C
OlCu @J a '"a B
G _ '"a '-'
(j}-D1
b\
@}@J~GGG a'G(l)~
G@JH0JCJ, GlJj Gl @ g ~ @J ~"", G 0 'G ~ ~ C:?
~ffiCJ£!l gg~!1J~~ @JC:?~g (('iJ a ffi § ~ a a @ U CA ~
l' ..••..•. __ r =--=- r_

10.5.
@ az'& <;,a m6~aBZ5lG Ge..,)2)f <;,mc.JZ5lG <;'10l16c.JzsJOl) <;'lc,:it50UC;60c.,<;1)@®0c.v~ c)Z<;m2)f Oot.;lUZ5lc.JzsJ

?--t;c;, 3302Clcmc.3 <;'C OoOZ5l?§-.G;;!CZc.,~<;f.,z:;-.ti®)Z,i5'c.3::s100JJ ~e8c.3 @®c.3zsJ uS-l6c.3m' 8~mzm-vu
<;,c.,3;llS
Zl'6~ 0)tc1'S C3):""z:;-.
.:so C;dc.,) Czfl> .:sm)q5'. f.'::: C30O:::;)'§-.c.3U GQ)lGOJ:J'mtZ5l0 C;zsJGm L»)6Zl'
000Z5l??J,0d C; 3ClZ'& GZc;md o-'lZJ)c.3d ($):sfZl't~QiU? 0 )CZllc.3 a)6®aBZ5l Z5lt5®lm'Zl'c.JzsJ 0zmu c.J.
0®c.JU Gm'~c., G0rlGc.Jz;1<;'0 600 02)m'6 0~c.3)6U C; <";'15':5\0d 0Zll)6(~G ClzuZ§' C3;l)C Gm)m'Zl':::5GSz;1
Qi02Clr& GZJ))f.'c...,uCzfl>3 <;zdC;..:) OlZz:;)'
(3 2SlzC5®Ol) Q)i!Vdz:;)z8®) C!'o :::500 <;'(Zl' <;,6'JZl'0d8C:~ aZG5' ~Zll, <!JUU)

0Z5lGO 0c.,:5\:sf ::;z<!£, c;c...,c.J.:l
Gm)6c.JzsJ gQ)m'wc.J::ri <;,(5\ C0(£l'~0c.Jz;1®Z5lZCt(--Jf;~m:5\)G c:n:::5eeBZ5ltJ Z5ld0<S1Zll ~c.3 E30~Zl' C;ud,}
@®c.J:::S!(Gad Zll(Vi:i)Gd<;'(5..'C5' Ol) xi eu cilcm'Zll) Ou:5b) c..:H:225l <;':(!lc., 3 Qi02 e lC:5lc.J <;'C 6uu
c,:i6:::5:J'8c.3c.3z;-\
G8::ri 19 c.,:5\ cn5'Gt5:s;:;d ~ e" ~ OJ~m'V) ~ c:'Z§-.Q)c., e~(',):5\ OlZtc1. .:s®® .:le f.'d3Gc.v~
auiS36 .3 Qi02m' .:s®iS3 .:sCS1:5l<;'J see em::;)S <;'Z5'. 1851 ~ <;'Z®BZllluU ~c(jc...,eP:c.3) iS3 C~
CZm'0J00Q):sf Sl~ZJl2{l®m' c8m' GC31·c.J
J CS1z;1ZJ))
CC; " Qi<l2ClCboc.3" ZJ)e 5l02m'Gc0 5UtJC;15Jd®Zll
008<:13c.3 mo) 3~ .:sCJbc.3 Clch3 Qi02 Cllcmv;;! uZ<;<S1Zl"::;5ut55'mc.3z,i 8fCc.3. 0:;j~ Qi02 Cl)cm
Cde::J0d 9~::]C 001;.X.2.::;)' 6e)v ~6) aec....~ 0)3c..:. L,))C5'(..3 ~5'1) fi?5 ~5m ~27)§~ ~ ~5'6 6$
i:i.>GClt®<;,a ~c.,3Zll <;zsJcJ1<;c.,:5)dZl' Gc.3 (12 c)m Cl5G0diC;c.3i:i)em'm).
qCl00J 0<:~c.3.3 Qi02 eJ3d 0e:JO)3)] 'i/z:fi5Zll] (Apis cerana indica) (0))00l)' E3u <;,<;... mdm<;m E3wGc.JzsJ
<;,z§-' mG:5l(j~ ::OOl
) Olz3jc.:so~ uc...,ysf [;3tc16 ~ :3
5l"2 c::o(£l':Sc.3::s1
G"';J-3c.3::ri-3<;J'::;<;t531:5lc.3GD)3:5lc.3
0U. c0sf:S0c.3::Ji ® <;'::: ~<~c.3 :3 Qi02 <;,zc.3.:s0Ji;:)GiS3o ~)§\ uC3)vOJ);,.:lOc.3
~ d5d 0'§SGOO) (Apis
mellifera) 0®CS1ooom'c;mc.J §loG ~ <;'Z00J ft5c.,GZSlJ c.,U)zs{ C;20bc:;)m 0U. <;,zdZl' G3;lGc.Jm'® d. 0.:58006]
G<5:))(; ClZ'& mciO)<;tc10c.J§l. 0ZllGO c.,c.,2)f <;,)8c.J)0U mc.,t5?5\m (tropical) 25lC)Dc.J ouc)c~ eJ. ~'j;S0r"JO]
<;,)t5~25lu uz<;<..,,:sf($)§-.cd:s~ <y06~U6u c,'z5'·
:5l0 <;,zc.3G.:s0))~OJJ'<;,z2lCCl00J:5l OJ) (2)f::5))6 Z5lb;..:):q)c.,
<;'ClmGt5?5\ZJ)m500ZJl :5\2)fc.,(.Jm'(.JG02)f 00·)2)..) (temparate) U <;'Zm eJ. (j:J)S00:5)

2SlC1Cl(.JUc:':(!lc.,t5Z5lm(.J
Go)J0OJJ' (l)ZOJZU CCG ~iP~alG. 00 mZOJZGC!'Z5l06m' C)@>o:iC)) (varroa) m~ 2:l)U) Cl00ClJ8Z5l @CS)
:::s!3)~e.:sc:;? mC3) u:5l OJ13);'::':sf, Qi02OJ6 0:;' 3::ri0<...,::ri c.,Z)) OJlm;.::.2)fOJ) .:sC;5lOz:5·j;;,(.0::;)'
uZ5) Ol)mc.3:sf
eJ . ;:;5S,:r:5J wC: uc...,)2)f L:5l)s) tc1)5uU . .:so 0m':5i:5l :5)C3J ~~ C!'':tc1 60);":):5l sc.,-;5L)1~3:5';":):sf.:sc.,m:sf
c:'J6zsJ:SJZ5lJO cCl@5 0c.3~52)f e. 0:J)S0r-:J6J ClZ<!£'m;3m<';:5lc.3 ~C,OlJ 0c.3<';J (l)Zz§)00~ c:'Z5l15)c.,3;llS
uU.
0®c.JG c:'®Z5l0c.,e. ~.iJB0r"JO] (jrsf 'f,lwe; 0(5J'm Ot~W) ~'):s13c.J OO)c.JmZ5l sC15c.Jm' <l)JE3Zl')25lG (.J~c
~1:5'. 6033'f~ ;j:)Q ~O)(~ ..56))(5) ~C5 3 OJG2 e 0a:.)Z51] e<-~O)) Gt:))2)f e];S)J3dz:;))5 C:m ~?j)::JJ 6§)a1
d. 0e:JOJ3)] Gz::7l8 (.J) illz::ll. d. 058~r-:Jo] Ol~::riu) f:5l ~®OJ6d :7JGt:lZl'::7lq)8c.3 )§-.25l6C:u~ .:s®c.,zz5)
Z5l2)ft,~zsJ <;zz))G3Z5l' c<:<S1:5\U f.'z?5\·
CJOm1c.,ZllG 0V:5l § GoZ5))0U, d. 05S0r"JOJ (jOJJ'qz;.::.2)f ov<S3:5l <;,(5\c.,m gsf:5l :::S!8C!5i c,'::;u GZ)))Vz25l.
<;,6'JZl'0d 0viS3 .:sc.":5lc:') d. 03S,:rOJ c:'z~.:sc.,5'ez')<;f., C!'zo cood):5l;..:)::riG<..'i m:5lL»)vc.3 :?JO) CmlS-lU
Ci3c.3)Cc.3 OJZZll.
c:'Cl @ @<>;> d.
0e:JOJZ"l) c:'z0rsf3<:5b 0~6:5l 03t.." OOJ-::;O~ )®c.3 t3 c:'z§\ c:'?5\:::5
\!)C::ri o®~m' OOJ5G:5l0(.Jm'
eeeo 0®<S30c.3:5l::;zc.,z2)fvu ut53 GZlliS \.."~:5l)UzsJ §dGd Cl6zf ClOJ~ U c:'z:5\. ~003 d. ~e:J:5)::;)J
00<l)c)~ G5lJ OOJ-ClB~J®;":) U c:'Z:sf0:sf$,l)2C)c.:ssf::;;":):5lG,m:;)q:5lSlc.3~Zl" Sl)Zll t3mzsiuc§c.3m'<;,cZ5lfzsi ~Cl
~U5Z5lm CmJm'151:::56(.JiS3c.3.~m~ ~uz~ 5l~et: OJ) tJClGc) ~6ze151) c:'z§ eez» GmJm'15160d <;'JOJJoOZClc,:i®<;
COO ®u()®Z5) <;'Z151.6:5)0), Zl'@ otJ)<l))t]Z5) oB06c.:l ~G~ qa § 5l02m' WG [000 C!':5l0m'@Z5) 8®J[)cl
t,m c:'5'6 0ZJlJ fo6d e(52G5'0 c,'USl:5 <;')OJ)6 6:5l)3<;c., OClc.J) mZ~@u OJZ25l.6maJ ~Cl
§-.Qj® C!'mc.,(l;)]5
;,.:l06iac.J 0
.3 Qi02:5l3m' 0tc1] Bc.310ZB 8;::0c., c:'ZG\SlOU<l))Ctc1 oB06c.JC qmz;;;>eG c:'Z§-.~("~c.,t5:5\:5l;'::':::S!.
185
Qi02zsi0\Sf§,,::,x.5lB c:'ocJ iSlGe130ti iSlroClcJd ~z:>-J'e:;) c:"nec., c:'lSJ c:'Z5l0c:'a® Qi02zsi Gc0 6e;:, ~0ti 300
ZS'lC)
c~6J OS) ;"u. ce15;:, QG)c0d a36J16cJ ~ cJ(jolcn 3 Q)02m 010 ~ti&~ ~5I ZS'lJecJ aeiSlB5 ac;o:n
O~JG c:'Jo:JJOaoDZ5le;:,d c:'c.,(S)l)Gm c:'5IO C;;@ae;o:J) c:'U3rl.15 c:'Jo:Jl0 9®1~e;:, ~tie-il 8e;:,JalB c:'0e;:,d Z>;lGzsi
C;;a)cJlCSl51;;.3Z>;lcc:'lZ5l.C;;®cJOo:J)Z5~Cl8zsic;;umd 2: mutiZ5lm ZS'leJ8cJ ClBaocJZ3) aud 8 r:J. c;;ao:)J:m o:JC)
C3rlJG <;'lo:J10eoC5IcJd c:'l?]\ ZS'lOCSl(5li!VO5IO@ aBaoe;:, ZS'l<;:JZS'l
Q)cCl(®d c:'l§l c;;mJZ5)Gc:'Z5l0<;'lcJa56J1®cJ
QGd e~1o:J5:5', alJ<r 1 ~c:!SB G:5)1~~c.,<;5dCl5C WJ ClOJCSlala,.::5zs c:'l§l c:'Clmc.,ti5lm c.,Vllzsi5l0GcJcSb.
0@ mal <;'c 3 d02 ~m2'l;:' c.,ladd)m em dm1bacJzsi63 (Z5)?t,jaBao a<G§zsi Z>;lG)Z5)l~C5lmJ CSlmD0
cs(S)i<;'l§l BBi!VC) cJz;fm ~loltJO Cf':5kntiGuzsi® Cf'1o:JJOalCl;;.3® romeJ csQ))C;;(s)J DOZ5) c:'lcJ mOJo:J1oc;;cJzsi
c~;"u. D®~ m6Zj)0lG ::?leClG::;ft.,mmOJo:J1oGcJzsi ®<;..-zsi [N..-e eJ®z;f, m5lo ClCr,;Q)JWc:'lg®-6JcJzsi0 GCSllE.0l
m::tCll<;:5)cJ~ c:'c..,§00~Z5) at.,§,. G® GW:q)t., mal &. cse:;OJz::J] ClJem0("'~ c:'mGtiZ5)
eJ§z;f maJ Ci!<;..-zsiCSu1
c:'}(s)lO elc,;:,6 Gl<;0)z;f C1G::;)O"::' 8cJGod GU. 0W1t~ £)<iaJ<;mcJd ae;WJ c:'m",tiZ5)c:'1W)O alCl3§ C::s:l1C
<;,zsiGm2'lZ5)<;,6cJd <;'l?]\ &. 00S0c-JO} r,;G5I <; Z5)E;cJZ>;lu<;';:51.~tie0 c:'zsiGzsi2'lZ5)
o:JlBlcJ1c.,d §<i?J6J <; Clls;,
Ul0cJZ5)0 GClO C::s:lle (5)(S)me;:,zSfGQ)JCSllm® at;o:J) c:'§l0t5Z5)Cf')o:JJOalCl8® d. 0@00C'JO){) G®zsi®
Cf. C!JCJOJZfJ'JUts1P.jOlt: ~ C,jo8<3~§.
c:'Ci 3 Q)02:51 ",\Sf 90C51 G'Il0<!:-G::s:lvcJ;:;)8G(5)(5:5):5) c:'Gz:JlooG ;,;::?l~e;:,{-:;)

o:J) o:Jl0cJl0@ 9~me;:,zsi Q)02
mez:Jli3:51 Q)Q2zsic:'l§ Z3)o-6J) (:5)[.,mZ>;lZ5)o-6J)) ClBao",d c:'lm CJ~Z5l)c.,cJ;:;) maJ c:'mc.,1ticJ(je;:,zsi®c:'lmccJ
wlBl eo8<Bzsi0U. c;;@mal Cf'Cl@ Q)Q2;:;)(S)e <;'l§Lm c;;®LI£) mBa6Z3) gdmcJzsi C;;CSl;:;) §~®0 Z5)OpZ>;l
c;;cJ~® Q)Q2meZ5)SzsiG\Sf c.,(5)z§\®DU (6 UVl on 7 c.,m a5G0&~ Q)G;:;)m).
@ eoZ5)}3U G1&~®c.:l Cl~ ;5i::tC3}~mc.:lee;(s)1 ce:;,z;f Go:Jle; Cwuc.:ld ~lz;fGz;f oati c.,(l)1 9",<~~m :q)Gc.:l·
oati c.,(l)1 9v<::s:l Clls;, £)::to l~me;:, ac;cs)J 'f,151J®mc:'c;..,u~Gc.:lzsicaGc.:lJG3 Z5)oG(l)m Cf'l5l· oQ)ti t.,(S)J 9G<~
@ eoZ3)lC;;U~d c.,CSllgC;;<::s:lc.:lzsiGCSlzsi
10.5% Cl®~ um c:'Z5l06e;:, GwdC)e;:,:>ti 205,589 o®~ GU. 'f,1~e;:,JU
Wl aoazsi<;mc.:l iSlBG8~, 65 OGU Ulti~Z5) Clls;, mda)c;mcJ 00lzsi 2,300 a®~ um c:'Z5l00®8;:;) 70%
c-3~ 27)aC;G:51,,::;iz:Jlt5:5)}Cz:l,",doe W) :5'0c:!::;))c.., ..::.::;)9 JZ,-j5lcJzsiroc:'lf}, CSWd0c.:l1ti 230,000 a66J 12
oati G(5)) C')0:5'GcJ. 'f{~cJJ::;) ~)e,-,15::;), C5Ge::;) c:';:;)<;~0 q;;Vl~c.:l}GUoati UCSll 9 <::s:l~als;' £)::tCl1~mcJ
ec;wl [;)1C:5') G::;iv3'f c:'c!C5Gv'.J3cJ27).63iel ~:5)~c.:l)GU OQJt5 als;' mctaJ<;m Cwc.,e;:,~~5Il C~1G c.:ll8
8§cJ (S)lZ5).De Z5)0l<::lUc:'YlG eoz:Jl1DU als;' m2im<;m Cc,JUc.:l'f,1®(S)me;:,l8 cClZ5)c!ame;:, z:JlG (S)IZSl.
10.5 GG:!3U c,'c..,o,,? :5'd3dolc., c:':5)c., Q)02 c1cmcJ ~tic.,QlCVl L?Z,-{§,cJZSl0Lc..,J DDwt5c.:l e:;8azsim
:;;<CSle0cJ~0 C5Wa3G::;i mO:5'G"::' (S)(6 G(s)l(~ eJDJcJd caC;c.,:5) <cBz:l c,'J<;1c.:lG®lt5CSle;:,dCc.:l ~Q. 6c.,lm
<;5<CSleDc.:l~C:5'® :3GGc! C')<r)e;:,®:sf (S)) DC5i3~ :5'::;fCcJz;f q;wG ml°eJ®2 ~lmc::, ~c(:;z;f e;:,m GI<;(l)d
dLlc,"))CZ5) a@Cl5ld g0cJJdmc.:l2 CSl:5'(S)IZSl.6G63'f® ~Cl 0~~c.:l ® Cl102c:'c OGU dU1W1CZSl cBaoc.:l a®<0zsi®
BC) <;'l;i)Z5;lCL
e®<00cJzsi 5['z;fG:5) <;'510<;'lDCcf 0®® dt,JW1CZSl ClBe.560~ c:'lcJC)001CSlW) ClGDQ)18c.:lZ510CSlzsi
~lj~~15®C z5)8~ g~?J))j\...)d ~V0'rl:5 ,-,:::7)).:5v. e:J §:.:; ;,)06 e)2S)e;al Z5)c)z;,:li G®z;f ~l~8 Z3'!@)
c:'Jg-3~zo;)3::;i0"')::;) ~lO~)C0C 0(s)K( w(5..::. lG2ci c:' §\ c,':5'O 0WJe; :3ls;' m3m~zo;)(:;cJ~<; vU. 0®® z:Jl)o-6J)
§cJc:!"e::;i® :3I(S)l~2 G::;i0::;i c,'C53<3'1..::. 3 Q)Q2alt5d:5"l Gee C51C::5'lcJz:JlG Wlz5) 0>L:sf, 6me) c:'lc.:l~e:;J
ClB8 )~0d e )t5~ZSl (5)?W ZSlt5®);:;)5IcJd C;;(,'))(.)mIG3®::; c:'eJ5I1C® 3d W)C5I) Z5)G (S)lB ~~me;:,.
186
G)~;l;:J')t':)CJ(3d 5'ZJ"I"e.,w CJ(S) ~G01Jj @UoCS2 n(;r;1:5J ZJ))CW a [,Z5l'Z5Y) ZJ))C
G)5'Q2:£ OJCZD0W :2)w)n)OZJ)@) e.5~c:l~~ °ic:l 8®J~ - ~Je.5
D<:5w2S) (fDwcJ
- <,;,Bvtiz:;) <,;,:mno 07.08&
-a6~ ~wr, G<; wd G7..g, O)-:;V(~c; a7.r;) 3 - 5 C;ZJ1G1 510 5 -6 <;dGJ
07.0G3®
- 07.& GoZX3 07.ZS"l8®
- z:;)7.C;7.t!ct! g6)~::.:: G;:S;)1e §M
g<:5D Ot~D)dcJ
-<';'~v1 d.8Z5'lZi'l <';'(~ §5® Blc..3 5 - 10 <;dt,) iVJor;)ZJ1 o®~
-(s)~)G10 ZS"luJ 6Q)~®
-Z5'lG (S)<elX>1G
10 mc:tOX;Z5'lr;)
Oi~D)dcJ
- o§bZS"lC; tlocl a7.& 07.r;) 10 - 15 <,;clO1 ®10 2 cl o®~
;5)d010~r;)
(f(3ed'~t:)))GcJ
- z:;)7.<,;8 05®lG <';'~ §56
.
- wd 07.&GC;O)~ <';'10cl:::DlZ:;)0 07.e:; 3 - 5 <,;clG1 @:no 4 - 5 C;clt,1
(S)Q)e..n §B®
- <';'t5\Gti::ll <';')W)O C3Ia8®
<';'GZ5'lclOt® !5'1?5t3~ B®e:;!:Ji G~::;-i:§:i ai02 !5'1~~C:;<; ~6(s)Z5'l (S)!5' r;)v1Gv1 ow gJ6c-yfli3ZS"lO l5)0Z3\ oc;;@m.
aa c;;C61Z5'l,6G1v1 av1 on GGZ5'lv1 oZi'll5)Gu<;Z5'l JCJ:)r;)Zi'l <;7.Z5'l:§:i
~~~ §BG~e1 <';'1WJO QDv1 tJ[,1 G'1z;)Z3\
G(S;l(jC:;Zi'l®C:oB~D D7.<';(S)v1ZS"l10~1C:;. ai0225"i oiVli325"i 07.E) BB®0 w7.B ~Z5'lt® <';'Ge:;~0 QlO2 meZ5'l::':: Oe;WJ
C','[,ClrlJ5
mO~!5'1Ge:; CQ)1 (S)!5' w7.ZS"l.OG7.;5) 00wtic:;c:;®v1 ~C:(S)e6e:;z:e0 ®am® !5'DiSf @02 a1eZ:;)Gr;)tl:l 0®&125"i
OZ:;)0 u7.t.> BB6®25"i ~D3:lJ5 §\O~v1Gr;) eQ)')Cl)!5' w7.ZS"l.oe:;, 0<';') G7.~ <;07.G25"i!5'®G7.e3tD3c:;25"i <';'Z5'lZS"lO~r;)
ZS"lo@zsf"07.& <;E)r;)~ z2jE)1GU" 0c.:lC;§Zi'l 07.& <;t.>r;)®0 9)~~OU:: ~D') c;; 25"i® (GOO ZS"l~~Jc.:lC','7.1"i)(;Z3\
Q)e25"iZ5'l),
C','<;<;u0d Q)02 mCZS"li325"i, §\o~
C; <';')<,.J§\ZS"l @02 mCZS"li325"i 0®<'Sj25"iai02 oJeZ5'l0d 9J6c.:lJmZS"lG §\0!5'00®Zi'l
CCl)5) r;)1"i)G C','7.!5'.
01ti0ZS"l @02 mCZS"l0c.:ltl:l ~c:ta ®W t.:7.;5) D5Z5'l) dDJWJE)ZS"l (j~o5)cl <,;,a0m' C:;t®0 6Z5'l1~ gGr;)1dZ5'lC:;0 Cl)m.
6~ §\(jJ @02 meZS"lc.:lJ6c0 ap0C c;;a1o~e:; W) q'1<;)e:;® D7.U ~~<:i'OGu. G®r;) Z:;)Jt5e:;e:; dl§lZS"l ®U()6®25"i
0IC~6~~, o®&125"i (:!~)J@r;)C;;d01 tlpcl§le:; E07.~®() W) ~CJ a5®')Z5'l \9J@r;) §\~aJ<;Z5'l 0J5Jmor;)ZS"l0 §Ve
po~ <';'7.5).06®Zi'l ® OG5, 0t55)®)Z5'l0d <';'0 tl8Zi'l ut.)Jm' a5~®r;)§Zi'l P1"i)G @(5)ZS"lOZ5'lm5(j5ZS"l oooclo~r;)
(jC;WJ tl7.<;Cl)m' Q §loOJO 6(S))E)5)7.025"i C; G7.C;Cl)m'ooc';)()ZS"lG5cl OG®25"i <';'0 07.D7.m'® o<;WJ <; q'JCno GU.
187
@ 0lg, m301<;25) Z5ltl3)::;f:5l"':: Gt.JJ:5" ~~<0i S'0C"'::ZO)C u:5" 6153C S'Z5\::i03:l::;c.;,(25) cod
=.5)3m<;25) t:c1G(.]z5)m e-:l:5"v:5li'j)<S):d ® QJql gvd<;e-:lZ7i S'i3~25)25)c.;, B5® (10.5.4 ()Z5l)CO
dem25)),
S'GO):5) G3:lv"'::3l QJql me3)c.;, 0<;0)) QJql25)C @Z5\Z5lj~m 9(,]C25)Z5l2:d uBoc:5(.3;d' §\QJ(.] ;.:lZ52S'5l0 QJqlm
i:383l 6e-:l Z5\0fc:5C:d S'u 0t..,~(::K)m ~e-:l<0i Z5lc:5S'u G~Z5\ CDlc:5G<';25)
S'LZ5l·
"Q@li§ld' Omt)) ~ti@ltrl' Z5l(j ~ ~ @Ie! 635@1i§ll5'l.

\:)@ 6Q <;ti2S)) @D e~Dtrl' 6Q gt))21~ Dz;)@lti. 6Q 635@1i§lti i§l oi§l~."
60J6r-JJt5ieC-'d
Sophocles (@ 2 496? - 406 Be)

Trachinae glCb3l
c;oZCl1;:;e)cod S'~':>1U25) Z2)3e-::;j(jOwJ3l§\Z5l CD1ZCl1e:!umZ5l S'Lil5(.]25)(.]0F,0)) t.,t.Jl:5"
3)ll"Jc:5z.
C S'lZ5\. (j®Gl:51 <;'~"}lU25) ,@3e-:lZ5l g§iCU)Z5l 03:l6e-:lm 9)0(.31(0Z5l CDlz5)(.310m6csf
Z5\z;-{0e-:l,~03d"}0 ~lfS, 9)(je-:l1lS3ZO)mu6>Z5lJGe-:lC Gt.J1 ;:;Q)1bCD:fUCDIS iVUC®Z5l ut.-§). 6ii3
9§'ce~d LS)(j(jzrl "C:J0<~2S)33'f" ~l~E® GQ)J "Z5)G(..3~ t5)')t5cJ(.3 m®~ cSm t5)Omul
vv~c.;() ~§)0Z5)~ cc..,') ~jt,,) \S)1~(j~1I oVld g®(.J5f ~m!3'\ c ~1:5'. G®w c..30?5'f eJ8!3'(.3dv
Ul0~ c:5CZO)
cod ~:';)1025)e-:l O<~CDJGc:5g01<'; em 0lel3l§\Gd <;!JZ5le:!U(.3
025) S'5lc:56(.] 015)Z5l
S'Gdcl:::n 9f3l 0~~0) <Sllm®C:d, CGs.fCJ0(']z;)® alql 01e25)(.] t.-lm Z5ltliV1z;)5)C-'Z5l~C-'6>0
0<"';CD1C:5) )3dZ5l1BGe)."
&. e. Q)ldiJd::;3
"eoZ5l16e) QJql me25)(.3 ~;.:l~ §B®C <Sl5)~Z52@(']J®Jt)(S)C-'''
C:0Z5l) E3<';l5)iS30t)W25)oo(S)®0d 12 Cl£) 0l881c:56d ,
Z5l?~ E3C;l51CD1 025) E3C;l5J S'OCl:J0d oenJo5)6csf (115 B~0),
G<:C5.l25)0c.:Jm
( 1956 (25))t.!l@Qit) 22 [)25) ~25))
,
3Baptist, BA (1956) Beekeeping with special refernce tp its development in Ceylon, Presidential Address, Agriculture and Forestry. 12th
Annual Sessions, Ceylon Association for Advancement of Science, Part II, p. 99-118 Colombo.
188
eoa1CSlaO )CSl6Jw , <y3 £lztaJ<;:5lw ow Ql~ az~ £l®aJe;Z5"lc.3 oe;w::> Ca6w1<33 @~ I?lca6d ~eJ::>z;) gUClZ5l
t.,z;)(5z;) :3 aZ~
~~ aec.,')~z;f <;,oCSlWz:s) £ldaJe;Z5"lw eeeeoo . ~Z5"l :3 @~ a::>eZ5"l~8. <yO £l@a::>e;Z5"lc.3,aZ~
£l~me;Z5"l6d® <;,:s;)OZc)ewi5). 6a:fGJ a01GJ~c.3 8§@e; <;,€lG;)15Z5l::>e:Jc.3
6® e;z:s)t.;::>®
qa 000 <;,€l6i5.l:fOe3 6Z5"l::>®Z§l
<;'1))0 r!J 0®(;))z;)06Wz;) qt.;O)Z5"lW 6W1§!) BlB®D 1))0® €lZe;GJZ;)~z8 OZe6Z5)Z5"l0::>0Z5)e; 6®(1))z:s) qz§le3 6Z5"l::>®Z1)).
6® C;z:s)()Ji:! qa 030 Z5)?~Z5)1t5§Z5)ooct50Z5"l g§laz;)§l eoo OZCp® ~§z;) €lZlJ q€lOJZ5"lc.3z:s)6c.3J§!) 86d e3
GGJ1C2)\ZZ5"l ~0~ i5)B® Or;w::>~. Z5"l~~ e;Zz;) qa owClz;) cl€lc.306a:J'81))w::>t.;c.3Z5)OJ 66C6~ - z;) 85Z5"l::>CfZ5l6
c;'Z5"lJCSl5'Z5)?(3Z5)::>t5§Z5)
oot.,t50Z5"l g§laz;)§l €lC~ Ce;15::>Z5"l
5e;15::>6a:fCSl, 56&@6c.3z;)® ae~OZ £lda::>e;Z5"lc.3z;),
aw5' OD 6<806 £ldax;Z5"l(.3z;) 8§i5.le; €lZlJ Cfe:JO::>Z5"lwZ:S) 6c.3::>~6Z5)60;» qZ1)). 6®ii3~ 6i5.l:fGJaO::>GJ6J(J oe;w::>
86;:Q::leoc.3z;) Z5)?® eoo @~ a01G11)) (insect and bee pollinated) 6i5.l:fGJc.3z;)ti3qclDI.z;)6z;) OoOOZ5)Wz:s)€l(J;J6c.3z;),
@~::;)eo0J' z:5lJt5(.36d ~ze;CSlz;fZ5)®azwz~C 6U. 650 Q)~ aJCZ5)c.3 @ Q)~ meZ5"lc.30 a®~z:s) 6Z5"lJ~ e;~€lzc!'
Q)Q225'i,Rli.s:,o @~25'i, Z5)6Z5"l8@~25'i, op @~m w::> 6e:JZ5"lZ;)
0Z5"l::>ii3z:s)Z5l
0Z5"l@~ 06rn®(Jm e; (10.6 e:JG;!e:J@c25'iZ5"l)
BUG Ga1CSlw25'iti3 UGrnaZSl a01GJ6J CfOG;)151))::>
o~O::>~®D w::>tJ1))::>BlB®O 8fe:JY1 qz1)). 65D 6®® 550
@~ c,,;:Q®(J25'i Z5)1t5W01("'Z5)t.;a1eZ5"l~ Z5)G wzBl g® w::> 513 ozcp® BlB®O 5e;15::>~~25'i wO 8fe:J~ qzZ5l.4
0a10) a01Cl)~Gd 6§e;Ou Z5)6~::> p6 ce;::>w6~c.3z:s) 0(J;J6W25'i6Z5"l0::>c (Elettaria cardamomum

Gze;CSlZ;)Z5)®
: Zingiberaceae 60(j0UB(J? Z5leJ0@Jff{~, Bro80&6JB0d) aO::>GJ~(J oc)e 6CO <yi) BlB® oe;w::> @®O Q)~25'i
q5'l5C(J;J:J GU. 6(jdtv Gzd Ge;1<0a (Passifloraedulis: Passifloraceae alBc10(j16J !f)8p8d, c:JlBc10C16JB0d)
6ii3 ®d md@8 ~ <,;z:e~ qz®Bz:ll)6U ~ clt.;Jw::>uZ5)G oc)c 6eO aO::>GJ~(J Z5)0~ c@m625'i €l~ @~ DGrn®(Jz:s)
u8£l. Gzd e;;e;Je::® 0~ oe;w::> Gw::>e; 06C:(J;J <YC!3®z:s)§l~~ 1970 e;G;)Z5)c.3
~@~ aO::>GJ~ q€lG;)15Z5l::>6Z5"l::>OCZ5)::>
wB§25'i C::>£ld®(J ®uDBl25'i e:JZd6<';::>eJ® OGJ::>BlB6®~ aO::>GJ6Jc.3 oc)eZ5)O GJz~®D r!J Oe;WJ Z5)a§l®D 6Z5lCl~~
10JU1))) BlB®D 8fo(J. e;zZ5"lOt.;CSlJZ5)OZ5"l
G(;))1CSlW25'i
6aJ6Wi®wZ5) aO::>GJ6J qOG;)151))JDc.325'ioe;w::> 6Z5"lJ6c.3z:s)
@Q2:7f9(jw1dZ5"lG~ Ow wzBl qZ5l0 06cs;!::l6c.325'i Ge:l1C ow Z5le €lce;, qZ5"lJGJZ5l6d~ 0ze;GJZ;) 6a:fCl)(Jz:s) 5c.3wzBl
~Bw:=s))mZ5'l (0WS~::5fZj)(:;'cedZ5)d '0Z5l?~0aJB0 Helianthus annuus: Compositae) e:Jce; qcle:J7.25'iZ5"l £lt56Jc.3
Z5)06J, ooQOZ5)wz;) e:JCld6Wz;)az~ @Q2Z;)6CSlZ;)5c.3 ~~ aO::>GJ~ 6cl€l::>6U e:J7.e;GJz;)Z5)®8@@e; e;zz;) 07.lJ~ODZ;)
Z5l0Z~ a7.w7.~S e3 qz5' (10.1 0ta(J aez;)Z5"l).
(jC:~W ~J:3w 0<';W1 c.,'))C1))J ~Z5"l<tzm0Z5'1iO (Cassia alata: Legumino ceae Z5)lBc:JJ cecDJ , 0Cu;?@0Z5"l1B0d)
ow t.;01 6WGz;) 6ee:JOJ (Calotropisgigantea: Asclepiadaceae Z5ll0C10{j18d d8GJrowJ' qzdz:;jCBeJJeJJB0d)
oc)ee:J uOICSl~W BlB® oe;w::> op @~ 5Gcs;!@(Jz;) q:;ile:Jt51))Z5"leJe3 85Z5"l1 @e:J 6®® pew G;)::>Z5)c.3z;) 0e;0
e;t:>"i c®8d6e25'i i5.l7.~6 m a7.W<.~Cl 6U. c)e m®, 6Cl)0Z;)6Z;) qCoZ5)10W oe;w::> e:Je:JZ5"l~mi5.lt58c.3::>
(Thunbergiagrandiflora: Acanthaceae zymdf5i5c:JJC!Jlmac10C16J' (fZ5lrozDJB0d) pcda 6~Z5l u7.§6~Z5"l O~
Q)Q225'ie;, c;'u 6(;))1Gw:f 6e;6Z5"l~ e;7.Z5)§l6@Z5"lU::>0OzZ5) Z5"l7.Z5l
(10.2 6tueJ @cz;)Z5"l).
e:Jt5Z5'1®JZ5"l6d
@~z;)eGJm 8ft.b 0~ 6a:fGJ uOJGJ~ edD::>€l €leJ::>z;)e:Jze;GJZ;)e:Jmez;) qaZ5"lc.3Z5"lc.3
oe;w::> 5c.3Cl
Z5lCJa6d, CSlt5Bl25'i6W:f CSlnBlz;) (Cucumis anguria: Curcurbitaceae ~~@d qzm02BeJJ' z:5JZ5l&0oBed) OGJ::>
Z5)0~) GGJ'Je3mwOw. 6®® 6CSl'JCZ5"l0 q7.§l gOJZ5"l GJ7.D6€lZ:S) Z5"l® aO::>GJ~ c'V~1))::> £loJ q7.§l€lZ5"l
G2<:mJm®6wZ;) <t~ q!de:J7.z;)Z5"l8.e@(JD 8~(J® 0G;)6Wz;) @ Q)Q2z;)€lGJJ @® e:Je Z5l@JCl)7.~® €l7.£l cz;)OJWc.3z;)
6GJZ5"lqzZ5'lZ;)6ii3 g§lc)e 6Z5l0® o~Qe;J(JZ5) e3 eZ5"lJ®ZZ5l.6£loJ e®® GJz06€l GJzZ5"l~66€lz;) 6Z5"lJZ5lZ5)J,qz;)
~1""0~ Gc1?:l>OY3
1JElW£t;0-c ® @",zrl "'16 ;,C".,cl o@od<.Oso <;o@),d" /)'" @", 500;1<>t->zrl
",6,,,,~<.O o"c ",6 "'lll'l@) 8~ ""5",, ",,68.
'1i~'""w ",~",13 @",zrl ""i3",<.O~, Q)c,.;>6 60t;c 500;1.,,,,<.0,,-1
<;(@)(ltsl,"docl ol5l"'~Gd <;~@od", @", 1JGcl.,,,zrl £l';>",,,d@) D,:5lo@)<.O
@)C)O®cl
G@:I",o6,,,,~,,, co<";'''' 0"13",, ",,6iil. ,,@ <;",(3cl, cD'" ®\':J88@ /)(a oGO';> ""l~a ","'''', "Zl):fI!)"'J G@c(zr!"DI3 (Nomia melanderi : Halictidae
"OJSz:;lc)"tJ ~c"') 0'" D,t:i.,8"" """,,,cl61 @)6o,w <;liil 81'61 'i)G ",,,"" O!!) ""l@a <;,0:1",6",,, ",,6 "'l~a ","'''', G@wBdGOJgzr!DJiJJ (Megachile
rotundata: Megachilidae, G!i!w8SGtJ ~c"') t;!),cl ;:l9""O c~,,,,6~cl,,.
189
r
3rl,,:nlBC;Xn51'@ZSlZSl1t5wwW G2Sl ®2Sl1 2i® oZSld Z5l5®, d3Z5\ 001(0)JO O))UZ3lW,e..nB 07.0,;.:l®, 06:fG"l 0)1
00G6Jjw 0 )e2SlW ~)~ ZSl1t5wwW(j®W® GC5J&lZSlGWe:ne2SlW<; 72)®l<;il2:J2et.,8f. §5®() 8we..,0 G"l:5\(50)151'
o®~cl 63w c:'d@~w O)lZ3l.(j 0<;0)1 G<:c'?lw2i~w ~Zj!Bw e..,eJJd ZSllt5wcl:3® acSJ&3ZSlwlGO)j ac5J&3ZSl3w
03'-101 G"l(~dC;, . yW 0G"l1G2ia e..,e mOZj!0lG 2Slt:)51'Zj!
§B 0<;0)1 cG)W ~d:5G"l<3W~ C;, G"lZ5\ Oll§ Gw1G"l;:;
8we;0 0e). 0® 8~6J<;t) (S)")BW6md ~a2SlW2Sl ZSlc5ct)W0m51'~GW)2SlW 6W1_ OW 0Zj!eJ ~lZ5\.
i0.6 ClCSJCl: 66J1G"la01G"l~W G®(0)WU® 0<,";0)1t)lc;md de;10)10ZSl o®aZ5\cl G2SlaI~ 2i~w 00) 6t)2Sl51'
02Sl10clZ3l U2Sl 2i~ ~eWW 0IZSlE3w.
dea)85~) 005t:j}(5~ Superfamily Apoidae
family Apidae 0I~ @~w. 0®1~W 2i~w, 2))® G"l~,t),8 ZSlI<;le0G aI~
G"l6)t:)1ZSl03.
2 family Colletidae ZSl00101 2i~w. 000ro 8f.0I Z5'Im0®W 01<';2Sl :5l®

ZSl7.<';le6G2i51'§\ '-"l50Gd ~)GWt.,2Sl ®ICd'" sGJ5wZ5lw ZSlo01c5cZSlOmW2Sl)
(0)1 ~ldZ5'02SlW ZSlOmW2SlJmOl ZSlaOJOl 2i~w wI3 Z5lw
3 family Halictidae c:1ZSl01!?i2i~w. 0000 2))mZ5'mt) ZSlI<';GZ5'I<;ilG<;

<3®ZSlI<,;El
6z;;;-) 90<:GrlWZSlc:1ZSl01!?ie;
ae;d2Sl1 m01 c:1Z3l01!?i 8l~w wlB §,w~.
4 family Andrenidae ZSlmZSl@~w. esee ZSlIz5'>G®W ZSlIC;ElZ5'2Sl.1G"lW2Sl

mOl
ZSlm2Sl2i~w W7.G §W~. (6)")("O))' ZSlIC;Cc:1ZSl01!?it)<;'l:@ ~Z5\0 o®O)ocl
00G;ic:<WW0m dlW)omZSlWW 015;\G"lZ5't)6ZSl® ZSlI<';IGe (6)<';1 0)<';16G"l2Sl
OBOlO2SlWZSl03.
5 family Megachilidae c<,;o a01G"l aId 2i~w. 001G"l 0Io cC;ow w3 aldG51'
80()1 ~7.:@mOl G® 2Sl@W Ol~Wt)iiV.
6 ~Iz;i(02)))(omB0u ~ew family Anthophoridae e;p @~w. C;Ie; 8f.07. Z3l0 ZSlIC;CZ3l2Sl2Sl
@~w Gm
~ew (! 02 OtOW 6)eW2Sl).
7 family Melittidae ~®G 2i~w, o®O)ocl OGcs;fClWWZ5\® ZSllC;7.eCZ3llm®

0<'";0)) ®Co 0)) UZ5'lZSlJOt) ZSlOlG"l51'a~ Z3l16JElo)JOZ5') ZSlo3.
62Sl®, 8 dW<O>5>JgC3et:l
~cc.:J family Stenotritidae
9 ®cld3et:l ~cc.:J family Oxaeidae
10 ",O""maeccli}"t:l ~cc.:J family Ctenoplectridae
11 ('\etl8",~ ~cc.:J family Fideliidae
6moJ ~o 0e:;(J 2i~ ~e olZ5'ZSl()<;,wd 8l~ OGG;i®WzTI C;O)d G"l~2Slcl, m3G 3rllZ3lWzTI
0)) <;,a (6)jmww
::OOJ,,0v:oWz;:;)::::;~wmO)e:i 0de..,1t.,cl <riP ZSlOi3.aBoo 0))m6WW G®® Oo)&3ZSlBw D2SlJ3rlt)W2Sl)0d® (6)jm
C"c.:fe..,IzTIZ))<;
qe...B W<;il<;'l2))· G®W ooe aBoo a<:w5Jwcl Zj!G <;'7.5Jt)2Sl15)e;d Glc;md ft500)ZSlW§,.
190
10.1 dtoQ: Z5)C ~dc5G:Jzsf aO]CDelVc:J Z5)OelV]
@ (§PSJGt)Z5)~
...-:1
.!
:.
• \
~
•
«
10.2 dtoQ: BBD Cf:JZ5)]OGc:JIDfJ. G@iCD aO]CDelVGd ? D,C;CDz;J[)Z5) @ COZ5)]GO G?,&3c:JGZ5)]fi3zsfZ5)Q)PSJ

BG@{{tc:JWGGJW o@roGOzs!. 0laGd D@ac:J tf(iB B(I;J]C Q)PSJID, De Q)PSJ BG@@c:Jwc:J. 6Z5)@
CflIDGZ5)]GC'J:JOGeJ~CGd, of3GC]GZ5)im CDelVc:J (family: Anthophoridae. genus: Xylocopa).
(o]f5b GZ5)'!)ti)Z5)]CD:JOGd, Z§D Bc;xJ:J Cfo(I;JGd, Q)PSJ6Z5)ti) GDw.)
191
8GG68(,) G a a @) @1J @}J <& @)) 8G-flIGaQ1l
~@)@)ug ~ ®'2' u r~ ~ @ u ~ 6 '" @) g ~'1l Cl .s o
!J ~ GI ,,~ @) OJ OJ C"J Qll g Ol
uWWGrG @J) fi fi (") (") o ~w· 6Wfi
G <J fi
Clfifi@)n~
u006
[:j
N
G
u
i
~ a !J @l
oOJ (") @) ~ cOJ ~ .s<2:J ~ .s
G ~ fi "" U ~ N
o '@) '(") G
G G> G> CA @) W !?l !?l G G a ~~ ~~C'J~Cl~
[:j [:j § fi@JJ
S [:j U ~ 0::n. G
G G G G ~ ~ e Q. Q, (!!J (!!J ~ @J)
u s s fi a. @)C"JOt;j8CA
fififi~®>. Q C'" g [:j [:j [:j
o ..." Sl @)I~ Q '" CA Q CA
~ C\
8 n
GI "'uuC",) g GI G ~"2CQSlg"@) a
g G> c> 6 (J( G> 9 ,..,.U U G. 8 @;J .c»
" Gl","CPuGG
u,,@l"u8Q G CA C') G g:~ N ~ ~
CA @) @} (,') P>
@l G} ("Jl G> @J 01 G G S:l @:;D' ~ ;t '-')g ~
g @l G. g.
Sl (1) ",).r., i:1I (' '-'
U • G '" [-'- ill CA c
@; ~ Go v [:j ~
8",(a[3@)~'1! CA +
'i~~ II (W iJ\ ~'1! G G. G [; -ill
C".J G CA G Sl CiJ u
'" ~ @ C' Q; C'" Go
~YluJ~O
.:"J--.)@2!!D G @IJ iJ\ ~r1J '~. @ G. ~)?G-'Sl.c"<: ~
Q g~ !?l ~) ~ U
@) GI ~
co cJ §j ,0{ [:j (,I u u @) .s .sQJ OJ) Q [:j ~'1) C' C'" CJ,J ..."
"G.[;GCl, OlD rr CA G. G QJ @;J
Q ~ Q.J G' (3[;ja!:l 9
(J> [3) co t' t. C"JCJ8
81 ~ G S 0 fi S
.s
gm~~sb!t 9b 8 8 8 fi U
® QJ .s -'aaGG'("
. Cl ~'1 [, ~ CQ G g tt
G> w" . S r0 ~ 1n @;J(('] ~"&i
9 9 CJ, (;) (3 C'· S:l ~t
Q;OoGtZGi': --.)
& o QJ BYa [;j GD(l;
Ll" ..) ~ @ ~ C".J fi + u l!J .s G 8 ~ a
G tt (1, [:j s ~) f;b '" . u (,
[:j GI [:j ~ @)"@) G ~C'"
C') .ill Q.., o -ill G. SJ(,) D
CA [:j ('" t:I
8 g s: G\. ~,§J ~I ~"
CJco GI G !?l
9tJ 8 (0 G. g GO Q.Jr0(" 9
ucicg~C" ~·tll .c»; C" gG u (I)
~ ('0, '"
,§No. C') u ~
G> "'0
'"' G.
C
9 ~ e6 . a;
0 u
@) 0 + C" 83
c.o ~ G C'", ;,;' f;b G>
(J~"Q®'-',.(" CJ
:::J<J(tG (,) ~ >. C") (t S 6 ~ 8 C !?l.
§ ~ a Sl ('1, GJ ~ @J ~~O,.('.oQS
@)- [:jC"GO ~ o iJ\ (S (V G. u
!t ~
9ee 8 Cl c + G@Xos~ct
u
G C"J,..9- i;:!l ~ ~
au
G !?l G 8 CQ ~ G fiCS38GiC", ~
@JJ
l3 Gu
-' 6 (Ol (ol)
~'"6~fi@)~ co & u ~ ~ • u, G g C ~
<.O [:j ()J 0 (3 3 G
CQ GI @) C I' C') (" C) ~
fi " (" [:j G
g.~ c:u C'!.'l a
I\J CJ CA [:j [:j W fi [:j cP + G c • CD G G G
O~)~~""(' c (;) !?l G -:» (tG>,.("~GlI" 9..
@I. t:I ® ,,> ~G--!' ~ u [" 8 Ql G. u ~, [:j ~
+ + !?l a ~) W U @ u G 3 G> ("
3aGl-ill@)~ [:j Sl
0..9 Gog ""'@) r0 ou QJ g CA ~) [:j ~ CA
fi X u ~)(")8l Q QJ c G
(') a iJ\ Cl.l., Cl "~ C:>
CJee ~ [3 C") ..()Ja G
o ~~~8~ ""'® .s c ['O~81 (';
U 9 U U !?l ~ g N U CA @;J &i.
G '~) a~ (p G G ~ .oo (;) 9 c
R.!tl;J"Q;~@l § G ~ C' S rr,
8 "'" '" (J
a ~ G G ~ ~ ~'" '"'iJ\ 0 c
G QJ U G CJ+ C"lJrn@JJ @) G GI s CA ~
~r1J (,) !2L) 0' u ~
G>
+ rn. C') u ~C\CG>~!t
(3 a r0 ,.".' Q01 (') 9 !!D CA 8
~ G ~ ~~ a Ol C') GJ It !?l [:j [:j Cl'C'"
~fifi@)8[:j 92 U U ~) u It G. G>
,:!]l[:jC"iJgf;bc~
!to~G>C"@)C CA (;)
C'''' '"il'\ ('j) OJ @)
c.oa. gcQ GI -{lj Gl.ct
a @) a.(('] tx G ~8 '" c;' -3 .s ® (t GI
en G>
a
~(tti @) C")QCluQJ
9
oOJ
: [:j G u '-'e"
@)",ca!t8CJ, U G>
o~g 8
SJ G CA !?l u !?l. ~~-illgr0
'" ~ (,1 ("J G QJ 9 @ '"
au ;D' u
il'\ '" cP u C') [:j 6 .r, o il'\ Cl " a
GI !!.lG.. (;) Q r-. CPGOvu
!t tor. (i1J u 8 ~ w C"lJ
g,c) +
c:) ~ C OJ !t U Gl(;)
'" GI sv 8 ~'1!(;) ~ (;) Q g, Gl
ee OJ u
~§QJg{;G ,§ [3 a" G_ GI Ol [,') CA @;J [3 ~ @;J ~
a G [:j r-.' u ~'" (('J G Go
.ill [)\ 6 (;) GI @u - Cl (('] @J
;!J &",C")@)
[:j u
.
a CQ-' C'J g @J CA u
~ .s QJCJGlaG.
n CQ G C r0 CJ G ~-ill
g @) '" [:jJ ro GI 8 (3 ~ c
. u il'\ \A (3 ~ G Ol GI ~l C [3 ~
C CQ[:j G oS S a o@ ~
~ "8l..ro@ 8 fJ (('] G
"@ PG @) f} CIJ OJ [:j W [:j
~" 0 ~ ~ CJ ~ S
ItClC~(3 CQ@) G> U (i1J B
sCJ W(;) C'
u G
c au gG
ClQJ[:jJuGlG Q a a (;) 1l G~'1lcG'"
aN rr;; [:j @ 8 I
S> Q1l CQ ()J ~ ~ G6c&J~CA
"'" @) G> G '"[:j
ct .s @) ('j) o U @) 1" cPu €) e !t a c G ~2l
0eme; mdme;m CCDc,C.3z:s1
c;-Js, cod 5)~Cl (!jCD)g0me;t;c Bl02m aI&o §l::ic:ne;mC.3 O<";el)')m8S') £lB®
~~<!;!ii§B® Oe;CDI 'fI~OI® Q)cmm t.::le;C0zt ~t5c, c;t;~;:'Zl'Ic,d5).
@ aI&o §l11'i'c:ne;251c.3
@ Bl02 C0{!):iJJt;JOc.3ZSl
9otl§l CZSCHlOO<";CDJ0Q)0CDCm® Q"lca)mc:;m 66 80m) 6ZSl 9CZ7l2:Jl<sC(.3) (!jOY!
6ZSl® ®JZl'20Cc.3J ~ dc33'lC.3c:;mgGtl&\ C~{!):U8. 60dm~ dc3&\c.3C:;csf
9otl&\ C::5:30D c;a() C;v~-':; c;n:;))oc.3(;
0DmdZSlo C0Im® 6CD) tlI~P~ ZSlO(J)Im® 8,§Q)e; c;a CztOJCDc.3z:s1
C0Zl';:;~c, c:'IZl'·6G®25f® aI&o Q)0225f
(0CD) 6®ro~ 0CZSlmJ @ Ql02m) ~)t)BZSl OCJ:l0C.3m tlle;C0zslOm &\01 ®pm c:'roa251mc.3§Be:;®l5i t.::eJ)zt CDZl'
g0me; ::5&\151
2:JlOc0Im® Bl02 aJCZSl8m() 6®m® C;6mz:s12:Jl?§ZSl)t5@)ZSlZSl()C;~ Oe;CD) < t;)8 GC0:5)6C;l5i3)Z-J--)'
C::;:' CDI2:Jl.
ZSl?§ZSlJt5-ZSl~~~t; Oe;CDJcod g0me;C.3mm Q'la CDJ(0)O{!):u st.::::;::;:,zt,cod 90de;c,c oztc,::;:,~zt C,I<';C0zt

0)WZSl0tl. 0®® cod 96me;t;c Q'la, (0)0251 st;]5::;:' OCD o~m 3d~]5 Ce;.:nzt®Z5l OCD Ozslt.:: OJC:5)®C.3
151Jz:s1@&OZSl
-g® CD) c6 O<";CD)c:'ro®151g§ltl)OC.3z:s1e;IzsJ~6®25f cod 6ce;)t;cl CQ)1 f§l. e:;~ c:'~C elI&o
&\@aJe;mC.3 Oe;CD) ~ Q)02 OJC2516~ C; 6®CI&\® @c.3)oJOJOc.3z:s1 c;mC0®251c.3ZSlG C.3~t.::C;IZl'·
6 25f® Q)0225f6mt;Ie3 ~2<!;!iiZSlG96mc; e C;z:s1CJ&\Ct5151mC;J8C.31§\ZSl

C;CDJ(J)]5ZSl() O()t.::C mac;c' ') C251JqZl'.
~o ZSlCJ00d @ Ql02 OJC251::;:'Oe;CDJCD)C151J0ZSl00me:;m dOJCDJCZSl0C60m1 C0{!):UJC)o::;:,m§o, ® Q)02m
c;roa251mC.3§B6®m &\OC;~ cod 96me; Cc C0{!):UJCJo::;:,mGmJ(!jtl. 6®C.3U GW~ G3d6C.3m GaO~C0 cl;S\m
C;15106S'o~ 901:3151 Bl02 mC251 151Jz:s1Cll{!):U::;:'z:s1
0mJ§lQ'l® 6oJ~ OJWZSl ~CJ CC.3 ~ZSl.
Q)uroo aJml5i, Q)uroo ® Q)02m (Apis mellifera 68c:f 6@S0C'J6)) c;mJ~®zsl ZSlIC::;:'z:s1§lde:;d C0?CD')@13)C
C;I§l 2:JlO~ cd? <';'13)0,BlCl2aJcmC.3 ®~m6c0 aJO~aBZSl ZSlt)@Jm151C.3z:s1
CC.3.66d ptlc; c;roamm::;:, §BGtvm
moe;~ C;6mZ;:,--)'
cod C0?0))@Zl' oztt; 96oJC;C.3m CD) oool5ic;mC.3 ZSlG CDI§Zl'O~ OJti0ZSlc, ~~<i§ ®
Ql02 96We;c.3m ~§\ §B®() Q"l()roo aJml'5i C; C;O®zsl CC.3. 56::s;f~6C.3l5i® C;6mz:s1 ZSl?SZSlJt5§ZSlo~m
~roammC.3 §B6®m CQ)) ~I§l g(J)§lC.3 O®Je:;CJ'Om::;:,§BG~~ Q)()roo al31mc;5 ,,:n01516d G<~0')8l5i 00)
~m a)§\ZSl8l'5ic;6 ® Bl02 c;roamm6d t.::eJJzt ~:p0®2:Jl C;t.::d0Jt.::ZSl8JmJ Q)t; alwI~CGtl.
c;o 6CDI~m c;mmJ C;p~ ~mt® oztt; 6wi 3dJZSlC0::s;fCllC.3ZSl

- §loJ() C;t.::~]5Gem' t.::IC;C0::;f
C,m Cz:s130D
0I5 ~p~ ZSlO(J)Im® Oe;CDJ C;151]5t;~]5t;m 9)O§ZSl O)WZSlC.3 m~ 6® Ozslt; 0CD] 3dJZSl8G@Q.'lc:;d amZSl
6a~0151 (®J8C.3 GOG0151) 6CDt.::zt a&\ZSl8m6c0 gamZSl @mt.::cm CDI8o~ () C;{8l WI§c.3)U3. m®zsl
C;CDJ(J)]5C.3ZSl()
6 m C;e:;:5)z:s1
(J)2WJ@S' 0~l'5i c;roammC.3 BB0~~ <-'))C151J
ZSlO{!):U)
amZSl 0c;G0151 G50CD(.35G~
C;)ZSlJOC.3m @ Ql02m <,;,0amm::;:, BB® Oe;CD) CDJC151J2:Jl~ 6mJ~ZSl. 0@c.3() 0oJZ{! t;3dG:..3l'5i Q)023i0c0
dCx'-nOZSl 9c5mZSl @C.3JCC::;:,CD) o~Q)mw OCD151Oe;CDm 008<6:5f 0C0m wIO C;Iz:s1C::;:'
O)I2:Jl.
<D OJ®JOC.3 (J){!):UJCJO:..3z:s1

C3d0C.3m Gt;00mJ ® Bl02:5fW() C;0mz:s1 c;o®x'b (o®Jo::;:, 6mJGm)
ZSlZ@:5f0®l'5i (CC;JWO{!):U::;:'z:s1
6 :5f 0de; 0W) a() ZSl2@)::;:'J
(N5'WIZSl) eZSlCZl' ~(J)Cz:s1 (~C0Cz:s1
6z:s1D 151®C0@@6d C;:5f OJ®Jc3Z5l8l'5i0(J):5f 6t;:5f ~ 8um) CCJ:l0:..3l'5i§8CUZSlzsl
OCJ:l0C.3:5f
000ti(J)6d 6C.3~®(), gammC.3 §B®u ow c3t;zsl 5®()<; 6mJCDIZSl. e:;®® 008<[b Gzsl0I~
iilOBo ooiilrn eoo ","6", ~",!)o8rn ~t5" ""oc<.:>zsl!Sld"d ",6"",,,, ~o 0"'<' ~ii\o".,,,,-.o lSlOt5",,,,rniloo ""p"! ,,!)Zll cod ile"o~",.., 5",!)..,rn
"",rn r'''' (S)!)i3rn. iil(06Drn .66D!rl. "<)"<)Grn,p~ o~rn c6z@l!) 'te'"
6 1)", oo!Sl""i3rn~<;",o~@!SltSlJC"'zsl"",g""Jt5l!b ,,~rn w~ 500;t.,=rn 00 o~!)rn 0",!)d "d~"",®rn (Bornbyx mori: Lepidoptera Gi5b&iiJzs!d
,,&!EJ. Gc8Gt)Jo'a86J) <.t5",§:j", Do~o@", ",cl<-" e<;",o ~Bo",,,,,,, ",,6 ~l""
193
(S)-e;"6C) aOJe:J GOJl<~C<;,)OJo~c.n;:i l5)~ ~aC) £)Z)\O <';1Z5l
?501f 6'Z5lCZ5le.,
8ol5) e:J~l5)Gc.:lm'0cs:J
03G27l':';721;';:G6CJ::7lm5558.
® :3 @U2 "J0:j,)01e:J;.;:d ::-Z5l6 e:Jc5z0):5Ic 5CG;")~"C0m' OJ') GI-..3GcsJ ~c.:l&c.:lm' GWG:;)
0bL:z.J))0::;)G<..027)e:J",::;-?2,:5I0eJ. 6'" 85m' 0<';GZ;;l10~,)G;lc.:l®

(S)~:f:»e.,,)e:J0d<J~C;)3Z5l)Gc.:li~,
<';)-..3::JueJ. ::--c-dv u"''::; 55251 (j<;'-'z:;))0~)3dc.:l6 c;')6eJ&Z5l (S)5\ ~dC3~ GW251 e)z.J) 051l5)
Gl5))0eJ. ::-£)01 05):iOK01~GO ,",W0:;) e.,o~Gd ~eZ5l 6'Z5lZ5lc.:le.,;S;)0c.:lm'6d 800c.:l~
01~6b Gl5))WIB c;':5I0 e)c.:l pe (S'l~JGJOc.:l® Cc.:l p~c.:. e Cf<;nG Ge:Jd (s)~1e))0c.:lzsl
GZ)\)'O )(S'l;:;f0S3 e);.;: 0Q1:iZ5l0 (S)(f},f§JC)l5)eJ 61:3m' CfIWe.,l5)gOl5)Z5lGm' Ul5) l5)IWIf1"J d8l5)m'
OJ) 00)c)1m' GZ5lJ(h..0Z5)c.:l~CfIb'. 0m'00 C!jZ5):fOJ(S)I~® 8fl Z5lGp;s:!0Z3:i~C e:J0IOJc.:lJo(0Z5lc.:JGcs:J
:S):5l e:Joc.:lZ3\c.:lC)
uQ,l10WJ'fOC) ()e.,l5)d ~m'Ul5) aOeJaC)):3eJ <';10Z5lGZ10cs:JCzslii3~ OGZ5lJ
Q,lZCv65. ::-::7l0 fli):5I? d&:5)c.:l0C0",oc::;))(.,m' GWe.,z;{ ~c.:lEoc.:m' (@C d~l5)GC1 §£\Q3'C5cJm'0(1)
e3~ (jZ-.3<60 c0v....:J'3 W)6(S)~<§§).
® ] 2>02z;)vd Co", £':.t)l5) g;"),)GCGc! CG01~:5\Gc.: §bJ@ Cf0l5)zsl \S)?WJ@:5Ie:J~251 qW3l5)27)c.:

:§)~:bG~CCG;.;:iS aO<OJz;)l5)) GOJ ::7l(<;t3251 QZ5)O8f Z5l0l5) e:JW)W.::5l5)l5)
@c.:Je..,Cc.:le)GCe:J@
W)G:5') z:;)G ~:5l)OJI::J· e)GOZ5f5 OOJ)i3~l5)l5)c.:lme:J) aW~GC251® c;'1§,Oc.: WI§ O@Gc.:J'&)
80G1ZJl~ICC e:Jm:5' <;)c)z:;) aOOaO)G Cl5)l3;lG d3.
Q)02Z5fGcsJG@251iV ~vl5):::sJ 2l1~B-..3)OZ5)I§, (wi3G5Gl5)X3GC)O) Hymenoptera) GmJgGd Z5l?®Z5f GcsJ

00vdDl5)c.:2 t5021c.:lB:si c51c.:l)0(S)z.J)Gc.:lzsl
<; e:JoGdUl5)c.:lGl5)J2 t5eJQ)c.:l§251?5@,)o(0Z5lGc.:lzsl<,;
~1§'0eJ. 6l5)eJ
:S1;';: lO(S)ZClGc.:l~
00:5' c;CC'2~ .::5J:5l00c.:l5'c.:d C;, OClJO(S)Z5lGc.:l~
0e..,:51 eZ5l CS2~ c51l5) e:Jo;.3Wc.:lzsl
<'; c;'1Z5l·
G5c.:l (;0:5l:5\ ~c.:l0i3::;) c.,gOJ ZJlGC8 ::,)c.:l)o&lZ5lGc.:l~ GUZ5) CI,):5I?WJ aZ5)? G<,;c')t)cr-iCGc.::si5 CI0~)l5)1
«:3 IJ2~ GOJ)' 2n) <OJ?3\ (:::d~~;.;::sii0 c.3oZCl(::::5l;';:zsl
5':3b 15)- G:siG251
c.:lZl.) CfZ5)O?5tJJO(S)ZClGc.:l~C)
6):5', O)::S~0G;';:::sf eIGd:5l) "'§\ ez:;b~ (6'z.J) IJ2& ,jOJi n) a5&.
Q)02l5)C) ~<,;)e G@@ Co(S) 5t)<ef:,c.:l e:JW O®Gc.:lJ'&) C°(S)Z5l c;'lce CfIW <';')Oz.J)i3:si®c.:c.:ltG~ 008c;0c.:l
CfU0Q)10 Z5l0 (S)lm® Oe;OJl G®ISl~ 8fe..,l5) gGeJ& O<';l)JZ3:i@Z5l G@GOJdj@ (S)1l5)~Z5l) OOce.., C®c.5J
~C~. Ol5)Z5li3m' E38Z5f Z5l®<;JOZ5li3m'0UZ)\ 8c.:l~ (S)w Czslii3~ aDO~ ci'll2510251 e)zsl e):::sJ cdo<ef:,
0<:;W1 CG~Z5l t2 e)@ czsb<ef:,Gd CS2~)0(S'lc.:lZ5fCf251Z5lt)(S)Z5)B
~I§ o')l5) l5)eJ ~ 5G~Z5) Oc.5')c.:;515\
c;'~ Z5lJ£f6Dc.:zsl®(Sl§). G5® .::5)l5)c.:ld7U3dGc.:l:si OJI~:siGCl5) c;'~t,zsl c;OJU:5\ 80eJ~l)~Uzsl c;'1GeJ5ZJl
(S'l§, cd~<ef:, 0(S'lZ5)c.:ltGO ~CZ5l e:J)"""Z5lc.:lC3dGc.:lm' wIe::siCc.:l OJIZ5l· e)zsl Cd~~c.:lzsl e:JICZ3)CC) 6®
Czsl:3~c.:l c;'1§,55C) e'G3dT>OJ~ZSl GOJG:5\ ~1:5l ;';:(S)c BC..D(5(S)m'OJ') ®GGC0::TIcIQ)c.:l~~c.:l. ~ZSltl e:d:::Jooc.:
o<';OJJ 6.lcC3Jl5) ::-z.J)CI:S')l5)C-'c.:lZSl:Jv:5lZ5), ~z.J)5 3')l5)(5d CZ5lca CfJZ5lJOc.:l:si~G®5 c.3')CZSl ~IC(::: ;:.;)3201'
OJZ~::;)..JeJ.o®wo ed:3~ c.3C;W)Cfzce i3iikJc.:ld :5IGi'lll5)e'GO-'J<; ae§..
7 ,-,&:£8 OX5) CJo~1:)1~d ~.(.!!Sf!5) t5c@<:;! CJtu<;m t.:t)~ G<~ Zi)~<:rl~l~2rl0t.;lS) Dproc..:o! <=l0~(;Q;::S) mudQ0~ q'zrlt})t5m:5:) tj c;:(m. G0CJe BtDJozned
~ ~@@ eti<!£",<", dt.;", .• '\l<!£"'''' ek,,@m '1!:l£im <;(,le", ""OOC &l",u ~ ""el,,:3. ~"OOC"'Zl) <;,§l I)ti<!£CX:",oo·Q1BJI)<'Jcl oo:sle B~@",::;l
00<;"'0 tl",,,,,,,a. c~0",6<!£",::;l I)",,,,,,m ® @"Imoo:f GG~iilZSl"GOOC (go",,,, ",oti",,,, 00<;"" ~,,,,ZSl ",,,,,I),,, <;m a",s;l@ ",56 "",oDclDc <;,£\
""'OOC) ec ",,,dD0<.:I <;m",ti em" <;tI", ,,<'" 00""):0,<;32 ::;l I)", <;",60"'''' '''''''C ~",j
omC!lo;;;> (B$," "', "Ieo;;;» I)C <;m",t\(J)", etl~'"
oo.."),,,e 16 a. ""'''''" e'"5cm."m 0~iil", ,,~ooc"'miil~ <;,mCi',," etl<!£"<,,, 16 ::;l a"'~. ""'&
pQ)6(m "e", iil%!) S;,Q)mem eooifu,m,,,,,,m Sell",
"''i) etl<!£cx:", eo..",5l~",m <;Dcl af!)tl. "tleo, o@6(m <l!:ll'\l<!£Ilem e",,,"'m~ OX"..&; @"Im <e '\l<!£ Il!)m e"''''''m~ "'rime", c(G@. ell"lm",C)
e.."' tlti<!£", !:ll6<!£0OJ'" a6~':! Sell", "'(§ BEJ~ 0,,,, <;J!:ll06",m ~",em e;cec 16 d "",1 17 ::;l "''''<!£ <;(5l @e ",<!£",e:> ",6 <;(",. ,,@)f!)
<;(ec X._ X b _ X, - 8<..> Xp ~",1 Xq~z:;!t,J " ..@S ~",:1B~.:! <;"l)6( e;;;>8g"",cc:. <;JCX:'"aB..>@m "em!:ll6 "'(~mB", "'l"".
194
c.:l® cz:;:f®~c.:lz:;:f 0e;'S)) acaJZll O®wO ~z~C ~eZllz:;:fuJD Ut)J g~i5lZ5lJUc.:lz:;:f<,;z':liU3. OZ5l® C1Zll00c.::Zll e®ed
9~i5l WJ &3~Zll ~z~C ~Z§l CD (dZll® C®® 0c.:liS ~ud0J0~ ~Z§l CD) gZllJeg
9~Q) ~Z~ced G~ed
Cz:;:f®~c.:li3. O,)Zll a0ed dZ5l ~JZ5lJOed ~Z~C ~Z§lCD dc.:l 0®0c.:l:1S mzsf0c.:lz:;:fe;0'lGc.::m wZ~m0~.
r,.:J(S)Cz:;:f
C:<';JwO~c.:lz:;:f uegecJm ~a 0WJ~5f <';ZZ5lS50zf 5Jccm 0wi a(;!3m 0G) GC:1® U:5~c.:: §'O~c.:l Z5lj~>J ~ZCC
90w<';c.:lm Z§\li3ac.:lz:;:f§l0ic.:l ~Z>.l au ®pm e<,;o azC0®m c:Jzwz~a 0~.
~a OiCl2mem (So(S) &3t5~c.:l (S)ZZllOCZ5lJ azce®~, (So(s)c.:lmt5~c.:l Z5l0~J CJZllcJ, X CJZllcJ uegec.::m Wr;m0~
0®® X O)Zll0d §l0ic.:l wzt5l GZll)0c.::z:;:f~)Z5l)O Xa, Xb, Xc - - - - (p~ uegGc.:lm OzcBc.:l WZZ5l. dmoJ 000dom
Oi~uz:;:f CfI§l~® Or;W) C;)c.:lZ5lUZlle3®ac.:l W) 8:el1Zllu c.:lZll e<';~JZ5:nOc.:lZ5lom®J~ 000C Dam X C1Zll0c.J
Cf)Z5lJO G<';Z5lz:;:f
Cz@c.:l 8Z>.lU CfZZ5l·dZll® OJc.:l)o&3Z5l0c.:l2:!)DXa Xb 0W:1 Xa Xc 0wi Xa Xd 0w:1 Xc Xb - - - - - -
~J~ uegec.:lm OJZll p(S)cz:;:f 0WUW <~G2~ OJZll oo~§lc.:lz:;:f (So(S) &3t5~c.:l e;Zll CJZll 000c.J BmD') c;'zm.
CfOo000Z5l Oiput5lm 0WUW 5®Q)c.:lt5lm a®~z:;:f O&3Z5lUZll S5ae02:!)D Cl0amc:>m m® ®Jm? ~ZllZ5lcJJ0(S)m
dZ5l X O)Zllc.:lz:;:fGWUW ~Z5l G2~ C,)Zll oo~§lc.:lz:;:f a®&'. 0® oOZ5lCac.:lD c;'<';lCG ® OiqJmr:;<.<i'Go(S)&lt5Zll
OJZll 0®0Wr,.:J 10.7 uG2eUzrf Z5lE, foDw azWz~8 Z5l0 ~ZZ5l. 10.7 GG20e;m ezwz~8 z::Jj ~§l Z5l0Z~ ~~0
c.:l® (s)~JUJOc.:lZ5l aUWZllJ Z5lWUc.:lti1o~c.:l Z5l0~ cQ)mGmCZllZ5l 0aGc:JZ5l (dZll0 @S:C:5l d.8mc.::) w') <';JjZ5l
0aE>aZ5l (dZll® 00CZ5lJ 0WJ @Cl2(S)WZllc.:l)c.:lZllao®aoJ G<';Z5lZ5lh5CmGc,-J @c.:llZll16Z5l® oOr,.:Jz:;:fm0 mz:;:f0dOz
t5lB~®&3. Z5lU<'; eZ5lJOJ(s)w (s)~JUJOcJZ5l ~Z§lUZll oOz~Cm (Zllzmz§'.l d.~Zllzrf w') oaozm) ~mo
OWlroOZllZllcJz:;:f 8~U0W)W di3m ~Z§lUZll <,;)OZ5l aO®aO)0Um 25% CZllleg~ cJi38
@ @ @qJ gaZllZ5li3m (g5Jo1m WJ d~Zllm) Ooot5(s)Gc.J 0cJ~® Oe;W) m® Z5lZC;C0cm BCmC <gJ&3~
c.:lZll ~Z5l0 dc.:l Bc.:lJCo)@m 85ZllJ ~Z5l0® 8fZ5l0 (S)m. e®e;Zm ~uo0Juz:;:f OiqJ OJCZllcJ:' wC
aJCZllc.:l Z5lE>eZllJWZt5l ~Z5l0 00E,2Z5l ~UZ5lJegcJz:;:f Z>.lGalqJ5f ooot5(S)0d GZlllGc.::G<. "'® Go1Z>.le;
mOJ &Cl2m0m aZllZ5l GaE>c:JZ5l <,;!roOZllZllc.:lOe;WJ 0®0Wc.:lC® 0W:1 a')cZllc.:l €lB® 'fImJ ~aw~
C ~Zm.
0Z5l00 GUZllW 6)Cli3o OJti1m ~mo ~t5e.3 Z5lJCZllG 0Z5l6ZZll c:Jz&' &3@aJ<';Zllc.:l mOJ GZllJGcJd gG<csa
CfJ@Z5lU coo &3ttm<,;Zll OWUc.:lt5lm r,.:JW @qJm GZ5lJOJ (S)Zm®z:;:f8f~ §lei;')). cC;)wo~cJz:;:f 0csaecJm Ome;zrf
'fIZ5l)(S OiCl2m (Golden Italian bees) ow Z5l~ at5®m 21lCl2m (Black German bees) mO®aBZ5l0 0eJ1Z5f eWJr;
&3@a)<,;Zllc.:lz:;:fc5J)2jm ~GOJ8c.:l @ 0iCl2 gGe>:fC;c.:lm0~. a~&3c.:l C;G;iZ5lt5lli3acJ Z>.lG~ @Z5lJZllJ)r:;c.J&30t;C?il Cz~
az:;:fCJ)OU @ OiCl2m (Buck fast bees) oJGd~e; 0Z5l5 Z5l)CcJz:;:f Z>.lG~ Z5l0Zll CC; UO~cJZ5l gmdCcJB. 1926
~ 00Jc.:lJ(s)'l? cz@ (41 uG2u QJcmZll) ap&3c.:l C;egZ5l t5lli3ac.:l Z>.lG 8ge; ~:;J~ b ~C; C;e:;0ozsf oB2t5~
0Z5l00@m au§lZll @Cl2~1i30ZllZllc.:l Oe;W) e:;Zll Z5l2@® 80UZll :el® ~ZllJ(s)Z5lG~ cc:JGc.:l:fS Z5lo(S)m wzz3 0zt;(S)zsf
Z5l)z:;:f®~c.:lz:;:f e:;~ ~ZZ5l. eZ5leo 00Z5lW Z5l2@® 80UZll Z5l)z:;:f~~c.:l :§ COZll)G~ (,')JC:5\c.:l ae;WJ, dc.:l
0taC<';J5JW Z5le:; <,;;:;,iGe:;ZllO~ ees G<6b ® alCl2 eU12"lGum Z5le;foDw aB2t5~ Z5lE> r,.:JZ>.l0 ~e·
8 o@>"",:1& 8.", 'lIce e8Zil '1(iileZil"Zil <!:Joe"" eol6(Zil-.:. <Boe"" e@0.Zil OJ@>o"''' ",,,rocoZil co')",," '1ile"", W "'~zs! <!:Joe"" p&6(::sl
ts),@@>!J13001 •• """rocoZil ,",0"," '1liiltslS "'(ts). @OQZiloo:1
OJ'" o.piil", im 8·", £11:5"",", 0",,,,, oe;"'Zil '1p6( "",CSGC>Zil~(clB", "'(ts).
8·", £11:5"" '1ICeed <;(iil!J"., ilB"'J"'"" gCt5!J)Z5)'-'

OJ'" o.\>iil", dVJts»[;~
Beg@> "",:1m <!:Joe"" (Xa Xb) OJ~JoG3t::3}00tsf 2n e~li~
o@>"",:1& <!:J oe"" (Xa X.) e@>·/il=cl 2n '1ile"..,

<1"" oe"" (Xa) e@>J·/il",,,,,,cl n ~t,:o~
195
10.7 C)~C): CO(!)§,t)&,G3 Z5l0m Cj'l~e 3 z:si (X. Xb ow X) §,c;9mz:si UGd6G331 G)510() ® Q)C52316ill CoG)
§,t)&,G3 1m 0@6G3J<l3 c;JOZ5li331 Cl'1§3u@() 25d~ 6c;m OJm 6@6Wtj@.
I
GG<:;/i)Z5:lGGc.:lC
x. Xb
Xc gi5JG02:j) eco c.:loc.:lt5el)c.:l
I __ 5G®m C7.@~ ~l@J~
es&Ji5J GZ5:l:f@c.:l
<lill@J~WJ~Gd el)i5JEJJ
GZ5:lGt5
I
c;'mGEJJc;rotlZilc.:l
(om®)~ OZilZilc.:l)
n
'0
:0
®
'0
:0
~£OOD <'6~ r ""~1~ OZilZilc.:l
I I I I
6Z5:l® el)~JtlJc.:lGd CJ'7.£1~ t1i5J07.m roJ Zil7.ro7.21l deZilm
c.:loc.:lt5GlGd Gc.:l~G®m CJ'7.£ltlZil <;JOZ5:lc.:lm GcsJ OJZil c.:lo~£lc.:l
I I I I
<lill@J~ es®i5J
X. Xc Xb Xc
~ - Xb *
XbX, XbXc XbXb XbXc
X. X.X.* X• Xc
X. Xb X. Xc
* c.:l®GdG3 Goel) CJ'7.(§C c;'7.£l <;JOZ5:ll3m 5ZilJGd 5 c.:l13. G®ii3~

c.:l®Gc.:l:fG3 G'el) CJ'7.(§C CJ'7.£l5G® CJ&JeDJ551Jtlc.:l 25% ill.
196
'" (' S r(";!]l ~ QQ G; <.!:l)8 C (l CA
\j '@) G' (Cl 0 n, @ ~ (]. 9 .'1l Ql -f'd c l?) c"- ~ S)) ~ o c;n ~ ~,§ 8 u J",
!O'" (AC1J(A. CP & [; 0) oCJ c;; [j" @) o
0. @) (A Xl 5 g- tt @ @J ~:': ~ ~ C'l ~J
(J (i ~) (J '9 G: G. ::Ju-!"(' g (~) ° fJl Q:
c.;a~rhuen ~
b ~,~ o;J.'
(A.NJ C :oJ ~J
s~ t'l C L'1 ~\ 5
&C9 8 'aJ
q ~ s 0, ~) s\ i) §JC9 a ~. £.; C' C
(AC (]~ (:;~) (\ 0) (qr -'1l c> ~ G@) Q.""Ii (') C'e @. ~ u, a L !t '"
r"~(",I@J@J Q: 8'0\, Uu,,,,'-'(fi SOl S5 C" G ®~~ ~ @J(')~di @!J "'"
g CD fp '~ ~l ~ ('/ ~ ~ ~
a8:(l);:; Q)~0l (t~a~~~~s?3 )l~) Q.):f G; G ,S} -f'J, GO ~ <€I ~ -~) OlI3!;JGO~ru,~(" -;::~I
g(i)Q;~GO~uX W(A SGC Ol-Q/CP". @
ClC8C~(i)@Ju~~ l2J:::JGl Qu CllJ ('~(3 M e)~ GO
Q:,~ ~-.l 9 u ~ ~'EJ::;;iJ<O
~ G' (W~co:;t>£j '" U,Q S'lS ~{'p~ 8J "el.q) (1, n· @J~"'"fA-'a: ~ .r0,,ifu.- C"GO~
G)~S~S~()8 "'"C;CJ
~
~ @)s;~(§)a -CJ~~CJ(}~ G Q C'p):f ~rg OJ @;J C @. @P fl G
~"""{..;"S"'~<t>", (, U,~) UJ 9 C@..cC'G.a°9";:}"x c
~" r'.Q!t G
'-';J, [jGiil~ CJJ C' (J (~!t ...:C' (. cr ('J} ~ (W t.. .j>. C: (;;J- .'1l ~ fj ~ fQ, ~J GO ~ Q cd~) '(OJ) ~'1l @JI
5Gl~C~' r>o:::JG (.,;,,9 [j '" LJ to G1 G,:r, ...• GGl uCACQxu"S
~l QH~ G Q) UJOJ..o (1)~lg~~ Clt@)~GI~G. en
,,, . '-' a 0 ~ (') (i)"'CltS'oS [j)~ @J S" ~I~r<' ~ u" '-'
lJ G~ 'G ~Q)Gl ("'r- WC~
ou,.{', '" L!l.(' 8 u.,8: N
Q, S), S ~ ~ OJ ~, x o.;!]l (A ,§ 1:5 (Jl ("G G ('1:5 a(AU
<0
~ lbr '9 (cJ sS 8: ~) [j) ,.{"",;r (' (' ..;):f(i % s,
(} G1 M f~ (A9uG' M 0' LJ ~ C leg~ ~S G' '- (''Cl
-Ql ~ Cl ('J u 0i 13 Q ...J (i) S F}
'-' @ -!" ('.J,.{', C 3i}c;~(o. ~,....,'G~'f·. ('Cl~aD -Q/ a !;J
('I Il '-' r;'" [; N, 't'...:::; <t> <0 v" 0 @J ~ . MCQNN,("GOa,,,,
s, '''' ~0,
l. ('G~-!".~I} 8 a = (') t:JJ 'f' ~ G :f ~ u ('!. 0l·'1l Q m G , G, G·GO:::;,.{'D""'~ (lS~(()
ClGlM-!"
'-'@)~u[j..s,-,C) ,t "'" (' (' (, GO C\) , @J f'! o ' C'I M ...J aGl (3 (J U aOG ~r(1,~C<2,a. 9
G -f'8 f~ 0) Il @..g GJ "'" Q. (Jl lj :::;) @J Ql (3 CJ G (2; (0 ~ uCAabi0.8 ,.90~
t?'@)9 u,CJu~S w EJ. a N S},,- -Q/ (' . C' ~ 5) CJ 8J 9 '" -f'~ X ('.J):f &l 9
~ @J' N C; OJ !;II u',~1:5 '@J~
c ~ ~'"1t (2; '-' 13) S @J ~ ~ G
(' ('!. g llll ~, [j?p.o G ~ \" ell?) Gl
(j "C")8uGS'l ~~C'~"'bi;!JQGO '<0 I
swrr, (',CAp,~Clt8
CIo~ (,;as n
~ j;l (') u (' (') (A 'f' r. ~ (.J) (OJ) 9 X C" \:)~nC? 8:(}~ S C9 .riI
'u CJ[j\:) '-" G S) 0: ('J (Jl 0 N ~ .r: N C'J c.; G GO GO 0 ~"Ol 13 (;;) '"
~ S lll!et CI '(',., @J ['cs)",-...,n:::; [j,,[jC(' ~. l?) Q ~ G ,~, (A G en m 8
a C'I ~. G, GJ lll"n-'1lu •..• l.' ~~'1l (l)~('j""N""'" "C\)
@J" -0 ~I li U 0 C~ (l) S C' . ::3 ) '-'
[;'9J[j"acG'u61 u"'" ljl u -"). (3 U 01 0) 0:: "'" .c» >1 CA "" ,~@)
0 (b~(q (;l 13) ". (1, ~ . (J (~I (.; @) S C!. '-' GG:]lJ'('a e
(,'\1
~~ C.>,,@,c,. rn'G a C\)<O L' § a Ql ~ ~ S Q G)
l3:' (~ ~) eJi ~ M @J ~, P: ' G ~ lJ ., ~ S @ Cf,) LJ o 8..0 ~ G III a s~ I 5,,0l~'1l S"'~) 9
G f, U ~) i=!l:l a; OJ ~ eta c.c"lJ (J ~n ~CJ '" f~l j (' r" CJ: C' '" !et 0. G: 0'~ Clt OJ C\) ro
~ @J G 0) a. -~ (') C .f'))' (' a '" G ..0
a@), ;;; ;.,
"" a Q !tc'n@(' -Q/!t ,g
(')l~'-' r;J~ GO S \\ Q @GO",'" (A ®I
Gl .r» .r» u en "'~JC'J@~? s. e ~ 8: ~C,iCd))1:5 G",;!]lG\C'loSC'
;!J .c» ('1 toi GiJ 13 (';) (:; ""I ~@\u"a co.{lJ (' I «iJ f' (!) 13 @ Gll G 0: c Clt C'.»8 u1i @1l~~ q c ~ @:J
NGl@J..o N",~ S(,llSa'(~..oSG'S G~~(' ~0lC',81l(,
c @Ji~:r, ~Q ~~S'(brS G
",~@J~~Ui3Gl @~, 5t@J}i; (!du- co '-'
en @) S OJ ~ @). (C'~ IlOJ~~~g..o 0) c,; Q, g n .'1l..g g) ~ ~..o(Jl\:J.l @,~N' @
GiJ ~ ~ l~
GO;!]l >C'l(o)(A...JG'(J C cO f", Q b.l @J (1) Sl (0) nC"G (2;G ~1C'8 ~
-'1l "" Q:)
s13) ~) g j
0) (('J S (' a; C '" G! EtI:5,-'1l ac@}S''''r(', ~
(j"t~ ,(} ::3 IlG('c ~9G. 'G:~ G. ~ ~ @J -~?o'
-Q/ ~ -"'"
8: ~. ." Gl (A '" ) C' ~ ~ s a S n -Q/ LJ C ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ C' S G
c,s:a ~ o
0) l~ ..0 J CJ u G.'1l\:) G.GG'" g- ;;-:"•..• I:5O;8lu~i-..<,Ql S) SJ &l ~ Cl a; G "'.NJ
~ g u ~ C9 r N ~ C!. III G~u· ",@)p>
l2J CI ('.JaGO 8: c.:» "(ALJ uiu)1lj>1 @J~
CA -Q/ (,; C9 s olll ,§ "0 .(A 9 ~ ~ C9 01 S 0) lbe ~ "a[jSGlG!1 (~b
"G) f' ;;; ~ ~ 13 """" u '" ~I lj '" c W G ~ (A S)1 C,.,
o @)
.<1()p '. 0) G (1,j N, ~ GJ '-'-"('\1 '" <0 (A .
(" c: t} ~, y, ~ [jJ (ii'
Ol lJ ('"~"'lll ","U~ (C'J"f,
OJ C9 f, L~ ('j "I:::JJ -, N (" 9 (".((1@.1G: (l) ~ <0 0 (?] S (lj) ,.SA Clt
~ Q) (. 0)
Gf.C('Q8-!"3 @J . U (0.. ~. c!J M- ",-Q/", w@,
a...J "" Q 0' :::; (' U. ' (~ S'\I c;; n @) (1, u 51
0~ S £t 0 5J OJ ~ ~ Clt[j~)
"'" "'" SOlS' Cl "'"on""''";;, .....
) to Q
.....; 'C) n ('J f""\~...) G (A - . '-' G "'-1 '" S, v"
(l;~ (AS)uu~~ '" S!~ ~"oaa ~~"cj ~~ ...J®"'.f1,DgC'o"G ,;:g
G c;; lJ n", ffi,.{" S S
G.5JGO* (AG~ ~"8' S) G.S ~~ E; (' '(': CA (A Q f'!) S ..0
is ~
(' -!" u '" OJ ~ G (An ~)('!.~ ~u" ~ N 0 OJ U U Q
u('~(A~c.~~ G: (... '-' M C U R\
~ '-' ~ 13 ~c"CJn !t(,\ ('PC'
(A -!'Q S rO) '" ~ (') (V
[j" CD ~'" S ~ g (3 Ql S) c;;
8'C:l'll('NQ~Gl ,M ~l"M",u..o ~ ~ (' Q U N M U U G ~~'aS ~a'Ol
u8[J",u", -!'" :::; ~'1l u C9 ~f' (~
t;, tt ~ ~ @) Il f.1 u ("-1'J :::; ~, @Jlr" QN Q)~~ ,ww
('.1 ('.J 0) '-t @P ..0 GO &JJ ('J ::>J ~ ..0 p S (' "V (' -Q
e· - ('" CJ C En lbJ G) ~J (A ,:1 :::;" CA 8: (,; (), (A
-'1l (iJ t} ~ C' to> 8:l G '" a (3 ,.or' I
~ '" ~. GO (A a (~ a.&G C'l ~
t} .0 0 ~ u ( S'8J j,ru~[j_'1l g ~@ ~ 0 ~~>S}"Cl
"'~I '(' ~s Clt 0,,.9, (i']) c C'" C' ~ r9 n G C
C' r0.'. n, CJ S Po ~I f, - G: GO ~ (A@.",c[jno:CJuG:a
't,tt,t GO V"ft 9,.{'DSN
u f, c~,'"-'1l @jCJ ('IN
~_9)g,eJi~
"jrs~CicS"u 'l""'..., G.,-,5"u
[@) U-,C'lS)"'~ C' ,9rCJ""'a G[jq)' "'" ~('~@JC.SG..Q -!',
~~a('('@<€IS uS'" a!et ~) u ,~ :oJ, S G:c'; 8l@J-'l!(1)s[j) ~ 8 a S 13 G @J ~ Q) &
U en Clt al (2; ~" QUQGJ!t Qa 84 ~ f'J'" 'au", SlC'e
J -!'D W •f'! CA n ~ (, f, C'
" C" rrJ ....) ....; OJ 13 0, 13 r0, fJ .'1l Cl ~ U@d)[ji~ CJ~sCJ)a[j i"C':IOl""'..o(1)(!}J '-'G
a) Sl GJ ~ Gl (') a Gl [;J (.,., f') l~ '" '" u GO )(' G C'e'(" '~ ~ @J C~ r-' a G Cd) (1) 13 ,if -!';
VJ'>1@J..o"'(3 8 [j G: (;l \:J.l-s
CC1lM",,8f'!!eta ~~~,(1)(,)Q~uv ,Il It G 9" @J G. 13 CJ 13 ~ [j S u.- (" 0 13 CJ ..0 a ([I C\) (~
'(,) @) "'" "J U" "'"
§ ~
10.30t0cJ: .::3Je'!51 :::'OJ:5C5l c:)~.:fG&...:;m I SiiJd OOI!!Jt; ~O~t;O. :)zd S(£)J§?) <"?5)siJ 8633 6<;"i1.:; B (grr;]ZJl
0W cQ)O oiJ~C; 000C;:::d (w.f.J.60.) :::DC;I53:!w;:.3 &l8@ CJf;WJ wB{:J6w' Bo£ Q)Z{JZ5)03ZSJ
C{'JDJ06:.:Jw'
ts)w,J~) ~lS? dBmzsj G.~.0.:3. 6[.,tJ) ~~3a!J)~ZSJQ C!(£1 ~t5J6 c)oe:Jt5(S)(.§d 0"';{§{) aBJ:Jz:sf ~r..:J 88m')
t.,?,,-,v ec-z» ::Jz:i):)Jj', d) (z:i)v6"':;ZJl C;z::uZJJ t'!z!))).
("[JdB"...1 BOm) m,w,b dSi5l:.:Jd wC &lBDDzSY25)' OJJI5c5ZSJ0 OJ'OJI5(5)(fJ:...16mJ6c:Jt;:.:J wZ&l q?5!O,

~5JS Cl3Z5:J~0c..,,~ ~Z...J 0.;:.:nc;c.;J C!Z!5f0t5)~ g.CJ.0E5. e:JeC;t5~:5)~ §38@t5JP 0)) 653 ej'[)JbJ'J~...j C'c..,.;15..jZ5)Gj
i3)8Ji S&'OJ5" w. ~-:.,63?se...:; dSmd Cj~::5)vC dB::5) &0'5;:.3 s~sOJ(.;;fidw:.:J (90DA) §~t I mg
.::32:& ('W'5':5,>~5' q,,-,J e ZSJzcVzc'cd (0'5J6 d3wZSJ'v:.<;J6:.:Jm') Glm sC;.:;d C; W)(;!))] ZSJG WZZSJ.
3.C1 . ...;.::J. ~cz;t 0J~ZS'l>(5)::;)75)') 3Z51Z5 t..d5J0'1:Sf GV.5) ~6J::5c.Z5)~
EJZ5)t5G&~ (f)€). 00 0oJt1}0 :5)t.:JJ a.3.0e5.
:YG~ C5lC ?::ilzD...:;d C[J 8B?::ilG C; 003 60?5!C CjQ)o,m az§0a. w§:itsf CYW?5!0t a6e:! C;t5J'c)J (f,§
C""':;:), c:JOJ:) j,c.;vz:;) (ZSJZCd) tOZ£! ?::il:) i.S?,zfi2.'U wo dSw &vJ:) W):;5l] &l8§ v,C;(£)?5)' 0lJ
198
10.4ot0cj: t: Je:::"'-" ~ ~~\......., :;:5,-,~:...,J:.....,:"l 2: '::}..,IV:"j:' : \...-";:;"J):"'-J'::"':: ....,:.:;'\ .::(:;..J"j ~(0')t"'J
.:.;~:::..:.5L;',-,,,,:: ...-...•..C; '::;'v .:
.i:!:....-"':.;,"1. c-t;.: ):""-1:' 5 ~ ).::;J\..."o, •...•
.: '-', .•.. J:....-.-.. z: """'}J)~S.::...c.: ;:3),-,,,:' ~'\ ~':::''""'I' :..."").5:""-1 c(? ..... ·.\....
..C'c...:-C' t"(-v",:;
......i.:l:.'-.J-.. "Cjooow Eq?~" ""::.....,,1 •.:;':;--' .:.. :....-""·:'ll,. ... .i!!~.....,. (-l"':; -=:.i).:.-"~ .::1'm:::"":::';'j;....., ;;~v'-'.....;::;"' ~ :.:;:5",,"'1 ""::
...........;C;{~,0 {~'-.J-.,-...I, ~ :: """"\,,J:-):")~~,-, -', __ J.; ':'::::"C''::: E:cJ,:..:.;,;:....-..-., ".:.::: ':':::;\..."o, c~...;:;" .::;~:.;,")J:.~ ~5::'l
199
qCiSlOZ5"l2)®(5)O)OG1, ;o®@ @C',lu;o~~cJZ5f 0<;0251 [lii!JQ) O)')::l(I~ Z5"l?@®U Oo00UmcJ Z5"lGO() q7.§Gm
...:l25131):5lG<; Z5"lt:t:cJz=l G-S;le...:lm dSwZ5"l q~d0)G() 8G8~() ;oc6 Gm)CSrle; cJ3. ",50 Z5"ljl~ qmG 063
@62 u;oc.s;j'CjlcJZ5f
0<;Z5"l0C;~0)ii!J e;@ GG251Gm 0)50) t3<;xj)m®Z5"l,0tOo<;13::Jm@Z5"l00) G60t:Uc;mZ31®Z5"l O')WZ5"l
(%ilx;0):J5cJz=l q7.2)\.
CD dG')(.')')UZ5"l 0G00mJ ::l @62m0m £)dm<;m 2wDcJ 2)\251",d67. §C'.b®m cod mdblc;mcJZ51
q(~j', g0dC;cJZ5f 031]j) (5)7.z5'l®(g~d<; €Io~(J),
(2) G6~cJ 0C.,m (S)2)\Gm Z5"l

1C1Z5f3l0cJ q~Z5"lO (5)(3)5 OSo)l C57.& £)c.1o')c;mcJ() q<;1t: G7.<;(5):;)
0tO CC;13,)Z31®z:ol
t:251::l~ O)~m) (5)lzl'l@ 00) o~D 6® e251~~ GO~cJ 0<'";0)) [DJU2)\') §5@
(tn..icll<;tl)(Jc;) q<;l(3 OtO 5<;lllcl~ts) (3clGl~ qti'lOtl)tl)(J O~o)l o)l5tl)(J),
@ (00 £)c.1m<;m 21-JDcJtilZ5f st g0d<';cJm e:55l Ol3?l i5l50®:5l" ~)m ooEbcJd' S'7.§iZ5"lj
(5)7.z5'l®(qti'lOtl)tl) Oltl) 005tl)(J),
@ ~6® OlZ;) ooQ2)\Gd 00)')i36:5lmcJ 8fe;C55Z5f S'lGe 0@0cJ1G'\ B® GG251e.n (5)lzl'l@O 23loii!J
qvS).J (5)~lG)o...:lZ5f Oo()}..5)vc;;i me.,3I"Z{l §5® (Oo)lti'lOtl)tl)(J €I(6(clB~),
® <';7.m() S'30(2)\ t:7.(\) q7.§ 0<3?lc.: § @62m;om dL')1-')')t;Z5"l g~mZ5"l ~85® 8§Q)c; C;lz;)®
c,I1G3IC5...:l:sl' ~Gz;f Oooti(5)-53 <......:lG<,;ml C5Q)j-ctb<;-00G<';0 (p.o.-5o) e®(0)cJu0@Z5f,
::; 122)\ dU)(,')lUZ5"l qi33Z;):5lcJ 8fe;®() C:icJJ;VB50®:sl' cod £)c.1mc;m OWGcJBZ5f cJZ310<';®o)O
:3 Q)U2g-od<,;cJz;f S'7.§i B:3~ (~<;~~® ~ =>~ qCi3otl)tl)<;.:iO~o)J 8.o.~o. ~~~O)(JB~ ~O)€Icl Ol~tl)
d'€IlCl:lJ5ts) qCi3otl)tl) '@~(Jts) Cl:lJ5tl)(J), 9
9 Punchihewa, RWK (1992) Mating behaviour of Apis cerana in Sri Lanka in advantageous for controlled natural breeding. Apidologie
23:348 -349
Punchihewa, RWK; Koeniger, N & Koeniger, G (1990 a) Congregation of Apis cerana indica Fabricius 1798 drones in the canopy of
trees in Sri Lanka. Apidologie 21 : 201-208
Punchihewa, RWK; Koeniger, N & Koeniger, G (1990 b) Mating behaviour of Apis cerana in Sri Lanka. p 108' In Veeresh" GK; Mallik,
B & Viraktamath, CA (Eds) Social Insects and the Environment xxxi« 765 pp' ISBN 81-204-0532-3, Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co. Ltd. New Delihi 110001, India.
200
10.7
<33<Q~le::;X.:l <;'C3~t5e~ OooZ5lc5';sd <;'O(S)(.:lzsl C3l& E.'))UZ5lc.3G<~c.3 G0e..-<;l5g®Gd

G5Y)Gm:sf <33<Q oem <;'o(S)c.3zsl
~;.;;. v::mm":5<:5 ",ml<;'e..;e..- C3lvl5' <;,e..-C3d ::lJ<Q~ )t!m3d <;'t".irl..J:5Ile..-c.3zslGmJe..-ml Uc.3 ~Z5l. GZ5l60 6e..-l5'zt
v3"l1:7:510 C?0t! 90<;S;)c.31:iro 00) :5IG6zt e..-mel~::c) oem 9"'<:;S;)c.3mro C3l~ <'"ce..;;.;;el
vt5l5'~l1m",;d<; 8fG~).
0l~ iSi~C1<;mc;d ~r,J<1iie..- C,,<;OI 0 <33<Q<;,rodmmc.3 0e;0)) of 0 @ <33<Q96L1<;c.3m Cfl25) Gl<;(s)zt c")m
<;'0 e..-m1m2510 Cfl§Z3'G Z5le..-®W <;'lV, Qie..- G®® DmlmZ5lo
Oo[jZ5lc.3Z;:,-) Dam ClGQ)mJ C3l& Dam Z5lzslGOOl
Z5lG O)lZ5l·
,,6® e..-mGd 0 <33<Qq>Eldmmc.3 o<,mJ Glt;mzt v15) § <33<Q9Gc0t;c.3m O®£lUzsl GmJt., GQ)1m C301(s)~c.3 oe;"n
L0)2:511 2ClG O)(§ (je..-mzt G15) <33<Qmt; 3::3m) Q)e..- <;,a G®ro~ <;,®251Z5l6mJZ5lG c.3Zj?G <;'ll5'. Gel® Z5l10£lUJ
<;'Z7lv, <3302J!ldoe;;d ooU5wmc.3zt e 0)1 oi3::c)m"L <;'C3 (J:;'):fm iSi~D1t;mGd ~p~e..-zt Oe;"lJ 00®1<;~ Uc.3
O)liil vl<;,,"):sf O3U2Oi3~:5Izsl ,,)) 002:51;:'zsl <;'0 v15)",d c:lv, aD cG(s)251 ;:.~D <;,e· 6iSi01 3c.3i3 <3302uG;s;!:3c.3m
~.3m"tI ~Gm"0csf Ov1G11GZ5l iSid<33& ~ e..-15)c.3<;<;'OG('0 e..-t5l5'®1m 00) <;,m)(s):5I G01m1m]5 0e;0)1 d.Z5l (s):5I
\:.J~0 QI5'.
6v~Z7l® e..-)£)d®c.3 3 0l~ iSid'Cl1t;mc.3zsl o<;"n <;,a Ge..-Z3' e..-t5251®1mGd COl® oat5 e..-m) 96<3rlc.3zt,
O::j)CSl0 Cm) 9G<:0rlc.3zt 93rl00 ~u8®£)m" al3acmc.3 Z5le 0~e..- <;'lZ3'. pZ5llaa80 Go)CW m~ (6m~ G®I5l~
86cQ~Gc.3m e..-l(~CSlzto~ m~), C3l~C..n0c.38 Q)~e.J1oGc)e 96<3rlc.30 oog®£lUc.3 Gm Qi0')O m£lU1Gl0c.3m 6®®
e..-CSl)9G<0rlGd c:lv, ~l~ iSi~o )<;::;) umt.,c.3 6(S)m O)lO t;zslU3. 6£30) o~(S)~ G(s)") 9G'-:c;;JGd m~1G")0c.3Z5l
0l~ §dm<;m ®u8el e..-le32ClO CSllm®8:sf, oat> e..-m) 9G<(l:lc.3mti1 <3302aJcmc.3 GeJ1zt 90aZ5lG e..-lnal5'
6Bv&:5i <'"clmD c:a3:sf ;:,m oi3c:5Iiilm 9cno:51 9"'c.31d3"l ea,CSll5' c.3::j)e..-<;'L:5I. 10.5 0tcGc.3m <3302clJemc,d
ooe..-t5",mc.3 0<;0)) 0e..-:sfm1 Ov1(1)G2Cl 00C3:sf15l e..-t>3'elJm G.J1dv,c.3 0lG2ClUm <;zslGJ <;'ll5'.
00l~ :5dmt;m;:, G]5x:f:51 §B® 0e;0)1 (0)")<"; ULJe..-c.3zsl <;'l!5\ O~CSl~ 0)1 o.-yt) GCSl1
9'--<(51
<3302m3csf Oe..-X:)1U2Cl £3d<33® ~ OG10))U2Cl e..-mGdi3 @ <3302<;,ii3dmmc.3 0e;0)) Gl<;mw CJm

o~am Oo[j251c.3zsl <;'ll5'.
6eoo® G®® OU")0)10Z5l GGmf<;:tnmCt! 6QiiCSl 001m£lUc.3 0<;0)") Gc.3Jt;1mZ5l O)l§ 6Cmw
<3302uGcQ~c.3m<; 8c.3CSl~mJGzsl <;'lZ5l·
Oe..-1eDJU2Cle..-m1mZ5l0 cczt, e <;,e..-8<;'l25)e~ Z5llt!te..-ew Z5le..-®zt8f Z5l0m 0l~ <;e..;c.3G®m

G<5b 0302 al~ 0lap® 0e;0)1 e..-l<;mw G Go)c.3zsl q;~ Z5lo8.
201
r;,
1=1
'"
~(IJJ
'"'
'?1
~ -t-
T ..
z~
r;,
r:
~
g~
6@)~V
s r;,
-5
~1
i(J(.i)f'> .,,19 "3
30? g®:m 1=1
,()6@)I9SMS r;, (J
~ 3 :m ¥ 1\ 'II"'() ®
"r;,,()@O)<..:.-6ilS \S
~~~@-8~~~~~ o
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t{ ~~ ~ ~
.s
"...
(Jl)(.i) S~0 g)'3~ 0
"fi ~C® (.i) '() .l()
,,'\! S ~'O~ 6'" mtf
®J
§
P,t- O<i) '() '()<G (J
®
s
0 •
.(9
r;
• -r.> ~1
-tJl1(IP-=-~ ~
~
r;
9,
b
1::
'3
~
'0
~
~
,o
....; 'In
~
t,
~
1-
(35);3(.3 :::3l?~::7i, dU;>::;1 ml 3iu;> C)<=::~(.3e:; c;'C;JG 2 mJ Z5lt5:5\258m' mt=:m'e.n \ c;'liil L;5d5:?5l 80mc e.,vm~m'@
c<;t;e.,c5~(.3,
Michener, CD (1974) The Social Behavior of the Bees, xxi + 404 pp. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
USA. (ISBN 0 - 674 - 81175 - 5)
Wilson, EO (1971) The Insect Societies, x + 548 pp. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA. (ISBN
0-674-45495-2)
Steen, E B (1971) Dictionary of Biology, vii + 630pp, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, London,etc. (ISBN 0-
06-463321-7)
~:5) ~251d(.3C G~qC0C;, 8 0)(:: c)5c..:~n§Z5)
0 GVZ5),
(Z5lt5Z>1?~t5m13Z5l) t;G;]e., m~®)<=::l c;'!5I",t5!:;)(.3, 'fio@3 -8 m<=::

0 l~m Z5l1~[,;.J (1972) A - G Be:;
610 2 e.,m Z5l)~e;)(.3 (1974) H - P 8p 532 (315) 3 e.,z;) Z5l)~e::,(.3 (1975) Q - Z 8~ 390. c5x1lS
cBa)cm, CG)z;1 a)cm 15)) dU0<Gd Z5lu0Zjl B~Q)e; c;'®)Z5)lS)oCQG3,0Z5lJGC:-).
t;d(.3Zjlom, m (1978) ~31m 3 m<=:: CJB15))~Z5l

0 Gd~C;"'Z:5":d®G3,8f) xiii + 452, 8®')03@Z>I 0Czsi m~d
'fim'Ge:Jd::J®m'.:Jd o®)m®, GZ5lJG®.
t:dG3Zjl ffi,
O m (1982/84) SJ;5(.3i'&lZ5l 8 15)C v';j~<; ;5Z5li'0(.3, 1 e.,m z::;J)~e;)G3 (1982) c;'-®~ Bp
0 1 -
981 C3m 2 ~:5) Z5l)~e;)(.3 (1984) a - ~ 8e:; 983 - 1924. OodZ5l?!5IZ5l Z5le:;(.3~ 8<i;Q)C;
~3J5''::S103'.)(.J, ..j~)G@j.
(.3m ':£)::7i,5(.3:::;fe:;c;':5)Zl,l<=::~O3Z5ld z::;J()m c~.

fl. = .)em'm
qo~C5:l migratory beekeeping

§',p~ 1;5)0. c3f C;'(S;l",d 81530) <;'l§', Oc.3 0c.30 mL8:;.>l
8wm Z3:l2. 0@® c;"Zj)(S;l:§)c.3J 513), eJ1)) COJmmJ(';c0 qo§c:.:l
®)''->10d~ ~G <;'le§, (1;0<. Z3:lc.)015lJCC, 'f)~B m<;3d oG® m<;z:;;>tlE:J3d <;,c£o
barbs 01;5))03d 8w3 Z3:lw015lJCC.3V@ <;,o:§)c:l 1:l)G S2w Go:0J
8ti3oJ <;'l§', <;'5"10ebiJ 'f)1D§m <;'l§I <;':;.>laoe~JC.I
c.3@&3m
~c:.:l El®@~t5)jac:.:l dZ5lJOJ<;C1..- 6...:! dotls.,Zl) :3t)~Z5l)OZ5l~cl 1..-<5l;Oc:lm
ao<"il £)~C;[;®cl 8£ ~mJ1..-m 5o<"il ",Z5ljO. @02 0dcZ5lJt.,m :@c:lJZ5l63.
0d !5'"3~[; <;'l§i <;'@.c:lJZ3:l1050(') vZ3:lJ'Cl.o.8~ SU".c:l notch
®&3m 0dcZ3:l)?';15'f",1.'l' CO<"il 0zs:dm.lC @.c:lJ1;5)J!3~.c:l
.c:lOo3f Z3:l0;;5) Cl0OJ. q8~a88c:.:l)Oml~ t5)al:!>cl
6.8& S1..-vc:l <"il. 2t)[) Ebx:m:f ...:lc,)Gc <;,ce:: ",Z5lJUc.3 ?;w1 03m0 "'1Dj
inactive ovary S2c.)t; 8ti30J <;'l§\ <;'15l0 BEo 3Z5lJUc.3 1:j)m OOCJZ5lJOU
<;'t51. ;o1D@Jo'GOOJ (Order: Hemiptera) G(l)j51...:l0 <;,w15:f
qw® Q)etl O)Gmc:.:l Z3:l2@m 0lC @)Zj)~m, <;'lC.®Zj)~Z5'f CfJ~ c.315:ft;;01D'1'->111;5)
0[)md ddJm:.:lmm ~03fmJ 3O>JZ3:l
gOJ?;mw <;'l§',um c:lG COJGOJJm 1;5)2®m q:.:l15:fDm G(l)j51:.:l.
®DtJtDZ))~ Q)~ Gz.a; ~~zrl ddzs<S <.S)l~® e.;~0)) 3 <;,;:"s2w8~10!5'l15:f:5lm = Hemipteran
@t:QC.0~1~)t3 6® e~\"1Z5)~rn ®tJ:5\ ®<S)2S)G3t®· ®~uI£ Hemiptera
:sl().c:l51'5"I:sl~C;lo®O 8£1..-m gUJ1Dm 1Dl q3mcl Cc:lC;O
<;0JCl15"1 1D(251 mo <;'00l<;C; ~G £ilw:5cOcl 0l& qEl~d GteG
§dm<;m~ Z5lG1ilLZ5l. Q)3:";~t:) (5JC;dd 0ZS»Ue.;. 0)3tJ~cl c.:)ZZ5)800 ~ otnGm§
203
i't(B (a)o(,,-z. q~Cl<5t;)25)..:l
::;~"'C CtCC ::V. -.::;i') CtCC Q). q7,?)eJ:5\",d aB€JI:55l15)-.::;d q,§lZSlO G"l(;S,0. t.:)Ea q-.::;Bw
floor board 0)7.~ (f·J7.f3~.~t;(,~j) C:::lt.3))o,.Jc; ~25)d?;s)G B£ ZJ)O ('0l~§'
adaptation
q~863t;)Cl (f(~ q~863t;)5el I
-zJd :>]I",tJ:wl2.Ji
a,:)&)25i :51SJ1GB25i 563:55. -.::;s,z;) 8J11tJ q!'Sl~!'Sl~ts)
?321£ 3';$;:J:5):J) (fo::P..Jd 8@33. C'Jo:))O :5t.:)1-'::;1<;,,~W:5)l. ql1s:n0 "'c))c:leW :5\,e.25i 13',m
(~<;i. Ql&2 c,)~lt»t.:) "'<;:wl:wl S-.::;)t.:),5 qo-z25i ~<;:wld -.::;wm) (m)®ac;c:l)
6tJ1",m:wl 0)015:)) -.::;(3. -.::;®d c:l:>]lG(:5663 8®)t,w "'(SlW qzol",::ifO-aJw ::li.
SO:i\015l' ",mOJ,,"(® forager
overlap
q6..:l
q!'Sl~!'SlIi;llts)
q~~<5ts) qH0l6 qJ15:))O "C))-Z) 0)(8:5om 9"'<3O>c:l.:515 ZJl(<;(G:5C so
d'<..-)C))CZSlt,C),O~-..315)q)O))O 9o)~-ZO <:,65)00 c)O-..317l q)O))O vt.:))-..3) 'i)1i38 1SJ(8",015) t,2Z5l)Z;))0 9"'<CJ:>-..3.
c;ns:no. w)2~;') t., C0,,:)Z7' eJQ)J::)....::. fO 0),
C:51C:s!3ZJ)
supplementary feed foraging radius
q~6lClC; (;6
q!'Sl~!'SlIi;llts)
t.:)),:)J:5);:,,,,-.::;::if
t.:),:)l::if:5\OCJ863:3, <..-<;6<;ZSld q:>]lO ::V~l;S'l qlo))O :5t.:))-.::;)'3'&k'C15) EO. q15l'",W@::il qo-.::; Rl.
c::vm ~~) v<; q~o,tJ<; Q)(~® 8EtJw:5w 0)3v,,"d foraging distance
e.t5®1-aJ-,::; tJl5",G~ @v2 ::;02510-.::;e.8 qc:lBw t.:)ZSlt.:))
Olml®,§\ CiJ-z. q!'Sl~!'SlIi;llts)
Q)t!i?!'Sl
QiQ2 oCbo-..3 oJ. q)0)10 3~)~15) cilQ2::if ®E), 001(5) 0)) oce: ZSl,<;,CCi'),
burr combs / brace combs t.:)a'-'l15) QiQ2::if.
d3d'~ QiQ2zolRl.
q!'Sl~Cl)6@ ClC; foraging bees
~<; C':::;{§\v)00 ::?J.
q!'Sl~!'Sl1illts)8!'Sl
C'J1I116 vC))-Z) -zwm::if. <;,15l'vW3ZSlBi&2W QJ.
0",:},,(1) c,:~noc...0 0), foragers
labium
q!'Sl~!'Sla~..:l
qw5..:l elacs:l..:l qlo))O "'c)1e:@15l' q(es~®. q)O))O 6~)d~w Z5l,e.15l'Z5l(15)
ZSlc@25i0c<f(:50))' @G2W",d) 3c:lloJ CO)oc,)c:lzol63 qtJt.:)l:5) '-'lJ® (@-..310<;-..3).
(0)0(':;1....3(,)::5'\ ~....;60~:of
£Z3)cm.:..3 ~ ~-:"",:,c........3. qWvzol3:wl ::li.
,--,,3-')0) G::3)o("'c) d. foraging
labial palp
q!'Sl~25)j25)ne:lme3Elt;))Cl..:l I q~ e:lme3Elts)t;))Cl..:l
q~wj ~e:l§ts) ~!'Sl"..:l 3:5~3-..315l' ~<;1:SlZSli')C':':::::;{ dew qW6m:i15))j~ ~:5))
~:5) 3!5)G ~wl S'c... ~.;:,d vd's?5)) ~C~::rlG o:n C);:;o.:., ~O):i 6z:;)O d~::;f t;m q:5lo 0;:V® 00::liW;::'5'10:5'-'lW
d.8m !S\Oc.:nu t.:)O-Z::7l Cd::;) C'11S))0 [,m O)a aC(3 tle:::if v<;~<;m)5 ~15l'~m:i15))jtJ 9"'-'::;)'015) C)ct.:)) m§.
m3~t.;Z5) ~Z5fav3. 0atJ ~:5k~~ @~lZ5))B e1?Sf:r Q)02z;f.:..,<Sf C<;J' @Q225i0)) oiila <;'3)0 <;,,§\ OO::li15l'E)13'lUc:l.
a®&. mutualism / eusymbiosis
hypopharyngeal gland
q~Ol~
(25))6 Cl)~)Cl)e:l..:l 615)J600t 0,& QJ.
;:1327\ G<'; c))0-..30 ::l,e& 30Y] ;:1§m 063:>]1m~)Vlt.:)-.::;. unripe honey

6.Bz:'I ~~t0)u.;!c :-5lC&"')G ~Dj :5)w d~fuZS) e7.s.. t:3)O
\.)"'7.~3G &::5'IJoJ(S) v I..fl~)V)C:;. q8~e:l)d~0)6)
orphan colony 008-..3)a(§\ ZSl2e ",c.'):J'~:53 t.:))518ZSl:5'-'ld.
iso = t.:)5)m~ (§cl)
204
ptera = B~Jod (@cl) <:'l.§iDm <:,JroJ6 <:,w ZSl)c~. cac !:S)Jc~D oc:tJ ~tilum
6m~ 8~t:) B~Jo:5f 6Z» c.:l3Jm(; Bti33 :S>2~m. GEl~mG<»' :S>JC~·
gom:s>!3Z5IDm G®Ot:5l' roD c.:l®Jm ~ B ..:nod OJ!5'ocl ~!3l. c~c :S>JC~ i.'il.
c.:l®Bo:lJo!5'l.5\ :S>2@m iil. dearth period
Isoptera
qJ~coa!:» Q~tS)d~~
qdtsJ~ElJ (c.:ldD Ot5(l)w) ~&J 8EB0!O <:,<;JC ",Dmd ~§,o:l rol.§
®~e ~Jz»JO c.:l152m.6m® ®~et)m, GGxi'Qldc.:lm (Gro:r g~)~)d®:s> ) §'Bcl9~wm ®&im 6® c.:lo8<C3G:;!
§<5!,152c'cm OJ) 0BDwm <:')~ c.:lm.5oJ~z» c.:lzsffi~m !3lz:;:ft)~!5'clGd6l. §5-...!C co",~:r&l ZSlck,)mm) c.:l@::5)c5~:.::.
~o:ld c.:lzsffiDt5c.'J~. cs>56w &!t5GG1l0c.:lc.:l
(ti3c.:l roJ COc.:l G®0l.£) c.:l3::5)6~~cl c.'J&:S:>®~ ~® tJ2m wdp:s>e
c.:loi.'ilmO B c.:l(~ <:'l.!3l)eceo C~O~ ~m G:S>JDd G~:s>:s>D ~§ GmJw. m~d £)BclQ~ ®rom 6ti3 c.:lZ5'J:i!3lJUw
Giil~ &!t5GGJoc.:lG~m ®8m® <:,JroJO (l)l.mG@l~ e:JJ5!3lJ roJ glGw:ri3ZSl DOmJZSl® ol.0Jl.~8 :s>e OJl.ZSl. (l)~JDJc.:l
Om c.:lo~oI.Sd1.Sd2o(l)
;.:l(l)C~, G~tl~D ®23d aJ<;Jom p(l)C~ mz:;:ft)~t5Cl:l:S>
c.:@::5)0~c.:l G®Dl.§' {fJ~t0a!3l c.:@::5)c5~;;:§.
(G(l):r~dc.:lmc;;c.<f c;;®~ GroJ~m Dl.P~ oB<;ljJti3 <:,D~O empirical formulae
Gd ~c.:lJ:s>o(3) '1Imoc.:lD OJ~ P(l)c' OJ!3l0§m~ c.:l®m5!3l
Q 0152m. qJ~Cl)~
Arachnida (animal class) :.::~ ~w)tJZ» ,,:.::~::;'C ~;"~:5\, i?lCtJlom "ro:r G:'::)~
z;;)ot)m c;;1ri'!.;:lD
0roi (,dG:5fow.
q§~ El<: impulse
<:'Cltilm iil~m t)~. c.:lJ®)mJ:iG~m c.:li;:C5OJ:rC1 0l.~"wm
~z;f DDJz;f ®ei;: D~. dBm 3loCt®O Oc.JJd §~:s>om (f{~~ Elldi)
D~. OO~ D<; iil. ro!3o;;::s> ~ Sltl2:S>l.<;l.c'ccl t.,rocwD oro§m, <:'l.152emm
new combs Dc.:lJ <:'l.§\ roBD COJoc.'Jc.:l.
~Em Clc'c i.'il.
(fCJe~~!:» ~~ tS)l<:lee inner cover
C!3l c.:lti3:» ol.& i:iltQmGc.1 ZSll.~l.c'r:;c' o~ Groj D<;o:l
c.:l@lQ)mOB<:'l.!S.coddoc;;w:::;l' oroeD 6c'Gcm (<:,t)c~i:il!3l) (f{ee~
ZSll.~l.c'C. t)t5~G<OJ~cl c.:l®m~!3l Om OJm c.:lc.'Jcrswm 6tJlcl.
otil!3l &tQ ZSll.<;l.GCdJ. allel
suspended nest of honey bees
,<5~e!:» ~~~
qQo~!:» ~9El :s:>®(l)~ltJ)c.:lG:t ol.[,l.z;:!®D <:,<;JC :s>DtJ~ c.:lo;roJ 68m
3[~J~Dcl ®rom oo(OdDm;;: C5m)~ C~:5J~§m ~mum BD!3lD ~) ;.:l~ OJJ wJ~£), cyroc® <;,BtJJ(:bG~m~
&00. c.:lJ )mJ:iG~Z5"f COiilC5ZSl:rCjGD!S.m §,~:5f &:lm ZSlC;.:l~ i:iltQm.
G@l0t c@ldJ, C&Ji.'ilgmJCc.:l GD!3l ol.@<5!,r:;~~ e>e~J~ C<;l' <:,mr:;m&z;;)i:iltQm, p~>'.)c' t.,~c.:l c.:ll®)Z;)'3G~m ~m
OJ§,~ GOmm §'~d ZSlom e>e~J<'i§Dcl c.:l®i3m 14 Oc.)) Dl.ll Sltl2m.
c.:loGdDm~ GEl. @ &tQmGm <:,c.:loc;;d5!3l@,eD§mpi.'ilGocl £)r:;Dd SltQm, c.:ll.BSltQm, clGd?:!J &tl2m iil.
~5\Om <:,!3l0 c.:lo"d5!3l &pD§m Gd5ZSlJDcl {fl.mGEl. flying bees
unfertilized egg
,~
qc::li)Jd~ tS)a~~ SltQ '1IB iilcmm.
c.:l@lJdc.:l
GmJOm, ~@l c.:l:5ft) 5(Oe>fO~ZSl8Bm :S:>§,!3l§,O® wax
m® ol.0l.uf®D <:,<;JC :S>Jt5c.:l~m 8fZSlO (j)l.m®. omZSl eoo
~JOZSl Oo&JOOJ {f!3l0 {fmGm:rmIl c.:l&Ji.'ilmOmJO~cl '~tS)JdtS) ~~cl
GmJGoZ5IDm ZSl2@m. 1.Sd56.:;! '1IB §'<t01<;mo:l coB@ ®uD@§m oOdmJ
c.:l®JO~ I c.:l®J8~ i.'il. <:,Od6JGEl <:'l.mSltQm. G&Jc.:le;roJ c<;6Gd 3 80 6 ~clDJ
c.:l®J8w ZSl2@m i.'il. ~~ZSlCJ :S>2@m iil. ~ comc~ <:,e:JIlm!3l0G,j' Bti35 '1IB <;ljmB GroJ~m
non social insects ~~JZSlJ5 SltQm. '1IBO~ !3lz;)mJ &tl2m.
comb building bees
~~ tS)Je~
<:,Jro)O fC:5J :S»C~· <:,o:s> tJt5mO Gro:r §,wro~ ~OJ
205
~w ~mel
Qit!2GdOZ5lJDZS>Gm0; OGd 3 80
c:'ts:mzs1?iloGd885
6 <;clDJ 8 C,?ilOCc.:lzs1Gm
D<; ?ilcel® oe;roJ 'fi5 ~JD(jD15l \,gzs1azs1
tl<; ,&D5:i ZS>OCi}QlDJ £'IB®5:iG~.
wax moths
I
8 cl <:'c?il. ~{5d~J~Jd
'fi5 ZS>Jozs>Qit!2zs1Ql. 1".'!)1".'!)el
Qi~Dzs> rocD~OcZS>® q'ciil, ®c~zs1 ®ro?il G<;a8zs1
wax glands ®<;cl 88zs1D G<;GZS>J15l
D01".'!)Oc8 D,1lro(j.
elliptical
~w ~dc:l)d~-.:l
ro8D(j£'lzs1 'fiD?il~ ao6J D<; DGzs1 'fiB cQlJCi}cel®. G® ,co«';
oe;roJ ~t5(j?ilJa 'fiB mdoJoZS>(jcl tl:lJO?ilJ ZS>G roczs>· ZS>2®zs1GmQi~, ~O roJ 8cJ (j15l 8(j~ q'aB6J?il <;,DWzs1
~t5(j?ilJa 'fiB mdOJOZS>Gc.:lzs1 sD)oZS>G~ ('fiB ~(jGD15l oe;roJ Gc.:lG<;15l GaJE 15lJ®(j. <;,aB6J?il ZS>2®zs1.
G&6J5fDG~) 'fiD?ilO 'fiB Ci}C15lJ QlcOzs1 'fi?ilJ c:'Bzs> brood / immature stages
G8~5:iD(jZS>0 aJ~~G®zs1 'fiBDc q'ciilD(j roc£'l ~t3E~
Ge0~iilzs>Cclli.D~ q'ciilG15lJG~. ~CO«'; ~~c;~clG
wax extraction Qit!2 ZS>c<;ccczs>,&roe;zs1q'ciil ZS>O~ cQl15l gG<:Gdc.:l.
brood nest
~w 8-.:l~a
Do~
D<; 1".'!)Clo cQl15l 'fiB <;'JDO~(j Gro:i DroC· G®Ot ac& ~CO«'; q}wd-.:l
808 ac&D<; 1".'!)UOroJ 8cJ <;,D(~b Ci}?ilzs>015l'firoe;D<; Qit!2 QigG~ 80 aB15l?il <SD(jJ G?ilcl, Qi~, ~O oro 8cJ
1".'!)Clo<fi5 <;'JD06Jc.:l£'lzs1 Gro:i 8c.:lcdo£'lzs1 Doll' ccG:1.I. (j15l q'DBzs1 Ci}?ilzs>o6JJ ,&B DGzs1 ?ilc~ <yD g®J6Jc.:l.
wax capping brood cell
,we;)c; ~CO«'; ~o<JW-.:l

O®iiilDJ~ 'fi5 1".'!)ClO
C1zs>oJ@DG®zs1?ilcG15l15lD,~ro(j. ® Qit!2 <yroe; ZS>c<;ccc 3roD5:i <yroe; D<; roJ O(jO O®Ql~D aOJCi)
ZS>c<;ccczs>Qit!2zs1DJo(jZS>015l, ?il® acOflzs1 q'ciil<;c5 zs>015l Ci}QlDJ <;, ac& G}QlDJ dDca(jcl <; q'zs1?ilt5G}?ilD15l
(0) <;'JroJO Ci}Qlt)J zs>015lD,1lroc.:l. Qit!2zs1?il® GdBoDGzs1 ocD<; Gro:f OCOJ:i8 ro8Dc.:lZS>aro@ 3ZS>JOO.
~JD(j ZS>@,&5 DGzs1 ?ilcl1' D,uroc.:l brood box
Qit!2,&5 Ql.
wax combs ~CO«'; d~<iiI
?il® q'aB6J?il8m dzs> QlcJG}cel®, q'JroJO 0ca13®, q'DGdu
~wCl:lcl~ c,&6J5:iDc.:l, DJ2ooo06Jc.:l, <;'Jt5s?ilJD(j q'J~ OJWZS>g
,&5\,gzs1B DGzs1 ~JD(j D15l 1".'!)DJac?ilcG ,&B zs>cBB. Gdd6 ®()O®zs> aD5fDJ C0m®zs1 ,&roe; q'ciil <;ceJ £'IB®.
,&B\,gzs15 Ql brood rearing
wax scales
~CO«'; e;)C;-.:l
~w~G@-.:lJ Qit!2zs1Gm q'aB6J?il q'DWzs1D15l Qi~, ~o roJ 8cJ (j15l
5?il o8?il ac& Qit!2zs1Gm,&BD<; q'JZ2J':!)~(j zs>o~J, D<; q'DWzs1q'zs1?ilt5G}?il
D<;(j. OJ®J15lJ:lG(jzs1~el aOJCi) Ci}QlDJ
cj'JroJo(jO Ci}zs115lJ8dD<; <;'JOJ<;15l(j zs>o6JJ Gdczs> §c5cD<; 6(j0 <yrogzs1 Cfciil ac& G}QlDJ dDca(j <; ,&roe;
8(jJa?ilciil 1:.lla®zs1.G®® OCQl(jzs1GCil'~O q'DB(j ,&?ilJ®5:i D<;Gd GZS>JOocl Gd OCZS>:;ijccG:1.I.
515lJGdZS>JBD15l q'?il0, 8cJ <;,DB(jO 858G®~<; ro8D(jzs1tb <yroe; Ga()5(j Ql. <yroe; ZS>c<;ccc Ql.
<;cD ZS>celG®zs1 q'ciilD15l c:'DaJ?il(jcl ®?il 8cJ Gzs>:iiiil brood comb
?il15lJCi}eI. ®ro ,&B ocQl(jJ ((lJzGdB(jJ G®GcJG15ld'cJ'
a 868GeJ, GcBGtJJdG06J Galleria melonella: O~OW-.:l
Pyarlidae: Lepidoptera) oro 1".'!)DJ ,&5 ocQl(jJ ,&roe; D<; Qlce;® oe;roJ ,&roe; Ga()B(jO oa(jzt! cQl15l
(cecz:;JG6J8c.:JJ @God'cJ' a868GeJ, GCBGtJX5G06J' CtG zs>cQlccc. 68 3<;ao Qit!2 aO?il·o(j 0cc8®0 CfDGdu
Achroia grisella: Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) DGdG(jzs1 <yD g®J6J(j ccGQl15l Gd 8gGc.:lc ZS>O<;'ciilq'?ilO D<;(j
,&5 ocQl DGG:1iiil(jzs1G<;ZS>cl <:'l?il. ,&BOCQl(jzs1GCi}zs1 Ql~15lJ ac5:iG5:i «(jB ac5:iG5:i) D<; m(jJ®ZS>(jcl <; ODzs>O
Ci}6JJDJO <;'Jocl®J £'IB®O <;'ciil GroJe;® i@®(j 15l® q'c?il·
Ci}6JJDJO(jzs1 roJ®5:i <;,Dd6JDzs>0 6cc<%®0 ,&D top bar
G15lJOcc8®5:i, cl~6J15l q'DBG~ Qit!2zs1q'~GDzs1 DOJ <;'ciil
206
o~elcle Odanata
f,V£,me.ec Q).
crown board i:)~tl)Jd~DdJ
~2cO 8~JOtlll§l '!:ll2@ GGJ:>BGcj ~J®JB'!:ll~m.
oc;d ~eetl) tl)~il ortho = ~2~ (@zsI)
5tll ~ii3tll 07.& .§t!2mGm ~m§)GEl~m ~ ~cl. ~JroJc:5 ptera = 8~Jotll' (@zsI)
groD~ tll '!:ll7.c,7.eGC 8D @DI5 2 '!:llD Dt.::J E5m ~7.§l 6m@ 2t:5D 8~Jotll' 2())C ~2pD 813DJ ~l§l '!:ll2@m.
5D @ .§t!2m '!:llc:5~J ~m§)w~m m7.p®, ~2P 8~JOtlll§l '!:ll2@m SJ.
DD m7.Y Q). ~i'!:ll7.§l 1lJtt.:: m[Q® Q). Orthoptera
tail wagging dance
O)oO)tl)'"
OOJoCl)'" 0lg, .§t!2m Gm o~o~ OJC:;Gcj813DJ ~§l oc:5JGJ G())J11'
~&)B8 roJ~t.::~'!:ll G'!:llJD~cl. eo ~.())~cl. c.:l~215~ '!:llc:5GJ7.i'lG@@~JD(3~D roJ5tllJDm '!:llt:5g,'!:llJD ~®<'i3m
ro)~t.::~ ~7.~ ~7.5l ~~ G'!:llJDd '-'0 B8 ~z;roGcJ~Gm Gro:f 6'!:llJSJ<:wtl @~J'!:llJBDm oc:5JGJ Gt)cl'!:ll~cl D(gG~m
@~J'!:llJ5 o<:w£k:l'!:ll G'!:llJDc.:lcl. ~@gl5~ o<:w§l-.:J ~i~ ~lE~ 'l'~Dl5tllm~.
~7.§l ~1ll G'!:llJDd. '!:ll15g,'!:llJD SJ. '!:llz& OJC:;~ SJ. .§t!20JC:;~ Q).
appendage pecten .
~a98"'JOtl)ll!n O)a~d 0)~0 ~@~il

8t:5tl 8~Jotll' P())C c.:l2~D 813DJ ~l§l '!:ll2@m 80mJ dB§)~ 'i)rot:; Dc:; !S\o~cl ~®<'i3m GDm
o12:rol6cJm, c:;c~m, '!:llloGoJtll'tllm, OCJGotll'tllm, Dmc:;m BBG®m (ddm c.:l13tll '!:llo6~ Gro:TG'!:llJD~) 02 C)'l§lDm
'l'J~ '!:ll3@m ~~tll' G()):T~~. C!lGtllJo'GDc:5J (Order: dBm c:513tllG'!:llJDGd ('!:lloBGcj) mD dBmm ~l§lB®D 'i)t.::
Orthoptera) G()):T~cJD C)'~tll' '!:ll3@m. 1lJtBG®m GJ~JDJ~ GQ):T'!:llc:5
GJl~G~ Gro) g<l2~m~ '!:llc:5
c.:l3~8~Jotllltll'tllm = Orthopteran GJlmG@ ~®~.
Orthoptera dividing
6d~l'.3il'" I 6d~l'.3il
~dB GGc.:lC ®<'i3m §)oc:;D~ cQ)m GgJ'Um®'-' '!:llJQ)§)'!:ll
etll'~o'!:ll~cl. 6cl 6cl BG~tll GGOD o~J'-'m @~J
~e;roJ eOG~j&\ Dm etll'~c:5'!:ll~cl. e~J' ~JroJc:5 ~c:5BG@~ 0)~tl)1'.3Ol~
eOG~:T&\Dm dc:5~ 6md3®. '!:llGm8 .§t!2 (Trigona irrridipennis 88GGJ:fmJ <yB:som§)d)
enzyme '!:ll7.c:;lCDCGJSJt.::J '!:llc:5~l§l @<s20lg,·
.§<s2 0lg, Q).
&» ts,?~OJtl) Rosinbee honey / Kanawe honey / Trigona honey
~J JmJ:lG~m GGc:;13'!:llGG~cDc §liii~ ;.:l~ Dt:5~e<ro
g®J~G~m ~t.::cl. 6cl BGcs;f@~'!:llD 'l'~tll' ~Jw&'!:ll 0)~tl)1'.3Q}~
Cclil'3~ ~mtlll5GJtll ~l(3c~mGGJm C)'t.::cl ~mtlll5GJtllfl 88GGJ:fmJ <yBGom§)d (Trigona irrridipennis).§t!2 @
tll5~e<ro. C''!:llJW 80m 6'!:ll® 5tll c:513tll0lg, at!2 BGcs;f@~ ~~c:5c
haploid genes ~Jc:5~tll ddJm~m13 '!:lll~C tllm8.
Rosin bee / Kanawe bee / Trigona bee
68d O)tl)2SJ d Otl)

Btll ~13tll 0l& .§t!2mGm GJ~~. G®® ())~~D 'l'~tll' GCJD m7.ro7.~ dB§)~ Q).
8c:5J GtlG~m Btll ~13tll 0l& .§t!2 BGcs;fil'3~m 7cl virgin queen
C)'l~12:tll'GEl.
Apis O)~@'"
GOJtllZll ~cDtll' C)'())Dtll' 613 'l'c:5cl':;JD ~e;roJ ~m
i:)E)tl)JDJ Zlle:.JC:;J8G~m ~JC:;J GOJGtll' 89 SJce; 'l'7.§l 'l'JDc:5~~.
Odanata = c:;mtll, c:;mtll 813o~J ~. G®13~ C)'GW:Tro1l1DC 80J~Gcj edG'!:llJC GOJtll' Dc ~cDtll' ~GJDtll' C)'Jc:5clil'3'!:ll
8130 §l2~ g~c:5 c:;tll' ~~G[)m 1lJt~mw. C)'JDc:5~~clGd G~Jc:;m, GSJJGro:f 5DZll '!:lllD~® '!:llc:5
c:;mtllwc:5'!:ll'!:ll2@m Q). ~C''!:llJO '!:llO ~§l ~~ ClC 00.
207
Q)~~ l5'I6'JlO)C)<: lfcll5'lC))d~ §:§l:qlc'cm 6cl 5(:jcs;f~..:lcl <; Cfl.:il.
863Z5f Z5l0@ ~l.~GU Z5l)t)<<;t.-) 5§~;;)c Z5lG 0" 6l<s2 §B~dcm @
~:5l§\t..ooe;. tick / mite
crimped comb foundation / wired comb foundation
~i)Q) I ~i) lfC)I:jQ
Q)C5~Q))C) 03~:ll dCc.:lJ i3<d dDOt0c.:lu wJm08Z5f0 GD25)e.-o/Q
:::ll.& @<s2:5L<SfOQOQ 0)<;:5-! aomGC) cEo ",Z;;:11"'Z5f d't:.6to;;)cl ~g, <;,oB~!5l o::;ro;;)J. o1,:ilGDl:jl ~B,
00)(0 ;:;L'l):;n Z5l0L<"I(1i'\",C) §;;))t.-C;;)C tS"l1C!)I1 t)Z5) B;;)JO:5l 063!l', <;')WJO (SJ(~G@ "c.'lG,,25)<;,05~!ll <;,DB;;).
Z5loZ5l5\;;)Q315i:55 ez:JlJ::>!<:""t.-§;;))ZOneU17l 5\l.5;;)cl @~ "'®® <;,oB~!l' <;'tJ(J, @o, !SIu WJ BCJ ;;)1))GDZ5f"cil~;;)
<;'1,:ilt.-~5\17l;;) W(z:Jl. @o[' WJ Bc~.!J ~5\O ~ <;,m:ll1:5®-t~<;,Dc:b
Z5loZ5l5\c.::
::>!.@<s2;:3)<;;;) ell. Z5l.:5 :::l)<;;;) ::>!. <&>wr;d., @o OJ., BC1 cil.
auricle larvae
Q))QQ)C5@1Q) q)~dQ
d~~t5~ SB;;)J~<Sl' ;:;WJ 6d ~"'50 <;>o<»c.:lt:l
§;;))Z5l)B~ CZ5l <;,oB~:ll @tQ6Ul:jl <;'l.§)<;(5§B® 0<;W1 ooc.:::;n CcilZ5)
B§::ilr; ("),,1(; Q1WZ5l. <&>~9®)~;;)· "dCt5l.1 @<s2Z>"f
ow p@OcZ5f 0<;W1 0;;)
physiogical / physiology 3tJ1(8JZ5l)0t.> "dB:§l;;)~d' Cr;W) <&>Cd01Z5l10D" !ll25)1,:il

Cl.;:;5:i.
Q))Cjl~ @~c)C5Q)lO»)C)Q cell
OZ5l® Q:;{oGc.:ll:jl:5<dD;;)Q <;'1,:ilU§,O<:lUc.:ltlZ5) 6§",Z5)Z5lU
GDZ5)d' t:: D(:j~!)I tl""))t5c.:l;;)
§5® 0<;W1 t)Z5) wl.8Be <; q)~~C)cl
Ciu Cf<;1C ::>1Bo<;'Z5)t)t5mc.:lZ5f
<; ~l.iil5®. 1,'l8G®GZ5))d0UO) 6(SJ"fg0c! 0c:r1@J8ee:l l:jlCc.'lU
O)~tJt5;;))5\)t)c.:l 0). eJ® cCl:m51));;) OJ. (800otJ-.J )Z5);;) i», (family: Formicidae) <;,;;)mZ5lc@m.8;;)~® l:jl[>'~ 5Gcs;f"c.'lZ5f
i;-J~otB5\)O;;) :"1l. ~5(5' ::>J. 0)®)8;;) (''l<:lUJt.J)o;;)m DC>l6;;)mdDmw. l:jl~ 50<:>IDc.:lZ5f63
age determined polyethism / age polyethism S;;))om <;,(z;I;:;::;fg(1))z:Jl t.,5GJ Q<;WJ o®&.
O~)e;;) Z5l20Z5fcil.
Q)l<;<:' d")lO)Q ants
o(~ @<s215"1 5\:.§) z:Jl(<;(dc 5\1))1))) d'~)l5)..:l. ~ @<s2Z5f3&J
CC;W) ~~Oc ~J~O<:lU;;) t:: d'6 )Z5)c.:::55" OJciJo1S)) <;¢:tJ(c Q)a!cl
~02::r{' £~2!)\ d0J25"...j:5i ~ cl'~)C:I'))t:z;:)v -!,:5'Ij'O),,}~. ® '1(Z5f0QcluJ .•• wt.>m GWclQ)30jeJJ (Insecta or
@<s2:55wO !)I;:) z:Jl(<;(cc ml.~$ Q<;W1 Z5l2~':;t) e.-"l.0~ Hexapoda Z5l25m .:.wt,::;f oe:l01"Z5l8m) c.'l25) odD
<;,)Do~c.:: w3t);;) ..:lZ5);:;t:.Z5fIDt~Z5fw. U:5c;);;)U <;".:mf QJ~JBZ5l&;;)cl. G-:fD025);;)Oe;WJ DJ:;);;)
nest site / nesting site WJel5lJ Z5l03. ,,":leO~ 63e, cOQ W) c<;O;;);;)1)) 0tslJ()d'
~25)§~ eGmC:5I3C). oB<:lU5\ tlBC::JWU 01<; ~GJc' ~l5)cl
Q)l<:lee ~§) Om50)~Z5l o~,,;;)cl. GGel c:qlm wi) OJ®J25)J:lG;;)Z5f
05:51m W) <;,03:;n5\ 8e15"1 dZ5l6)~t.> !)I..:J ("JW1,::) <»OJe.,J B;;))om il'-'lc' G<;Z5lcl~, 633Q63 dOt53'lZ5l p(SJCcl <;
ot):;{[)) (l)lS)",Z5f IDt8;:;025) D)sw;;). ooecll5l <;,clE3 ,.!CSlCcl" <;,(iil <;':ll0 3®3!llcl W~1)))
,:;j<s2Z5ll.<;l.c'c ::>J. (''lZli Z5l2® C3cs:fO;;)m 800,000 0®<:lU 6CJt)OO <;'l.l5l.
nest / honey bees' nest insects
~l5'I~ee) Q)a! O)<;Q

Cfocl1i'\c.)) (Arachnida) O:5lD D~(.'l;;)U <;,;;)m (O25)@ G:l5o;;)u o@@Z5fO GZ5lJ015"1(CfeE:) 0Z5lJ0m) 8u 5~o
;:;c,JJ:;Ild'QZ5f,®l:jl6['Z5f, §B~c'cZ5f <;')~ Q~Z5f CfZ5fmt5(SJ!)I 6Z5l)25) <;clDJ Z5lclo)o(SJc.'l, g05Z5lJo(SJc;), C'DOtO, O°C5JD
o~ tlt5(SJ..:l)<;'z:Jle25))QmD 3GJJgGd 0)®1Bz:JlG;;)cl. 3®® ow o),,~1:5E)D owcl <; crl.~@m @mCZ5l) 25)D;;)§Z5f
0~Z5f 00wocl 0030m!5l;;)Z5f D25) <;,mo Q@wod o@mC:ll CO)oGJ;;).
:§',<;(cr;c' :50(025) d'D;;)o00:ifim;;)Z5f GC). o~Z5fGGJ' 6l<s2 OJ<;;;) ciI.
OcUO;;) Gwj ::>150 ~~. COJ 3@1Z5f25)Z5f
omD §B~c'CZ5f insect leg
DG";l(:j;;)Z5f
<; C>lJz:Jl..:l~CO) 0@1Z5f25)Z5fG;l)Z5l§B~c'CZ5f
tlG;l0;;)15"f ", B<;l.c'0c' 3DGoZ5f25)Z5f ~;;)o;:;om ~tsfcl90C:ll5 Ol~ l5'IdC:lldtS)Q
§:§l~c'CZ5f t.,3'l3..:lm <; IDt~Z5fBc.:lIDtZ5l· ® @tQm Cf1§ 0(& D<; !5lcilJ Z5ll.0Z5l(5G0m OO)~d <;'l.§l 07.& '1(DZliZ5l0
5\~ Q:;{[, §:§':qlc'C:55 c3cs;f~ §63o;;)cl <; d'..)o",o 1'5 "~i'1i'\®Qe;WJ :§lt5(125);;)Z5l0<;'l.§\ COZ5l0<:lUc.'l.Z5l0Z5l(~3®Z5f
208
G,tilDZSl 0zsfm~J001B @C~ mOl 0,& '?ILz;:-u BSUZSl mcom OJem",
G:5l0 'Y0 D<,;~u olJ:5'l--:lzsf 3:5'1)-5Ei.c:1£:k:J <l@§ 15k:! tI<,; Q,tQ '-'"'OJ:5'I::!1C<5'l~ :ll.
0,& (S)@w) £53 0C;1l)) m,G5\ mc,U!:l'1:;f10J.8:5'1 !:ilC 1lJt!:il. population management
centrifugal honey extractor
mcom",
@t;)Jel~Jd@<;)dJ d!) mc.:l:5l g"<(J>c.:lt:i) 85<5'11 155m o,©roc.:lzsf. c<';J' ():lJt:i)
~2D 8c.3Jo:5l,til !:il2® ",(S)Ju,,,,d OJ@)J8!:il3~zsf. Glromc.:l::si c.:l17' e® mc.:l:5l ~e<mc.:lt:i) G,til €l50
coleo = GJt.Jo~--:l (@ts!) BeC>l'i3c.:lmuGc.3:;f~ \OdJ!:il0~OJc.:l3. oed3 t:i)2® CDroZSlc.3zsf
ptera = 8..JJ::!?i (@ts!) ~Z5"I mo m~c5' g~<cn~Z5) 83m) ts)ce; o@es:>::!)2.
~ZSl® Glt.JO~--:l::si 0r;! ~-: )::JlO~J ~2e... 8--:lJOz;f ~§l population
:.ll2®1S)'.1:i?c5z5:5'l--:lm
s2e:)8c;lJOZl',§l :.ll2C3m d. mlQ}~ ddm
Coleoptera ~<:ilc5zm eco ooot5(l)Gd 3c.:l~G®m Zl'5 "2~Jm01e,--:l
C!£~ Dcm 85 G,iil d8mc.:l.
ci8~m'" De; d<5m--:l "'J.
~®0:.3m G;.)5® 0OJ'j zsfOUimc.3 5@). 1lltQ !:il,<,;,CCzsf gravid queen / mated queen
g®J~3:.31S)' 1:i?~)B®. (,."IOJZSl~GwB3. GJOJJO 0,0-":;;;
zl)ZSl:5)Jt---:li'OJ ('§t>2 !:il,<,;,Cc:::n t-(OJ,B--:ll':I. a;)<';'"
~1OJ)O ®1t5CD03 0000 t:;t,j--:l.
anus
a;)~ a;)~Ei
ci@a~ ~m <il1l2:s1®C®:5l Gm",m8~(5d Cl--:l3,,@m 8c.3J-~ZSl 00 G(5i
:5)® (s)~J[,103d <;,t-(J>J>:5'JD:.3moe;OJJ !:il,,,,Cvcm 80:5' GZllGOZSlo,ro,~c e');jCJID:5)ZSlJ,,--:l.
05003d (zsf3@'0,,3) OJ,83.::5ZSl @tQm. bee buzz
Gm3m:;!:il iiltQm QJ. :5'l"t)d Oi1l2m d.
field bees a;)dlmD",
::120 t;--:l ",,00 1:;',fS, GJ:.llt53~c.3. CC".):.3",OJ:}Cc's) ~OJ[,.
m~JEiJe.:l mmEi <;.:5Cl:lt;)'" (mm<;) gravity
OOJ(l) ("1S)'3m8!:il @1l2m:5l3 (l)~Jt)JOc.3 3t.JZl', ~m3d
co5® e,g:5lJD~iSlm o.::5J,-" d6C"ZSl OZSl t:i))CJ1S)':5l.::5.,.:: maCOJ§m
emc:)) ~8W:5)® ~c..,d8\ti35'6»),.,;(, ..~m ~1§),u<:J~)~cld)Z5)~
(3OJ'j.::5J08.00 OJl11.00) ~b~ o)wzsf~ ojJc." e...[0~30
GJ§:5'D ~§\Zlljm Ca)~.
g®J~~ <:ilJroou :5'l5dC3~~ iSl56~zr\ '-"~Jt,Jc.:l--:lzsf
.3~Jrozsf!j'l ::il.
OJ,O--:lJ30 G[,d~)uu ::!z;f53u .:00.::5,~ 5§::-Je; <,;,ZSlGlZl'
domesticated
OJ,iSl <,;t>Cg:::ll~.
colony performance index (CPI) COl<;:JO'lt;)J@oJq}d
t:i)(5<5'1i3
@1l2m30l' t:i),,,,CC o®mB:5l Dm ~3e,t:i)) o~roc.3.
m~JEiJe.:l 9"8 O'l~el
6mo Q;1llC;roJ GJ1ll10 lSl@EJJ I:;'m:5lt5lSl:5lc:1!:il.::5J@D
<;"iil
d8m oroz;:- CD~Jt,10--:lzsf d8m oro:5l C"~lt)J:.:l--:lt:i)U
C!lB§z:il1 c.::~1ll;'::.
Gl~®' B3cP30--:lm o,<£' D).::5--:l!:il0G06 (5"IOJZSl~Ge...
CD~JDJoc.3m O!:ilU ~t~3®m ;oroj <;I0U iSlB3®m COl~O'lt;)JD
gmd:5l (S)roZSlc.3iSlmc.3:;f lSl~)DJC':: ~!:ilzsf 3roj dt-coc.3zsf !:ilGm3 5l1l22J\GC.,,'
1Iroe; 3OJ1 c."<:il!JJ 1:i?OO--:l.3CD1cJz:il10
G,§)t:i)O '-",m5 ~5iSlt:i)Jt) !ll,Gmm3m (J;lJz:il®,Cc.:l® OJ] ZllGZSl!3@1l2'fi~
uniting colonies @~e,B(;@)m t3J<';<5'I €lGcd'§Zl' @1l2 a"J@c.:liSlm. z:ilGZSli3
&1l2m3<S'f1:i?o6:.o 5!ll oro!ll o,E; @1l2m30l' 1:i?0oc.3mGmm
m~JEiJe.:l'" ;oDmd t,ZSl aD <,;,zsf5®u Bed3:5l DE>ZSl--:liSl.
3®Ot (o5~:!5l) OJ--:l1o(i3t:i)3m :!5l@ Beedo33 G05~:5l 1:i?06;.:: ~.
GDw1S)' ('YOJe;GDwm) 6'l.::5~c5zu d!:ilQJcJ (S)mem [,JO--:l
:::l)OZSlddJZSl--:l, !:il,,,,c'c. Dd Q}e5,?m
1lle.2 c."~JDJOc.3 @. ®cm5 <;'1OJ1-:5£',,,,@m d6JZSl eOJc.:lJ CD,t'\® 8&c.::
colony
209
clG®0Gc.:J' C3IBC3015'>
<ll~zrl. ®5CizDzrl, GZllJ1;0IDzrl 'fJ~ Zlla®zrl 'fzrl1llt5C01ll GC0:f0c.:l·
scout bees G<;8c.:lJa1lll§l Zlla®zrl iil.
Oiptera
5dd"'la tSlaStSlC:Sel<;.:l
c:k~)Do Qd <;'15'>D01llD
aDdD) GC015'>
c.:lt®U wIe, Qd Zllag 5~@ 6'lOl<;.:ltSl<;.:l
~lda)~15'> :@c.:l)DCc.:l. aBC30c.:lU W)~ G15'»Zllo@zrl, 1ll~ 1lllzrlad i:3B® C3e;WJC3®WO Zlla®zrl Gro 'f1§l 'fDc.:lDc.:l.
G15'»GZllCC3@zrl,aBC30c.:l C300ZSllHmc.:l
ZllCi@zrl, mBC3Ci®c.:l G®c.:l 1ll~zrlG('0 B1llcl DCldGc.:lzrlOZllCi~c.:l ~ 'f11ll.
C3®ad aB&lc15'>c.:li:3c3G®zrl o/if; ZllO-<:lS)Giil:fC0 00) C3dU ovipositor
~ldm~15'> :@c.:l)DCc.:l.
§l0C30 G(0)01llI15'> iil. 5~@<;.:l
sustainable agriculture G®Ot OJc.:lJo&3ozrl®J~D. 1ll~u. 1ll~Duc.:l. 6® OGc;;i'@Gc.:J'®
15'>D C3dUGc.:l~ O~1ll i:3BG® wIi:3c.:lJDcl 'f1§l GGC3C Gwe]
~I!!l~<;.:l GGC3C CiJ&3c.:l.
cO)1il®. al~1ll~zrl G® C3e;W) e<e~DJD W)01llJ ZllCi13. ovum
sucking
me Q~5m Q)@eitSl<;.:l
CoC;)lC) <;'JGC:iZll1ll0oC0c.:lzrlGro
C'l®zrladc.:l 6Zll® 1llCc.:lZll(~CldJDZll)
Zlla@OJ~c.:lZll8uD15'> ill~Dc.:l (GZll)UC3) Gwtld C~Oltl 00) a®~cl Zll®a15'>c.:lD15'> <;'JGC:fZll i:30~. ~c! <;,wGC3zrl
m~Zltt:5D 8ti35 ill~tJc.:l aCiJDt:51ll15'>c.:l
U15'>'fJGC:fZllGc.:J'1llc9101ll <;'JGC:fZll e,Ci~
z:5.)2@ c.:»~(.J @. DICeO <;,t)oc'2 GU. ~15'>Gc.:J'
8t5c.:lJGro 8ti3Ci® ®1ll G®®
tibia <;'JGC:fZlle,o~c.:lzrlGc<f Zll®a15'> 1llcGc.:J'8ti3Ci® GD15'>clD15'>
~C3J 01ll C3ti31llal-3; 1ll~zrlwu ~t5c.:lc.:lJGro8ti3Ci®, ~t5c.:lJ
Clm<;.:l (9@5~lll~C) G15'>JGa~15'>d ~c! 'fWC3 GaGzrl 15'>®6®&3zrl ~t5~c.:l Zllb
015'>ZllC0§l ccl@~ ~)oZll13zrl GD15'>Ciil) G~15'> 6® m§l WIZll.
ccl@~ <;,D0<l2~CZll c5ZllZllc.:lGWud OG~1ll OC3Jc.:l15'> plain polarized light
<;,<!fiZllJ~t.)c.:l.
gGu-<:lSl'l)~D iil. 6'ld~)d @'l))5m~m
gene clBo~d C3JoDd ~d GC0J01llI15'>.aBC30Gc.:J'C3JOud eS:lJUc.:l
G15'>JGZllCC3@zrl
clBoD aDdUJ GC015'>
c.:lJ wIe, Giil:fC0WJ
Cl<;.:lloG)tSl<;.:l) C3dU ~l!i!'m<;15'>c.:l.
C®iil ~a~5G® wIi:3c.:l)D Gwe] 1ll® o~"J13zrl (~)CiZll13zrl) OocldJ13 Zll2§Zllt5®c.:le.
1llti3 e,BG® wIi:3c.:lJU <;'I§l C3dUc.:l). cl~co&3Zll 1lldUc.:l. sustainable farming
C3CiIO)c.:lJo&3Zllc.:lJ
iil. De; ox.:no&3Zllc.:lJ iil.
female @ciC)) Q}t::i:>m
d8~c.:lU <;'JWJCiZllI5®, 'fIc.:l GCDZlll® WJ clat5CldZllCi~eJ
@@CC)l~CQmtSl I @@cC))~CQm ~C)ll<;.:l 'fJ~ GdDJDzrl o/i9 Zllo@zrl 'fIeJ <;'C3czrl® 8515'» 1ll~zrl
8t5zrlu 'f<~?1ll ~ SUl'lc.:l. C38t5zrlu ~[lCiz Gw:f ~eol5 8BC3.
SUl'lc.:l. 8~b~Gc<f GGC3C Zj?G 8£D15'> GGoD OC3Jc.:l15'> retinue bees / court bees
g§l:@c.:lJDzrlu C3®CClmIGG®zrl 8t5zrl B15'>J(g Zllb wIi:3
sDl'lc.:l. 80 a<O§lc.:lZll aBDad£b :@c.:lJWJ C3®iilzrlOt5G®zrl @ciC))Q}t::i:>C)e<;.:l
CJ. CJ.G. (DOT)
8t5zrl B15'>J(gZllb wIi:3 sDl'lc.:l. OGc;;i'@Gc.:lzrl d815'> Du) GdDJ 1ll~zrl 08zrl C3)<;15'> aIwI~C Gab
15'>®sDl'lGc.:J'Zlla@15'>J(gZll
clDroJDc.:l GC3Jc.:l)C01~G®zrl ae, C0I8® G®® DCGc.:J' 8515'>J GdDJ 1ll~zrl ~Cizrl1ll0GeJzrl
Zll2~ZllJt:5@Zlla@Giil:f015'>J(gZll D(gGc.:lzrl aBC30Gc.:J' ecroD d815'> clat5CldZllO~c.:l Zllo@zrl 00) GCDZll@zrl 'fIc.:l GD§lzrl
roJ01llJ D15'> Zlla~® CiC3Jc.:l15'>
SUl'lc.:l. d815'> sDl'l ciil)C0~.
xenobiotics / xenobiotic substance queen retinue / queen court
5ci@2>d) ~)~ ~oa!;) @~@d)@elim<;.:l

G<;8c.:lJa1lll§l Zlla@ GC0:i0Gc.:J'C3J®J8ZllGc.:lcl 1ll® m~JD)C3Gc.:J' <;'JCicl@)D C3e;WJ 'fJ~®-3;Zllc.:l~ GD1ll
di = <5 GwDd G~Zllcl. (@""') OJ&3 01ll O~G@) 'fJGElmc.:l <;'I§l ZllOt5® C3e;WJ ~Czrl® 01ll
ptera = 8c.:lJad (@""') O~~ cdjJ Gw:f 1llIG GaJC~15'> 11l~GD~Gro od 'fDc.:lDeJu
615'>® 8c.:lJad G<;Zllcl a®~cl 'f1§l Zlla@zrl. ®ZclC3zrl
210
dl)@mwe) 8@B \9mBG3§m BlZi?d Gt>lG025"l
G("JGOJG®:f25"l<.:J.c.'l~Je)Jt:l<.:J.
alarm pheromone
~aC)8Q)otslr~ Olai!ci
<;~C)re or~ ptie) 8c..:lJad pmc ~2E.) (pe)o~G3cl Gd 8@Ul <:'ltil
<;~e)IC Ql~m (Apis florea cJBd dGc:iB(."JJ) D8m t>la@m. Gt>lfCGG3loGuCil (Ordre: Coleoptera) Gmf~G3u
t:lt>ldt>lo Zll® t>l1<;ICGC m@t)J t>1025"lal&· <;'G3d t>l2@m. ~2e:J 8<.:Jlad pmc tit:ll ~2C) cgBo<.:J§m
Ql~ al& @ ~d Zi?6c<§-<£<.:Jm<;'<.:JdD25"l
t>l2@ Gm:i~<.:J.
Danduwel honey / forea honey ~2E.) 8<.:JlaZllldZllm = Coleopteran insects
Coleoptera
<;~C)re Q}~
cJBd dGcJi3(."JJ (Apis florea) Ql~. G®® al& Ql~
CGe>fi!'lG3
ZllBl D<;G3§m pd t>ll<;lcc 5e)2Zll ddJ25"le)C ~8Q)Otslr~ Olai!ci
Zll25"ll-l"l
c@8. t:ll®J25"ll:K;;G3m
D(S;llC t>ll<;lcccl e)ti(l) Gt:l<§. 8c..:lJad ~mccl a®~cl <;'ltil t>l2®m.
7oocm2a®~ w. al& t>ll<;lcc e)<;<.:J@~25"ll<;'Zi)B§cc COGuOJ (Order: Diptera) Gc.'l:i@t>l t>l2~m. ®Zdt:lm
<yw~m 8@u) <;'IZll.5e)2Zll t>l1<;C Zll25"l25"l
@~ DGe>feG3cl. .®1j6ce)m Gt>lJ!:6ce)m. Gm®tdt:lm. <:'lu ®tdt:lm. <;'l~
G®® Ql~ t>ll<;lcc <;~e)lc @tG3 e)cgGG3m<;wI~mGEl. 8G3lalSf 6cl pmccl a®~cl <;'ltil t>la@m CfG3d Gm:i~
Danduwel honey bee / little honey bee c..:l.~tie) 8G3lad 2<SlC §G31t>llB 8G3:Jad c..:Jmccl D(S;lG(."Jm
<;. a~8G3lad pmc GZlliCt>l e)(S;lGc..:lm
<; 5t>lO~c..:l e <;'ttil
<;citsl~dOl Olai!ci t>lc""m. G15:dCt>l8G3I<i%G®~cgBOGd t:l®@OZllJe)G3aDd[)l
<;'Gw:iw~e)c <;d 8@UJ <:'ltil t>l2~m. z:l2om. <ildz:l2om <;'J~ ml6)(!)u c;'JWJO w.
t>l2~m <;'G3lSfG<Sl:i~<.:J.§E.)25"l:JUJ (Odanata) Gm:i~c..:lu G<;8G3JaZ>\ldZ>\m = Dipterous insects
<;'G3d t>l2®m. <;m3'wot>l8m Diptera
Odanata
~@drci
<;<:So~ ~O"~Q ~~8c..:lJaZ>\ltil G(l):i~c..:lU <;'c..:ld t>l2®m Gm @~ZllOc..:l
<;t5a~c..:lcl em5ZllGc..:lm <yW<; D<;<.:Jm@ Dtiwt>l <;,Dwm G<;@olm GEl. G<;@6cm t:ll®J25"lJ:lGc..:lm5Gc:i8c..:l8m Gw:i
aW~Ge)m aBclm t>lG wI§ t:lOC Gat>lo~G3. w8e)G3m aOGamZll8m GEl. G<;@6cm G@JGwf G<;G25"lZi?u ~mlB
Zi)G Cfltil m~JD)t:lG3cl aBclI13J§B® t:l<";WJ<ywe; GauBc..:l 8@Blencl GwDd GaoaG3cl <;'IZll. om Zi?®~m
G®G3 ®§lm ZllIQlG®m <ywe; ['<;c..:lm@ <;'ttil pQ)OD<; W) t>lCJr:6cDm . t>l~ G<;Q)0lm gt>lO G<;lo)O~ GEl.
de25"l Gt>l:f@a<S"l8GDm BlBclo~c..:l t>lG <Dc.t>l. hornets / wasps
mirror box
~C) 8~Cl)rci5iil
<;lOlr~ O)rCJ tsl~iil t>l1<;ICC Gtlz>\ al<§G~25"l <;,mGmet>l Ql~Ge)cl Zll®J Gm25"lJ
<;,mGmet>l @ Ql~m Zll t>l1<;lcGc 80 ~uti 1 - 2 d <;'ZllO ®p 6@~ 25"lIP® <;'12?(l)l@)t>l
@62Ge)Zi?u 8~mlme(!).
Q <;'JW)O groe)<.:Jcl Gt:lJG3J(l)16);3®m ap c:J @e) 25"l1~® liquid transfer
<;'12?t>llOt>l Ql~25"lO <;lmB®u roJ5ZllJ t>1025"l 25"lIQ~
5c)(S;l(."J. t:lmBlGEl<;<5">
25"lIP® <f5 GJ~O)tsl
sickle dance ®)Z>\3 Wl 8Zll2 c..:l25"lG<;a)t5cge)Gc..:lm ® CIG@25"l Ol25"l
t:lot>lC25"lGc..:lm
,.::d e5m. 625"l® Ol25"lG3t>lU<;'18c G<;t>lcl
t:Qod Q}~ci t:l@Zll demo
t>ll<;lcc Ge)Zll OCG3 dGm25"l 625"l Ql62m. diploid genes
water earring bees
tsl~i!l ~Cl»)~0l Q}~ci
~iilOlQ t;Go:f(l)l~Do Ql62GDZi?Gmm CflWlO groDc..:lt>l 8@o®
::ll& Ql~m ;3®CC §B®u W) w180B®u <;,e)(S;l1l
tl25"lEo® 8~@e; Gw:f~Dl C@Jmm25"l) Ql~m. 25"lU25"lQl~GDZi?
Gdm<;25"lG3 tim®ud Eo® (l)18®ud rol5ZllJ t>1025"l t:l®aGc..:Jm 8B25"ll Ql62m.
Gat>lo~c..:l. dance following bees
smoker
tslrO)r~ ddtsl (Oltslll)ddtsl)
~63tslaCl)~)C))o t:lot:ltic.'lGd G25"llGc..:l1j11l
de25"l.
CfltilQ 25"le) deBlG3cl g025"lt>l gWlBlc..:l tl(S;lGc..:lm8625"l unmated queen
211
tn~tsIO)", G@Ot 0(& RJ. Bc.:l(p 0(& Q).
-.:l@8cG-.:lcl !5\~ 0300,,-.3 83mJ <;,m d~Z5'iD 01~dcl9ti unripe honey / green honey
otidt.1(OlS'lm --01;5)c<'iJm @-.:ll1:5)JBtlIDc.:lGro:f ZlltlIDc.:l.Zll
oBC-'oc;d G[)Gom qZ5'i d~Z5'iu C-'Jedclo[) c.:l dCG-.:l~ ~O))6'ltsIO)
DJC-'c.:l1:5)om 9"'<""c.:l Gro:f 66 dt-.:lncrf @c.:lJ1:5)JBtlIDc.:lZ5'i d[)JC0J5ZSl 0300ed dtJ!5i[)m, ii3cl®tl1;5) Gro:f (J)2roJ@Zll
ruco~m 9G<;'(9c.:l. 1:5)O~ GmJc(1'->. ®j:l)Gl3wJ 58Z5'i tJI® 9Gc.:l:fomc.:lu (l)~
niche ",mJc(iil.
wild
tn~)mO) qC)w",
5JJ@O u;S:>C;c.:lmtil8f ucm-.:;cl ",mro::rf'....,::;), q)roJO OZ)Z) m~)C))Q
~Z5)J($'I~25)l ~t..J,J;..:). Be) ~[,::.:.:!. ..;33 GtJ:;~w~ m(ror® d8£)c::cl <;'(c.:l",,,®dm Bc.:lJC-',B",d "'c.:l~C-"ot5(l)Gd
313,:;oj~1·("<)c.:l::rl,.do(ror~e Gt.;::5)0::s58rPZSl 6ci5JZ5'iZllO~c.:l Gc.:l",<;m.:o::;)cl 83mJ (l)~)[)JC-'c.:l.
BEw. mating colony
8ct.) al.
inert stage OZ)Z) C)lwi)
C-'·d5(l)",d "'c.:l~®. m(ro(§ll d8mcl OJt5dZSltl o·C-'t5mGd
tn~C)d Q}~m "'c.:l~®.
1:5)(<';(cc !:i?<St,? 1:5))(5c.:lc.:lm
cyp1:5)om dil:S2Z5'i.
p~®c tlc.:lO o·C-'(5m BC::Jo,Bw OJ.
~::5) 14u I)~J qc.l dil:S2m.C-'JtVJml3GwZ5'i1:5)(<';(C(;cZ5'i<fiDl)) mating
8-.:lt:1(;<V ",mJ(;:..3",<;m cpRJ)C die?Z5'i.
house bees 06'l0) Q}~ C)l<;leG
CZll o@::;) 0(& @l:S2(1:5)(;m8 nll:S2) ",<51 Goddo:.:l ®Zll
~~~~ 8",)00)ltn C)a~m oB>5'[) B@Om z;)(<';(cc.
otiD 8:..310:5" -.:lf$'(;C D-.:lZ5'\c.:l61:5) C-'tV1Z5'\tl<;,(B>1:5)2@Z5'i. <;,Dc®1§Zll @l:S2z;)(<';(cc R.I.
.:oro:i.:otVJdGuOJ (Hornoptera) G61J'0wU qc.:ld 1:5)2®m. prostrate nests of honey bees
1;5)tV~@ltlc.:lm-.:;cl di3!5\ 0(5t> 8-.:lJo:5" -.:lCflCcl <;,(B>
dw(3-.:;Z5'i, §e...ttJZ5'i <;')~ ZSl2@Z5'i
<;'c.:l:5"ti::5) ",(..<)1'0:'::. OOJ~ GleG
1;5)Ji~' BwJO!5\(:ll'ZllZ5'i = Homopteran insect qCGd Ci.CC RJ.
Hemoptera floor board
~O)~)~O))d Q)mO", otntsI61",)

dll:S2m.:o<ri<;'~01Z5'\ c<,;o Oi~C1:5)J[, q1lJ;;)Z5'itJIo",-.38@u) 0(& <;D-.:lG@,Q)®O z;)(8",e~ qc !i3§,®(J)1:5)(n:::lJO",c.:lZ5'i
<;,(B><;9Z5'iB-.:lcl
. .:o®® <:eZ5'iB",c.:lZ5'i
~~JZ5'\!l) "'(")GoJG~jm--O ",ro:i etlm:5" :eJ5wtilZ5'i RJ®O o<;-.:l ",[)Zll o(e~ c'~' 6c.:l
<;,ti3>;;) qtJdd)t..::rl!i3~ £)~:;i 1:5)01;5)CdS. ~8®u 5G~3 <;::s5CJZllJt):.:lcl<;'(til <;Dc.:l@l1:5)Oc[)J. 0(&
Nasonov gland <;DC::® 1:5)OcoJ.
honey hunter
~~o)Q<5m'"
91:5)<tilGc.:lZ5'i$roumd. CYG~e> 8ii33. c...-fD)roJ[) B<O od~ C)<;
C-'roOJC-'c.:l. cyroe;Z5'i<;'(B>til3@) £)01 [(5ti(5~ Q 0<;. cyroe;Z5'iq(53 §B
Oro010-.:l RJ. C-'<;roJ GmJ(J£~ pOd o(g OJ~[)Cu o(08c.:l ~!:i?[)<';.
instinctive old combs
~0))8"'l9 Old odS8 QO)d50))C)", I odS8 QO)d5",)

cy5 8:..3(8 [)cZ5'i GmJD,p orB;;. GmJG@ot o(g. G[)md otlID"':.:lt:pGm 1:5)(<;(cc Zi?~ dD:5"~ Zll® WJOZll
GmJG@ot o(g RJ. G@Ol o(g RJ. Bc.:l(p o,g OJ. 1:5)(<';(c"'cZ5'iZll® qJro)Oc.:l eoo I Gro:i qJocl~J[) CRJJ (l)Z5'iZllJ
unsealed honey / unripe honey / green honey d5",c.:lcl. G<;J' @l:S2Gt:p~J·
orod[)mc.:l Q).
~O))~~dl Old inquilinism / inquiline
die?Z5'it8m ZSlO::5)
o(g 0(1:5)8G® @c.:lJ[)Gc.:lZ5'iC-'e;roJ Zll[)
[ou:5" ro10Z5'\w Cc.:l c::~ 0(&. C-' 2t5~",-.:lZ5'i C-'ZSld od~j80))c) I od~jaO)",)
.:oZ5'\l1:5)C
0,&. ee 9B>~';lZllC::qB1:5) 0(&. _:.-md dC",c::t:p ®Zll Gro:i !:i?~ dDd GO@Z5'i6® WJO!:il
212
e5c.:JJG(O)m :510 00:io13SD13 CQ)l (.'),:7>®. 6;,;d GOj8D ",t5~eJ Q).
SDD CQ)J (.')m15'l1 e5c.:J)G(.1 oo;,;om oroe015'l:.:l anther

WJOtSl:.:lJroO <;'[iJC<;l-.:lZll Gro] €;::l'l1J:l:;'))3.;;,~.
oro8Dm--, ::il. cro;,;t:0jtb.fD:.:l Q). Od1a>~'"
parasitism / parasite 6cl pc:!oc.:JtSl 06J<J)W1mGd mO<;GDm 06Xl) tSl&tSlJ
6® pc:!00d ",roj 6® 5Gcd@c.:J0 <;'c.:J:5iGDmcl ~@oc.:JtSl
Od6)tiQ)l~ :;')C°t:ilc.:JGDz;,O G(O)m c.:Je0 ro) tSlC°tSlc.:J0lSl otillSlB0.
<;,m <;':.:lG<..1-.:lroO:5\ c0<;OJ :3)0) v;:;:5' C,,:ib -.:l~~ 'h:5' 0®® OOJ(o) gtJJ1SJmc.:Jce;roJ PE:O'l, Occ.:J, tSl2@m, oclElm
<;,StilD)8tSl0 rol ·b.:)9c:.J<; ?Jcltil "'::l'l1t::~® .;;,ro:i <;'J:>!® tJDC::5'f <;'J~ Bco ®lWJ:lc.:J0,,:n<;) '-",m00 BBD C>.lJtSlc.:Jm
05lSlDJ<S'I;';-.:l::5'1
,.:l~t., @-.:l):5)50. alu2 ",d€;z:l»)t.-15-1:51Z,m0<.1 <;,mDt5:5lmc.:J e <;,,!5l.
<;)0:;) OOCb.:)l~cl <;"tiltSlom['J GDmt.-O :5'0 ®~ ecc.:J)o pollination
(d815'10) :513 c",roj<;5-.:l15-1ec.:5'<;,C :5)530 <;,),•.nO",t.-e15-1
®2mG(.1 9om:;') znc£-.:l)t..d t-c'-' OD:;It)l (S),i'.®, ®~15-1 Od1a> O~Q
Cil~JDJo",3 <;,).:):;i3JD c"'<;OJ dC:3) e5::J).:lJ(O)",--,m ,.:l!i)t" 0,& al~::5'f0d opoc (GlSl",Dm) OJ<;Gd OO~J~ 6lJ&36
5lSl B~® <;'1~ 06€!i:>! ZSlJ® §:.:l1. mdrjGd c(~ <;,,53 <;,DOJlSlc.:Jcl,Cj DOJ 8&30 see.) G610
altruistic DC:;>,,:>! CtfO C?,5'I <;'1,5lDl5lSlmc.:J.
p~b053m 6tSlZjltSl6
",mJj:)'ltSl.:)m?,5'l
OO)<J) tSl,353 lSl® ZSl,<;,CC 0DlSl 0mm c.:JJ0
Od1(5) ce;roJ G00 <;,mtJt5lSlmc.:Jo,od 0d t:0J5lSlJ ZSlOS.
00)(0) tSl&tSl) Q). ZSl26 OJ<;c.:JQ).
pollen corbicular / pollen basket
Od1(5) Cfti<g,tia~", Oa~ tsndQ) ai~cl

tSl,<;,C0C <;'l1SJJO<;,DCldDlSllD:.:l
O<';1SJl00)(0) GC1--'J ZSl,<;,CGC <;,,53 <;,mDC>l150< cyDcl iil50 oe;roJ
clG!ieJ-..:l ro,85®. @c.:JJtll1BDm ~~m.
pollen forager 6l1D DJI5c.:JJlSll0c.:Je.
cleaning bees
Od1(5) Cf1~Cl:lQ)'"
c..,.fDJt:0JE5tSlt.,
6tSlZj? ZSlG ::3.:)J(O)",U<;51c."O 1SJ£:5') tSl.:)~) o~~jW"'l
tSl2~®t." OtSld ZSlG ~'fQ::5'f (®)o3;) O::l'ltSl) rol cOi3m :;',0':;.:):;')15, Q)).,)):;')15, roJm<;Jc.:JZSl
Gro:fBmJC>.ltSlJ5tmGc.:J:;i.
<;'Jrol0 "'tSll0d '-ic::5'f :::l5~t5~ 3~::l'l-.:l "'1SJj :5'C0--'. 0§0Q)"fD:5')Dc.:J - e50:.:lcl 60 <;,DddJDO ocl B®.
pollen substitute pest
Od1(5) Q)dlQ)l eoe ~C$El'"

O<;:lc:!o(S'\1tll-.:l::5'f
0<.1 od'oDC 0.:)](.') '-J£i~3 1SJ0 (.')::5'fm) !s)2@ e5::u~::.3 OJ.
8"::0 ('c['::5'1) !:.j?'-'. 6d ::3.:»)(,")tSl&ZSlX.Jz:;i 91>'1 !:.j?C,)) tarsus

G{ro-.:ld ~. coc:!o SlJ::sl-.:l::5'fii'lp';')om O::l'lt.;) v<ro.
pollen grain o~dl
Cl::5'fS 5£) sJDm-.:lcl.
Od1(5) (5)@C)1 ~~ 0,& 6l.
(l)~lt;nC-.:lz:l) ..n:3)Ul ::sl0 <;"tiI 001C..').t,,<;-.:ltSl001(,) m6lUJ, syrup / honey
0,& (l)Q)cJJ 9",<:n-.:l oro cyroe;9"'<G>:.:l<;'1>'0®c~::5'f8&308.
pollen stores o~dl Q)~<;~ee
0,& ~~ tSl,<;,CCtSl 0,& (l)6lc:lJ tSlO <;,,53 D<; GtSlJOo.
odla> ~eo", el,& @~ O<;c.:JZSl
cyro£::5'f0 <r,cl0cl 0,& tSl,<;,CC G~.
0,& alq)::5'f5815-1 6z:l)~ z,,0<..')?,5'1
00)<..') ®~::5'f",,,, tSl,<;,cDc honey nest
(.')6lcJ) §53 ce;rol 0,& d[,Co-..:lcl ~\8iil5(00::5'f lSlmJ
(l)mml <;,t50~15'10\8m-.:l. o~dl <;C)"'~
bee bread ~~ 0,& c6lJ(',),zI'I® oe;roJ dDJt:0J5tSl 0,& ~~
(',)~JDJc(jm GtSlJe'CtSle®. 0l& <;C)c.:J0~~ 6l®6
Od1a>W1~'" -:3>,8G0m oro ® GZSlUG0::5'f.:il~ 0l& c6lJ(o)zI'I. 6l®6
p!iO--'ZSl ",t5<%",~ OOJ<.." m:::l<;Gt.J15'IGtSll0C. '_~l8® <;'1~ 00J~0d 800 o,D53 gDClSl Dm @e.)JDcl
213
0::;. ~®c.:l!:ll' 0::; ~b.
o::;eJc.:l&! C3Joo!:ll'e ~Jt5s!llJDc.:l. ~~~®Gc.:lm 85% eeeo 75%!:ll' Dm
honey hunting Bu~ 8c.:lz9 az&DC 16Cc.:l22% -23% 13i caeo 19%-20%
13i ~!llow.
Ol~ ~dc:l)dtS>~ sealed honey / ripe honey
0z& roQ)eJJ Z5l0 'l!z63'1)6Do::;GZ5lJUC35mJCl:lc.:lu o13iGmJ5.
mzD!ll roJ525)J Z5l@;roze, a5~. 0z&Do::; OJi!l D8m 0z& 8~ldo 18~l8
cQ)J roe5'l®u m1:5®J~c.:l Z5l@;c.:lm0c.:l. G!:ll'm~JaC3J5 Q)Cc.:l Do::;t:jlUOc.:l!:ll''1)6 (pd25)o~c.:le,m t:lz8®. Do::; t:jlUOc.:l'1)6
roJ525)J Z5l0@m 0z&Do::; D8m az& '1)D13i Z5lorommJ D8m Dz8G&! ~DddJ ~z25)· om&! G&'l0t 0z&
GO::;z:ll!:ll'
ca~®c.:l. ~z63 8cJ
roQ)e.JJ z:ll@;t:jlUO 0::;. '1)roe; DO::;c.:lm63 ~Dwm 0::;.
honey extractor w.
cap / capping / sealing /seal
Ol~ ~dOld~~
0z& cQ)Jroz~®· 8eEll I 8el CfElB~
0z& mdC3JOZ5lc.:l Q). z:ll2@1mGm~U 'l!DBc.:l C3ro o5~25) da qDBc.:l 'l!25)O®Z~
honey extraction qDddJD. ~JroJO GmJGrom Q)J630 DCl:lGc.:lm q@c.:l m~J
~DBc.:lz:llu 858 0laJm!llo~c.:lz:ll Gc.:lGo::;m
d5!ll 'l!DddJD.
Ol~ Q}~m 8Cl ~DE3c.:l 8c.:lzGl '1)roe; t:jlUOc.:lz:ll ro25) z:llo8.
C3®Jdc.:l ro~JDJC3c.:lm DCl:lGc.:lmdD13iDm. 25) Z5lzo::;8ZllG QlpD Q). ~Uc.:lJ Q). a5~!ll z:ll2@c.:lJQ).
az& ddZ5l0~J (roQ)eJJz:llO~J) Qlts2m. ~8Ge,) t:jlCc.:lU pupa
(oz& Qlts2 t:jlCc.:l) ~c.:l13iQlts2m.
honey bees 8@d~Bd
~Q)0zm 25)® tglrot; ~DBm GroD13i 'l!a5~25) qDwm
Ol~ Elld~ ro25)z:llom t:jluo. Gd5z:llJ Qlts2t:jluODcu DeJJ ®o::;!:ll'
5(l;lJC
az& Qlts2z:llzo::;8ZllE:az& c.')Q)eJJ5Cl:lJc DCl:lGc.:lm~63Dm Q t:jluo. pQ)o DO::;Gdt:jlCSO.
Z5lJCc.:l·Qlts2 z:llzo::;8GD63m az& cQ)Jro!ll roze, z:llJCc.::· drone cells
Qlts2z:llzo::;8~Du a5C30Gd Cl:lJz:llc.:lmGm wDromc.:l Dm
~DBc.:l. az&DJOc.:l c.:lmm Qlts2 z:llzo::;8tlcu C3JGd!:ll'su13i 8@d O~(!Ij<;~O~<;O (80~O)
®gDromc.:l c.:lmm 05C30Gd Cl:lJZ5lg16JDu C3JGd!:ll'GD13i G&lOt oQ)ozm ~mGd GroJOJ 15,00 13i 18,00 a®~ e,'25)O
DuDroJO Gz:llGt5. C3J~63z:llD tglG3Gcm mc.:l25) gG<Cl:lc.:l. ~.a.Go. tglG3Gcm
®gDromc.:l Q). ~:;i)c5zm 063 az@G~m C3·C3t5ro 'l!OO~!ll d8mz:llGm
honey season oz@&® Q)cJr.OJGOJ13iZllGDm 8663. ~.a.Ga. 'l!Dz:llJ(l;lc.:l
8c.:l~ 0z63D8m Zllc5zDEGcm ~JOOO25) Q tglrogm ~roC3
8~lOl~ q6~ GaGmm ddJmc.:le,. mzwz&'J d8m tgliaGc@m C3·C3t5roGd
Qlts2m 25) z:llzo::;zeGe 8u ~mGme~ z:llUPZll C3e;roJ Gc.:lG<::;m.
Zllc5zD~c ~25)O ~ ~roGC3638635 mc.:l?5lddJmc.:l.
C3J®JmJ:lGc.:lm '1)G3Gc@m C3z5c.:Jom gG<Cl:lc.:l. G®® drone congregation area (DCA)
'l!mGme~ gG<Cl:lc.:lDc25)JZ5lJOgG<Cl:lc.:l!:ll'DCl:lGc.:lmo::;
o®
D225)Gd®wuc!:ll'ec.:l Qlts2z:llzo::;zecDCl:lGc.:lm0::; C3zce,c.:l roZZ5l· 8@dEl<;
flight radius ~Q)o t:jlUO 8636 Do::;Gz:llJUc.:J.
drone comb
8~lOl~ 8@lEl
~mGmGz:ll Qlts2m rou !ll® z:llzo::;zeGe8u ~JroJO groDc.:l!:ll' 8@dl
z:llOJ8c.:lJC30 z:ll@;roze, co5® ~O.C3J®JmJ:lGc.:lm'l!mGm@z:ll ~. Qlts2w!:ll'. Qlts2mGc.1~c5zG8·ro mJ®c.:l.
Qlts2m 8c.:lJC30 z:llom ca5® ~O. Qlts2m Q).
8c.:lJc.:Jz5 'l!Oc.:l Q). drone
flight range
8@loa3tS>~l
8~l9 Ol~ ~ozG8 .c.') C313iDc.:lJ.
Do::;t:jlUOc.:lz:llroQ)eJJz:110'1)6 8c.:lzdC3e,m tlzGl az&. 63GQ)m t'Q)OJ Q).
aJ5C35z:ll 25)13iDc.:lc.:lUG13ioCg63(l;l25)c.:l 'l!D® ®()U®Z:llU male
Grom ~J az&. Qlts2m 58m z:llom az& c...."7.z:ll8G&!
@c.:lJtl8Gd 'l!DC3Jm 'l!DddJDu aclQ oz&. m5C35Z5l
214
6 e; OJ Qil QJ e; OJ~~)QJe; co S a. CO COa.-ilI-ilI£lCO -cagSClGlCO (JlClCO ~Cl)?W'w8 6£0 -CU(J£O
"",-..J N CX:'
IllS@81 IllSc.:..@81 CD'" ClJ(9l CDua"'@I(9l :::J"S@,,,,fa~CI c'" CI .ro ~ CJJ
~IB 3 a,-SA 0.. :::J;!:.' aCli :::J ~ g g)10 Cli 000 "'"'Gl",,,,, <X
o ~ h\.n1 " CD ~~CI
U CI 3 C! CA 0.. <,S' -c aCJCDV\ uW
CJ C! U CD CIl ~f'o:ClCA~ CD Cl(C! a G 9.8 <' 9. 9 :::J" Cl
Cl<X CJ' a ~, @ o s ClJ G G 0 °WluO
IllQJ_1!D 1ll-;:;"'-r.°WIO n, ~~ !!?, s S' S a 9 ~.@ 9 S'Bt
C § "'sY~cS,.-.l t» CD~~~~~ ~rc.l to a & a (l O!
ClJO> S\ o..j\] (Jl!.sOoElClJ[1 15S8'1
00& 3Cl,S@!,1'l \D @)
--QJ~~,-,C,)8
mCJ,9-® c:..e
£l 9 en !1. ~Q;®~.~ ClJ"" ~6CJCI
0' Cl CJ ~ C" !:J ""CI
It -c, ",ClJan. C" '" 8 g) C;
®C; CDalt CAS,s !J:>a nO O~(C!o..
0,& CD, Gi :::J a~ 6 CI l ~ag~o> ~
CD CV» ~@~ fa @I g :EU(}G
l"J -c a -c i!l) CD CJ@Jgg9 ~ CIlQJ@a !J:> (Jl s> @!
!:J u
gl ~ II (ii' Q ltgCl g ~~o. C; CAaa CIl CD (l Gl
<0 a. S N CA @ III " !.
8) !:J a. C,) CJ 6,
a CD , G> ~ ""CJ~a & ~~<:t
Q ~ '- N '-' ~ g C'J) a Q;
'"
,r, 0 ...• :::J
.'11 :::J" (Jl b u @! O -ill
o » (dD(Jl ~ a-k c" '"
u (C! -co
g -c CJ CJ (?il C;>-'9:J
0. :::J aIII 0J CDS f;~S'~CI
CD (ii' <Ill g g ~ a '0J
1C" (?il ng a, S.t! "" re c
aIII
'< a. :::J" N U '0 g 8
C'J) (1, C,) ~
CJ o o (]) a.h\ §c"\'Gg9
7<51:C\
o..«
® CD :::J 6 ~ Q
@ CD en CD ~c., S
~c, C'J o -> Gl [1 n ~. w -"'l-f1
a ' C 8
C'J U G ' 2 §Glh\ f, S
co e C,) c,) u a. ~S(C!n.
e
U iii' o Gl ~
81 l" ~ 1:\
a. ClJ !:J 8- f,
3- CA ag !:J <Ill ~ S' ~ 9; a
Gl a sa. CACJ.uS"" g'(l
~ U Q
G :::J" aQ 6 Gl GlQSl~ ~11-
o !.
S 0 C'J) , a 9 ~ El
:::J &lJ~ (lJ a Cl' g
a
U
CD CJ ~8 . 8 @!
OJ fa ~
@ '< Cl Cl CD !:l.G ~
-i1I (?ill WI-ilI D QJ Cv "
-' CJ Q; ©i a ,8 g os ato'Q ()I
a. CD G ~Gl
G CD 9. , ~. ~6l ao.G CJaa. f:
N -"
--'"
lJ1
CJ Gl '0 £l
c IQJc,)SGl-illCle; -c -ill c,) CA<0 @J c CJ, e; -C QJ WI <0 -i1I (1, S ,S? !:J \Cl a. a. c a c ® g g
CDrr; (o:!" a.rl ~)?r~~~~1!D ,<'" 8 CJ8'iJ:JCA"" Q.'iJ:J§'a"rI G'6!:J1B oess OlCl,r,,,, c" U "i u CIlu CIl@)u '"
@ .m'~. @j) u. _"0 .e -<CAGl!J CDS"; !J:>l"Q ClJE, G 6@8C'IGI@j)
CD!:JOc"S 3 11\ @- @' o -a: -c C'J)." u 8'u", @o.. COrlow6) G.lu(~~'-tr..; x : u~
--CA-ilIaa a(3acg CD_
~ G G G g S & 3@ ~@!~f.llC'J'a> •.•. 0).... 0. G. CA U ~ @ a Sl 6J ,>, 2" QJ s cg
CJ .l1(I U ~ ~"9 ' I!D QUCJO' ?J~u"" Q (1,CAQJOl Gl9 :::J"~"" ee (l,ClClI(ll •..••..• "-'", U1C,)
CD@®:> U' QJ ,,0 Glg" 0 '" "@ S\ QJ
fi 8g.e
-C -D6)
a ~G>8.'-' (ii' u u QJ g '" '" 13 Gl '8 a. a
Gl Q WI'" <09 -i1I "",'.a, ~.~ 9 3 Co C,) CJ. G &1..'S U W Gl CJ a C> 9 13
~CJgWlCl g QJ .8 S g)!1. ...., rJ G sY.CJ VI ~ :::J"-" S to.~ 0 c Q CI
.9. .Cl.8 ~ OJ 9." ' i'8'J c, 0.,9> (ii' Su CA u G ~ C" cv to~: !:l.~ c>pa2~ ~~e>g
Sl ~ a MaG.° g M('CA'\"~t:J..to uE""CA6
9 ca, OJ Cl,r, 3 QJ,r,~u "'-'('-ilI'-' 9G1g to
a ~6
no CJ, Gl -ill a "'aQJO!.)g QJ$SS63' , GI("J"9@0-> 1Clu,r,u ul
<>@c"ClGl ~ f; ~ ro g G) Gl ,-SA G w Qk g,r,Glf} c:s.t! to fa @l6J~.l1(IGl ClGl ClCl g QJ
S6JClJC.,QJ @"9 a Gi
IIcv~aaa@ Cl""-'@1' @G 01'" Gl au u Glgcv"'u13
I a!:J c ~ G GJ~ I @ll CV • 9.!1. u G @)} ...•'1l @ '-; 6 GlGl<lll G 'il Cl@JClJ G. '"",§
0 Cle>
o U U S Gl Gi ["j) ~ ,<a~CD~ GlU '" 6J CIlGi (1') a ~ ClJ C,! [, g Wl ""'.<10 to CA
~GClClu S@gWlg) Q;@a.l1O !:JC'J~uus(1,a (dD G
@ G U 3' uG.8CJ,
u'" @ U <1l Q U g g @!15J.8 .5'a C,) c" D' " ,r, !:l. CA u
N
@OlG
a~
a SlCJ cZ1 g. ::l C,)ClaCJ C,l,r,CQCA .r.oBWI u ~g
G ~' .l1(I CJ '; l> CJ Q CJ 9. QJ ~p.~g<lll 6 i;;C'1I Ii CIl"P.SClJCl-illOJu
13 ,...0. C,) 00 &l.. g ~ -ill "'- '" CJ, <0 '00 0. ClJ u <0 Cl
6Jc"88' " 0. n s» a
1Cl 9. Wl @)l <0 uCDS~ Pl Cl<lll g g <5;!:J C,) a~~O"",g G
'l'
!:J <Ill Ci CJgG.~®o.-ilI ,..::fa Uto""ClGl G '-"u"
iil ~ Ell N 0: re c,)9Glg 0.0 ~WlC3 ~~ 6..~ !:l.g'Q C(-Q.a
g ,'0 ~ Wl g) a <1l I ::l 0 CJ~ @J G '" c"
uUCl a •..••
c- 0. ~Sscg!J:> a a uuG~~
@)l @!. "'- S af!l.e'3 5" a ,r,i'!~C,)ICIlo. ,'lI ~9.~~~
(f) U
co stGlP...q\:Y G
ro el.(1, <1l g ??' (j S ~ -i1I '" co" '-' o •..•, '.' LO> M (.O @! ':::r W
~ g G a <1l ;,a~g Clf .•• au(j~'" !:l. .t! "-' '" C'1Ig "'- WI en G g -, -6
QJ O::l
0. a. Ol.g () "'- u to Glc"(jg) ClJ.l1O Gl a~) OJ ~ @I!t"a. fa a o c., 3Q.
~ ~ 6 en I(C! CIl
'" u.t! - QJ~~~ga,SA G GlguQ!:l. G! Gl ,r,~~
o ~ '9 a G Q m o Pl-i1lC@lfQJ ;!)~GlG<0Glg ::T
'~Slg@J n
'3<1l a.-ilI
~ G ~
U G OJ
8- aCl ::l g 9. CD 1; a,r, 0 ~ ~to@atCJCl!:l.Cl1jr
~S>CJ~ .g G gaC30(1,clS!;l '" Gl" o g C'1I o f, 9. ~ fa 3
8 -ill @
c,) !:J -ill !:J - a. g U 8Cl a~ao. ac:~0C.,GsQ noga.-i1IGl~
ClGlG", m C'J) N 0 @ en S\ Gl a Gl"'·' {.O 0. '" to a
~ s~ QJCIlSGlaGlGl
G C.,!:l. aa9.® .e a @,1 9. ,8 g)6.u a u g 69 G.& ag §~,-SA~1Clg as
Q}~ q63otl)tl)~ Q}~clSd
® 8l<:QCf80mmc.'l 0). tY8e.:! ClJ~(;1r3 (oz& <ll<:Qm)8l~ z:llz<;e !5,l@8BmJ OJl5l'!5,l
bee breeding 8l<:Qm ~pm(;1cs:f q'Gwj\9oBz:ll @mB<3c.'lm GroDl5l' :§\D
<;!JroJO @mB(;1c.'lm \!3JDc.'l z:ll0~ cO)m. Z3l® :§\()c.'lm<3m
Q}~ ~5 <;!JroJOc.'lDG;l;!j-.:lm ee.:n<;J ClJmmJ sDl:lc.'l. (;1®ii30)0 oc8
0l& C<;5c.'lcOl5lCc.'lm !5,l@88B @m()m
8l<:Qm<3cs:f ®a3m <;. (;1ClJJp<30mD®JOJm~ Cz@ (OOj@J:lsDJ:l (.'l® g®J~(.'lcl
\!3JDc.'lDm ~3. <3®@)~B oz& 8l<:Qm l5l® z:llZ<;ZCCl5lZ~® <; <;'::.)'''2 GEl.
oe;roJ roJ5l5lJ z:ll013. 0:>0 oc8 0).
bees wax bee milk
Q}~ Oq)4liS) Q}~ mQ'ltl)~
8l<:Qm<3cs:f
(J;)136 02cld<3r3 d.~ BD!5""Dm z:ll2~<3(.'lcl. 8l<:Q
8l<:Qz:lll<;ZCeC 8BmJ <ll<:Qmc8m oBroo~c.'l z:ll0~ cO)m
Cz:j)~m oz& eco ocbClJ 8l<:Qm<3c.<:l'
;ilO)<3(.'lm.5<3CS<f<'3<3c.'lm®~[) oB®JDD OJwclc <ll<:Qm(;1cs:f
g®J~c.:l (;11SJjo'@ )m®z:ll
sD 8iilClJzm5<3~~ <30JOJ c.')~. <3@)®
8(.'l)ol5l' 08l5) z:ll2@m G')~m . .:.:l®Bc:JZ3l'fie.) g®J~c.'lz:ll 8Bml 8l<:Qm g®1~c.'l.
cz:j)~m D(J;)<3c.'lm roz~mpDl5l' ®Dm t'lD 5<;l:lJl5l'®z:llD mc:J:5l 9(;1<'iG;lc.'lZSl
85mJ <ll<:Qmg®J~c.'l.
cl@om<'3 Cz:j)~m (C(GmJd,G6J (;1ClJ~c.'l order: bee population
Anoplura) (Oroj ocl@ Cz:j)~m (@ZGciGr-'CS'J GG,)jel(.'l
order: Mallophaga) <;!c.'ll5l' (oClJjel(.'lmD Cf(.'ll5l' Gm)(O~. Q}~ mQ'ltl) O)etl)~
8l<:Q Cz:j)~) fjDcJ aZSlJ (Braula coeca: Braulidae : 8l<:QZSlZ<;ZCCZSl

85mJ (Oc....fDtll
Q)<:Qm'(Om
ClJromc.:l<;!De.:!dJ~
:Diptera {j)D8GCJ <D~W' fJdGD6J G())~w) (O<;8c.'l)ol5lztil ~CD m::.)l5l'!5,liilB® oro roz865®.
z:ll2@(O()):felc.'lDCfc.'ll5l'
<'i5tilz:llD8(.'lJol5l' roJ Gl5)J'Cz:llcl@~ bee population management
5 a3c.'l 00 gp OJ®J@ZSl ~50zDzl5l'®z:llD Cf~Dt5l5lmc.'l Q
z:lla@Gc.'l§. Q)~ CSJ~ CSJ~C)
oO~2 oroB5c.'lJ QJ. <:ya3Gcm <ll<:Q1Sl'

GDtilm mz:j)l5l' Dm ®pm() 5G~Z3l Q
bee louse <;'JG~mz:ll mJ<;(.'l. c.?® c.?~D ::iJ.
bee buzz
Q)~ o=
8l<:QoJcm(O~ <ll<QClJ~JDJo(.'lm l5lO)J ClJmmJ ~@roJ()) Q}~ ~m-md Cl:l)Q)
o. @ 8l<:Qro13Dc.'lm :5lO)J mml5') t(?@ roJClJ:..:l. 8l<:Qmoe;roJ <;'J1SJJODm ~clo OOJClJ oro G;lJz:ll®POO(.'lm
apiary / bee yard 5cw :O;>J!:il
B(;1CS<foc.'lcl.
8l<:Qm &)l5l OOc.'lm cO)m <;'JroJO
g®J~(Od §\Ql5)JDc.'l Z3l 8l<:QoJcmG'-~ OJ(Oo'cluD
Q}~ Q)l<';lcle Dz<;ClJl5l' Dm (J;)Jz:llc.'lm.
8l<:Qm 58m (o())J!)m())Z5)J C<; ~B D<; ro) ~J(;1d bee forage plants
<;!ml5lt5())l5)Dm <;!JroJO o·Dl5lc.'lm c. <ll<:Qm<3c.<:l'
<;!oB~25'
<;!Di5m <3roDl5l' ~roe; <;!Di5m<;. D<; @)l5lroz8(;1ommJ Q Q)~ G:l56)Q))
oB~l5l 8l<:Q1Sl'
<; (.'lm 8l<:Qm58m@) BO<;Q Groj 6z:ll!5,lz:ll@ 525' oii3l5l 0l& Q)<:Qml5l® ZSll<;ZG(OC<;'JroJO CS':2)""Jz:ll0
8c.'l~® t'l5 eoo <;!t'l5 GZSlJDe.:! <;!c.'ll5l'
DeJ:lroc.'l. G')z~®D<;. @<:Q~roe; <:'ltil <;zB §B®D c, ~c; eoo C>lJtll
bees nest / honey bees nest ®Z8c.'l® (Oro:fCJP @\!3mc.'lcl ro:>5l5lJ tlloe5m Z3lm<;5)c5lm
z:j)[)J (oClJ:fcJz:llJO D,J5roc.'l.
Q}~ 6)~~clecl 8l<:QD<;c:J 0).
® 8l<:Qm eoo CfJ§l5lD §B!5,lccm 5GCS<f~§80(.'lcl <;!zl5l. bee pots of stingless bees
6m® odD OOGO~l5l §B!5,lGcm DG;l<3c.'lm D<36JDJ
GOGZSlJ~(OoJmJ13 (Varroa jacobson i) oro gDJrom Q}~ tS» clu4liS ~
oroB5Gc.'lz:j) DG;l(oc.'lm~®OJ§l5l dDc.'l·(o03lb §B!5,lG<3cz:j) 8l<:QmG<Dm cpt5Bz:ll 9GcJ:fom cO)J ClJz~®D ~pm <;,ztil
Dm §lew:!oe("):!ecczdd 'f)mfJZSlJ (Neocypholaelaps §B® oe;roJ <:yDroc Dm ®pm(;1GJ 8D D<;l3Jl5l'®tll op<ll®
indica) e® <;!l5lBm gWJm G~. Cfo oz&<ll<:QmroD Cf~ZSlo~(ocJm Oz:llOJ ClJl5l' ~® roJ 5B.
§B!5,lccm (;1())m GDm roJBc.'l 6Z3l0® OzC§c.'l ~!5,l mzl5l. <ll<:QiaGOc.'l 0).
§B!5,lccm 0). apiculture / beekeeping technology
bee mites
216
~~ mlflil Cl)SJE.)JZSlO~J a,&'. a,&' &~25'i B825'i (l;)JZSl®g 6ZSlZi)
8ZSl c.Jti3ZSl
a,&' @~25'iG(.IJ'c.J25'i5G~C;Zi)G:"'~ t),C;Cl)15'f
[!Zi), ZSlO e:lDJ(3d Cf25'iZSlt5Cl)m
85 a·~t5~0225'i(3(.1J' ®p
0,& 6l~25'i B825'i ZSl® ZSl,C;,CG~
Zi),P&J <;'1;5)Cl)J€ZSl <;'J®J3;lc.:JZi)G~ 625'ic.J8® ®&l25'i DZi) aO~(3'-'25'i aoc
6l~25'i 85 <;"tt, UC;tiZSl O<s)C;Z5IDZi)
alw,~8 cs:l36 DCZi) 85 SJDD adZSlo, G®® 85 ~JD~'-'25'i Elc.:J(3®ZSl()
<;'JtllJO,-,25'i Bli3a~zsi. tDJaZi)'-'ZSlO 5ac;t)Zi) a)25'i~ OOC 85 ~JD~'-'. 6l~
D() Zi),f;!; SJ. C;(ZSl,tt, w,E.) Zi),~XV OJ. a,&Dc (l;)JZSlpO(3d WJ 6l~ do~ r,.:liB'-'25'iti3
<;,E.).CQ
cC;o GCCZi) Zi),()® SJ. ® C'ZSlJW,
BG~ZSl~D]5'-'25'i C; <;,e..,'Cl2(3~. ® a,&', SJ®o
bee dance a,&', c;~Dzc a,&', ZSl6Zi)3 a,&' <;':J<DC>l(3'-'25'i6l~
a,&' t!t5Cl) wmozsi Ci',m.
~~ odmdCo:) a,&' SJ.
® <liet ZSl,C;,CCZSlaJ&J25'iZSlo DC; <;'!>IOZi)O
§@~ ~Zi) 5'-'m honey / bee's honey
aom6,-,. ® @~ ZSl,C;,GCZSl'-'JSJC; a®J25'iZSlo DC; <;'ZSlOZi)O
<;,uti3o~B25'i GmJot.., 6® UC; ®!5\ 85Zi)J ai~25'iw() ~~~oH~d
SJG®JSJ ~t®() <;,u(l;)]5mJ<;'u® 'fiE.) g®l~~ Glsxi '-'lSJC; £\l~ GOJ~c.:J SJ.
DC; GC;ZSlzsi aoZSlo,-,. ® C'ZSlJG~
<;'!5\0 aDdZi)) e....fDJWJBZSl bee cluster
§ 6l~25'i ae;wJ G®'-' @® 8 - srnrn C;Z5IDJ G~. 1851
~ C,25'i(.lJ'c:!G8J25'i
~aZSlZi)®J 8825'i Gal'-'J(,")Y1 c,~, acDC; ~~ ~JeCo:)
w3D 5daJC;Zi)'-' a<;wJ ~eZSlD D,C;Cl)d DZi) c.J1WZSl'-'. 6zsi c:!dJZi)'-' dc:!D 8C)Zi)J 6l~ Cl)WZi)c.:Jzsi.
(3®GCO Zi),DtlI
1fZi)OzDC;SJ. 8u® ZSl)DZSlJeZSlBc.:J W,ZSl.
bee space bee cluster
~~ odJCl)~Co:) ~~ d08C)
&~25'i ®&l25'i aOJc,,,~ <;,DC9]5ZSlJD25'i'fIQ ZSlO Cl),m®() - Zi)D c,"~JDJO'-'zsi <;"til BEl® Oe;WJ ./fD(l;)XlDZi)
~ ~JZSl'-'25'i.@~25'i B825'i 'fiR ZSlOZi)aOJCl)~
<;'1;5)t)~ZSlZi)c.:l doZi) WJ (3c:!BZSlJD25'i850.
ZSlJ~'-''-'. - Zi)D Cl)~JDJO'-'zsi <;,,§lZSlO Cl),m® oe;roJ 'fI&l13c.:JZi)
bee pollination 6l~ O·QD.
- ZSl®w8D(3c.:J25'i,DC; D825'i WJ <ywe;25'i(3(,")25'i
<3D25'i~
~~ OJ(Co:) domzsi ati3m @~25'i OJ2,-,.
a&JtiZSl ZSl2®aJC;~ZSl <;,.c,,,,-,25'i
asia aOJCl) de.:! ZSlOcn,m® swarm / bee swarms
c.Je;wJd 'fI3 DC; 5',:5);!; ae;roJ!>i Wl <;'GZi)~::;f @~ aDZi)
8CJa,-,() a5cZi) <;'r,.:l525'iCfZ5'>D~:5)Zi)~~ aJC;~. ~~ddm
ZSl2@aJC;--" Q). 6l~ Cl)~JDJO~ZSl 85Zi)J gaZi)ZSl oOc aJc.:JJ.&lZSlc.:JJ.
<:'l(3m
gWJZi) ZSl)t5,-,c.: 6l.e C(® w. Cl)~JDJo(3d gaZi)ZSl
~~ OJClts) gWJ5c.:JJ
<;'J~BZSl g-,,-,J'aZi) ae;wJ 6l~25'i <:'l§l ZSlO25'iZi)). 00, aJc.:J·0ZSl'-'J SJ.
beekeeper / apiarist queen / bee queen / queen bee
~~ OJClm OOts)d~ ~~ C)(Co:)

6l1>225'i
GCl)25'i<;,~dD::sf gG~jaZi) cSJJ Cl),m® ae;WJ p25'i Bm di3ZSl a,&' @~25'i m® ZSl,C;,G(3C <;'JWJO Cl)Q)E.)J
ZSlJt5c.:J
c.JJWZSlGca aJCZi)'-' B5® WJ roz8o~®() <;,t)(l;)]5 B3®() C; 6let <iiwe;25'i ~§l C;,tl BEl® ae;wJ C; <yC)
ca~® WJ caZSlo~. D825'i ZSlZi)1i5?
CSJZi) D,ljwc.:J.
beekeeping appliances comb
~~ OJClmCo:) ~~C)lci
<;'Jt5BZSlgG,-,J'aZi) ae;WJ 6l~25'i Cf,§l BEl®. c.JJ®JZi)XlG'-'25'i 6l~25'i 6B(3Zi)ZSlJ (3(.1J'aJC;c.:J25'i(3Cl)25'i
o&JSJ25'iwZSlOCl)5@25'i
® a,&' 5daJC;Zi)c.:J ae;WJ ® 6l~25'i Cf,§l BEl® WJ 0~25'i cQ)Zi) C;&JD,c. (3®® 6l~D,G <t~d
mZi)J(,")1i5? DC; ZSl,t'\(3&J~
w,808®. <yC)C>lGZSl
Cj'§lZi)m ®JOz BEl® ae;wJ g(3c.:J:faZi)Dd W.
beekeeping bee chains
~~ °l~ ~~5t5)
a,&' 6l~25'i 8825'i ZSl®ZSlzc;8Dc <;'JroJO a·Bm Dcs:l(3'-'25'i BZSl oti3m a,&' 6l~25'i(3(.1J' Bil!l ati3ZSl C;'C>lc.:J.
ZSl®
217
~)?2)®&ZSl(.:l25'! oCDJ wlB® c:le;WJ e:;~d §B<!l®~
to)C!5lJDm, Ce:;o<!lc382OC.:l 8iS3uJ crltSl cro~G;l 0iS3!5le:;oG;l(.:l. ilQ
G;lJZSlC.:l25'!iS3
®~ ';925'!B ®1i325'! (gJDC.:l Dm 8~ sJ[)mC.:l.
1
bee sting
nectar
Ql~ 5~
al~ .5<!l!5liS3~25'!!5l(5(l)!5lDmB@ SDll(.:l. ilQ (fJilJCl:lQ
Ql~B!5l Q). 0l& QltQ25'!~Gd~<!l~ ddZSlO(l)25'!mJ 0Q !5l® ZSlle:;lCC
bee venom c;;E.)!5l
G(l)m6m elS'~ oe;[)J CSll~6 8&0 ~1roJO J15(l)<!lc3
~ltSl <;,~[,t>!5lmC.:l.®p ~J®JG;lG3 cfo 6ZSlJ625'! 8iS3uJ
Ql~ &leOQ ~tSl Dum-..:l mo ZSlOJU<!l(.:l25'!
0~ '§>25'! :i)Q)u c:lt
Ql~25'! OJcm.:l §5<!l® ~ ~e:;J&; ®~25'!<!lcd8V Be:; Jcl®ZSl [)l&;<!l~·
opC'§® eco 6f?J emC!5l:..3. 0l& WJ '§>6 ~doJe:;mC.:l <!lro:f honey stomach
<!lQ):f(l)OOJ(l)~C.:l oe;roJ Ql~::ri OJcmC.:l §B®.
C'§~ I SJ~25'! Q) ilQ ~tll"Q
apiculture ®2 (gJ[)C.:l ZSlom ';925'!B. O®Jmll<!lC.:l25'!®Q ';925'!B 8iS3UJ
~ld<!ld ~®0C.:l25'!iS3ce. m~d 0Q)15 G;lJZSl6c3gOJm 0~
Ql~ {l)~C)Q ';925'!a 8iS3UJ ~ld6d o§ZSlJD25'!63 mgD <!le:;00 ce.
@ C'§~25'!rou ZSlle:;le !5ll~® oe;roJ ZSl2~®D OOC.:l~ cQ)m nectary / nectar gland
~J[)o~(.:l.
bee hive ilQ OOJCD 5c;1SJC)
C'§tQ0l&DC cr25'!!5lt5(l)!5l
[)m '§>!5lJ®d crc'0R OOJ(l)ZSl&ZSlJ
Qlge2Sl dO~Q Ccrl6c'g~lJ §B6®25'! 6® 0l& 0t~® eeeeco ®g 0l08<@
c:l0l d8~C.:l SJ. G;lJZSl(.:l25'!
ror,mJ C')l~<!l&l?2)0C.:l.0l& OOJ(l) Ccrl6CI!!l<!ll,lJ.
fertile queen melliso-palynology
Qlge2Sl ~5esnC) ilQ C){l)2SlQ

d8m S[)ll 0l0c36® C'1l~!5lJDc:l ~c:lJ, C.:l® G;lJZSl (l)romc:lZSl 6~!5l0J
Cf\<!ll,)[)J06c3 ZSlJc80JD~ 1J?G~ @
O®Je'b o®dBtSl:..3 C'§e;Dc6<!l®25'!~ltSl Dm OJDe:;ll !5lziDC.:l C.:lJZSlJB

Dm ®~ ';925'!B25'!<!lCSl25'!
02 (gJDC.:l Dm ~DBC.:l.
60 02 Drom(.:l. G;lJZSl(.:l25'!iS3
®2 8ue® 6roJ~25'! 8fe6®25'!
C.:lUGZlf
<!ldeZSlJ[,25'!6cd 5®Q) 6ZSl:f@D150mC.:l ee®25'! ®p25'!
Ql~ (l)~JD.Jo(.:l25'! WJ 0l& 8<!lom ZSlJCC.:l·
Ql~ Ct®U 6-..:lJ® e®.
0l& DJO(.:l SJ.
d8m sD Q). o®Jeb o®dBtSlc:l &.
nectar flow
laying worker
ilQ <aJC)Q
Qlgetil
02 DromC.:l Q).
'§>5 ~Clo !:j)b C'§~ !5ll25'!ocl §B®.
nectar secretion
egg laying
ilQe:lO Ql~tll
QlgC)
(l)~JDJO 0iS3!5l ~<!ld~ C'§tQ25'! ~!:j)<!lo25'! ®2 de.:!
oB~(5~ 5®SJc:l
§Be® ~C.:ll~ 86m C'§tQ25'!.
complete ovum / mature ovum
nectar foraging bees
~@~@l etee
ille8a3Q 2SlJ(3t:SlJ
'§>we; 60ClC3<!lc3 C'§~ ZSlle:;lc'CU c:ll06(.:lm '§>EJg®J~(.:l
ZSla®25'!<!lcdcroo ~25'!~(.:lU o®&25'!O e ~ltSl 8iS325'!
oJcmC.:l §B®u t0JC!5lJ ZSlom roSD COJo(l)(.:l. OC
mJeZSlJD25'!. <!l®®mJeZSlJ ®1i325'!Q)iS3e.:!~":;pe(.:l ZSlU~!:j)CY2
C'§dtSl(.:l~ Gd CDJC!5lJ ZSl&;wl§ COJ°(l)C.:l. ZSlOS. 02®dDo~ o!:j)25'!Gcd D~(l)~De25'! '§>8 GZSl<!lOmJ
division board / dummy board ZSlJt5C.:l(.:l
ZSlz@25'!<!lcd
'§>8 [)25'!G25'! ®CcBcl3(.:l mJeZSlJ ®1i3~.
malphigian tubules
(NoCD 5<;1SJC)
QltQcoB~C<!lc3 (d<!loJi3eJC.:lJApoidae) OJt9J8ZSlS25'! 8~Q)e; illcie:ltll
ZSlO~J ce:;llJd®ZSl role:;tB®. <!le:;8(.:lJo!5lltSl<!lwDd 5d<!lDOJ (Diptera) ZSl2®<!l(l):f~C.:lU
Mellitology / Apiology ~(.:ld ZSl2®25'!
rou CDJC!5lJDm <!lOJf m®~. <!lc:;8(.:lJo!5lltSl
218
eG)~c.:lm <;!m 9~ Q) OJ J8ZSl13m ID&J @Zdom crown board inner cover
eZSliE6tDm eoo E6tDm o.
~Sc.:lJol5ll§l ZSl2®m Q). ~d ~t:lJm
fly 0l& 6362 ZSlle:;lc'CZSl~JOcli3ZSl Z5lJt5c.:l:.:lmoe;roJ ec.:l~ID
63<l2m. ® 63<l2 Z5lle:;lc'CZSl ee:;JOpD <;!oC mo~6tD
! OI~ Booe®m ~~D 8BIDJ 63<l2m.
® 6362m (Apis cerana (fSd eOOJIDJ) 58m miltm~l5l guard bees
®~mem ZSl,e:;CDc G)QlE:lJZSlO ~,§l 0,8;.
6362 0,& Q). ~eldt
honey I bees honey I mee honey I cerana honey Wc.:lmem 90IDZ5l13m.
O®S:.:lJol5ll§l ZSlz®m <l!.
! ~t:lJ termite reproductives
@ C'ZSlJee) e<~c.:l ® 8362 (fScl eOOJIDJ <ym5ZSlJ (Apis
cerana indica). 915~ ~DC&J63l5l 915~ ~JDzl5l Z5lle:;C ~~dt OI~
15)IDID 0l& 6362 5e("k~c.:l. ro13Dc.:lm ~{> ~,§l ZSlo@m OD15lIDJ OJBoBZSl l5lWDc.:lm c.:lDew, Bea;f®ec.:lm®
Z5lJ~c.:lOJDZ5l eco OJCID:.:l ZSlOroctil 0l& 6362 5ea;f~c.:l. 9G<<:>led ODWIDJ OJWcl® ept5sl5lJDc.:l ®l5l 6362m B8m
hive honey bee oc 9§l<>ll5l:.:l ~D ®()D®Z5lD eG)ID ~J 0,&.
Sc.:llP 0,& Q). eIDJS:.:ll~ 0l& Q).
! ~t:lJ q63omm-:l ripe honey I mature honey
® 6362m em 90IDZSl :@:.:lJDC:.:lm oe;rol Z5l3§®D Q)col&J
~l§l tilBe®m 0,& motOJe:;ID:.:l eroj eQ)jG) oOJG)~:.:l ~~dt ddm ~tS)j~-:l
Oe;WJ DE:lJW cOl5l ® 8362 geroe:;:.:lm oml5l Z5l0 G)l~®' d8ID BEo 0ZSlJ0m <yB <yDw tilB® mOJ
0ZSljililc.:lZSl 6c.:l
bee breeding I honey bee breeding ®e:;cl E15D15~D <i!l§l d8ID 0Z5lJ'®:.:l.05~l5l d8ID
SDB®D ~JomIDed <i!l§l d8ID eZ5lJ'®c.:l.
! 8~el mature queen cell
Bl5l dS3:l) 0,& 6362m l5l Z5lle:;lc'CD ®e; Z5llCC%®cl~§l
Q 5D OJ~ti3ZSlD ~,§l Z5l0~J 5<®JZ5lJO C>lZ'iJe:;:.:l.
e®c.:l ~~el~m 8-:l)cI5-:l
® 6362mec.c! DE:lJW 0lro{~CD mBz.,iilil~c.:l ZSlC rolZ5l· o·ot5G)ed ec.:l~® oe;roJ IDlroc~ d8mc.:lcl l5l® ZSlle:;lc'0cm
e®® C>lZ'iJe:;c.:l
~l§l tilBe&J~ O):2ti3Z5lU 8EZ5l0ID <:>lBo SDl5lD <yG3c c.:ll®
e:lCIDc.:ldc'ccl e®m De:;c.:lZSl
DOl 8BIDJ 6362m ~gm 0·0t5G) Sc.:lJOlBc.:l <l!.
6")®m til5® e:; o,ro,~cD e:;,Z5lG):l) rolZ5l· nuptial flight
hissing
~el~@ o=-»
! elIdc)) I ! elIdcm Z5l2@~i5Je:.:lm 8EBc.:l 8~ BBD ZSlJt5:.:lc.:lm<YS tilB®
® 6362 (Cl8d eo0325):)) roc€;mB®D 9DCl5lD roJBl5lJ DID oe;roJ ~,§l COJ'G). e®® cOJ'G)c.:lmti3, 9d®ec.:lm
IDJ®c.:l.®cclom roJ 6362m <;!l5let5~,§l 0lrol~C eDIDclZ5l&J <;!eDJ'ro~ 8G)ccl e:;, ee:;D~D ro~Z5l COJ'G) 8G)Ce:;,
mOJ15l, De:lID roJBl5le:.:lm 6362l5l:lcll!ll~:.:l 9e:lCl5l tilBe&J~ ~DOJID DC>lec.:lm ~DO:.:l e:;,:.:lID cOJ'G)c.:lm <;!ml5lt5G)l5l
~l§lDID EiltZ5l0l5lJ mOJw ® ®ccloJ eD~DD ® 6362m
W. 0l& 6362mem e®'1Ji5JCOJ'G) 0l8® eco Q@~c.:l oe;roJ
~~Dt5l5lID:.:l 5 ~ll5l. Oz8® oe;roJ ~GDJ'ro~ 2G)C e:;
c.:lmID e® eOJew roJBl5lJ ZSlO <;!ll5l.
Q®~:.:l oe;roJ ro<§ZSl COJ'G) ~G)C o®G3m <;!DOc.:le:;
6362 &\c'Oc.:l Q). 6362 I 6362m Q)cmID.
:@c.:lJZSlJBw.
Mee bee I hive honey bee cse~E:lJD Q).
mouth parts
~@ oo)om
e®'1Ji5JCOJ'G) <l!.
-:lD etee
ocDe:; ro13D:.:lZ5l oro~m® Sti3B COJ·G)c.:l. ro13Dc.:lZ5l
~l;m etee OJe:;dd COJ·G):.:l.
ro13D:.:lZ5l &z€; 63<l2 Z5lze:;,c'C <yro~m epDO~:.:l DID
o~ec' Ctc'c Q).
COJ'G):.:l. 63ts;)Z5lze:;,c'ec' 9®J~:.:l OJCIDc.:l tilB®D e:.:lJe:;J
floor board
G)mIDJ 6cl COJ'G):.:ltil. DroCc.:lD oro~m <;!l~c§lm
ZSlle:;lc'C DOJ <;!l§l cOJ'G)c.:l. ro13Dc.:lZSl<yro{>8®JD. 6362 -:l~~dltS) <>lQ}C;-:l
Z5l,e:;,c'CZ5l <yro{> ®J13® CZ-i?~ Z5l0ID COJ·G)c.:l.
GCJ'ro 6Z5lD G)l0e®m <;!l§lDID <:>lZ'iJe:;c.:l.
<yG3~ c.:lID 6362
219
CilCl(\. .g J; 2' @)1 P- 30QllQ, a~gp,P,GQ, 0- (}.t'o Q, UlQllCJftOQ, 0.Q, ~r:;.~~r:;.9- 3 0.
~~P- ,enl" III 3 08 ~ ,<",o.o,o,u'-' lii'~~ 0. :ES)gSl';\,,~ rc> ~ lll'CIa>CJ"CIf{!) !B."C>
Gllo.o. .0 ~ 0. (I)§:~QDo. Ul 0. ,.. !!!.1t"9 h\~!A.o.
(I) __ 0c> 9 !!l <'?Jill 6 sv ....• (,) @ III ~ III CJ
8 co !}J Ul .I"IQ "'" ~ ~. G:I G.&l 3<.0a.uQiJI§\ CV @
as u 9 ::J!tSloo III CV 0. '-'
af ~ ~ ~ 3 c 6) ~.I"IQ glt
~0.91,lJ (,I QIl& _. 9 cn fl IV a 0 8
(I) p, ~ " g ::I: @J 0:J <9 r~ '-\, !1 o u S ~ ~
@~9 ::J 0, 19 8. 08 CllJ s (").r. t5 9 III '!t ~ u '-'
,lJ.t'tJ <0 g
-ill !t\I§\ QIl G '3 Ill®G@ 0. Eir '4, ~ '1? ,g
-< ~. vW en 9"
S· ~ <0 G:J ® (,) 0.£1 Ul « olQ,
o CJ
CJ c- 0 08 ~ !t\ (, !ll
(JI ~ ~ C It ~
8J <0 '-' '(l <£:: -ill (0) .&
a a £. 6. tl.J ffi"~o@Gll
t5 u
a G 0 u o £1 cr, ,., u 6.
0. c") ~ @ u Xi '4, G
~& o, 3 ClJ .I'd
0 '3
g .t"l (l u (l ~It s
p, £1 G
, CJ .9 0, ~-ilI 8 &n9,J~ __S OJ
a g g
0. It 3 8' G u
0,- cv g ,§~L1S Gl <'lJ ~, CJ flJo.o ,§
~ ClJ a ~ CJ cv u
~~ 1@ g
9,) !;h CJ ,g., @ ~ fl @",--
u
g &l [?~ill CJ 'XJ!t\J lli
(2) (() It <0 8 @ C) \3 "" !t !J') (;
~ @) a. -ill {' (,) a
@ '-' --:; ~ -ill "11 o:.jG£h --'CJ a 0 !t 6J WI 8
g \'C' Slg. (, 08 o
ill '3 g '" u CJ1&.,!tg ~ 'G .r»
g.p, !tg @@ G'
a it fl G
. 0, a. !t\ c~) @ !] -11 (6 ." 0.
g u ill r~ G ~
0
!t\~ &l 3
61 ~ ~ £1 N C" D g 8 CJ 9 « U CJ
~ oJ u
C:V C) ~ g
g ~ 9 r::: Q; ~c-
C") 3 ill cv 'fs ~ lo {;
n n
(, ~ C' III It
G t;; G '9 @ 8 ~
g G'> S- !t e ,lJ co
sCJ g
g '4,
~ LaGl6'l
*0. o.G
Gl ~ 8)
o (,) ~ (oil .'11 ~ !t 6. ~) @I
(,) fi ill
u L ~ ~ 0.
g ~ ~ ® ClJ(.t
g.!t ~;iJts @5 ~-ilI ~
lli 0'8 \JJ. __ CJ
!;j u» u (" c.
,I,j ~ Ul Sl"8) g C fJiSb u
a g'"
CO) 0. !t CJ G a u ClJ
~ C' o 0' G g G' ,lJ c
!t\ n ~ CJ S ,YoIII
~& ~ .!t,Yo u it. g '-\, !t lo @J
I\)
I\)
o (,,) -ill ClI O (,) .t'o OJ P- .0 ("-ill g (,) o 0) P,(\. .0 ro P, P- .g~p,P- .oP,CJloP- .g § @)? p- .0 P, OJ CJ P, (\. .0 6 ill (,)
c'l OJo.@CJC3o,l" CGl 0,0. co,""@Jo. co,fiJ.t'oo,l" (l) @ ~
§"O 0~g~~o. (I) (;.\ ff 0. (I) N .I"IQ (I) ClJ QiJ 0. as
~~GltJ!t(;~~o. (I) '" <:l ~gc;figo.
(l,'l!g 0Jc:g (I) to 9 (I) OJ @ 9 (I) !ll 08 9
;Jg;:!.r(;~06) ::J~;:'Gl@u<tGg ~ -ill ~ 9 ::J ~ ::J G' a ::J u Cl ::J cv .!ll 9 ~~·~fr
(; __ ~,.. {, ", G @ G to rJ~
@ Q: @) (,) cr. CJ
Ul '4,' ~(.t'" '4,6.e.> o (;J
0i @
9 -oG c;@ o III u..g C"lllltc;~@,g <o!Jn(!;J
.t'o<:'"",{JI""!tO (I) 0. .r» 9 1ll00GlreJ ~Q,lJ{,).('dc.o C(l)!toS
p,7..~ !t,e 0)Q, CtjO, ClJ!tg ti ~ r. 2' .••. C"lGll t;; '-'
- G,,@ -0 (, aClJ£'oQ, III !t
s ~ ~ ~it ~ s ~ e.>
o,G OJ !t Ull f[{,o<qggG £1 g c,.. a 5-@ l:J~ a. g(" CJ
s Gl.g Cl2'ClJP,@ pjo~[J0u'-ilI '3 ° £1 ,lJ G" GE'!t~£1
g(")!t@JClo, ::J tl.J rlI g ,.. -ill CV (,) g l'fl ~ft£1 <OQ; !3@ e. .I"IQ ~ § 8
C"l1" OJ"g@Jf') Qi' ~ g 9 Gl C)
.g ", ~ rv ~ ~ ~ g-ill C u -ill
(I) o 8" 0) -11 ,11 P, -ill
'D "" "'"0' dtCl.lo. o.CJ .r» c- a
08 r. Cl (,) 6'l og g ('J ~(" ~ 0, <:;"CJ ° (}
--
~2gffg;Jg; OJ (J
, Q,3
«(\o((),!t!!-,!tg G Gl.t;IS:> g Gl o ,You
.t'oP,~a:>~(;g P, {; 6 {, g !t
C"C'p,"" o,p, o ,lJ ICJ
@~C00.(";0 titto,g g P, G Gl 0. ~
uvJN,gGll0 (, CJ ~ 0 ~J g 0, p,o, a III '" (!;J ~ ~)
0
"t"(::J ~J
f'~0@ (" j:i 9",8(6 rt OJ n.a. CJ 3
CV (' 8 g '3 ,lJ 9 o,~ QIl .t'o u
J;u6.&)'3uo.~ ~,&l("'3!t 01 !;h g Q,J oS G 8.) !;h
0. ~rJ Gl C) 0
1~6.!t\Gl 0.0 a
°0&l{'~p,'3~ G G ,Ill 'a. ~ tl.J ~ S B
~@0)
C"~ ~o,g'6 'f'g~0@) u (;1C' ~J .I'd
®~tl.Ju 6'l 0. o fD ill u CJ
(lJ(,,-S~!t~-ilI g l' @OJ
~ t...!} G G b 8 !t .... Gl ~ 0
!t@l~fl!t ..•.
aa
.9ltOg0S (o •.t'o""g® '(l
ft h\ u g 9'
Gl !ll G G, ~
~ !t\JClJ'(l g (lJ!t\ l':-9J(i1",u _11 @ c C S g.!t
,. @ (,)
8l u G(,~e(:C> C" ~
q g ~ @ & fJi ~ 8.. cdl G LJ P, '3 !t&l
G--Gu'cv", o {'JDIt
'"
Gl 0, @ III ,eJ g
lliCJ.t"lCVQllS'" G
GJgg~CJ g .t"l 0. «o r@
~0)
3 !;h
!t~~a,e~g) ItC{;Gg u c CJ o Itg !ta
~0elG®25.i. @(Q25'i5825'i® ~®J~l4lct) <fzc.:lBUl5JU (S)Zm® ()<; qd6)())d~
8EZSlG WZZSl. d,8l:5'l GOOe® §SOJ G@J3Wj 5u <fzc.:l@c.:lc.:li3. @ts2 OJC25lG("'~ ~ @ts225'i5825'i t)<; at~® ~i3®Z;! tilB®
d,8::5l (o1:llJl:5'li1\®
:;i). B&a aocJ~ C@l:5'l ~m ~ '1;>C3mw~t) GW:! t)<; Zl)30
balling the queen 8od'.,) 800l:5'l 0Q)E @)w'Jdd Qi15i't.il::.:l.
l5JzG25ll:5'l GW:! 80d
OJ<;dd::.:l GW:! 800' ~CZ5l::.:l. G®® '1;>C3mw~t) 80d
d..dm Q){1!Old~", ol<;ddcJ t)cgGcJ::5'IrolE:;») Z5l0@25'i 6...:l G<;oau @ts225'i
d8l:5'lu oZ& (OO()~Co <f~15i'@p Ct uz~zcle® B&a §lc5d Zl)30 ~l:5'll:5'lczGO). G5® '1;>Bl5JW2W. (t)<; Zl)30::.:l25'i
(mC:;)J ZSlOl:5'lCO~®::.:l I COZSlO&c.:l. G®c.:l ® C°1:llJW Gc.ryOJ<;dd.sd &1gb ~~ i3eJJ[g G®:!dlS'o...:l) ZSlZUc.:l·
WJ5z,"») til5~ t)t5l5J Jl:5'lGd <;'15'lt)(>\!lW. ~~~cJ ZSlc5<:'Zt.il§Sa) @ts225lU ow~GtJ25'i 6® G Jdl5l0cJ
queen excluder ®m me; O~J[g Zl)UO 13'25lJ <D!;' WZZ5l.(~ COZ5lJW
t)<; <:,55§luJo&J (m5l5J::.:l t)t5:5)®Jl:5'lG~ <:,t5d015i' Gl:5'lJw.)
ddmm ~j~l3il t)<; l:5'lJo5c.:l @.
25lt) (S)<1OJOJa ~£5\Z5l0 <D(5)®U G®25'i® <D<1Olt)Je.::::.:lZ5l comb foundation
8525l d,8~c.:l q{t)z;! Z5l0 I!J Gt)~UU (<;'~~:jJdl5Jl:5'lc.:l)25lt)
d,8§l::.:lcl azo5® e.::C;W1d,8§S::.:l25'i <;'Z£5\Z5l0<DzmG ~ ()<; mm~il
q{UWC t)25l ~® eoa 5B. ec..'DZ5l'1;>1lJ<'";

t)<;:.:l1:llC,,)l:5'lZ5l®.
1lJi3~ azc~&J i>1BeCl ~ G®:.:l
queen breeding @® 20mm cl t)cgGcJ25'i a~1:lll:5) czGO).
comb thickness
dto)mmd~",
a~t)G::.:lZl)G<D'cg50 <;'JZ5l10::.:l
(Om:!d[)(;:»Uc.; Ot5w25lGd W) ()<; m)dC3",
cZSla25lGd g£5\C>C(jcl t)(l:)(O::.:l~'1;>®io15i'
5ot5(jJac.:lZSlU o~ 5l5J a0131 oz& al(Q 0<;::.:lZ5lt.ilodt). 6£hl:5'l1:llU gt.il50z<0
e®. cgBc5 COJo<D 6l5JO~ 0ZwZ~Ct) B0u1 Gl:5'lJ®z£5\ ~cgJt)l:5'lU 5t)2mt) 80ul:5'l @t.)J[g Zl)30 a&J@25'iO e Cfzt.il
z§\u(O(jZl). G:lBc5<;,D(jO (oWJf;25'i5Z5lal:5'l(j ~ Gt)15'ld G:l50 8odt) 8ii)C3 GOlE C>CZSlcJ.u<;Gd ®OJ:ldd @~t.ilcJ GW:!
<fJ1:lll0(jtil25'i p15i' p~stlGCZl) see oBt)til5Jl:5'l::.:le®. C>CZSl:.:l.D<; Cf15i't.ilt)lO~ OJ.
metamorphosis Middle wall of combs
~4§() ()<; §l"')il~'"
~I!tOc.:lZSl~®JoG3 0ZSlJUa a:iOc.:l1:ll B05 ~§Z5lJt;til25'i <;. @(Q OJC15'lG(..,~ (m5!;') :sJOl:5'lac t)<; wi30cJ25'iii) @(Q25'i
OOJ(S)oJ§S...:ltil25'i<;...:lZJ5l5\
OOJ<D atG<;l:5'l <;,t)::.:lt)::.:l. E825'i C~03:.:lZ5l @~l:5'l t)<;:.:l aapt:, mzm® CC;WJ G:.:l)~
stamen ZSlOOl:5'l~C) <;JCb.
comb guide
~4§cd Q}~m
a<'";1lJJ5G(,.:f~GcJ25'i® ado
OOl<D <f25'i25'iiW&...:l Gt5~ Wl5J ()<; odmd",
...:l25lQi(Q25'i.Z5lz<;zCCGt):;) OOJ<D dG<Dl:5'l6l:5'l 8l(Q25'i.OOl<D a®l25'il5l0 0<; G<;Z5lZ5l
®0:tl::.:l25'i<fl5J0 ~ EO G1lJ:/oc5mc5...:l.
<:,25'iG25'iiW1:ll
alts225'i. comb space
pollen foraging bees
()<; OJem'"
~e8~C))d~()d) ac t)<; 1lJ(3t)...:lZ5l85l:5'lJ ® 8lts2 <D&Jt)lC:.:lcl 1lJz80e®
cgCZSl BcJ10l5JZ£5\ Z5l2~ G(l)j~Gd t:lJ®l8Z5lGcJZJ5. CC;1lJJ <;,t)cgll <:,t)ddJu25'iii)~ t)<; 1:llz<;zcGc g®J&::.:l <:,~t)
lepido = cgCZSl G1lJu15i'GZ5lJOC (@t>i) CZ5ld til5®.
ptera = Bc.:lJo~ (@!Si) comb management
625l&J cgCZ5l a0l5J BcJlO15i' <:,,£5\Z5l2®25'i
cgCZ5lBcJJol5Jzt.il ZSl2®25'i@. ()<;'"
Lepidoptera oz& @ts225'i5825'i l5J® cgBc5GcJ25'i[gJt)::.:l ~ '1;>B®G325'i
ml:5'll:5'lJ.GOlE 80d OJ<;dd(jtil25'i a~@25'iO ~ §lodt)
()()m~il B0ul:5'l 6ti1Gl:5'lZ5lU50z<0 ~cgJt)u 5t)amt) <fzt.il6Z5lJZ5lJO
® 8lts225'iG<D'
a25'i§SGtl<;25l~®cJcl. CfJWJO grot)cJzJ5 ::llz<;zcc a® @t)J[gJZ5lJO Zl)Bo ddo G<;Z5ltil25'ia®25'i5m t)21lJcJ.
<fJa25'il:5'lGd® B0UJ Cfzt.il5u I!J 8m Cf25'i@ts225lU<;z25'ieG~ @(Q o<;cJ @.
~ ce. comb
round dance
221
~~ ~J..:lJo@ts>..:lJ '1'J~®.&iiZ5:18zrJ' c:laJ Z5:1l6®zrJ' C3bDJ w,B®D '1'~Ut:5ZSlZ5'lc.:l
G§::..:l 6u:d 6Z5'lJq~<',§
e5&>OJ6Z5:1j'@::..:l aJ::..:lJo&jZ5:1::..:lJ.
OZ5'l&> e G,ZSl.
..nt) ~®D oroe:Jc.:lcl 6Z5'lJ®,§
6dBZ5:I ale;)zrJ'. c:l6,aJ::..:lJo&jZ5:16c stingless honey bees
aJc.:lJ o&jZ5:1c.:lJ.
c:l6, aJc.:lJo&jZ5:1c.:lJOJ. 0t»0~~@ ~('l~oJ~iiilj2S)..:l
sterile female ~Jc:l c:lo~J 6C':l66J6®:iZ5'lc.:l OJ.
~~ dd2S) Ot» ocot» oi4l c}~2i

mc.:l@ZSl Z5:1JC6d ~OJ6czrJ' c:l®()) c:loc:lt:5())6d 6c.:l~®D C3,.&ii ale;) t.t)c6d (d86~ t.t)Cc.:l family Apidae) d8~ CC3
6Z5'lJW,§ e6®zrJ' 6Wj' Z5:1JCc.:lJ6C£i' '1',e:Jl6®zrJ' ZSl® t.t)Cc.:lD (subfamily: Apini) G::..:l:sJale;) 06~@c.:lzrJ'. d8~ CC3
cse~J~OJm6~ §~~ cse~ c:loOZSl::..:l
'1'e:Jc:lzrJ'~ &j::..:l,~OJ6 t.t)Cc.:lD '1'c.:l:sJ ocl ())~c.:lcl
C3®~cl <;"ZSl. OZ5'l&> d8d
al~CZ5'l d8Z5'l. (5)~c.:l. (genus:Apis) d8d ())~c.:lD <;'c.:l:sJOZSl c:liS3ZSlC3,.&ii
c:l6, d8Z5'l OJ. ale;) 06~@c.:lzrJ' 5;lZ5'lcl @ coZ5:1J6~ '1',ZSl. OZ5'l&>,(J. GCJ()J25lJ
sterile queen (@ ale;)zrJ'), cJ GeJJaJDJ (OJ®6 ale;)zrJ') WJ cJ dGC:f8c:JJ
(<;~u,c ale;)zrJ') d8d c.'l~6d 06~@c.:lzrJ' 6~. d8d
~Bm I ~Bm..:l (j)~6d '1'~Ut:5ZSlZ5'lc.:l9 e5&>OJ
Qle;)zrJ' wD O@ <;,zrJ'ZSlt:5())ZSl
())~Je:JJc:lc.:lZ5:1 8BZ5'lJ §c.:lJZ5:IJBde:l6::..:lzrJ' 6e:JZ5'ld ~ mOJc.:lZ5:1c.:l 6WU:sJ OZSl roJOZSl6::..:lzrJ'ZSl® qJ~®&Z5:I8zrJ'
aJc.:lJo&jZ5:18zrJ' c:l§lWc.:lzrJ'. 6®® §c.:lJ=B:sJe:J6d 6e:JZ5'lc:l wD C3w6 ~::..:l W,Z5:I.
G;lB6 e:J2lw6d, w,8B6&> WJ Z5:1Jc.:lZ5:1t5®6d'1'J~ e:JG;l6c.:lzrJ' stinging honey bees
~.lC.:J W,§ '1'ZSl6 d c:le;WJ [> dB6 G;lB6 '1'~t:5ZSlZ5'l<; <;,§c.:l
W,Z5:I. @ ale;)zrJ' '1'ZSl6 8 e:JB()) 6<;Z5:IZ5'l&> d8Z5'l WJ 08Cl q~W..:l
6d OZ5:1J[;zrJ'c.:l.uB()) 0Z5lc:lZ5'lc.:l6~c.:lzrJ' WJ t.t)~~uzrJ' qZSl6 @ ale;) ())~JUJac.:lzrJ' 6Ub, C3Bc:l66c.:lzrJ' C,6OJZ5'lJ '1'JWJ6
uDJ:sJ Z5:1,8 6C36Z5'lZ5'l'1'ZSl6, 6®® ())~JUJc:lc.:lzrJ' d8Z5'lzrJ', c:l,C38® eyWb ®()D®Z5:I q,§ Z5:1JcJzrJ'ZSl6c.:l.®~ UWZ5'lc.:lDZ5'l
6WUJc.:lzrJ', DWi:zrJ' '1'J~ UG;l6c.:lzrJ' gOJZ5'l UG;l6c.:lzrJ' 5;lzrJ' Z5:1JCc.:l.·C3,.&ii UJ6c.:l C3U:sJZ5'lJ Z5:1JCc.:l.
GJZ5:IJ6c.:lZ5:1aJc.:lJo&jZ5:1c.:lzrJ' q,ZSl. honey flow period
caste
0~Clj8..:lJ
~J~ odts> c}~2i '1'6Z5'lcl c:l6ZSlt.t) ®6J Z5:1zrJ'Z5'lJ.'1'6Z5'lcl a5;lzrJ' 6())Jf,6 Z5:16
Z5:1,<;,c6c UJ~ c:loc:l6~c.:l '1',§ Z5:16Z5'lWJ Oc.:l Z5'lD:sJ5;l (j)zrJ'Z5'lJ c:l:sJUc.:lJ.
Z5:16~J ale;)zrJ'. predator
fanning bees
0~Clj8 I 0~Clj8..:l
02S) '1'6Z5'lcl c:l5;lzrJ' ®6J Z5:1l®·
qJ6cl@Z5:I '1'uc.:luc.:lcl UG;l6::..:lzrJ'§c.:lJ Z5:16Z5'lC3,.&ii ale;)zrJ'6G1 predation / predatory
C<;66d G'-'l 6l6iD6d 8iS3DJ '1',§ o@ qzrJ'ZSlt5())ZSlCC3Jo())c.:l.
6®® qJ:sJ®J6cl@Z5:I CC3Jo())c.:le5&>OJmOJc.:lZ5:1c.:l'1'~Ut5ZSlZ5'l::..:l O~cill!l..:l
~6®zrJ' CJl~ '1',ZSl. OZSl '1'zrJ' OJ,t:8c.:lJC3ZSl,§ Z5:1z@zrJ'wD<; c:lde:l WJ G;lJZ5:IUt:5G'\Z5:I6~6c..-~ ~CZ5:I dZ5:1Z5:1c.:l
UG;l6c.:lzrJ'
8iS3DJ '1',ZSl. ale;) OZSl, 6<;OJ6 OZSl, t.t)~~ OZSl (Z5:ID OZSl roJOZSlJ Z5l6~J WJ:sJC38zrJ'® c:l®JZ5'l ())§ Ccl@~c.:lzrJ' 6(j)zrJ'
6®c.:lD 6WJe; c<;Jw6~c.:l§). 8:sJ ~~zrJ' 8Ba.
sting c:l:sJU 06~@::..:l OJ.
species
02S) dcot» 0i4l C}~2i
C3,.&ii ale;) t.t)c6d (d86~ t.t)Cc.:l family Apidae) ~E:i..:l2i
6®C6C3Jm~ CC3 t.t)Cc.:lD (sub family: Melliponini) qc.:l:sJ 6®6lzrJ'6C£i' ue; aJc.:lJo&jZ5:18zrJ'.
ale;) 06~@::..:lzrJ'. 6®C6c:lJm~ CC3 t.t)C::..:lD'1'::..:l:sJgOJZ5'l ())~ c:l®8c.:lJC3ZSl,§ Z5:13@zrJ'OJ.
6<;Z5:Icl <;"ZSl. OZ5'l&>986()):iZ5'lJ (genus: Trigona)
())~c.:l termite workers & soldiers
cceo 6®C6C3:iZ5'lJ ())~c.:l (genus: Mellipona) 6~. 6®8zrJ'
@ CoZ5:1J6~ q,:sJ6:sJ 986()):iZ5'lJ ())~::..:lD '1'c.:l:sJOZ5:1®OZSl ~ln~ (Did ..:lJiiil
6iS3ZSlC3,.&ii ale;) 06~@c.:l UZ5'l Z5:16Z5'l8ale;)zrJ' ( 98GGJi25lJ W,6c.:ll6&> '1'uBc.:lD C3:sJ ~ '1',§ @ ale;) (j)~JUJc:l::..:lZ5:1 o®
q;8t5GC32S!d) C3®&. G®® ale;) 06~@c.:lzrJ' wD oZSlcl GJ6~(j)c.:l ®(j) w,6uJ ()),~® 8.&iic:l d8mc.:l <;,Dd86dZSlOJJ
6Z5'lJ®,§ '1'ZSl6 OZSl 0~6&> w,§::..:lJucl <; GZ5'lJ®,ZSl.®pzrJ' (j)m@zrJ' 8::..:ll,;]ale;)zrJ' wD ey&j8®D eyD c:l,CS®. W,6c.:lJ6&>
222
<;!JGElm~ ~Gcd015'Jc..:J §BG® ?@®c..:Jzs!. OC)Z51GD15) cdDe:l15'Jc..:Je:le;roJ DJ15)c..:J Ozo/:3®C) BZ51e:l15'J~
pseudo- absconding B <;!zti3 15'JJC Gro""! 15'JJC o<otr,c..:J.
trachea / tracheal system
Cl:lelQ)8<:.:1l0t5)l6'> Q)a&>d ciC)lQddQ

8-.!Jo:s$ @ Dt5~Dzsi <J;lCZ51<;!zti3 Z512®zrl. Gc8GDJdGC)c:b Z512@zrlGcsj (f.>50~ GC:;Oe:l 8@C)J <;!zti3 cdDe:l15'J~ §B®
(order: Lepidoptera) Gm:J~c..:JC) <;!c..:J:s$
Z512®zrl 0®15'J@;8zrl oe;roJ (<;!J(S:1~Je:l-9cdDJe:l §B®) DJ8 ~D®JOz D15'J 8EOz.
1m oCQJ8zrl Dz~ DtS~:s$ C:;z~®Z51~ 8~Jozsi 0@15) breathing holes / spiracles
Z512®zrl <;!~:s$ Gm:J~c..:J.
<J;lCZ518~J(15)z:s$Z)\zrl = Lepidopterous insects l!:lC)lg
Lepidoptera ozti3 o~§zrl 8zs!15)~·
hexagonal
oe~l~C)
G®o{ t'®J.G) ozrl®J~D. QoQ~m<:.:l
sperm 8·/i3Z51D O~QJzrlO ~®. o·DJoc..:J
copulation
oe~l~ Ol6'><:.:1
cse?@J~ (J)QJDJ Z510 15)OlJ mzl:5'l® oe;roJ OJ~J·G3 o:s$D~J QoQ~m 8<:.:1lQl~ (Q)lG<:.:I)
Gcsj <;!zti3 ®t:b. cse?@J~ cQJJ (J)zl:5'l®C) OJ~J·/i3 Z51a®zrl 15'Jzroz~ dB15'Jzs! gQJozzrl o®m o·ot5mGd G~~® e:le;roJ
G[)15) <;!zti3 ®5~. 8c..:JJozBGd G~~®. G~GC:;15'J Z51JCc..:J.
spermatheca t=lOlo ot5@c:; GOGC:;e:l QJ. GG®~15'J 8~Je:lzBc..:J Ol.
mating flight
oe~C)lC)
Z51a®zrl Gcsj 8® COJQ')® (COJ mzl:5'l®) oe;roJ 8@C)J Cl'zti3 Qo~t5) ~9C)
15'JJc®~ COJ·mc..:J. oz8, al~zrlGcsj cse~DJD G®'1lCl COJ·m cse?@J~Dzs! roJ 5®QJc..:Jzrl (lZ51Zj)BG®zrl e:l{GC:;15'J
8 zs!15)J1tjD.
<;!Zj)Gozrl ro~Z51 COJ.(J)c..:Jzrl 8mC oro <;!OO~ ~15'J al~zrl Gcsj OJ~J·/i3Z518zrl Cl'zti3D15'JQl~D.
COJ.m~zrl Zj)15'JdZ51JQJ<O ~G®zrl o{~ <;!z15). fertilized egg
G®'1lCl COJ·m e.
proboscis Qd6'>~E)t';t5)<:.:I
15)® BGcd@Gd GD15'J:s$ 85G~~Gcsj roz8B®. @c..:JJZ51JBmDc..:J
g~50m5t5)<:.:1 Gro:J DI5015'Jc..:Joe;roJ QJCo{~ <;'zti3Z51c roz§ O.~J ~~:s$
D15015'J <;!DddJW ~ G[)15'JdZ51® ~OJ <;!zti3D15'J §B®.
@~JZ51JBmDGd GD15'JdZ51® ee BG::0O15)c0JD~. (lZ51® communication
m~JoGd ~ 6Z51@)C·(''}c..:JZ51
(BGcd®~zrl® OJ~J./i3Z51~zrl)
Cl'15)0 <;!zti3D15'J GD15'Jc..~ Z51Jt5c..:Jc..:Jzrl@Gc..:J~Ge roz§c..:JJD. Qd6'>~t';t5) t5)l8~
G®® GD15'JdZ51~ 15)JDZ51J8Z51Gro:J deo B~ roz§ <;!15)O B15) 0@15) oz8, al~zrlG<d B<®JZ51JO <J;lBo DC15'J ?@®~Z51~
G® oe;roJ BGcd~ <J;lBo <;!~Dt515)15'J~zrl c:; <;!zti3w. al~zrl 15)® Z51zc:;zcGc <;!zrl OJ®J8Z518zrl roC) (15)JoZj)Oz
Z51JcJ~-QJ~D15c..:JJ15)JDc..:J QJ. \9® o·BOJ15'Jc..:J QJ. C:;zzrlBG~ ?@®~.

division of labour communication dance
g~ Qo50lt5)<:.:1 Qd6'>~E)t';t5) ~C'J~l~~:Jt5)

Cl'D<J;lJ:lZ51Jt5~~ OJ015'Jc..:J oe;roJ 6Z51~Zj)D @c..:JJ§B® GC'JGOG®:f15'JQJ.
Z51Jt5c..:J~§B® O®JGc..:JJ015'J~ §B®. O®Jd~ Z51a®zrlGcsj G~ communication pheromone
oe;roJ BBO ozrl~GElc:;15'J ?@® Cl'zti3B <;!z15). GC'JGOJG®J15'J
®/i3zrl GZ51G015'JJ Oe:lJc..:J~Z51 e:lzrl~GElc:;15'Jc..:Jc:; <J;lBQ DC15'J Q@<:.:I 5~@ ~Q):JI!:l<:.:l
Cl'JZ51Joc..:JzrlGmzrlGZ51G015'JJ Gro'1lti3Z51e:lzrl~GElc:;15'J~ c:; G®®
@c..:JJZ51JBD alp ~oc:;D15'J dB~~Z51G<d 5®QJ GZ51:J@c..:J
(>3® e:l.BOJ15'J~ e:le;roJ ~8Z51D Z51C)8Zj) Z5108.
active ovary
Z51JcJ~-Ol~Dt5~JD QJ. (>3®Bc0Jo15'J~ QJ.
organization of labour
QdC) 5~I!:l<:.:l
(lZ51 e:l®J15'J mtr,cZS!@~~zrlGmzrl ~:s$ e:lzsiD GZ51J()dJ<J;l~.
ciC)lQt5)lG I ciC)lQt5)lG 0<06'><:.:1
6zs! BGcd~~Z51 ~:s$D8zrl roC) <;!G15'JJ:l:f15'JJ:l
o·ol5mGc..:J' Gc..:J~
Z51Z®zrlGcsjcdDJe:l ozrlg DCC) e:l®QJzrlOD <J;lBQCl'C0J:lzrl15)oGc..:J'
223
~0l. <;000®00JOzsi 8iroZSlG 0)l.6) ~~m. ci))dQ ci)d"~Q
C,,;P(ll~ w. c"<:l'>1D)~-.!Zll0l.eJl.W0® dB 6!lnD~ GO):i dZll1ZllJB t0JD~
animal species :§)Omm,,~m oDWD) 0mm .:.:It® ~c;roJ m<:lii)tJ)~~
~G Q "o)D:'i\Zll o)B~BZll ~)DZllWm o)cm~ BB®Z>I ~O)
ci) 8Q)oe)r~tS)a@lci (s)o):5lGd e:Jm:5J'Dw. roz8B3 5C)(l;)~m 0)) ::llJWZllt5~W
03J)0roJ' foe:> Ot:l\ ~®Jm f> B~JOW ~@:5) Bc::m:if ,3mc @w)D/3m <; OJcmw §B® .30)J' 5Zll6~c.::Zllj (S)l.1S'I®.
.3<;Zllzsi <:'l.:'i\Zll2C)m. B~)ow <:'l.:'i\Dm0m gamZll e~m G®~ • &'Q m~JD)~WZll Gt0,,§lZll ~®da§-..:l ~<;o)J
O)C) o®&. 066 ~~'):f'{!)"dB~10Z>l ~@15) gamZll825"1' ~w~o &'Qm (!;mm O)J DJP~6Zll &'Qm (!;D§lm
0®O{ O(l;)0Wm <; 0®Ot BWJo:ji 6@1l\ GclDZllWm 1m 8f(!;Dm Zll)t5Wo)JOG3<; gDt5mm ~®da§lw CJ<;o)) Om
0wD18m Guwm DC>1"wm 0)~:oi08. <:,80~Jo'GC)OJ q'0W&lZll1C(!;~ p6J6l.m ~Dw§B® <; (J)O)mG3zsig~mw
(order: Isoptera) G(s)J'~wC) <:'ww Zll2®m. w~m q'~w <; apc ZllJC0~ Om ml.O)l.® d8mwm 0)) o3J0m <:'l.§l
t-m z:l)2~ 0m:i~~. §B®<;. O'D(!;6J~ G3(®<; <:,J~ @wJD/3~m 0(J)mO)1.6
~®BWJ015)(5bm = Isopteran insects <;l.:sfcc.JrozZll. G3JJ00)J' @G3JZllJB~JOZll ~J®JG~:iom0wm
Isoptera t.-.f[)w, ~§!5l15)JDw m~JD1~wZll oDW[)J c"1.1S'IG®
roz§WJtJ.
ci)da~Q social homeostasis
W)roo 0e0'l:'i\z:l) a3~o0d 0Dmd::;)0 <:'l.:'i\PDw .:.:l0
SB..;wZl) 15)0 C>136<:,to<5m1l\O:5)WD~m dZl"lJZsnBD tb15)tI ci))~jOe)Q
Ot)~1 ml.1S'I0&lO)l.§~JO. cpBo @wJZllJBW'Dw <:,mDO:5lD OZllZllUOZllzsi(,')l.c(!;om oB~ ~Zlld iSlB . 6zsi @~Jt-ZllC)
dt--.!, Z!l~?5l15)lD~ZJ>oDWDJ ml.15'>0@1
O)l.tibJ~. q'~~CD (!;O:5lW 0wi'mD@w1um B[ iSlB®.
~®x'b ~®da5\w cil. co-ordination
homeostasis
cdr O)Q)oa)tS)Q)
ci))OQ I ci))dQ (tS)a@lci) <;J6Zll 06®oChDzsi &@ZllCroziSl OJ~J'SZllW). 6@w B®6J
OZll® c0crls0d e~m BB~z:,i ~)~@ZllU 0)1 GZllJ'®wm ~@m 01Wl·Ii'lZllc.::J. ~0 OJWJ'Sz:l)"Wzsi 5®C)
~'C~)m):if3z:l)O OZllC) Dx::c:: §B®. 0®® ~1~roz:l) C(DDwzsi <:'l.§ OJWJ,Ii'lZllc.JJ.
u1c~3 q<;(S):if <:,,<S)~zsim&l a:5'i::l)1325"1'15)® <;J6Zll1325"1' fertile female / gyne
5::5~0eJ dZSl3JCJ ~"l.1S'I® '!;0)1 P9J®C <;JoZll13m ?5l®
GoB~:5) ~,!;o)J<;O ~O)j<;o8m <n<;Jt-e..o ml.1S'I®8. cdr dde)
c®Jdw Zll2~m Q). ~®)eW ~®o'e£'b 3J. ~e~)J~ :.:a:5),,3 cse~ <:'l.§l d8:5'\. ~'Gd5m 2 ~oo <;1.@G3
social insects / insect society O)l.§ d8m. ~)t5dZllD ~'~~(J)",d GWf<!.fi d8m.
DC; ci8m 3J.
ci))cSQ tS)a@lci fertile queen
~®Jd.:.:l dCZllltJm <:'l.5\ Zll2®m. 6m&l m~J01a
~50l.~w6zsi q'l.§ c, 0<;Q)Ocm c, Zl)9J~Dm <; ~O)
@'Q25"I' cel
wwm <; 0®® Zll2®m C) <:,-.!~w vcmw Zll@O)l.iSl.Oo)JG®Il)) ZllGrozZll. ~/3Zl'.
<:,c®JeW Zll2~m Q). movable
social insects
cel Q)ci~Q
ci))dQ Q)t::\?ci 60)) ",®0)1 ZllC O)l.§ &w§lwzsi DcpGwm ~wr; (!;oi):5Gd
m~Jt-l~ Dc."lGwm eo~o:5l. amZll (®1B~) 0)) <;JOZll w1515))tlm GtlJ'cs:Jw.
wm 06&loOJ ,,<;z:l)z:l)dCm 6ZllU D)~~ Zll6~J &'Q G3JE® CtCC 3J.
B'!;::dG~m. dummy board / division board
~<;ZllCJ &'Qm &. (."~JDJCJW 6J.
social bees =e d)§
00))(000)1 ZllCO)l.§ 6J~. D<;wmii3 c.:;/315)cmDw oDWD3
ci))dQ coCtSle)Q c'J1.1S'I0~C;0)1 WJ5!5lJ Zllom 61®.
~®JO.:.:lZll ~J:'::1J8Zll3m <:,:>,6 o® ~®)aGd :5'i6~c5c ~CD<; 0)8D~ 6J.
0l.Dz~® ~C;O)) :'i\ob 2Z!l 6Jce;® movable frame
social cohesion
224
cp,.O 0 o e CJ 0 C ,') C 0. B (OJ 0 c: _f'lJ (j) 0 engoC},'1Ip,~O 3(3 (}!:JQ:I-O
O-i'Jo(GI 8 s ~Q rn 0 ~.£l (" 0
u(lJUu 0(3o.(3(3!!l(3('Jl@)(,)8 '<3 (3 c. u r;@,.,8 o !J1 (3 <A ,8
9.!3!!l9.. 30.N Go 0.0.(,. aQ.,'3.@ 0-9 9:J!3 a I ~.!3rQJ~ 8 _. '" Cl "" g; ell
CD'0@Je'CJO 0.(,)' "'0"'0. ~ C G 0.
(ij !)'\) (,) G < r,'!:l -CI
J:la.i?l.g 3C""(BC' B 9.(~B 0" (~O C\ c- B" CI 0aOl ~ @ Cl.f'Q""
0: u. f;
a o _u.c:IJ'"'o (W CA c>
CD!3 G 5>!3 &5>(.) DC •..•.• C5!!l !3~~ o'!3 U"'1I Gl 9 8,...."'( u 2:66 CA
WI WI 8 a C U
2 (.)2 ::JG'l!!!l o.y..t'\!!lao. !!? ~ ~ £J. Co" ~ (~ a ___G(l.lGl(l CDG)uGI!ilGi8
en lJGf}~[;);u 9.. ~ 9 C~ ti en" !oJ 00 •... o."'{1J
_. G ~ 4 .r» @ ~(~ i (9) "N-, ~ 6\ __
a&a~ ~QJtt U
{ilG U ~ CI p(,) s· Q. ~ ~ Q:l3 OC~\'~f,aCl
f; l")
en £J \l:).J C} ~ 2 !3
Q. ~ en ~~ fiu!!lu~..t'\(l ga@%~(l -c cu..Gg~O en' . ~ 0 3 (11 ~ aa
. O),..:r
Itl (" u
=-. _no <A 8
3 '"'l!((3('~ ,.,~- c : SJg0tl8 «) (3 0" '0' Q
0 <.'0·'0 ''l!;;I.~o -'11 Yl &' 0. zr "" G,
(0) ij'I sO"\:l <>", ;;1.0. ~ ~ ~ g. CJU f,) (CJ
»g) (3
G,'dc; [J.j0.('j8 '" G' '" ('Jl z:
B 0- !;1) !:J. !3 U. o' ~ (Cl 01 q. . 01 ~. ~»O «) «', CD
CJc' u !1>o.ifc- @ ::J"'co('pc,(·(l c- 0 G \.?
c e(&.a
Glo.Cl~;;I.!!l48 !:J g b 4 ·-;;I.u 6 c-tt..t'\ '"' CD w~>l@
"~ (0 O-f> 9. a g (l Bl. Q SJ' (;3)0
u GI SJ !:J ro f' G •..•.• (,,(3~El('Jlg 6 ' WI u a.
6 J.j . (.) c> \..W <.; Gl c
ul • ..l C')~o. ,.,!3C'j)c,@)~ o ('JI g f1 (.) 3 CD ~
!3 ~ ~,~(o (,) \:l N. 9 1hC?l&~ GI '("J ~ .i?l
CJQ G) 601"'i C> "'. ~ C 0. 0- !'j
@J
u ..r.
r' f' . (')&"'0.4 u @a '""!3 ®~
'
!!l !:J.
J:l !3 &;;1. g 0. 9. ~D~D£?ii' g f; eM Jt u
(oj CJ tf (1I60(3[!J;;I. [~
o@~ !3(O(O o.('Jl 0' (!J ,nJ (') ('JI
&lJ !:J 0 El 0. C di ,') g g ~a ",Clw(D
~;f} !!l@C(~~ca ~O-~ U !3
o.!!l !:J. b '" U t',(')' Dca o !1 n. u
"'" (3
Ll
c(Cl '-<.!)'\@ n
a9 a
~. " ~ f; "''' @). Gl '0 o
(3C')g~6!U); 8 C a . UDQJGl!3 ~ f! ~ 0 C (,)
u CD (3 !:J 0 ;0 9:> @ n
Gl f"GI f, ~ (" 0. (Cl
a ? a ~g
Gl B J g GI a c. ..t'\ LGlDn,a; ~~ O-~
6 o (.) ?} a g 8
a '-<.SJu(!; c!3 !3 4 b El." !!l @~
. (1, h' 0-
~ (',l !:J. CD 6
u (,) O>GGlu,lJa.tl 0 0. (3 n
(') G ~ !36(,' G~Ci: '"co (}, c- ~ "~ C g~(1'lJ9
0-.
&l G Bl.
Cu
8 ,.,c.f" It) C !3
(3"'l~;;I. @C} .f'i N 0 -a?@J0<S (!J
Gf; a~ ~ ~ C\ ~ Q
0§@~\'("J@J'0 (3
u '"
0- a '0 .f, &l !3 g 2 & 0 Gl tQJ
N
N
(J1
"",orn.@ ::E ~ @I @ ::EQJWI@ !!?;0 '3 '-.0 @ ~ (.J
£0 a.aG£O '00£0 :::!>WlLl !'jrfl 0 ::J!;lWl(SWIO ::J
0", U U 0'" u. 0'62 U. ;;;: Cl. @J (,1 U. CDO:@pOl o s CI ~o.,3a2u
0"@l0,", g. ~ IS 'S. 2 l~ 1: :r. ~
O"(VGl9- ~;!: QD CJ ~ GI a CI zx>: il!J 3 6) "" :4 n 8 c5~'Q.'Q.Q~ enh'~(" 9.. en
~a.a8"" of;nO: §.8b91 CD..,· G tlJ.g CD
~ ~ 9 CD?}29 ~0~9 co (LoS?; (!; fj (,)~ ::J Gl" t !) 0" (,) Gl .9
o [3 (.) ~ (3 roa(l o
0"!36g ;;'g~~ !!?~~9 CD Gl Gl 0 9. gQJtlJ@)9~ o
CD (,) n. o ~G~tlJ~ o CD c 0'
~..t'\ a.9 iil U
(',9 o CD20G"'"
CD u 0 @ !!l
~L')~ ~ en
aCD a C ::J
ena0.9 en!:J.0- vr~[j'o. ::!. 0 G .r. =-. Bl. G ~ ena. r; ua""
~ 0 9.
o 0@!:J. !3 '<, C') CD '<
SJ .f'i @ ;f} c:. ::J ~ au
Wl[l 9.. U g. U. ~ 0a!f 01 f;
S) u u ffi' 9 ~ 0 ~ 014
2 G 0. G 01 !;1)~ 4
~ o o (3 a: o999J GI rfl U
o u 9 4 U
g Gl 0: 0" 6J (,) U ['6 §
~§J as!'"' GI;f} Q@ o Gl
CD (.UJ f.l '" Q;'@) 0..
CJ!;1) g (i)
g ~
. g ~ u co
a& CD Ll~g ('.Q
o.~ ('JIh' en ~ CJ
~ 18.9 (8 SJ ~ ~u ..t'\ G 0 9)
h'G G @J '-'
,~ w . Bl. 'Q. ~ 0 a f. 0
o ~ G g @ n ~ n111
,') ~O C') GJ (3 e
. U &(11 g Cl.u-,
~ o El El C @
~ cg ..t'\C" c 9J c» ~
6 g c 4 (.)0
QJ ou tt !:J 0r;", - g
CJ @ GI G 0- o SLI'l(J Cl a !:J."~
u Q., g. b<
c
..t'\ [ u
Gl £J ;0 ~ g Ol C
~ .tl ,fl "','11
g Cl.i?l 9:J (JJU
CJj Bl. ~)
~ <A 6JC?l ~ g.
?} a .@
u
~ 2 ~ cB-
o
..t'\
a~ <A ~ WI ~
&o ] a
» (,) tlJ G) <A 2 ~
@ WI G (3 ~ Go. Yl
o 2 ~ ~0 C U
h'aa . @rC') ~
""
10
doCS(l;ltSl 05~tSlldtSlc:.:l al63€1c:.:l
®Z5l ciG<;15)JOOJ(l) <;'J~c.:\ e:J®~l5'! cyDw2:llo
dOt5GdZ:ilc.:\l5'! ® Qj~l5'! roO ®Rl5'!@cd ~<;l.ec Z5lI~® eeeeoo @BOJ
(,\)I~® C3e;roJ GOO OJ<;G~ 8€i35 <;,~d'e:lJ[)Z5f, \[)15) 58l5'! G30c.:l~ CI@ CfJ[)O~c.:\. ® Qj~l5'! 2:llI<;8 Z5l15)15)J
OJ<; !5?t5uGd 8€i35 <;,Ol§bzs! e:J2:llJ@{OD @c.:\J£BG®l5'! 2:ll2~® (p[)o~c.:\.
G®Groc.:\G(i15)@c.:\J[)8c.:\. <;,OBc.:l roJ <;'7;.l)d'e:lJDe:J2:llJ@{O[) hive
@c.:lJ2:llJ5~G®l5'! 0lG<;15) COJ·(,\)c.:l.
alidc:.:ll~
antenna cleaner
0l.8; Qj~l5'!Gc.1 c~ (l)~J[)JOc.:l 8(15)J 2:lll.<;8 ddJ15)
~o<; J G(i15)W 2:llI<;8 ddJ15)c.:lzs! @G3Jc.:lJ.:.:lJ §
doCS(l;ltSlc:.:l
c'2:llJeC) 2:ll22 oBG30 o{Otill5'! ~£ ® Qj~ OJ(15)Gd ~ <;'I§
2:ll2®l5'!GcdroJ <;'(15)~W 0l5'!BOJ<;2:ll8l5'!Gcd, €i3GG3€i3
81S30J
[)15) gOJ15) (l)l.06[)zs!.
S'l.~ @~C2:llJ Gro[)w e~zs! OJlib£l5'! G3lE:~ ~zs! Q
absconding
U(15)c.:l 2:ll£ ~§ o'GC)~ <;'[)c.:l[)c.:\.~~zs! 01S3Z5lG3'GC)~
orod15)J[).
gJ<';tSlcp tSlal!>cl
antenna Z5l®2:llI<;l.CGCZ5lBD duw (15), Z5l®<;Jo2:ll8l5'! Z5lB[)® <;'l.~
<;I5 2:ll0 (l)l5'!15)J~Jc.:lJ.<l3 0~l5'!. e:J2:lleZ5l2(l)Czs! [)csaGc.:ll5'!
doCS(l;ltSld~c:.:l o'oti(l)Gd Gc.:l~, Z5lB[) Z5l®OJ02:ll OO®OOJ[)zs! <;'Ii5l2:ll£
doticsa2:ll c.')t~® ®(i3l5'! o'~J C@J (l)I~®· wI£ 2:ll2®l5'!.0®®Z5lc.:lzs![)csaGc.:ll5'! [l<;2:llCJ Gw:f CfG3®Jdc.:l
antennation 2:lla@ dJc.:\J,(i31:ll(')J Z5l® Qj,d Z5lIl5'!OW 2:llol5'!Gl5'! 6®
z§\Oc.:\l5'!Gcd<;'JroJO gtD[)(.) ®Z5l Gro:f ~£c.:\.
d€lole)CDcia~c:.:l I d€lole)CDcia (p~~mc:.:l O®Jdc.:l 2:ll3®l5'!@.
Z5l®D@cdlEc.:\O <;'c.:\w owD8l5'! <;'JwJo(') G3e;w) (l)I~@iill solitary insects
CfUcsal5Z5lJDc.:l.
WIO (.)l@iill CfJGC)(l)c.:\~e @I0(,\)W
(l)~JUJoc.:\l5'!1S3 2l~l5'! 8(15)J 2:llI<;8 ddJ15)c.:l wI0c.:lJ®O gJ<';tSlGl ~~cl
@oo Z5l®cyroe;l5'!1:ll1 <;l.®®. BoroJOGc.:\l5'! 8(15)J @@JGro:f (l)~JDJO Gro:f ope [)csaGc.:ll5'!d[)w (15)JD15) Qj~l5'!. Z5lB[)®
0~l5'! CfZ5l0<;zs!15)OCfI~ Z5l®0l.opl5'! 2:llJ <;I®@®dDJwJ[) 2:llI<;IeC2:ll dtlw tl15) Ql~l5'!, 0®J8c.:l (15)J(l15) Qj~l5'!.
0®J8.:.:l Qj~l5'! @. 0®J8c.:\ 2:lla®l5'!@.
0,8{Eb
cannibalism / cannibalistic instint solitary bees
~al@)d~c;)dl
d€llCDl5tSl m~l€llo
<;,Ds,2D 8.:.:lJOZ5ll.i5l2:ll2® G(l)j~Gd c.:n®J82:llG.:.:lzs!
c.:\iillddJ15).:.:l2:ll 2:ll2@® @col®zs! (15)l~i5lD 2:lll.<;8 01£
hemi = <;,Dcl GW[)W tDJ(.')c.:lzs!(@tsi)
(,\)~JDJOc.:l.
ptera = 8c.:lJOW (@tsi)
natural colonies 615)® <;,Dzs! s,2Dpw <;,Dzs! OOcJ2:llJO pZ5f 8c.:\Jom
~(l)czs! ~t5[)G.:.:ll5'! 81S35 2:ll2®l5'!. .
d€llOdclQ <;,DS,2DB.:.:lJOZ5ll.£i'
2:ll2®l5'!QJ.
mDJ06l5'!g @. Hemiptera
al~tSl OOlom ~j~~ld~c;)dl

@®~.5)COJ'(l) QJ. ~~[l® 8c.:lJOZ5ll.i5l2:ll2® G(l)j~Gd OJ®J82:llGc.:\zs!.
maxilla homo = ~~[liill Gro(,w <;'@® (@tsi)
ptera = Bc.:lJOW (@tsi)
al63~~~tl)ld~C;)dl 615)iill~~~iill [)c.:l15).:.:l£l5'!
1:jw gt5[) B.:.:lJOW 2(l)Czs! Cfl.i5l
QJl.'e;8c.:\JOZ5ll.~2:ll2@ @(l):f~Gd 0®J82:ll@c.:lzs!. 2:ll2®l5'!.
hymeno = Dtllroc.:l 8g@e; @zs! @<;[bl5'!, (@tsi) ~~[liill 8.:.:lJOZ5ll.i5l2:lla®l5'! e.
ptera = 8c.:\Jow, (@tsi) Homoptera
615)iill ~t5D 8c.:ll0W op 8c.:lJOW1S3 CfIi5l 15).5)0 tl8l5'!
GwJ~l5'! @l.t; (oiill@l5'!O ~ ) 62:ll0 @(')J2:llJB(i15) @w~@[)l5'!. ~C'l~l~~jtl)
6zs! oz;f[) DGcd®c.:l2:llOJ®J82:ll8l5'! C!'15l0 ol5'!BGC)<;15)c.:\
@<;@~l5'!, 2l~l5'! eoo ~~@[)l5'! <;'c.:lW2:ll2@ @(l):f~c.:\
oe;roJ tDJ5Z5l [)15) OOJc.:\15) s,[)l5(') Gro:f s,[)l5c.:ll5'!. 6zs!
@l.t;8c.:\JOZ5lIi5l2:ll2~l5'! @.
G3z;f[)c.:\~ 58l5'! oBoO.:.:lO B~w 2:ll£ 50 6® 5Gcd®Gd
Hymenoptera G[)15)W oz;f[)Gc.:l~Gc.<f~85® G[)15)d £5Giill C>lzs!i5lc.:lzs!
<;'l.i5l
OOJc.:l15) s,[)l5c.:l.
pheromone
226
12.
0@Z5"lCCS@;UZ5'lBaw~ gZ5ldwzs) csB~t5~ wli3 8G(l)z.m@iJ Z5'l~ dw CS~CSJ~Z5'lWBB@ CSe;CDJ CDJ5Z5lJ

Z5"l@;
0UZ5'lzsJ <;'~JC 88, 0GaZ5'l CDJ gZ5ldwZ5l0m Cz.i3dZ52UZS) cP5',UJt5w0wm@ mQiw 8Z52U c'fz.Z5ldUz.m
c'fuddJUZ5l 0@ro ~ZS)UJ c"fz.zsJ0zsJ
q'CS 0<&b csz.&' QiI;52Z5lC3~QlZ5l00WZ5l @ C°Z5"lJ0U ~ @ 0Z5"l0z.~; dc::;@Z5l
@ ~~OJ@ gJ0W:fIi3Z5"l @ 8)1;52CSJCZ5'l0d ~ uz.~(l)zsJ UZ5'l cst50diiil~ UJt5Z5lJ C3~QlZ5l00WZ5l ~ 6UZ5'lzsJ c'f~JG
Z5"lJO~:) C3~QlZ5l00WZ5l ~ cs@&.. d@ c'fJ0~W UJt5Z5lJ 6UZ5l 6WJ~UZS) <;'~J@; CSBU0~~wZ5lro @ <;'60:f88 0m:f
&!t5iiil88 U(3;)0Wm ~Z5lUJ q'1Z5l.
~dG U(3;)0WZ5l,0@@ gZ5ldw C3~CSJ~Z5'lWBB@ CSe;CDJ56crliiil6wm@ @Z5lJZ5'l130d, Z5"lJDd ro 8roEl OJZ5l13Z5lZ5l0

QiI;52cst56diiil~ CSO(l)@W (International Bee Research Association, Cardiff, England) @ffim gZ5"lJ(3;)wiJcszsJ Z5"l0Yl
CQlZ5'l Bee World, Journal of Apicultural Research 1DJ Apicultural Abstract WZ5'l C3mOJ~, go(3;)0d gZ5"lJ(3;)W0
cszsJZ5"loYl CQlZ5'lApidologie (Elsevier Science Publishing, New York & Paris) WZ5'l C3mOJU~, c"f0@BZ5"lJdZ5lCSzsJ
OZ5'lcs~6d gZ5"lJ(3;)W0 cszsJ Z5"l0z.~ CQlZ5'l American Bee Journal (Dadant & Sons, Inc., Illionis ) C3CDGleanings in
Bee Culture (AI Root Co., Publishers, Ohio) WZ5'l C3mOJ ~ CDJ5Z5lJ Z5"lO'2jCIQ) cs.
dC::;@Z5l@0UZ5'l1)1' C3zsJU C~13JzsJ@Z5"l,t5\0 C~l3JzsJ@Z5"lC3CD CSBC30 5~13Jbi@Z5"l cst50diiil~ UJt5Z5lJ CSC

Z5"lO'2j CQlZ5'l C3mOJ c'fJ~W ~ CSBCDO~W Z5"lOZ5'lC~. 0@@ aw~ UJt5Z5lJ, gZ5ld c"fJ~0d ~CJ§
Cz.i3dZ52uZ5l 6@ro CS@;BB0@Z5l CSJWZ5"lWJiJ dZ5l0~ 6duwzs) ~i2 c::;u'2j c"f1Z5lz.i38@(l)z.m@0 c'fCSCDt'3
mC3J, d Uz.Z5lZ5'lzs)0@ro q'Z5lZ5lt5(l)Z5l
0Z5"lJiJ 6Z5'lJ@z.Z5l.
6Z5"l0d ~uzsJ Baw~ 50~Z5l Z5"l0z.~Z5l C3~QlZ5l0c::;wm
q'z.G@Z5l ~ZS)UZ5'l CSJWZ5"li3mCDiJ e5 8@Qle; uID 5dZ5l0 Z5"la~Z5"lt5@
0~CSJt5Z5l6~Z5lZ520U 8)1;52 cst50d@~
c'fo(3;)0WZ5l CDJ dro pdZ5lZ5"llC0WZ5l <;, c::;dO)0~&0d Z5"l2~Z5"lt5@
C~l3J 8W0d ~dZJ:IZ5"lJC0WZ5l~ CQlJ(l)Z5l
CDz.Z5"l.
@ QiI;52Z5lC3~Qlm00WZ5l UJt5~Z5"lU CS@;UZ5'lcst50diiil~ UJt5Z5lJ q'm' Ba@ C3zsJU50crliiilwZ5l C3~Qlm00WZ5l

CSCUZ5'lUJt5Z5lJ q'roQlU) @ C°Z5"lJ0U 0<&!W@
CSz.UZ52Z5'lzsJ, QiI;52Z5l0meu 5~13JzsJ@Z5"l,CDz.aB~ 0CD:JCSJCZ5'lW
C3~QlZ5l00WZ5l csc~ c"fz.zsJ0zsJZ5"l0z.~ c'fZ5l0CJdC3ZS) cs@&.. d@mcsJ 6@ro C3JZ5"leJaJ Z5"lOZ5'lC~ Z5"l0z.~
6Q1J6CD:J@WZ5l6@eoZ5lZS)gZ5"l)(3;)W0cszsJZ5"lO<;'Im cst50diiil~ gmdC CSCD~z.Z5'l0 0Z5"lB0(l)Z5'l
WZ5'l cst56diiil~wZ5l
@ZJ:I cs<;Z5'l~ ~ c'fIZ5l·Ql0roO ® QiI;52CSJCZ5'lWC3~QlZ5l00WZ5l 550 R00:f8w CDJ@JUZ5l0(l)m 8w~ c"flm C5:JW
gmd CD) <;'zsJ6C5:JzsJ
5(3;)Jc C3~CDJOWZ5l;5j@~ <; e5UJeod c'fZ5lZ5lt5(l)Z5l
Z5"l0I~ 0<&!W @ QiI;52,&8d 0CSOJZ5'l)
0m C3Jt5dZ5"lCSJCZ5'lWC3e;CDJc"flm cCS0W:fG3Z5lJUW8@JC3roZ5l ce. c<;JOCD~ U(3;)0WZ5l,OJZ5l15Z5lZ5l0
QiI;52cst50diiil~
C3°(l)@0d 0GaZ5'l(l):5lU c'flm Z5"l0z.~ c"fy)D 1992 C3CD1993 Ut5@wZ5lro CSCZ5"lo'2jCI@ QiI;52G!JG8w cst50diiil~
UJt5:5lJ CDJ 0UZ5'lzsJ c"f<;JC UJt5Z5lJ 8@0U8Z5l 1508 Z5l CDJ 1419 Z5l 0CJU ~OJ gZ5"lJ(3;)W0 cszsJZ5"lOc"fI:5l. 6~
<;'JaWJmZ5"l @ QiI;52(&f3d 0C50JZ5'lJ) C3~QlZ5l00WZ5l CSC~ c'flzsJ0zsJ 1992 ~ UJt55'J
c'fZ52BZ5l 43 ;:;,i CDJ 1993
~ UJt5:5lJ 50 Z5l cs@&.. di3m <; g0w:fffiZ5"l ® QiI;52CSJCZ5'lW C3e;CDJ~~OJ@ cCS6w:fG3 UZ5'l UJt5:5lJ c'flzsJ0zsJ
~5lJ pd g@J~wB.
QiI;52CSJCZ5'lWC3~QlZ5l00WZ5l @ C°Z5"lJ0U ®iJ (3;):5lut5@WZ5"liJ cs@~ 0CSO m~ c<c::;w:J(l)W ~<;8~ C31~0UG

owmcZ5"l ®z.mZ52@J5aZ5l 1881 Ut5iiil0d cs@;8 OJot5\w c"fJaWJmZ5"l C3°(l)@WiJ C3Ics8 0<(3;)Z5'lUJt55lJ0Um
<; (12.1 cUd';@) CSCD e5. 8. G2~mCZ5"l @ImZ52@J0m 1916 cs@;g gZ5ld0wm <; (12.1 0lcsw) 0CDJ~Z5l
csz.C0z.~8 0U. d0@Z5l@ C°Z5"lJZ5"l2~Z5"lt5@JZ5l5l
C30(l)@0d 0GZ5"l~ UJGd g@"m ®z.mZ52@m 8am G2~mcZ5"l
®z.mZ52@Z5l6m gZ5ldw0 C3CSWJcrz.m C30ti';JCSZ5'l0WZ5l
~ (12.2 CUl~@) @ C°Z5"lJ0U Qil;52csJCZ5'l0d cs@;~
c"fe.J(3;):5lUt5iiilW
cs@~ Z5"lJCW Z52G aS~ aE,B~ C::;(3")Z5'lCDIO
<;Z5lUi3.
227
N
No. 2~.-1881.) 110 Cl"LTn,lI. 27 ~; J.)L'l,!'AL, II•• \. S. (CJ:TLO:<). (Vol. Vl1., Pt. r: ~
inr' the seeou.l, which is flat and deep. Wbenthe tirsts~ion, or
r;,
@
CEYLON BEE CULTURE. m)uth-pi~ce with 311 openiog of about '\0 ia.acroBs, tabu UP. is
the hcmet-iombs are eaaily removed without any illjlll'1 to the ®l
By SAlIOEL JA.fATlLAKA, M.ODALliA •• cofJlb~ or 'to the bees,eaving tbe brood combs ibt&ot Within it.' Q)
Directly t\le honeT-combs 11I;Oremovei the mouth.p*-. ill-
(B."" .A.p'" 714, 18111.) •.gain rep)'aced, tied rut, andplaoec1 bl1~ proper,position,~,
~
w
o
all the bees retnrn to it ~d bekin t,o.·wOtk•• it tOe, .were·lleier· . CJl
I havf! been interested iu tho culture of tl.e h"T"!Y bee lit ~;{ '~JM4" A' this critical a~&" bO';.~,
tbe, ••. fI.Id~~ •.... '@)
cellon for about the last 25 years, frotn accidentally oileerTing t:;:< Ie.,.. dal,' w.ith jagge'11111d ~, •• ~ it --~'.,~'; Q
..•. !rat the mode of bee-keeping by bee-hunters and othen in ' " ~pt1I1i'Q;,.oopl~ cloee.tO '~~:iif 'lI,'Ii"po.iit.a.,',:;
11.' ~>
_iM'1
QJ
th.e Wanui, a remote part of this district (Nortb-Weateru . ~ :.'.;.•••. 'In tbii manDer I baYe;~"'·~; •• JioqI7.:'::,t ,B
.Pro$ce.) I set myself to work at once in tr)'iug to impro~e tho' <.~.<':•. I9r,llOu,te:u8e, and _i~Da1l111a. ~~-tDttrWda.- •••
c
,.... II; the oourtesv o 11.-F""....,
tho .:. ~&nft,otbe English bee-,bives,.lb&.e.IIiiiI •.JictIe' •. .,·.... '.~: ::f.
"I"'"
u
••.
~
·"0irI0a O~er," I wu enabled ~ 8._~' . "
be&-keeplng, and by carefnlly reacilng theae ~ 0 . . . : ,if!<
tJl~ The baea take to tbelluMily,bat
tbem~ long, M.tb.,. shew a di.poeitioD to ~:'
.t"'~ :,_~">
~J6., {i'1
Q)
~
GI
:,y~red ~ improve the primitive means adopted by 1M utift' . ~~~: .,,~ f.eediog they may be regularl1 eetabIiahed ••. ~:;:, C'IJ"
~,but withont snccess. My thanks are .we> due to : ~,tltiCiw~ once established theY, keep on aDd build tbtlr ciOtD~:'!.· Q;
ro ;.il;:·,~:Sbrpe,Eeq., and R. M.orrie, E9q., who en~ed.lDf, ..: t:' ,ad III the stock hive; but I have Dever beeD IOOOeuttll ita' , !}.
ro
CO ""qch in the pUrluit 'of my experiments by getting out for ale . to G
1\.
';'~4i!Cinl th,em to .take to 8Upe1'8,which Dlay be attribliated m1,·
lIIDgli,la ~hi~ea alid apparatas for working them. 1<,;"" 01 ingenuity and experience to adal,t the fJ'&meI to _ '.
;'<.'l1Iere are four species of honey-bees iu <kylon:-
",,.-,..
.~:,~of eomb-baildiug, or tothe bees preferring pots, which an.
'l.-M{-~: .Apu Indica, .
~";"',''':;. ~f~ I believe cooler than the b••xes. -
,;. ,.. 2.~Dan4uw~1"';';ile>.G: .Apil Florta, ::,,""\;' Tbe beee are ea~il)' moved about in combs in frame OOX88, and
, '. ;:r, 3•...•••
Bambar6-fi)'ii:0l: ,jpi. /lorloata; and henee il. is mv i.npreseion thar th(,," ,'811 \l<: by competent penons
:.\:;.," '.:y.Xana Veyiy'-.:I).:s)6't)~iD~ :. TriqoN e. easily reared according 10 the European syetem, and with
'+!heJa M"III. (Apia Indica) is the (l(lmmo~ honey-bee v( profit aDJ n<ll'l.ntage.
'rho native ~ystt':U ,)1' 1-.,·,: .. 1;'''[110:: :, ,NY simple indeed •
..9'?'loD, and tho QIlly species kept by natives. I have had a iew
Tbe)' invariably,"\\'eet"D tI,e I'"'' ::,~·;.:,t,··ll" he used ns a hive
.0000Diea of these from the very begilluing, aud ill tue "ay of
b)" fumiga.tiug It wirh resiu, a.lolt l:b"e ;t iu a cool elevated
. improvement I have transferred them 1.0 pots ,)f qnitc "
poeition, ~wf'nring t',·" mvut i, «f the l"lt wir l. n. liu.le hlJllPY
ilitl'erent shape from the ordinery liarTo"-w(}lHh~d pitchers
dUriD~ tb~ fO\Ya.rlhL,~. St'.L..;·H:. 11.(", wi!,! Lees ~hkc 10 .hern
'used by nath'es, which required the d ,~trul'ti"rt of the I" t, tv
get at the honey, thereby cau1ing considerable .!'''.''T,ct ;t'D ,., 1\itbout the lea-t trdl~I,J(,L.:1.l bc~jll l'uihliJi~ the ir combs, and
6llin>-- them. 'rhEll t.ht~ }Irt'pr,l' :-:•.":.:'1 L ·',~me8 ft.·!I'ld th v ~,r":;.'k
bee-life. Tbe pots Lsubstltnted arn ia t",e. ~·~cti00s: 'b ~,r':
the Jlvt~, tJl(Jw u.u- tl.cm t,) {L·;\ t- l:I': 1:,.,\.£ u.::;:O", ,'uti ~lJg·r~',,!
section or entrance DarrO~~lul)utJ(:\l n.!·I'~'l'~ ~ ,,:'" rt Lit, t.t :
6Jc5§,~ ep8c.:nt5lZSl C5o(s)@c.:lCl ~<;8~ C5(ft!GtX::! c5c.:l£:ik:;Z3le38m' 1881 (fGgc 7 t)m ~m oDZ5J'Dm t:<; G<0:lZ5'lGd D1t5Z>l'JD.
I eoo 2 Dm 88 (80 G0i5J&Gd 27 eoo 28 DZ5'l BP)·
N
. t .'"
-.:.~~
. No. :.'3.-1881.] ,:·:21' ~~h ~o Jot'R:<AL, R. A. S. lCErI,ns). [Y.}i. VI!., Pt. I.
t\ ",
llEg Cl:LTt:IlP:. •
")1
o
~~~.:;~hone~ well 8011. the brood combs ; the Cormet
&8 ~),;:i; out the bees by B heavy fire of straw, when the bee. fly high in
r;,CJ
.~ ·r;.~1IIl4 U1~latter arethrown away, a grtat wute'o( ~naJ, ~''t the air in a straigbt line : mean while oue of fhe hunters Ilota @
~:~~d reckless destruction of bee-life, When the next swarming 7· the hi ve, and ll)wp.ts it down by mean~ of a rope ••ttaehed to a
-.,':.: ---00 eomes round, which is hcLwee!l Marth and April, ~ biutket, and butetlll dOWDin time 'to avoid being stnng ;' hi, iliJ
ipot is'fumigated with resin, is placed in the I;8mepilliti,Ju co,nptUllolll!, w~o preceded him, throw the hive into the fire Q
.;'ihe next supply of honey, which is o~ined in J~ly"or ~ ..?~t1y it 00_ down, in order to ~rn all the straggling bees
r(·~ ~~b.aod ,erDO'f'eaway .the hive at once, Corthe Bamhara
~
'5.~ Th~ largest supply the nativea so obtain i8 "bout thPM ~ t
""•. ,,,-. "Juof liquid honey. ,\ ith regllrd to the wild ~J*j ~r~~p.9'f'0ke4·~ nry ,p8r~tent ill It.ingiog, and the poison. CJ
.••• thili 01 •. _po People are kn~wn to ba~
"MItr __
~~~;::;~:;::!:t~
8ame the produce of their labour, I\nd abandon tbe
,,,- t.. '~~,-~
.t~:~i;~~:of~·,·~~
~ ~~'1'go'to:,;1rC1rk:
ie. not to
without NlY
be
'(9
Q
t!.J
\iJPt1 FOmba and betake themselves to the woods; &lid it i. ~.,~~~bQl1i/Js. IH. beli"eil-aad oiy ~x- . c·
<C.l
"ii\1i~eved by tbe nativea, t~t wben the swarming ~.~~ . ' ... 1Be 1Iel!el~t. th~1do Dot .reboild their
, 'iil,pl&c& .jgleM' portion ot the comb is left n
•·••.~~.:~bey:ret1Ull to their old haunls &lid ~~~ fi
..~( •.. ..'. "\',.5, '. I ." ;:',- ~,~
:t~- bee nDiujored. The honey of.thi. bee i•. !j
' .. '~i(Ajiia Florea) ie an nnprofitab1eW·~.·~: .,,",.and highly eeteemed, and is couide.ted an .
(
·~;1i~Jlon81. It attaches its solitary aeini-clreu~ .. i . ~ amoog the natives. It is Dot however 80 .ick. C''''
ro •• -?' F"-. _._.n bee honey. I have uever heard of any attempts Q
ro .~~;~'f~J":t~. b~.of a ~ ItJt·.~~}~;.~
(0 '~'M'ila,ti.es: •• ooog. 0001 and OI~. bllt thil .peti$e.~~;< . iiillodli
,"
'by Jll.tives
/
to domesticate them like the common
.
~
(;
~~.pte4forftimng pnrpo!lCI, aa ita produce i8 TerJ. :.'.' .,.•.l*'pf Q!ylvn ; and it is my impression that aoy amonn~
.... - ..'.•. "-,', . .~ to domesticate them will prove fruitless. One oft~
~(.4prI~ta) il a large bee pr&ttily nlarked' ' iiircharacteristiceofthis species is that, unlike the common .
~\~.a,.iA"_ee ~ iargef'quantity oC boney ,.~~go about gathering material. f",. the construction of
..W:Otb-~~' It coo.st~ctaita hi,e,aJarse .~ ·hin. only during thu eveniug t.wiFght, an.I myriad, of
fp.h;JbOt,It~i~-byil·ft.in a VCClHi'r ebape. Rttt\ehing ··1h6areseen at tbBt hour ill the Mum. 1'(,11, and other dowering
<.~,,,, ...,,. . .
~hell. of .ify lo(lf1in'83t trees, or eecuring it to the ,,:~ trees d~ring the season. .
. 'lliglLrooke with it~ two ends fastened up, RI"I having a ..,>s.>_-:-~an<l Veyiy,". (a tinv bee belonging" to the TrigoDal),
l
4~niDg intbemitllc. It is with gt'('at diflicul-v gd a lUDall qnantity of huoPY which it m8k~8 iu the
'1ie&-huDters,a'Dd only by those nscd to such h:nu of ,,·,>riv , tlioUow. o( rotten tree. and crevice, of rocks aud dilap.dared
'~'~e proper season libree or four ex !,~rie:ll'ed rneu , tart on . ,:·J~jDp. 1 !la\'C seen and examined a gr~bl many of these
,'_~~tion armed [ith knives and rope: UI,t' Ie 'j' ... ,"'.'. ·"~~-combe,••hicb are irregular in shape, lli-.'· never ":~It! more than
_~~andotbermatelja18 (for Rml)l:io~ and l"1f'IJII,S!' t Ie :'4'l':- -.
f~viDg rellOhed'the W00Uij where the :".:. "Cc : ..• ',',,:
i~"f:.; ',ere commence operatious •...u a (.'a~lU~~I.':. "",
I
~')'" tea-cupful
'p!Oclweeof honey, which hus a rath-r ,". ;,j tr.st,', and is only
~r;lIIed for. me~icioal.pu~l'(>se". TI,eir com,' - 0 ':" :.!c,,,·ral.ly
:-,~:' four or five inches in circuuifereuc», a;"Hlt 'l~ t.' h !I~Iru ..~.ly
I
u:~~".
t! lied
cbdz51c.3 cp8c.3J:&l25l 00(5)ec.30 ~c:;8~ 0i.<P0Vc:! dc.3§e25l E38<:5f 1881 q'0gc:! 7 vm ~m i:!u::,1'vl:» ec:; ,;:;c;Slm(;;.3 u )t)Z)\)0.
3 W) 4 em 8p (ec:! c"c:!6H5oc".3 29 OJ) 300m 8P)
~
lsl
with honey and the rest with Ib::rl,rL,'''I, like other l!{Inrybees,
and kept separate. When ;U",fdPd wid, ;.r disturbed, they
'would bn:&z at..wt 'me', <:ar- a.,,1 ,.,'stl'il~, hilt in other reepects
they are perf~ct.:y !~;~rjcl(!..::oc:l.!ll! mav i)e cadil)' huudied,
Since writing the abr.ve I 1111\'" 1,;,,'nIUKen bv "UTpAc by Mr.

":' "Be~n, n good authority ou Bee Culture. Hi. ,'i.it to Kuru-
Jifpln is for the purpose .,f huur.ng "~l' the J.lamhari (Apia
l1oraata). A n••rration of his vnh:riJIe experience haa aft'o1'1l~>d
",', . much infornratio», aud I indulge in .the hope t.hat
"", ,fill' enable me to 'ccmpete with my di1HcnltJes, more
'"" oIly, in the fumre, '
, person of Mr. 'Benlon's 'ackuowledgPtl obility and ex-
e~ wonld"do much for Ceylon' in opening up a h~nch of
',' :' 10< ~y conducted 'andyielding so large II l'8tutII,'
":~',,,hie}l' tllEr DIItiTes are so lawentauly ignorant. " ,:,
1;:.~t';h'
c::lom@c.30 §~G\; c::lI§0UC aC:l:5)Cz:5lD8m

oJa6'\C:l Cj'J8c.3J:5)z:5l
1881 Cj'0gC 7 e;l5l ~l5l auz;:ie;l5l C~ 0C;G;Jl5l0de;Jt55lJu, 5 Ul5l
8Ru (~C 0CQl~0d 31 e;l5l 8fJu),
230
N
~~~~~~~@~@~~~~~@~
0..
~
~ . ..
~
@ BEEKEEPING IN CEYLON '2
~ ~ @ BY iliJ
(d)
~ ~
A. P. COONATIllAKE. ~..;
Holgampitiya. ~
~ ~ Ve!J(/llfj()r!(/.
@)
Q"
Q-)
~ ~ 9~::.;:.5aC~~ Q.';)eJ@~w .B
@ @ o..;
"'Il)f)~
@ @ glW::>6~)ct)zj) 8~)C>1ct).
(;)
o
w ~ u
@ @ -- ~(~).,--
..;
C,
e!)a: e:!<!l13l.al ISle!!2il~.eae.o
~ ~ lS
I\)
co
6. 8. ~~:Sl(3::;) e
-'
~ I !l8d
G
G
8
=~o,~til.:l.
J)j
l?l
Gl
CJ
elSltS:6 :t'<!lI3l'C) g
~ ~o~,t53~m @~,c:tdS'~;'cl
\'
~~!S.le.
@ ~illcd;.a~ ~C'OIf=4PiQ; ~~i> ;.a<,;cnJ ;~~O':nCC; @
@ I:nl 0' ~ ;.a e:!J e. @
1916
~ ~
~@~~~~~@~~~~~~@~
!E'"?J)
1916 ~ e. B. Cl2~£3t!ZJl .:Jazri ZJlOl5l t!C; 89 289 z53zric:l®zrium ~ @e52B1(jl5lcJ 8~6lr; D,)(j <;9zridcJ
0)1 (fz;)0a 10m <;9zrid l5lJ® 8po 1S)J60 DIS Q @ (j0z5:n0u @e52mCl5l cl0d00d ~c! (/xs)0d ~cJ1Z5:nB
1S)OZ.j?zri.
0®® ~zridcJ 0la ~()1S)zri 24 z53zriC; eS1cJJOtacJ 4 Bzri C; ~®zriaZ5l acJ.
""
""
~
Ii. S;
PRBfllCB. @
--0-- The former, who pOS8eBSe.a sound" knowledge of
Rational beekeepiug, based upon modern hn- the liie history and habits of the honey bee. and has
iliJ
mane methods, bas come to be adopted in Ceylon eon8iclerable experience -of Iiive-rnanipulation, has c:
only within the past few years, and that. too, by bnt acted in the role of "guide, philosopher and fl'ieud" ~
w
a limited number of amateur apiar-ists. A compara- to all who have sought his assistance; while tli. (9;
("jJ
tively large amount of honey an d wax i•• tiIl beinq latter. with the facilities available to 'a country
taken from 0111" forests by the crude and cruel genio!eman with -ample means at his disposal, has 12J
,8
practice of dr-iving away, and often killing. the bees made the fullest use of the opportunities presented
with the aid of tbe torch and other barbarous means. to him for carrying out experiments ant! malrine G
The earliest pioneer in the attempt to introduce demonstrations on an extensive scale. Mr. Goona- ~
tillake's book on the subject. written for the benefit S:l
ration •.l apiculture was Mudaliyar C. .Iayatilleke of
of his countrymen, is only anether example of hi~ *,)
Kurunegala, After him cams Mr. J. H. Hollo .••."y
l!h
of Wattegama, aud Mr. W. H. Wright of Mirigamll. anxiety to popularise rational beekeeping and estab- S
followed by Mr. Chas Andree of Kurunegala: all of
whom adopted various tYPESof boxhivee ill rearing'
lish it as an industry. In ths West Indies apiculture
has, ·within a comparatively few years, risen to con-
a
(
I\)
w
the common honey bee of the East, while some also
experimented with European (chiefly Italian) bees.
siderable importance, and the similarity of conditione
there and here leads oneto hope that the same auccees
f"
(i)
I\)
C'..,
The nucleus of the movement tor the en- will attend our efforte in Ceylon, If ever such SUlIce88
.ro.
couragement of beekeeping in the Island was the is attained the cre<lit will be in no small measure C",
amall apiary started by the writer at the late School due to the author of this work, on the preparatioa CJ
and publication of whicb it is evident he hal C
of Agriculture. In 11104 the Ceylon Agricultural
Society appointed a committee with Mr. J. Harward expended much time and trouble. The ereat vallie ell
(CD
asChairman, and the followl'::' membera.- Mess••• of the book lies in the faot that the writer is not a
mere compiler but hJS carried out in actual practice
o
~~,
E. E. Green (Govt. Entomologist), M. Shanks, C.
what he pre; ehes. n
Drieberg, Herbert Campbell and A. P. Goonatillake. N
I would com menu the work to the notice of gr"1 G,
The Society i8 specially. beholden to two gentlemen [;l
who have opportunities of takingup beekeeping and
for the active and sustained interest they haTe CI
of pushing it as Q homo industry in the vilta:i8
taken to pro\'e the advantages of modern ~u
apiculture, as carried on in England, America, of Ceylon.

Ab~tralia ~.IlU the Continent. I refer to Peradeniya, C. DRIEBERG,
Mr. M. Shanks and Mr. A. r. Goonatlllake, 1-1tb ~Iar, 1~i5. Seer,tary, C. A. 5.
8. g(5)"'csJ 58m r:'J. 8. 02~:§leZ5l0csJ \!)mdwC) [.50(25) C<'; [.5'&;)025)-.;(.);5) 8 e'Z5lJGe) :§<:l2 0)(325) zsJ6®~6d ~G <tt)~Gd
3[:eJ<3 [.510Z5lUm c:;~i08. 1 OJ) 2 0;5) 80 ffJc:! 0'08 [.5'te; J025)w (1 0;5) G~J)C)[.5 i OJJ ii 025) 80).
233
iii
t:i\8e.@ elco,:) @:sl~ l;d~roac::tS)Cl ~l@~ G1eQl.

d6<:;€le o€ltlro ::::':hro,e::.1061 ~ <:!o6Cl o:lQ\ro
e::£),(l.),etS) tS)61~ (D, o<;'G)t:i:l:l:t:rl <:!1Q\eGJStd
e~,e!:).; @@lclcotd eo,a6icotil8@ O,t!lClol
c:,E:le:j elCOb:lr51CO. e@ CSl@,'5:Xl)CO Ci)6@tS!bdCli'l·.J
c::oe~~® d O~GJ. OIO~i!l eISl:OElq} Elt>:.~
. eJCl'G@C;etS!(D, q:ilco€lcl tS),e::::;c:;e;cC;9r518e@tS:I
ee;) ",c,!:\) c::fuJC:;roo:;tSl~ tS)t\'I. eJG;)Ci),!)e>El.eEl
e~,s ~l:G)~e.J:tS:I'@ eelro, (!l:;),::>:tS!GJIClcoC)8.§
(!:lle€liid~d 6<33 t:;)C!I,@(l)!51,!l8d <:!edC) dtSJ
c::c-Cl 'i;'<!Cltd~eJ C::C;(l),<:!c:;C!:'dtS)~coec:;m (€ltID
~o:l:!lc::d) <:!cl(S)c,Q)II~~C!l@tS:1 rili!Jd <:!:leQ),G:)tS)~
CO<!ic:;d El~e(l)8t3. &i!JI:::od eOH!>6i:otil8i!J:i
oq)8 CflolCtS:1 o!l0Ut:Sl"'~,:l 66t:r.11,€l eID!:;).
<!>EI ~Cl~tS)dCSlleeJCl <:!,51, qlC3 8co~<!!.;.t..
eJ8tdi!J ~9 60lt:i) (S),~e:6tSl>Cl g!>c::,d ro (!:It:i)Eltj)
aIel e;i!J8tS:1g~JG)tSl6@(l).
--0--
8. G&'"<Sf c8Z5f e. 8. CS2~§lCZ5)(';<Sf~Z5f6(,3c; (ja(,3m CC; aO~Jam0(,3Z5f f§ CotslJ0V Ql~ aJcm

ZS)Gtl'~0~ @c! c;'~~Gd 8f5@ a7.0tsl5Z5f C;d~i3. 3 Dm apD ~c! <£)0@8 ao~Jam0d 80roc a5Dt5Z5'1m(,3
(2 Dm GtslJc;a iii ~m apD).
234
13. g5~
"e-" OJJ "es" c.:lm G;)QJc; ~m5lt5(ms) ~cl30 OOJ ~~§m OJ~m~J f25"lJ Oo~?5l "cf" OJ1 "~<O " ~m5lt)(l)l5I
ctzsi1iilO;;§lI3ZSl~z:j?O c.:lOcoZ5f® oe;OJm ZSlO ctI5l. e5c.:l cDJ55lJ ZSlc5mmmcoGJ aOJ80 C:COC;OJ®I3ZSl ~z:j?O c.:lOcoZ5f
~I§ ~~Z5famm ~zsi1iilO ~l3m a()m (l)mml ~Om C; co~m co~m ~(ldCOc.:lm C;~J ~I5l·
J~OJmJc.:lZSl, Ga . .3\. (1990) :;Il5lm 8 OJ(;

0 GeOlm 0l5JZSl6<60c.:l' a@~Om ZSlJ~e:;c.:l - ctzsi1iilO Dml5JOc.:l. 88
461. 8®Jo€i.b coezsiOJpd 'YmG~d()®m() O®l(l)®, COZSlJ@®. (ISBN 955-552-047-x)
qGWJ\90~Zll \9mBC.:l 28, 30, 35, 204 '1'0.515)15)C.:l - ® Bl~ aGd<; 188
qGWJID1ll 32, 33, 35 '1'0.515)15) .5J15) 00525lC.:l 200
qo~cg (BGZ>f) 36, 203 qGW:fID~ZSl \9mBC.:l 10 '1'~ BlZ>f25lo (~~e BlZ>f25lo) 161
'1'o&lZll ~O~C.:l 34 '1'15)Jo (s)~JDJOC.:l 10, 13, 204 '1'1!l 0,& 204
'1'~®DZ>f D<; 25l,&l® 87 q~~d cilcol6'il 192 '1'6'il61cm OJ~DJ 2
q®C.:l 5~61 GZll:f@C.:l29, 203 q1llZl,lC25lJDC.:l 186 '1'3GOJ GomC)i3e ~8w() 15
q(S)~ Bl~ OJ(15)C.:l 50, 203 q~.5o~JD 32, 33 '1'i3GCJJdGC)OJ (G(S)J~C.:l) 6, 204
'1'C)&lC.:l33, 203 '1'~aJd§lZSli3m -Bl~m 164 qots:f&lDJ (oZ>fD D1i(S)C.:l) 163, 205
qDS2DBC.:lJo251(5l Zll2@m 6, 203 q1llDi525l15) - = <§~mGG:J' 161, 186, '1'CJroC.:l 180
qDo'8C.:lC) (S),&l® 55 204 '1'~Z>f D<; - 'BJIDe;m 0825l 84, 205
q5Gd cl8 (BBw qJZllJOC.:lm) 69 qmGDJ<roD15)C.:l 196 '1'~Z>f D~ ~~OJ~15)C.:l 85
q5Gd Clec 40, 64, 73, 75, 167, 203 qm15)GgJ25lC.:l 35 '1'~Z>f D<;C.:lts:f97
q5Gd Clec - Zll,<;8 Dt5(15)C.:lC) qmGm@Zll 204 '1'~Z>f IDJ OO~ D<; - ooCJm<;15)C.:l 84
qD630 ii\B® 81 <;>mGmBZSl '1'OC.:l 50, 184 204 '1'Co OOGo:J1ib 163
'1'25lGcD Zlll® 179 qmGmBZSl qocJ - a®J~C.:l 52 <fDG61JwC.:l (Bl~m 8~61e;) 178
q§lB6325lD q,§l I '1'§lB825l3® 50, 52, '1'mGmliOZSl '1'OC.:lq§l8825l (15)J5® 52 '1'D® (s)ID15) - ZSl,<;8 oB®JD 86
204 ~§l86325lB® 50, 51, 52 . <fD® (s)ID15)C.:l-0,& ~~OJ<;15)C.:l
q§lGt5Zll qJIDJO 161, 204 '1'mGm@Zll (s)ID15)C.:l137 Oe;IDJ 86
q§lG1iZll qJIDJO 0,08® 93, 98, 100, '1'mGm®ZSl EjO - coB® 50, 204 qDC6'ilBl25l Bl~ Zll,<;,eC 3, 4, 57, 59,
102, 113, 115, 124, 136, 145, 146, '1'mGmBZll ::5l,2® 19 205
151, 158, 159, 160, 162, 186, 187, '1'mGm~ZSl 8C.:lJOcB 5®JD 158 qDcpJ:l 0l& 9®J~C.:l 184
197 qmGm®Zll aG<cpC.:l 53 '1'tlD,8 '1'J~GC.:lm - ZSl,<;,CCC)
'1'§lGt5Zll '1'JIDJO 0,08G6'il 5®J 113 qmGm®ZSl Bl~ 14, 15, 16, 20 cpots:f@JD 71
qZilOcD<; 60, 204 Bl~m 18, 24, 30, 40, '1'ooGcl525l 5~61 196
q:5i§lDJo6'il D<; 75, 79, 82, 85, 204 204 '1'OoGo'525l BlpD 28, 205
qZ>f§lDJO~ D<; - qBZll @lc 85 Bl~m C<;J515) 5® 150 '1'O®J~C.:l Zll2@m 193, 205
82
- '1'GC.:lJ(s)J:l25lJDC.:l '1'mGm<!!JZSli3m 18, 204 '1'O®J~C.:l Bl~m 189
- CJOC.:lJ(S)l&lG6'il '1'm3m®~C.:l 33, 39, 204 '1'c..,</D,m15) q~B® 190
E~Zl1025lJ 85 '1'GZ5mJ15)J:l o~61ru25lJDC.:l 164 '1'clDcm15) O@ZilOc 170
'1'wOC.:l 32, 35, 204 '1'(15)J:lJ15)J:l OID~B25lJDC.:l I '1'B '1'dD,m15) 0,& 71, 170
qwBC.:l ®2cs:JC.:l32, 34, 35, 204 OID8BZll25lJDC.:l 204 '1'o'DlmGm oO~C)ZSlC.:lm - OOJ(S)15)C.:l
<fB c~~6'il Bl~ GOJ~O 154, 156 '1'm~C.:l 34, 35 189
'1'B OOGO~25l 163 '1'~Oc Zll,<;,CC 18, 20 '1'Gd~ZSlJCC.:l 8, 98, 115, 151, 160,
<fBZll (s)ID15)C.:l(Bl~m) 50 '1'015)C.:l15)ZllOcDm 190 187, 205
'1'BZll G25l08® 123 q8C.:lJ025ll§l ZSl2@m 6 '1'Gd~ ZllJCC.:l Zil@ <fJIDJO 0,08®
qBZll Bl.e(15) d815) 86 '1'§ZSlJ~ @ Bl~ 7 116
'1'Btl\g OOJ(S) Oc0GC.:(15) ZSlJCC.:l 145 '1'0.515)15)C.:l 194,' 197
235
~,GC:::3d;jJ3"l 185 'f(zslWm ~6 49
(;,(35:511 6. 0. 79, 227 CYzslwm ~6~t.l 168
~J:;,?)®u,ZSl)5 z.t>0l®t.l~ 154 S',3ow:ueJ 185, 189 cy15'f0wzsfu) 6
~J:;,?)®u,Z5l)5 W:5dd 146 ~l"')cw15'f 158 cycemZi»)6 28, 206
~)~0u,::O'))5 w:5d6d 95 (;,,5d00i0G (Aristotle) xii, 15 wwe; I q)We;zsl 5, 8, 12, 31, 94, 206
~)~®u,w 153 <:"Cw 32 'Vw" ZSl,<;,CC 26, 57, 58, 59, 61, 102,
~)~®U,..J a§Q;QJlw 145 (;',CC 19.5, 195, 196, 205 125, 167, 169, 206
34, 154
CfJ:;,?)®S'DZ5l315'f Q(3C, oi:). (H Alley) 79 59
q)we; Z5l,<;,CC - ;@c.;)z3l1Bi5ZSlZS"lW
~J8)~ Q;Ollo.:;t.l118 ~,CQl8..J) (:S:>JZSlW)44, 54 'Vwe; ZSl,<;,CC Q;3"lI®mlQ;d ZS"l,G~®
~J"i®J6clGZil @..Jl 36 (;"d0:.;,:f@t:sJ ~@Cw 161 151
~J~JW® 180, 181, 182, 183 \ilwf; ZSlI<;'CC G5zsfmtJ -~mt!Jbw
C'J~JW® GtlQ;C 187 wtl 128
~J<;JWe ®lbv,wcl-alCS2:n(;3)w 186 'Vwe; Zi)"(<;"(CC- 8f.il3® 58, 172
CfJpBZS"l al~ mCZil815'f 188, 177 'Vwe; z.o,"(<;,Cc- Bc))ZS"lJ5 3l5:fOw 150
~Jf:;BZSl0Wz.t> - alCS2CJ(3) 75, 177 q)we; Z:5)"(<;,CC-g®J0:Jw mcz5')(j 70
qJ:;ilCDJC31 3lt.'-)Q;d'6,Ccl 158 'Vw(~ Z:5)"(<;"(CC
Dt50mw 108
~)Y'CDJC'5' dl;z:s:<:i~w 146, 205 'i)&l(jcm BlCS2::rl205 q)o)e; ~36..J 206
c,'),..cb0i:J<; ~Q;tJ~l\ ~®..J 185 'f)Q)v')i'\0e W,§WJ0 36 ClIw" ~B6wzsl",G:I Q;t!3"lW 129
~)0..Jlomw 170 ,*,3 205 cyroG ~a05 70
~JQ)wiomw -BlCS2GJcmw We;WJ 178 30, 205
w:::SZSlJ6ZSlalCS215'f ty<l:lt:;0(Jo5cJ 59, 65,71,73,81, 88,
~J6zsf(3ZS"l@wIDC - c<;J8mroJOw \')G z.t>36 27 106, 141, 142, 170, 206
150 <.yJ '915'fB 8, 30, 33, 35, 206 q;0le; Q;wu5w (0<; mcm(j) 85
~J6clm:l (jv3)Wb0,);.'l 31 cy3 3lw?-, 82 'i;lwC; Q;c:J05w - @CS2zslCj&\51 72
~)6cl®Zil WWOICjW 31 Cf/0' ?5)ts)c.J -S"t2):i)tJ!3i' CjCy'?~ G)€S)5) 'f)0l'~ Q;c:Ju5cJ - ®Jm W] c:JB®JD 65
~)6zsff£Zi) w,BB® 156 87 'ilwe; Q;c:Ju5w Dt5wm(j 111
(;'J6zsfi;llIZilJ5 0l,8B0J 146, 153 'il0le; Q;c:JuOcJ di)~b~ £'l5® 106
<pbBZ5l z3u tl<;"Z>
lcJ 5 87 Q(S)~ 0C300c.J - (S)B[J (:0)0(."'" 66
~JbBZil Cl9wwcl 177 Bdmc;Z5"lw 5, 189 'i)we; ~a():S0..Jzsl tl<; w"(c:J5!® 99
~)tJ115l Zil,<;,GC 3, 4 mde::,)j~w 82, 206 'Vwe; 0auo Oc 5l<;QJ<;(j tl"(G"(t:sJ5®
~J()d15l <l:l3tl 81 Bwl8 206 138
~)Q;i:J0)W 205 8(,.)1.8 t.J)C3) \')G5:f £'l5® 175 9w<; 6J® -(;,&W:fC0u3lJCW 65
(;,)Q;i:JB::JlmS Ct:sJe0:J 194 c:;~ 3w,dw 12, 34, 170 cywe; d6'l8 206
(;,J8wlSZ5l e: @CS27, 163, 193 0): vC; 206 q;;we; d6'lQ;@ ~6cBw 145, 150
epEc.: lB2.5) 8)02 £)~tVCCJ 163 '1;: tl<; '?),G;3 29 cywe; dzS\",(3 6,01:5)5:fD<J 146
~J8wJD 185 'il3 tlC; CbDm(j 81 WWf, d§'",@ - 6ct5cJ 145
~J<l:l16 QJr15'f 73, 74, 93, 100, 159 00 (QC~ 32, 33, 94, 206 wWt~ dclZ5l5® 42
(;,)<l:lJ6 ®Jb(J)w 35 'I):3wcQ) qWJ<;mw 117 'Vwe; dzsf1:5)~® - (J),w,u 95
CfJ<l:lJ6 B§m,15'fts® 16 q;:Jwci"cl (;'WJ~5l ~<;..J 155 cywe; Q;6J0") - CJ. 0®80r6J0a5 185
c,'Jem6 gentlw 17, 18, 19,20,21,22 9:':CjCQl ~1~8<6)w 116 ww<; D<; 139
(;'xm6 dd'§5® 8 cy:3'WCQ)z3u-.:lm 116, 145, 146, 150, cyw<; C<; ZS"l,eJcJJ® 75
'11W16 Cjo8:5l 186 151, 153, 154 'i/we; D~ (J)mZSl® 61
~JWJj Cje;WJ 15l60lW 52, 53 q;;J1:.5cQl zS\u..Jm 'ijC3l c,,§8 155 0w<,; D<; c:J5cl@JC 129
~JWJ6 Cj,08® 29, 141 cy:': WCQl~) 206 0we; O(,W 11, 20, 206
~JWJ6 Cj,ap® 113, 153 0,l:3e::,CQ)~d ~)~®U,cJ 155 0)we; D<;cJcl w,6[;® 77
<pwJ6 0Cj[;® 29 q;;CWCQlwzsl -BlCS2mC) ~:JJtl6cJ 161 0wt",0<; wawJ~® 141
cycJz.:.JG c;>D~"YJ3t3)lt)cJ 95, 98 0We;m Cf(§\§B® (;,p§B® 150
cyc..;ZS\w q~..<..~X.)!5y)t)~ 0W<;zsl dzS\5 - mD3lJ<;l'~® 150
g31).(!f);.J ~!)1 98 CY<l:lt:;m
d§,Q;o ~BZi) 6cB1:5)::;:!Oc.') 150
~,:5d6 D,d'® - wi3tJ C~c:JJo(066, 205 0/3lJ ~CW...,iiiCS2(S)wm..Jwi 160 T,lwe;::rl 8153 - G55 (J)~J01Cj",d
c;'c"i03li6 «(5;llZS"lW)189 q;;m'i;cJ)::5"l(P 3W1<[;81:5) Z5lC);:)~ 136
~ldJ00,)103))15'f (:S:>JZSl..J)44, 45
190 CYWt~zsl 83lC[;0®zsl @;(j(j(® 142
~,f/Vz.t>-<£15'f6
236
o c:Jd,9 25'll.p@ odc.:l 22
oap adc.:l 19
e~~l5i' - c§CS2/ acl® / cl®6m8 @)~oO q'Z5)OJ25'lc.:l184
oap 8c.:lJOZlll.iil ZSl3®l5i'6, 207
215 @)~oO £d01<;Z51c.:l 184
ecl 8£ 34 @)~OWc.:l"?~ 184
e~ 05 73, 74, 167
e~ 05 ~Zll;ot5 de;~® 152 625'loC «(gJZSlc.:l) 189
e~a5 - 'Yroe; D<; @Z~® 65 6l5i'0(3=c.:l 207
32, 33, 207
ZSloZSlZll..:J
e~aB D<;c.:l- (:;<;J62&l de;~® 88 6CD6) «(gJZSlc.:l)189
6l5i'. (N Koeniger) 19, 24,
ZSl'"':5'lG:lt5,
e9 05 D<; c::l5i'- 83CS2l5i'
'1)DZlJ':§B®
26, 28, 53, 145, 200
88 z:;f'£iC.0ti, Cl. (G Koeniger) 26, 53,200
e2 05 - 65
Gc.:l:fG:lllZllJDc.:l eJZSl<l2~ OJ25'l 207 ZSlclOJoG:lc.:l32
ep a5c.:l 67, 68, 70, 76, 206 eJZSl<l2~ OJ25'l oop£5lc.:l 28, 194, 206 ZSlp «(s:))ZSlc.:l)44
eP 05c.:l - ZSll.<;l.CCD0l.08® 89 eJZSl<l2~ pQl6tl5i' 195 ZSlfldol5i' -c§<l2Z51U~:i'D6c.:: 161
eP oOc.:l - ee 67 eJZSl6J~, 0125'l 005Zllc.:l 200 ZSloB ::;QI~® 94, 128, 131, 132, 136,
e~ aOc.:lZSl QI~Z51D<;c.:l68, 69 eJZSl 0l. ZSl6(3D 34 139, 167, 187, 207
e~ CtCC 207 eJ::;uB6G:lJ'C)J 6 ZSlOS ::;QI~® - d825'l 6ii3Zll 128
e~ CtCC - £Bcl~~c.:l 115 eJ8GeJ (~Cc.:l) 7 ZSlDGZl'JCC 32, 33, 207
ep CtCC - oB~JD 114 eJ8d (G:l~c.:l) 7, 207 ZSlD<;J8 ?6J®c.:l119, 132
eP CtCC aB~JD - Zll<;QI<;c.:l cJ ttzw::;f:)iJx:,r-;j@d 7 ZSlD<;18 ~®c.:l' G:l~Jt))O ~op
<;l.Z51G:ll.6'I®u92 cJ 0ZSlJ0ec1:530ZSl18 7 :§B®u 114, 132
e~c(cc - OJGO~ 8ii33® 100 eJ. ::;DJOJiJJ 2,3,7, ZSlC Cf6clmZlJ' ro(3Dc.:lcl 157
e~ ClC(:;C 83CS2GOJ~6t 92 eJ. ::;tJJOJiJJ ZSll.<';l.CC59 ZSlC 5Gcs;!@ 158 .
e<;6 GCG~G® ZSlJCG~G:lc.:l19 eJ. G@8Goj) 7, 137, 185, 186, 197 ZSl25'l::;~xiii, 2
e<;6 GCGZ51 Z51l.2® 18, 16, 23, 25, eJ. 0®80("')OJ - eJ. ::;OOJ25'l)ooozrX;25'lc.:l ZSlG:51(30l.& 207
207 185 ZSl::;25'l(3
83CS2l5i' xiii, 2, 4, 5, 189, 207
e<,;6 GC~25'l 25'll.2® adc.:l 23 eJ. =@8::;("')oJ -::;roJe; al.& £OOJ<;25'l..:J ZSl::;25'l(3c.:ll5i'
2
e<,;6c.:l 30 185 eJ. ;:.)~.
ZSll5i'25'll5i'G:l6,
34
O{G:lC25'lc.:l/Gc.:ll5i' eJ. Cz::;QJ:f{5::;JOJ 7 (A W Kannangara) ro(3D 0l.Cpo 63
e<?lJ25'lB<';J:lJ Ot5::;c!B~ ~Jc.:lZllZ51c.:l eJ. 000J25'lJ 7, 145, 150, 186, 197
ZSl25'll:lJdB:51 207
177 eJ. 000J25'lJ - eJ. 0@80("')OJ ZSle~C 76
eaZSl6~, c§CS2OJC25'l 188 oool5i'<';25'lc.:l185 ZSlP6t 117
eaZSl6~ roJ G Dc@ 74 eJ. 000J25'lJ 'fI2518ZSlJ2, 3, 5, 62 ,81, ZSlGOJ!; Zllro~D 40, 73, 74
eodd6c.:l - D<,;c.:l6C::;C25'l 77 185 ZSl@6lc.:l65, 74, 185, 207
eaJoG:lc.:l 207 eJ. 000JZ5)J ZSll.<';l.CC59 71, 79, 208
ZSlo83£ii3Zl' D<;C;ZlJ'£5lDJ6@
e6ZllCc.:l 33 eJ. 000Z5)J -lOtiDCZllJ 185 ZSlt5&ZSlJD 32, 33, 208
e6::;d g®J~c.:l - ::;d5ZSlJ c§CS2l5i'::;cs:f eJ. c10C1'8..:JJ 2,4,7 43
ZSlCDl.C «(s:)JZSlc.:l)
74 eJ. r-j0C1'8c.:lJ -ZSll.<';l.CC 59 ZSlCDl.C @)C 8S@) 48
eel 73 eJ::;m(35c.:lJ 2, 6, 190 ZSlel ~[>i£l5i' 158
eel ZSll.U - ro(3D Droc oe;roJ 66 eJGm(35c.:lJ (coB ~Cc.:l) 7, 190 ZSlel 0t5®l5i' c§CS2l5i'195
eel - c§G<;25'l£lel~® 71 eJGo)(35c.:lJ coB~Cc.:lu ~l.Z{l~ZlJ' ZSl2~ ocl5l5i' 168
eel -Cm5Zllc.:l, ro(3D Drocu 71 ~G25'lcl 83<l2~C 190 55
ZSlGcs;!6l.ZSl(3l5i'
eel oe;D25'l 6J~D 71, 73 ZSlro®J6 «(gJZSlc.:l)44
cod 0l.& £oJm<;25'l BroDc.:l 197
ZSlG- G:ldG<';QlCZSl
de;~® 55, 56, 142
cod gGcd<;Dc c§CS2l5i'193
@@0ZSlJflCJ d®Zdw::55e:JJ 158 ZSl~ ro) rooB ro(3D 63
9 - ®clGOJ GDoG25'lJ(3cl ~®Cc.:l
(9- OOA) 10,198
®DZ51JUJ (GG:lj~c.:l) 6, 207 ZSlJ G6ljc 1 17
®G:5lJo;oucb (GG:lj~c.:l) 6, 207
237
::5:lJwZllbiEZll208 Z3l,<;,C0C ut5W1S>w 121 Zll2:§)® d8m 0ZlljO 79
ZllJ8Zll 29 z.j),<;,C0C ut5W1S>c.30PC 8B® 98 z.,'2:§)® c:l 0dDmw
0 200
ZllJ8Z3l O<;lJ1U 15 z.j),<,;,C0C uXlJd§w 102,106 Zil2@® c:lJWZll 192
ZllJt5Wc:lJWZ3l6cl ~c:lJ @q> Zll0mcc Z3"l,O::;OJ15l'15ll:51
6 Zlla:§)® 80D1S>W 79, 195
79 z.j),Cq,l:51QJ (cs:JJz.j)w) 44,49 Z3la:§)®u qJWJO c:l,Op® 124
ZllJt5c.:lc:lJWZlli',0Zllc.:l 79,168 z.",G&i® - 1{we; Zll,<;CC 151 Zll2§ (0C'l:i0) 2, 6
zsnt5~c.;)OZS) O)Gt,~ 79 Z3l2@m 208
z.j)JCc.3 - c:l,& :5\.;tOJ<;1S>c.30eUoG;? Z3l2§ oOl63z.j) 189
Z3lGP"d 187 Zil2§ OJ<;w 32, 208
§<§3'1lCCJ 208
z.j)JCn0 olmut5c.:l13'Juc.329, 30, 31, 208 Zlla@ enclgz.j) o:s:f@m 163,197
§<§3'1lCCJ -pgm§15l 165
z.j)a@enclgZll ®Zj)<:bl:51-Zll,<;C
§<§31{'CC::J @q> 185, 215
§:5\'1lccm -ssgO I c:lw8ES 163 <;'1§13'U 163
§<§3'1lCCl:51 -@q> I o00mog15l 163 Z3l2§ C<;IlJU 5
Zlll~<f> u<;w 80
§50Zll:il:51 (C9JZllW) 43 Z3l28Z3lt5®0<;01t515l0@m'1lD 63,64,177
Z3l,<;C5),m0 -qr:c5, qJozsl'Qb dOJm
Zll2~ZllJt5@Zll 193
81 §5 ,-')uwm 184
Zll22z.j)Jt5@ZllOb0dg<::m ®wDdoJ1S>w
z.j),<;C 05®JJ ~2, 95 §5 0(''"):imdc:lm -Zll,<';C qJ@15lU
177, 197
z.j),<;C 050JU -cumd §B::;@ emo,-'") 163
95
Zll,<;C dOlm c:l,03® 142
z.",<;C d01m W,OWJ® 53, 145 0ZilO 8c.:JJC3,5 8®JU 185
6'>0 12,27
Zll,<;G dO)mc.:l 5, 19, 122, 145, 208 6'>0 qOcJ:..') 28, 208 0Zil0C3C (cs:JJZilW) 75
Zll,<;G dOJ1S>W (es;>e Cclo<:b)39 6'>0 qlWl0 31
0Zil0C3C 000J 75, 76, 80
z.j),<;G dOlmc.:l w,Ow J® 42
6'>O:..')m ZllJ <;('Z;® 150,151
z.j),<;C dOJm0d 05®1Z! 62 6'>O:..')m -0<; :s;)b 01S>J®,§ ~® 150
z.j),<;C do J1S>0d d~ 8o® 145 6'lO:..')J 11, 208 0clmSJ0C3JB 0,& :5\C:bJOZ3lc.:J70,
z.j),<;C dO)1S>Gd 0U1S>C3- 015l'O,QJ
:§\O ES<;DJO 5 73, 79, 171, 174, 176, 208
ZllO~® 132 :§\O 81Uc.3m 81 0clmSJoc:lJ3 6JC;c.:l 71,174
z.j)l<;lCC 3, 4,5, 15, 16, 28, 39, 208 tum
6'>e;:: 6 0clOm, 8.5. (P G Kevan) 19
z.j),<;,CC cl5<:b1S>c.3 115, 118
z.j),<;,CC 0CDJeJ1S>,G3®8,153
z.j)l<;lCC 01C1S>c.:l 70
Zj)oc5w 208 0ZillC015l' 0C'lJ2U 141
z.j),<;,CC 8013' c'1l01wm ,-')m1S>c.3123
Zj)00U<; -0,& :5\iltm<;1S>w 79 0Zll1C015l' 0C'lJPU -::1iq> Oop C'l,m®O
Zll,<;,CC (::1iq», 23, 24
Bc5,~
z.j),<;,CC @q>l:510CDl:51 72 Zj)eJ1CD<:bJUJC3-q15luoc!O Ccl~® 144
158 0ZllJcmd, 5. (A Collins) 79
z.j)'<;lCC 8o§3® 34
ZjlwJ c,'l<:bJUJc:l -OJC1S>c.:l 98 Gz.j)lC::;wJd000J (0(,')J'0c.:J) 7, 209
Zll,<;,CC -®C qu~w 83
ZjleJJ 05®J<:b Zilb®Jm15l 186 0ZilJW C<::m en1C15lc.:J74
z.",<;,CC -5\<;QJ<;w q,§~® 86
Zjl®cl (cs:JJZ3lc.:l)43 0ZllJ0WJa» «(J;)JZllW) 43
Zll'<;lCC ut5W1S>W 118
Zj)o,§&wm 7
Zil,<;,CC ubw1S>w Ob~ 0l& 0005w
05)cl 107 Zj)0lccm0,-')m um C'llW,O 163
Zil'<;lCC ObC1S>;:;) WJ ulm::!§c.:J 109 Zj)~® qJ~®<:bc.:l 159 0z.j)'ir:c5cum 2, 7, 210
z.j),<;,CC U,0c.,1S> ~;:s:nu 61 Zj)~~Ul:51 2, 5, 6, 36 ,145, 146, 150, 0Zll:im (C9JZllc.:J)43
153, 154, 208 0Zll:i8 «(J;)Jz.j)c.:J)44
Zil,<;,CC :se<w 050 §B® 8
Zj)~~Ul:51 - ~iE:..')m 8p <;l6'l®0 157
Zil,<;,CC -8gut5w1S>c.:J 115
Zll,<,;,C0C qJOclgJU 31
Zil,<;,C0C 1{Wb 80,U 99 ;@;:;)JZ3lJ3d81S> 131, 137
Zll,<,;,C0C mO BiSl3® 39
Zil,<,;,C0C ~3bc.:ll:5113'W
d6'>® 95
Zil,<;,C0C 02013')Uc.3 151
clBmRJ, 6QJ (M Ouinby) 79
Zil,<;,C0C OWG 8®JU 99
23:l®J3c.3\ljmB;:;) 35
Zil,<;,C0C g®J<:bc.3 71
238
dB<£mc..:l 115, 209 (S)~)t.l)C"":Wl c.'!v)c..'))~:.5) ~l2G 81
GJa
d5fum--3 - 25'll.<;l.ciC115, 118 c,"'<£J[, )c.3~:Ji 28, 71
::J!5<£l5'lc.:l<S)rol5'l03 114, 116 (S)fuJUJc.3~::J! 01cmc: £'\58 99 ,,"I,ro Zllti8Jm:ilC:cl 186
d5fu~~ 209 Glfu)U)c.:l--3d ;5 JC:5l--3 BG0l.~--3 w~ <.5)2roJ8:i1 193, 209
cl~d'~ 5lo2m 30, 209 ~ud0J 99 "")2roJ8:i1 c.3~m 55, 194
"...,fuJUJc.:lwZ..i"i
Cc ~ G"Il.:5'>8143
""fuJD)oc..:lD 8o.;JU 102
<.5)<£JDJc.:l03 S'l.§ :iI<;,-il<;w121 "''''JOO 34, 35
<.5)<£x)Jc.3;;;3 :il3l'uw <;l.l5'l"",:5'>8 147 ",duJ 8wl:>d0Jm
;;;<.SlJ€JOl5'l 177
(s)<£Jtl)c.3co3 ~eZllc..:l 128 co(.')JLi@i9 - Qi02m S'l.£iI B,5® 190
<.Sloill<;oBoo~ 52
;,;~D ~mBc:l 35 (S)&Jill<;g0<:(J:l 53
0~D gfuJc 35 ,,")ti£m (~")!:»w) 189
~mB d3fu B0 30
"0U mc!:»:]m 184
~eJ£)tl))t.; 34
IS)025'l ~oDu c.:lro 0:3J:;{~' (ai02
"" iiim (':'''l!:»c.:l) 189 59
25'll.<;l.cic ro) c.3oc.3m<;:5)c..:l)
""Ic,,tidiii, ~J~. 63. (R M Gadawski) md G6J:5l-"::121
19 ,,')rom c.3m~:.3 ~c" £55 121
",<£JVJc.3 25'l03 vQ)~e> 131, 187 (.')rom ~mclt>w ul.e iil58 122
",<£JUJc.3 15'z;ft; <;ti(J:l25'lc:l146, 151, ,,')rom 1ll:;{uw 86
158, 209 <.5)rom mcmw 51, 85, 98, 209 @o, d. (A Grimm) 79
",-&lVlc.3 3l2.;10 <;tiSl1:l\c:l3lcl0d0l.tJ (S)rom elJCl5'lw - ~0W&\ 1:l\)Cw ZldG
150 115
,,-'fuJtlJO 3l:;{u <;ti(J:l25'l--3
::seml:>~d (.')rom 01cmw 0l.$; tlx5w ZldG 115
c<fe58CwJ «(J:lJ!:ilc..:l)44'
153 ,,')rom eI1Cl5'lc..:lOJOJo(,"':.3 118
(.<fG025'lid 34
",<£JUJc.3 mc,,:;{Zldu 177 209
<.5)ro:5lc..:l
,,"'<£lU1c.3 m;5<;B,,-, 139 c')roZ7\c.:l:Jii1fu:5l~ - cc" 80 oroGO
<-"<£JU1c.3 mdoJ<;l5'l--3 121, 188 116
IS)fuJvlc.3 05cl3Jv 86 ,,')rom-..:: Gl.C Zllj <.5)1':5'>5114 C-33§25'lJ ..;.m~j 4, 209
",)<£lv10 OJcm--3 127 C33§ZllJU 4, 209
(s)~>JtJ10 ~uD £)5..:) 114, 118, 119, GJi C5tiofu B~m 153, 158,
0<lk';Cz.,i25'l-..3
132, 138, 209 162
(S)l.al$; d8m 209
",)<£JtlJc.3 ~()D B,ee> 25'lc,,<;18
(S)l.CB ~J8 - t)<;~ 71
~~-..3 114, 132
IS)fuJtlJO guti:il:5l;,;3 omGd0Jmc:l Do al02 15, 16, 18
125 Do ai02m 24, 30, 209
,,')-&JtlJO 0ill1 :5)58 160 Do al02",D~ 16
(S)fuJUJO 08",ro~~", 121 D~-..::l/)m (o:sf[,) 55
,,')fuJtlJO oJ~J825'l~m - ~m eJ25'lJo~
129 C'2futi'C25'l, d. 8. (A P Goonatilake)
,,')fuJUJO 00101 25'lt~ 159 ro3u 0l.coa £58 63
(S)fuJUJO d01VOI:ilJtlc..:lD 0,,')m6,3 al02 ;5Jcm ~§,ro10-":: 227,
138 231 :... 234
(S)fulUJ8 ~B 0l.vl.cl8 8 (.'2<;8Jti(S)w 35
(S)fuJUJc.3c..:l5, 28, 31, 36, 83, 209 (.'2<;w 35, 209
(S)fuJtlJOc..:lZll @wJZllJB 6Zll!:il 59 G2~ G28tl 34, 209
(S)fuJtJJOc..:lZll clBfumc:l 114 G26tclt> ~"'Jtl 16, 17, 21, 22, 61, 81
(S)fuJUJOc:lZll :iI~c..:l <;l.l5'l(.')l.:5'>~96 (.'26t3l'UJZlltiufu ~(J:l)U 19
(.')fuJtlJOc..:l25'l g;»dZl' g~Jfuc..:l 113 G20l.z;fe):.3 18, 209
(.')fuJUJOc..:l25'ltltiwmc..:l 114 (.'2:5t:sf[,~C c.:lovti~ ~:s-rs:.3:.3m 20
(S)fu)VJOc..:l25'lc.3Je>lBZll--3m 27
239
5)~6itl:lJDc.3 - dB15'>0GJ' 137
5)C (GdJ2Slc.3) 44, 189, 191
GGo5t)J<1li5)2:il I GGo5t)J<1liZll st)15 164, 5)C Gi:05) qJ<oC:f2Slc.3 19, 210
210 Zllcac.3 - aOJ(l) <;'JG<Gd2:il<:.:l161
Zllcac.3 - aOJ(l)c.3 2
t§o~Jt) 31, 32, 33, 210 5)cac.3 - 8m 153
o5m2:il aOoaO)D -- OJi:80@3® 197 ZllJ::s:f®~c.3 187

o5m2:il Gaea5) 196 980(l):f15'>1 (C'l6ic.3) 7 5)J::s:f©&2:il ~® 197
o5m2:ilSl:if"GJ' go5m2:il :§c.:JJDG03 193 g8G(l)lmJ '1)f3B0a::;J§3d 2 5)J13 ®Cc.3J~ ~~t)i:C Qi<s;>7
o5mJUJt.')",::s:f 186 ZllJO G2SlJib (t)OJC ae;OJJ) 71
o515'»uJ82:il gG<Cid - <;'Gc.3:f(l)Xl5)Jt)03
159
E.)t:Jl:ifu, 6el. (H Dadant) 79
o5l:if®J~ 196
0515'>15'>03
o5l:if®J~ GGac 193
o5c.35iC2:il, 6d. (8 Jayathilake) 62,
63, 227 /- 230 tla\,i)ch 2, 210
tle%i)oJ (G(l):fe3c.3) 7 5iOt.:lJO G(l)J05)i:15'> 187, 210
o5035iC2:il, 6d. OJ8t) ai:Cp@ 63
tlo@ 194, 196 5iOd (15'>i:fl@) ZllCc.3 26
Qi<s;> aJC15'>Gc.:f ~C qt)B03
CO@ G2:il:f® 10 5iod 5)Cc.32Sl Qi<s;>15'>i:fl® 20
227 - 230
o5c.380OJ, c. 60. (0 M Jayasingha) xi co@ G2:il:f®t)t5W15'>c.3- Gd02:ilJul:ifGGf
o5t5®m", 15,19 146
o5C g§\Cid:5\(J - ai:& 170 E5o@ G2Sl:f8c.3 35, 196 Zil~ ~JOc.3 70
o5C g®J6i<:.:l - arB:, 170 E5o@ mWJc.32Sl<:.:l36, 210 Zil~ <;JO<:.:lI t)~ m<:.:lJ®2SlO367
o5C Go:fW2:il §l:if5) - 75 tl@@<:.:l 195, 210 Zil~ ~JOc.3 (t)~ mc.3J®2Slc.3::s:fDCidGc.3l:if)
o5C(J ~8® - Oo~ GaJ~oi) 141 69
o5C03 O~® - Oop Ga1~0i) 141 Zill:if@t5Bc.3J (GdJ2Slc.3) 189
;.,Cuc, <S. 6@ (G M Doolittle) 79 Zil(5)5)Jt)c.3 - t)~ g®J~c.3 OJJ Qi<s;>
(l)OJ15'>c.3Cf5)O 92
Zil(5)CDJt)<:.:l - OGC:f82Slc.3l:if a®cn
o5Ji5b t.:loDt5w15'>03 186, 188
163
o5)5)l)l:if5)O Qi<s;>at5Gc.:fG6i t.')0(l)®c.3 Gt:Jd, e:J. 8. (AC Dep) xi
Zilt)J<:.:l 73
227 Gt:J®JB, 1S. E.)Q). (G W Demaree) 79
o5J::;) a0c.3 195
o5J15'>G®GOJ~® 1 95
o5Jm t.:lop5i<:.:l 194
~@"'C.0, 8. (C Drieberg) 63, 227,
194, 210
o5J15'><:.:l
231 -234
o5J03Jo&bc.3l:if 29, 36, 194, 210
OJat) ai:C~@ 63
Qi<s;> aJC15'> ~5iOJJa<:.:l 227, G~J Qi<s;>l:if9, 10, 13, 30, 210
232 -234 G~J &<s;>t)C<:.:l 9, 10, 13, 210
1St56i 6l:ifa8® 34
1St56i<:.:l 34
1St) O~XlJ51®2:il a~Qi® 31
5)"'®di)OO3 154
1St) O~XlJJ51®2:il a08<Bl:if - Qi<s;>
5)~G2SlJib qi:@c.3 132, 133
2:ili:~i:CC 61 5)~@~(J 123
<SOZll2:ilJC<:.:l27
Zll~@~03 - ~i:15'>(l)i:m® 86 (5):f5)i:l:if15'> - ai:& &<s;>m 8~@e;
5)~@~<:.:l - t)i:Gi:::s:fB® 138 78
qwXlc.315'><:.:l
5)~@~c.3 - a®15'>c.3 121 (5):fOJ (l)i:mGO @G2Sl e:J2Sl2Slc.3194
5)06)c.3 (<;'JOJJO aC;OJJ) 53
240
~t5c~ 8c.:lJC-'IB <;'0..3 186 ",,,,<;&ltsl ~01(D C-',~?® 146
~t5~ @.m tslJCc.:l 186 ",,,,<;&ltsl "''''C-'C 194, 196
<;0)0 £zrll5l 168

<;!)c.:l' xi, 185, £® - 6cc BB® 167, 169
<;~Dzc ~I& 211 £® - 0zJJ'Q 167
<;~Dzc al(SJ 4, 7, 15, 19, 20, 23, 211 £® - BBc 167
<;~~C @(SJ tsll<;ICC 26, 59 £&J (D18® 125, 129, 166, 169
<;~Dzc al(SJzrl 2, 5, 81, 189 !';:&J ::~))Bm..3 24, 36, 88, 142, 166
<;~Dzc ®ZdC-'zrl 2 !';: IDJBm,"" - ccw <;,DddJ C-'<';IDJ
<;",DJC 2 166
<;zrl!5lwOtsl tsl2®zrl 6, 211 !,;:®tsl 178 <BG2~ OJl5l 195, 211
<;t5~~ ~()5c.:l 125, 167,211 <BG2~ OJl5l C-'.>J:Slc.:l 28, 194
!';:®tsl @e; I68
<;t5~~ ~()Bc.:l - @c.:lJtslJB ~cwt5®c.:l !,;:®tslc.:l - ®13::5) ID® c,:rom 168, 211 <t3U2~ p5)o,zrl 195
<B§tsl qJ<;Jw&J ®Jt5(Dc.:lzsi 186
127 !';:6tsled l5lIBzrll5l 166
<B§tsl o.p 5Q)~® - alC::5)c.:l 128
<;t5a~ e~()Bc.:l - (S))B!.l'c.:l 129,210 £!i3!5l2 (D~J[)JC-' 211
<; "'C-'J13C-'J, 6C, (L De Zoysa) xiii £!i3!5l2 dB&lw",m 194 <£3C-', tsl013e.- 34
<;IDl5l =l)00c.:l 168, 171
<;atl 8c.3Je.'l!5l,:Sl tsla®zrl 7, 211 WJOtsl 3>d/ib 19

WJOZSl cgzsi5b (alts;'zrlec'l') 36
<;JOtsl ao®~oJ[) 195, 196 <;2!) ",0:1® 33
<;JOtsl ~oe~oJ[) Bl5l)(5') ~® 194
l5l5)0 32
e<;8wl~!5l,:Sl 2
e<;8wJ~!.l'I:Sl tslZ@::l'l' 7, 211 l5l0l5l al(SJ 16, 17, 21, 22, 23
<;IO - <;'Jozsi~2:l) ID1Cmc.:l 75
::5)c..iz1~D 160
<;,-:) - 885 0 0",o)!JJ'~ -"<;l5l 75 e<;Q)OJ - ®oJ <;1@6 154
::5)!)z1~[) - :5its;'::l'l'e<d 170
<;Iti - ID13D &ld~J<;l5lc.:l C-'e;CDJ 74 ",<;@OJ ®Z55 154, 156
e<;@6zzrl I e<;:,'i)OJ I, 2, 5, 6, 36, 145, l5l[) '-"~J[)JC-' §,a<;~5 125, 139
::5)D C"~JD1C-' ddJDoroJt"wO el5lJ(J@
150, 154, 211
.$<;Q)0lzrl - @ts;'l5l0 qmt"oc.:l 161 138
",<;:,'i)o,::l'l' - @ts;'::l'l' <;e.-..3&J B5® 154 l5l[) 9"'ro<; 200
l5lt., del5l - <;,,§t.,15) (D,Od 137
e<;Q)0I::l'l' IDO 'ifii3Cc.:l e::mrozB ddJl5l
15)t" d8::5) 80~® 130
154, 156
~~bzrl 154, 157, 158 15)~::5) alts;' mCl5l....:l 178
",<;Q)eozsi - ~ID<; tsl,<;,CcO ",Dm
~@c.:lzrl alS[)J roz5® 158 ",(Dl5l c:J 156
::5)£..)::5) @ts;'m 165
~@c.:lzrl 8p <;I:Sl@)O - qzrl =l)ro~ "'<;~ro&J @ al(SJ qii30::5)l5lc.:l 200
IDJC!5lc.:l 158 2:)))
e<;~roe ee 200
~@c.:lzrl 8p <;I!Sl@)O- ",Ol5lzlJ' =l)~£>:lt.lzrl
::m03 - D<; 60, 61
tDJBmc.:l 157
~@"'c.:l=l) CDJ @ alts;''''[)=l) <;'!5l0 GJIQ®
"'<CS<lG2~..3 192
157
"'<CS<lG2&tsl mzlJ't.lc.:lzrl 41, 42 ::5),p&J c:'~(,>')J@tJ> @(SJ 16, 17, 19,21,
~c.:l!5lCJ[) 54
"'<~c.:l ~I& alts;' 62 22, 23, 30, 211
~c.:lC-'0 @ts;'zrl 30, 211
"'<~c.:l @ alts;' 150 l5l,p@J ~dc.3 I 7
~[) 32
"'<~c.:l @ @ts;'zrl <;,WOl5ll5lc.:l 197, 200 l5l,Q@J ~dc.3 (c:la~) 23
~B ®=l)6[)zrl - t5lz<;IC <;'J@!.l' 163
"'<~c.:l ",,,,[)<;1:l q®Jmm.CS<lc.:l 184 l5lIP@J ~dc.:J (<;l tsll:Slroz D) 20
~pc (CS<lltslc.:l)43
l5lz2&J adc.3 (O~c.:J) 17
~CS<lJl5lm ",(")",61",®:1l5lc.:l 14, 15, 18
l5llp&J ge<().)c.:J (D<;c.:ltsl) 26
~CS<lJl5l5b 18, 29, 39
~CS<lJ®JC5IddJl5lc.:l 18
241
::5"l,e;0 C:'2:5' 00lZ)):5\ 20 0Z5yji;~0;, 0l3vw:sl 121 130)".., c:'ZifvZ51GZ3l
§g5'lVc.:l 149
::5',:-:5\ ::3~05~3 153 (!)31)B~,i;.') 0:5l)v00t 13,& 172, 212 aox') <;,Zif"ZifoZ3lal~Zif 148
::5"l,6~::5"l 168 0311C5::ilG5'1:lJ<..'lc.:l15 oOJe') <;,Zif0ZifoZ3l
CJ)0od3 :!l\g5'lUc.:l
::5'(Ol,c-Jd8<5' 128, 136, 211 :>vlJ.306 c ::3,.fj;, 11, 34, 170, 173, 212 148
:''lOl,~d, dS5~ 19!1 ~::;'IJC500{ :::!::il0 \ilo.>~ 126 . 130)(.') c:':slv:d'3::slc.:lzp 147
~,o.>lC'J de5~zrr 8 031)",00 t dS::;'I ,,2311:$ 130 OO)CSl <;,Zif0:sl3~~ ,",v<;5Z3l
::5"lC<5'C:sl 117 v:5)J300( dB31 :>Zl:l:fUl~128, 132 @..))<.,C~ 145
0::5"lJroz3b 212 00](.<) S'Zif",m3<50c.:l0 <;,~5~ 146
aOl(£) S'J",<.5lZ3l 160
oox') :5'C::3W 161
<;'1"'<cs:1Z3l
£hwi31W 158, 164, 212
U0<o0:f07.D 161
oOlCSl <;'J6<cs:1Z3l
3)S )lS)!)\ qt)(J~ 212 ",:5)-fe~) (c.:l15ft<) 189
:S)o~5'x)c.:l 187 aOJe') <;'10<C>1Z3l
a,03® 160
aox" Q)",<$lZ3l - CJ,033/Z3l,[;0 161
£10Jo.»00W:d' 186
CJ01(£) <;')~<3"Z3lc.:l162, 213
§'3:::o~~ 20 :::!d301?J))j voJ3 - 31, 32 aj)(." 2.3l&Z3l) 31, 33, 213
§'vtb3'l 193 o:J!,]zrr 197
aOJe.., 2.3l,C§ 150
:Y>vt55'31 ::slC)::3~ 185 o::iBvf - z.j)~~ 163
::3ox,') Z3l,35' Wl,3::;{5' 33
50vd ;'02;;) 14, 30, 33, 34, 212 :::dJZ;{ - i'ii02::;'1e;S'5)DOc.:l 163 130)(.<) zp:Jo II
53::;)<;::5"l (,"~l:-)~~:.;,i 138 o z.,-fJ:sl - i'ii~o.>j 163 OO)e') ~30 S',j,G 172
:Y>3::3)<;31 e:;e"b~ 62, 188, 200 00 ::3~0:sl 193 oo)e') ('''?Je..;) 26, 58, 59, 61, 213
9d::; )<;31 s>d5'~ 197 aOc Bc.:ll0::;{ 32 aox') CSlQ)c.)Jz3B® 31
£10d'-.,3'I~ - o.>,0~k;0 S'13U""~ 94, ;suJ (.'){:JJX)lCJ c.:ncZ5'\~ 140 ::SO)CSl0e'));;,5) z3B® 3:3, 45
151, 220 oGe 136, 199, '212
CSl{:JJ)U1CJc.:l 0(51..." ZJleOW 213
£1dc:nOZ3lw - \ilJ S'lvt!;S Z3l0 (,",-6'10
OG3 v7.0'" 133, 136, 212 ojJ<..') :>'ea~ ar80 88 2
174 ::303 <",50 - ~:5e5 Z3l1cwd CSl,-6'IO 130)""...;)-6'1 45, 49, 213
:Y>do100;,~ - ::3,.fj;, 171
137 ::30J(."~ G 1Z5)5») 189
§>d~Jjo;,~0 vZ5'\)~[O ::3,-i]; 172
05'5' -il"" 231,<;ce 4, 212 001CSlo;,~ 1, 51, 189, 190, 213
§>do)jo;,wC i;.')LO ::3,& 172
O'52~C c(ce 64, 159, 212 ::30),,"<50W CJ<;o.» 0W)<;) (.":>' WJ.§
:::::'f'vC c,ee - <;'):5)5' 5'e 65 ::ii02m 191
0'520C c(cc - 633:sl5' 65 a01C.,)~:') Or;W) t),<;<"1~ i'ii~Zif 190
:5l5'Z5'\ Z5l23::vlt5SZil §>d:::n<;Z5'\ 178 ::3:'f'~C c(t!e - 0l3b (,:3)0"" 66 001CSl 0<511 33
~vOlJ BW1C:>5',§ 2.3lcem 6, 212 a~0C e.cc - W)§, at36">0 65 aox.'1 015»)U 32
:5)0wo 6~1C:>31("'5':d' 212 0<;0 W"lG 0?Jt5 etiJ 74 001CSl 07.CJ :32, :33, 21:3
1;'i):,oo§w 53 a&i:J!§c.:lJ xi, 212 o01e'1 gmvc.:ld 49
03:5)d (Ci1)Z3l~) 75 ::30JCSl ?J07.i;.')32
000;, dSZ5'\ 128, 137 00)\..') ddz3Bo 31
000;, <.,<; ?J)3::3)£V 85, 90 aO)(.'l <::7.<))::;08931JU~ 145
vZ5'\..oOlG 15
:Jo~ v<; - Lt5t.Jt5~~3 84, 212 ::ljJ<-" CJO @02:sl 145
v::5"l~ (3"JZ3l~) 53
';'::;'IvOc;Z5'\)r-<
8:d'B~ 14, 15, 18, 35,
~.54 t;~ 3Z& vOG::~C:;eJz33v 95 06)(." CJj <ii~W0"-; CJ)",dd3
:Jo~ 0<; - 0,& jJi9 C:-<;WJm-S5'w CJCc):>')tJc.:l 145
212
87 a61C." CJ7.O,,);:; - 00<;£1231 146
::300;, W) c:'~::;{ v<; - aoc:-:d'<;::5"lw84 a:5ll,/') ~l3-..J00 ce;t; ~t".'3~ 146
OO;::J~ c:-w8[;5')t.J~ / :Jj;::Je; CJOl;3S~)
oOJli"l CJ,0":00 "")C BS::.'-'lUc.:l 146
212 001(.'l CJ7.orJ:>o :§"S13'lUW 145
0000£;>;;' @~ z3£1'52cCJ - 85 00)", CJ7.o,.:l00 §~311UW - 60<;£1""
0000-f8!5')U / 0060£!5'~J 212 150
v",Z5'\CJt501~ 212 :JodoOb CJo"d~15)~ 1 97 ::30J<"" CJ,ow:>0 Qi~ B~:>'JtJc.:l 146
..00::;'1::3:50231 D15~~ 153 a60r12.3lJ3 31, 213 00JG1 0,::3..:::;0 CJ)::;d:sb Bg:>'JUW
06JCSl 213 150
::::>61(..0 C'z;f,-,Zi'!3&~ 213 ;Sj)/D::;''':l 190
aOx,') <;,:d'0:sbZil C'15)OJ5'~ 148
v::;'l):J1d, ("):5. (R Knox) 42
242
L
00J025)8m OJC151G3 190 01.& :5)90J<;151 c.J1Wl:))- OJC151C;) 0l& 61~D 73
00 )(025)G3m C151JCSd~ G3J® 190 25)(; eD,§ 86 01.& 6J~D - ee 67
OO~?3l Cj'DBc.327 0,& 5, 31, 41, 51, 59,
t5'lgc:lJ<;151c.3 c:l,& OJ~tJC 0<; Q),~® c.JJDc;u
OO~J®G3 I, :36 68,71,79, 178, 179, 187, 189,201 Cj';com 123
OO~J@25) 19, 24 0,& t5'l@oJC;151c.3
- Cj'b"'bJtJC>1U
C.5JWl:)) c:l,'& CQJJ (.'),m~@ (.01.uCD 57
00e30 CeDDc;) 41 113 or8; Oc; (o)~ZOl® 61
00e30 e300wi@~G3 44 01.& £)8c:lJC;151c.3- <;,tldtJ:5!'wtJ 86 01.& Oc; 151,D15"eDJC15";.J60
00e30 e3J-:;)25)41 0,& :5)8c:lJC;151G3- c;'DCSdDCj'D® 01.& 0<; 0151JZOl,EJ®60
00e30 w)i5b 190 GlW3"\c.386 0,& 0<; oJ® 71
00e30c.3 186 01.& t5'l80JC;3"\c.3 - <;'c.J?j?uC;JC.3l:)) 0,& DC; OJ~ cpOz:;lmD OJJ CDQJUJ
00e30c.3 «(;'")~QJ<;)5 2 g§l6C 137 §5® 187
00e30c.3 t;dzS',® 164 0,& - <&tm;c.3JD 186
t5'l8c:lJC;151c.3 c:l1.& tJC;G3z:;l3}wi§l®weDJDG3 70
00C.50®c.3 o<;151® - @e;> c:lJC1513d 01.& t5'l80JC;1513d m(25) t3cP3CG~G3 01.& eJJoc;) 8, 29, 41, 42, 43, 86, 98,
185 192 113, 115, 118, 125, 159, 170, 171,
00C.50c.3U - Cj't5'l1tc5QJCOtO 164 0,& t5'ldc.JJOZOl178 187, 214
o0e303d 25)U25) Q)Co{ ® 186 0,& t5'lc:b)ol:))c.3 70, 73, 173, 174, o,&U)O;.J <&~wB® - 116
ot53dG~ ®wuddJ151 @e;> 202 214 c:l,&D10c.3 - (.0~JDJc.Jc.3ZOl ?3lwOG3
oCill1.('bm 6 0,& £)dc.JJol:))c.3 - (Ojz:;lmS;10c:n5 112
o~ (CSdl25)c.3)43 171 0r80 UJOG3 (c.Je'lC?3l)u;.J) 41
oDm C.51.a® 34 01.& t5'ldc.JJol:))(Ojd Cj'0Gl;.Jm 176 c:l,'&DJOc.3u 8c8® - 0,'& (OjoCl5
oc~ 25)J025) @e;>m 213 01.& t5'ldc.JJo~ ~® O(::Jc.Jc.3 173 g6J~c.3 86
0~3QJ:fWc.3m 186, 145, 213 01.& t5'ldc.JJO~c.3 214 0,§l5® 01.& (.0f-)tJ) DC 170
0§3W:fW OlC151;.J 190 01.& t5'ldC.5JO-60c;)- 3151JC.5f~ 172 o,C ®~~m 6
0,& t5'ldc.JlO-60c.3U - PEc.J 172
0) 01.& - 3151J8G31.p 3151J0@Ot 172
01.& (0151)0(90,) 34
85?3lC \,9mB I c.3 10, 35
0,& o,ffi® 170 BG 8:§'. 15"CDc.3153
Ol. 0,'& 3c.3,t" 000t 172 BC;)J@® O,z:;lDf~ Cj'?3lom 163
0,& 300CJ 70, 73, 99, 106, 117, 8c.31("I0 ~dE?> 35
0r& 213 167 EbxJ,o qc)(.) 50, 214
01.& Cj'dtJ1.zrl15146, 47, 95, 112, 178
0,& 3005 c;'DC9"}g®l~G3 71
:31.& e'l25)?j?§5® 188 B'-3JCJ,o Cj'0G3 ~t5~ 186
0,& w05 ooS\b~B® 110 8;.J)CJ,o (~Odc5JDm 27
01.& 63
25)u::5"1151m
0,'& 300:3 - c)c; tJcm 05S\tl-60
8'-31C.51.'3 8®1D 19, 41, 50, 185, 192,
20, 26, 57, 58, 59, 61,
01.& 25)1.C;1.CC §5® 106
214
170, 172, 213 0,'& 3023 c;)1.ZOl8®102, 105, 106, §;.J,B 23),0® 175
59
01.& zs,1.<;1.CC@",:11zs,)5 c'iw""lzs,;.J
187 §c.3,B l:)),06 01.& 0<; 171
01.& GlwtJ) 59, 95, 170 0r& 30G5 - wOt) (PH.') 66
01.& c.0Q)U1 - 00-60 D<; 81 §c.3,8 Bfo1. 126
0,& <Jou5c;) 59, 95, 170
§c.3,p 0,& 214
0l& GlQJUJ BroJ® 57 0,& 300:3;.J - wOJ" 300:33c.3m
01.& ('')wtJ) i:.J':>1:.1§b 172 §G3,C.5 0,& D<; 171
c;'Uz:;l 70
§c;),c.J 3@0( 0,'& 172
01.& C;Uc.3®42, 184, 185,201, 213 0,'& 3005c.3 - @6?m c.Jro15"72
Bc.3,dc.J 214
01.& ftlOC.5 B® 174 0,'& 3005c.3u t:k~ c.J,013® 173
BctJ) 11, 214
01.& StltJtl-60 B® 174
0,& @e;> 23),C;,CC 57 BCD1 3:5JJ3@Ot d8:5J BCDl 130
01.& t5'ldOJ<;151c.,)~10JCJ;.J 131, 132,
01.& @e;>m 2, 7, 170, 214
BcDm 23)1 C;1.®® 150
137, 138, 139 0,& @e;>m 0®CC §5® 166
CeDtJ;.J - Cc.Jd 197
01.& t5'l@c:lJ<;151 Bcpm 3056 130
0,'& (300t) 34
01.& t5'ldc:lJ<;3"\OwOc;) - ® C°zs,JD BCl 12, 27
186
0,& 01? 74 BCl (Ojl:)):f88Eo, §5® 151
c:l,'& OJ~ ~uJB® 71
243
SeJ roJ al,o D.; Z{lG §81® 150 gGd.;DOe!S(;) 200
g0Je!SJcl0z:j) ZllzsiGclO,D -rocO(;)JG@>
S!Sl(;) 73, 74
g.i)D §lB® - (5)<!f>JDJO 114, 119, ~JGElm(;) 145
209, 215 g®Je!SJcl®1Sl @~®cl (m.Zll.';.) 151
~~D ~DCQDZllJ (alll2 OJC::5)Gd) 41 gDt)!5J::5)(;) 20, 31, 195, 215
~t)D of&; DJo(;) 118, 187, 215 gDJro::5) oro8B!5JJD(;) I gDJro::5)
~~DJ 1CQ(;)34 oro8B(;)J 215
~~G[):1d'-'(;) 32 gDJro::5) owdB(;)t;? 163, 165
~.B",o.ft)), ~1~. D:.?J. Gzsi. (R W K gGEle!SDJ~D 194, 215
Punchihewa) 19, 26, 43, 64, 145, oa g3El& B';DJcl®1Sl 194, 197
200 gGEl& B';DJD 215
ro3D c...,(cp® 64 g3El&1Sl Czsi@e!S 145, 192, 193
p. alll2::r! 8, 12, 113 gCQclZll Qlts2 mro::5)(;) 41, 113, 114
p@6 'fIror; 113 goB1SlJ.m(;) 32
G060(;) 20, 32, 215
p@o 9roe; ~l§e® 126
p:iJ6 .:yroe; Zi)GO 129 eOOJZ{lD ';,::5) c."lm®
o.[) G@~®(;)J0 124 -129
p"')O .:yrot";3~B& 126
pQ)6 .:yroe; edtJ1Sl .:yroe;::r!eGlzsi rolo(;)J0 145 -151
C!>umde® 126
p@6 cyroe;::r! ~l§e® 124
pQ)O Zi)36 28, 214 Gg:fU::5)®(;) q'JroJO 31
GOJC§zsl' CO 117
p@6 mdm.;m(;) 160 6g:fClzsl' 161
Gmc ~~/GcC 166
p@O at)<:;.; eoe.;o (~. o. ee.) 27, eaJC ecc 169
28, 163, 197, 198, 200, 214 301C (Cf-lJ1Sl(;))42, 189
p:5J6 S(;))o,B <;,6(;) 197 60JGroJO CmBZll(;) 1 90 @zsic"ndi) Qlts2zsl'195
~@O S,;m.:lEi z:j)JC.:.:l 124 @D!Slo c5J§zsl' 193, 195
pQ)6 Qiou 28 @D!i30 ® 5Jts2 137, 193, 197
p:iJo @J:'C::5) (S)~'>JUJC.:l 138
6O:1Dti, e. 8. (EC Potter) 79
@D!i3o ® Qlts2 OJC::5)(;) 137
p@6 [,.; 121, 124, 167, 214 @i)ct5 8. d. (CG Butler) roaD
6O:1G<!f>Zllz;:ft)(;)186
~::il0 roJ d.8::5) mdOl.;m.:.:l c.:cc~® 63
,3O:1<:;e!S..::187
- 3g6<!f>(;) 1 60 @~DJOGDC g~Cld(;) 47, 54, 118
eoiGe!S.:.:l G::5)Jcl810 98
po)6) 8, 196, 214 @53cl e~ 0l~® 82
oQ)6c::r! 8, 27, 31, 36, 138, 159, 160, @clt:\l6zsl' 6
163, 194, 195
9 QJf:CC ~cl§zsi1Sl(;) 118
g.CQ.:.:l 79, 227
pQ)6c::r! 61Sl'-'2<!f>1 95 @®6 1Sll8 xiii, 42, 185
o@6czsi <B<S2<!f>195 gG1Slio1SlJBe® - Qlll2zsl' 167
QJ@.)c5
1Sl,.;,CC 26, 59
o@6c::r! SDe:>· 6lBe:> 124 gDCZll roaD 56 @@.)ome!SJDJo 53
gO::5)!:3) ~DCldDZllJD(;)170
pQ)6cw 28 Q)cM md 54
p::il6cCl>tlcl 12 gom1Sl .:y~(;) 28 @@.)c50l& 215
O®J'&\1Sl.:.:l::r!I "::1 8, 194, 214 gO::5)1Sl @(;)JDc ro,8B® 193 @@.)6alll2 3, 7, 15, 19, 20, 23, 63
gO::5)1Sl dezsl' 31
pe6i(5)J® Do alts2 16, 18 ~®o alts2::r!2,5,19,53,81,189,215
gO::5)z:j) g01m(;)J 137
p~clZi)D 66 @®c5 Qlts2zsl'eD!5J D::5) <;'1SlD~clZll xi,
prJo §lm1j?CCzsl' 163 gO::5)1Sl S9@1Sl(;)J
63
pdo ~6J(5) 31 gO::5)z:j) 660C 1 94
@®olzsl' 2
2do a01(5)m.:.:l 31 gO::5)1Sl ro,8Bi9 197 @o ~~tl alts2zsl' B61~® 79
gc5::5)1Sl13zsl'195
~da ®R 31, 34, 161, 187 @cl::5)J!i3o aGJZll 118
pdo ®p o,o/3e@l !i3W(;) 150 gO::5)::5)(;) 194
@!i3Spe(;) <;,D(;)D 34
oda ®p ii3mZllJD(;) 159 gOJ::5) (5),D~D - Qlts2 oJC::5)ed 57
@~D15(;)ZllJD(;) 29, 30, 215
g::5)J::r![; ~. 6~. D:.?J.(EFW Fernando)
pdo ®Zll .:.:l,80 31, 34 @~Ot8!5J1D(;) 29, 215
odaJ§:5' §I;§)1j?cczsl' 165 43
pro~~ - @q)OJC::5) 177
244
1§Cl2 G:ll0mc.5ZSl Du~::;)...3 91 @Cl2 GOJZ;Pdz - 10130 G<;J6flGEl 115
1§Cl2 G:ll0mcJ - gc.:JJ6~c.5 95 1§Cl2 GOJ~c.5 217
Q)IE~ BcJJom 32 1§Cl2 G:ll0mc.5 l0J 0<; g®J~cJ - 1§Cl2 6'8 142
~~ Bc.5JOZllle, 1, 2, 36, 194 ~8Zll151JDc.5 92 @Cl2 o'Q qCOJ G:lI:5'l® 141, 143
Q)I~BcJJOZllle, ZSla@zrl 6, 215 QJCl2 ClJl0mGc.5' cl@~mc.5 116, 118 @Cl2 6'Q (fICa® 74
Q)IdBclc), 3J. e. (BA Baptist) 43, @Cl2 G2~ G2~D 34, 216 1§Cl2 6'8 C@J C.'JI:5'l® 141
188 @Cl2 GG:l:iDo 49 1§Cl2 6'80 153, 217
-iJldBclc), 3J. e. (roi3D c.:JICS®) 63 1§Cl2 GG:lYD6 GdJZSl 42, 44, 164, 216 1§Cl2 6'8Dcl 83
@Cl2 ~BBZSlJ 4, 216 @Cl2 6'8 ro13Dc.50 G:lI:5'l® 144
1§Cl2 151Jcl@~cJ 187, 216 1§Cl2 d8m 217
2loc..J10@, G. 6d. (TF Bingham) 79 1§Cl2 mlfl® 15, 18, 19, 20, 24, 26, 1§Cl2 D<;cJ 217
@Cl2 I 1§Cl2zrl 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 36, 215 217 @Cl2 0151 217
@Cl2 CfroommcJ 137, 193, 197-200, 1§l:>2mlim<;mc.5 51 @Cl2 O@ 217
216 1§Cl2061510'-' 57, 59, 60, 78, 79, 217 @Cl2 DIC 94, 96, 217
1§Cl2 eyB 216 @Cl2 061516,-, eyl0e; 0<; q1516 61 @Cl2 ~COc.5 5, 189, 218
1§Cl2 cz;p~zrl 13, 216 @l:>2 061516,-, - 0I& 0<; <;'1516 61 @Cl2 ~C8c.5 eZSlZSlc.5 - ®0J:i® 177
1§Cl2 coBz;pCcJ 2, 7, 190 1§Cl2 06JG:l~'-' 1, 189, 190, 217 @Cl2 ~COGc.5' c.:J,DbOmc.5 201
1§Cl2 c,-,m 5, 159, 216 @Cl2 OOJ&3151 189 @Cl2 c.:J@0151 201
1§Cl2 cc.5zrl 184 1§Cl2 oB®JD 82 @Cl2 ;;;clDJ 51
1§Cl2 cpzrl (B1i3fl~®) 50, 52, 184 @Cl2 obGc.5'@~ ®OJ:icldJm- 202 1§Cl2 l013Dc.5 19, 218
1§Cl2 cc.5Gzrl 0I~ mclc.:JJ6~,-, 175 @Cl2 OJ<;c.5 217 1§Cl2 106 ocl~zrl 163,185
1§Cl2 ZSlGmcc 6~c.:JJ 79 3iCl2 OJCZSl 5, 217 @Cl2zrl 5, 6,7, 36
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;8 qJ@Zll c.:J~zrl 62 @Cl2 OJCZSl,-,J 125 @Cl2zrl Cf15ZSl c.:J,i:llJ:iJD -<:;'Oe,ZSl 6o~
1§Cl2ZSlI<;ICC 5, 8 17, 21, 22 42, 51. @Cl2 OJcZSl13zrlGc..J Dc.'Jz!i)® 186 G@~® Cfle, Be® 132
216 QJCl2 oJcm (fJgmZSlG'-'cl 75 1§Cl2zrl z;pB151 5® -6z;fQ,sG®zrl 166
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICC (fIocl8® 145 1§Cl2 OJcm qJgmZSlG,-,z;p 177 1§Cl2zrlZSlI<;ICGC B1i3G® mt5~c.5 Be®
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICC c.:J,D2Zll Be® 71 @Cl2 OJcm (fJ@ozrlm 74 39
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICC c.:J'c.:Jzrl<;m'-' 59 1§Cl2mcm cOZSl6~ 73,74,78179, @Cl2zrl GG:f eyGG:l:5'l;;;@l0IBc.5JD 36, 39
@Cl2 ZSlI<;ICCZSl eyl0G: ®J13® 98 188, 217 @Cl2zrl GG:f OJ6~ Gdcle,c.5 36, 39
@Cl2 ZSlI<;ICCZSl @c.5JZSlJe C1ZSlZSl59 @Cl20Jcm cOZSl6~ - @ C'ZSlJDC;> 1§Cl2zrl g®J~c.5 151clGcldz Be® 104
3iCl2 ZSlI<;Ic'CZSl oB®JD 82 (f<;JC 79 1§Cl2zrl oB~® -@o Cf~D 79
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICCZSl -oI& c.'J@c.)J 170 1§Cl2 OJcm 151Jcl@~ :eJ® 78 1§Cl2zrl - 000 Z;PCDCO qc.5m 190
@Cl2 ZSlI<;ICCZSl -l0I86~® 175 1§Cl2 OJcm G®DC@ 74 1§Cl2zrl c.:JmD O<;J:iJm®ZSl l0I~zrl5® 1
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICGC - (fDGdJ:iZllJ 1§Cl20Jcm OdCDc.5 57 @Cl2zrl B6Be® 39
(c.:J®JGcJ:iom,-,) 51 @Cl2mcm,-, 1,5,31,44,50,55,187, @Cl2zrl roO ey&38c.5 l0IB cldJm 154
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICGC - oB®JD 41 201, 217 1§Cl2zrl rosdzDJ G:lI:5'l® 178
@Cl2 ZSlI<;ICGC - DJ:iJde,,-, 106 @Cl2 OJcmcJ - CfmJG:l151'-' 189 @Cl2zrl Gl0@@m 50 142
1§Cl2 ZSlI<;ICCZSl m6JD6~c.5 Be® @Cl2 OJcm,-, - c.:J,OOJmJm®ZSl @a 12
- clDJCmOZSl 142 ZSlb®Jzrl151'-'cl 79 @acm @ 1§Cl2 d8m 9, 218
1§Cl2 Bm~CCJ 163, 216 @Cl2 oJcmGc.5' CfbdDm @D 113 @acm GclOZSlJDzrl 137, 138, 140,
1§Cl2 z!i)O (!3JDcJzrl 81 @Cl2 oJcmGc.5' gOJm G:lIOOD 57 218
1§Cl2 cl~6 28, 216 @Cl2 mcmGc.5' SjlcOt5® 41 @a Cl® 29, 95, 150, 218
1§Cl2 G:l~JDJc.:JGc.5' oe®JD 41 @Cl2 mcmGc.5' ~C CfD15c.5 @a Cl® Cf15ZSl d8m 86
1§Cl2 G:ll0mc.5 81,116,216 @ C'ZSlJGEl 62 - 63, 227 - 234 @a Cl®O ZSlI®Zm151 81
@Cl2 G:ll0m,-,ZSl (fIe, Om GDmc.:J - 1§Cl2 oJcmGc.5' CJroJCJro 179 1§a Cl®O ~t5~ ZSlJCc.5cl G:lI:5'l0 137
6'8 G@~® mc.:JJ 91 1§Cl2 0I~ 217 @a ClG@ eyDZSlD qlroec.5J® 121
1§Cl2 G:ll0mc.5ZSl -Zll<;@<;,-, qle,~® 86 @Cl2 0I& m@m<;mc.5 189 @a l0J BCJ - 0<; ~b e,3J0 150
1§Cl2 G:ll0m,-,ZSl -OJcm,-, 81, 216 @Cl2 GOJz;p6 217 1§aD 11, 27, 218
1§Cl2 G:ll0mc.5ZSl (~bD (fDGdJ:iZllJ) 41 @Cl2 GOJz;p61 <;'Ie,~® -151<;@<;c.5mc.:JJ @@ c.:JZSlcl Be® 190
1§Cl2 G:ll0m,-,ZSl (gGdclZll ®uO®) 85 86 1§Cc.5 65
@Cl2;;;mz;pdz -151<;@<;c.5<;ImG:le5)® 92
245
J
~6zZll 43
(C>.l1ZSlC.:l) @ (C>.lJZSlc.:l)43
@t51ms:!, rlo1li~J (Francois Burnens) C: ZSlb 55
0®~ Zl2PD -07.& ~clOJOZSlGd
78 C: ZSlbc.:l 53, 56, 121
171, 176
C: ZSl7.5® 42, 185
® <3ZSl6® xiii, 170
<3@E@ Cte!c 70, 218 C: GZSlJD 55
®EOtE..i1li 2, 7 ®
<3@15'lI <3@15'lC.:l
5, 65 (oZSlJD..:l 56, 121
<3@1liD1li, 6r. (F Benton) ~ 218 ® 07.& 5,31,63,153,161,185,219
®;... ~J®JC>.lC.:l34, 35, 218
(ro13D 07.C~®) 63 ® 07.& ~oBt') 5® 163
162
<3@<3CzsiZSlC.:l
se 6ZSl!:l)til5® 34 C: 07.& zSldoJ<;15'l DJ:lJ::JJO..:l 177
®~ \91liaC.:l 218 @ 07.& ~doJ<;15'lC.:l 192, 201
<3@<3CzsiZSlC.:l,e:ll:5e~8C.:l1li 158
®~ oOJ<D B<;J:lJD 218 ® 85$ 24, 219
®p groDC.:l1li 42 ® Goa5 55
®p Dro15'l..:l 43, 44, 50, 51, 170 178, ® (Ql~) 2, 3, 19,23,31, 185,219
<3QJZSlI:5,6cl. c.)QJ. (SW Baker) 42 218 c::Sl~ ~t3015'l15'lc.:l 197,200,201,219
GQJZSl1li,rld1liBcl (Francis Bacon) xii ®p t:lro15'lC.:lD15'l C>.lJZSlg01[) 192 ® :Sl~ ~JBC.:lJti)Z3l 193
®p tnoC.:l 28 ® :Sl~ Z3l7.<;8 ~J§5' GD15'l5f o?{!m
®p ~JDC.:l 24, 41, 218 161
<3@:iZSlCD7.e! (C>.lJZSlC.:l)43 ®p CJ7.0P® 42 ® :Sl~ ZSl7.<;7.e!Cc.::61:.i)07.t) Zll7.81® 81
<3@:i(5) oOJ(5)~C.:l - oe;roJ ~ @~1li ®p CJ7.08® &\15'l[5® 116 ® @~ <D~J[)JOc.:lZ3l 24, 29, 192, 194
190, 191 ®poo :Sl~ 34 ® @~ (5)~)[)JOc.:lz:l"l D7.5® 81
<3@:idzsicl 74 ®HCJO :Sl~m 30, 218 ® :Sl~ <J,ro15'lGd Bc.:l)CJO 8®1t! 192
<3@:iGo:izSbaZll o@t5 G 74 ®O:l ~melC.:l 35 ® @~ OJc.:lJo&3ZSlCJ!:l)m 35
G@:it56'I<3C.:l:iG~O!:l) @ Ql~ 7 ®{.;13® :Sl~ @e!8C.:l ClZSlZSlC.:l
1 77 ® Ql~ g015'lZSli3m 195
®1?"lGJ:l tJJCJcl6J15'l 186 ® Ql~ d815'l 9, 29
®1315'lro® 168 @ Ql~ Gcl5Z3lJD 32
®i315'lro® di3Zll ,\';®ZSlC.:l168 ® Ql~m 2, 5, 19, 20, 34, 63, 145,
®e! roDCSlm15'll ZSlJCC.:l 43 189, 191
®~ d815'l 196 ® @~m <Dro15'lC.:l193
®ro1 05®J~ ZSlti®JmZllc.:lzsi 57 ® @~m ((5)CClJJ§Zll) 55
2lZllJ15'l1l 195, 227
® Ql~m (t!15'lCDZll) 55
2lZllJ15'l1l ro13DC.:l 63
C: @~m D7.5 ~~~ til5® 200
®JoC>.l 015'lZSl ~J'lJJO 31, 161 ::; Ql~G"'1:.i) roJ ~e(5...:l1:.i) ~?5'O (5)7.P®
@)JZll2 (5)~JDJO 1 97 157
®J<;o (C>.lJZSlc.:l)43 ® qclCJm 2, 219
ro®O ®lOt ZSlO15'lt:I<;DC 8615'lJ <yroe;m 1 06 e pa6 55
®c.:lzsi ZSl7.C® 179
em
roJOZll G<C>.lDJ81li 193 ®7.CC.:lm -ZSl7.<;8 ~J§ZllD 163
roJOZll ooclZSlctib 185 ®7.<; ~melC.:l 34 ~Ql CeJJom 219
®te!8c13C.:l 15'lJ8ZSlJ 34, 35, 218 ~.5m Cle!C 39, 40, 71, 159, 219
coa ®7.clCJm 2, 7, 218 ~o @~m 30, 31, 37, 156, 219
roo°(5) 1 ~o Ql~m '1';@c.:lJZSlJB [5® 150
roao(5) 5':;J:lJD 5, 218 ~O @~(5D1:.i) 147
@c.)0Cl2 ZSlG P!:l) ZSlJCc.:l 187

@C.:l 515'lJC>.l5® 153
246
00 220
6z:ilZ5"i<;
O~Jc:J15l SU13 em5?5lc.: 163, 185
c5~)-..315l~.<>:;J '@® 18
o·D 0c::l)z:eO - ddJuB?5l §.3® 141, 0~1c:J15l c.:JZ5"i3)Gu<;mc.:J.<>:;J10
220
3~,,)B~c(~~v) 189
c-o "'::lJ~-..3 220
,,~B.6-r, -3~. (J Mehring) 79, 87 c-o 3::iJ~® 28, 220
v.::l~\ 219, 222, 224 0·[' ,,61~® - <E3~:;s) - G.-ofU~.OIC15l-..3 c5x5 oc8 28, 220
128 6)~u 76
6·v G::iJ~ -..315lz:ilICc:l 142 c5J®uz:il @~m u<;c.: 68, 69
00~VC ZJlj"'l.~0 dq>25l' 169 0.;.> ",::iJ~ ~J® 8, 19, 86, 113, 11~, 6J~ ~)'@®~c.: 15, 154, 220
00c; 31 118, 121, 122, 124, 125, 128, 132,
~Cl6t 9OJ<", uc;~ ::ll.$; 6)~ -3<;z:il:;S) 133 137, 138
B6B® 89 o·D G::iJ~-..3)~- z:ilJCJ~6{B .!:>OJJ'e..,UJ
d815l 8, 10, 31, 27, 160, 220
306( 066.> ~c; 34, 87, 88, 89 121
d8m - ~Uz:il 3l"'Ct® 86
Q;06( Dl.g, 11,34,71,170,173,219 o·v "'ll~c:l).::I - (.,)OJZ5'c:J
Gl.t::c® £)~1
d8m ~~gJd?5lmc.: 137, 220
Q;06( 0l.& S~l.~ 172 86, 132
d8m ~CUJ (''ll.zl)Q;®~uddJ 94
606( o::iJ6 ,&,OJ(~126 6·t:" vciJ~c:J13 - OJC15l '@® OJI CU
d8m CPU?5lCt® 114
606 ( d8Z5' 0z:;yfu 130, 134, 219 79
d8m C!iwt:; Zj?CSo 129
3®6( d815l vcdQc:J 136, 132, 219 :k) (O61~~)® - mC15lc:l 86, 94,
d815l 'I:5l30J~ '@®c.: 151
6@6( UC; B6~ 0l.& 6l~ 90 121, 125, 139
d8m 'I:5l30JCG 39, 73, 74,141,153,
6.~ (o")~~J® - i2t5u 3)6Uc;15l-..3126
220
6.p (j::iJ~-..31®- G06115JU <;l.15l(l)l.zl)®
d8m 'I:5l30JCC - :@c.:Jz:ilJ3z;:!Dc.:74
124
d8m z:il6mCG - 3l"2 6.f2 ~l.C(§G®~
o.p 6::iJ~~J® - 3lq>Z5"iB825l' mC15lc.:
74
132
d8m z:il6::lJCG - wl.0c.:J® ul.&:l.:dB®
6·D 3ciJ~~)6 0IC15lc:J 132
- G.-ofUc:J.
0~)6 (~"):;s)...::) 43 74
6·v .!:>'ll~c:l).::I- dUlemC'I:5l 137
0:JJG"':: 35 d8m Zi?30 -Q;mI8c.:l.p 128
6·(j ,,::-)~c.:J00 iilCOt® 91
d8m Zi?CSc5- 8c.:l.t:l 128
6:d5:51 v15lJ25l'15'6 202
dem Zi?UO - CU2?5l 1 28
o~ ® d"2 7
d8m Zi?CSO- c.:J·U2?5l128
6~,,')0 42
d8m Zi?uoc.: 220
015J<..'1G(S'lWl"'::) 47
d8m Zl2P 74
6~"")0 :JC 47
dem Zi?;'- '@®c.: 153
6~<..')0 .::IC 353 54
",.::11,:); (::l j.", 32, 34, 219 d8m Zl2eJU 73, 138, 142, 152, 153,
6~(.')0 ~(SlJ 9-'<3'''':: 42, 201, 202
220
6~(.'10 v<..')) (~Z5ll.Cd()d) 118
CL8m 3ZSlJml.&\® 10, 153, 220
6~ ~ ~3 - Gi"225l'Zj?B15' 03 166
c:JU C(CC 219 d8m 6'1:5lJ'doc.: 128, 132, 220
625l'v25l' ':P)C Gi"2Z5"i195
-.JvoOI2:S) S~@<;...; 142, 219 d8m 6'1:5l1~28, 121, 128, 131, 138,
6Clits (snZ5lc:J) 42
139, 167
6'llt5 ::l3 76
dem 6'1:5l:i~ ~u~ §.B® 128
onJt5 3D UW15l(') 46
d8m 6'1:5l:ia z:ilm ~u~ tilB® 134
>2'1:5ll.Cdud (s>IZ3l) 53 6::iJt5 Cte - 0<;0 §3® 74
d815l 6'1:5l:Ja - z:ila§® 79
~0f', r625l'~ul (Francois Huber) 78 6G2lt5 (§ 74
dem ~'I:5l:J@3)@oJ<;mc.: 137
2G6fm ® @q> 186 6G2lt5t)(''l1 46
dem 130
~'I:5l:i@- ®a!j 6z:ilJm c.:Ji53?5l
0661B-..3 ® @q> 7, 163, 195 oQ)t5 0(,')1 - cp~c:J)U 186
dem 6z:il:iB - 6®0~ 134
:e",6 fB~-..317f 18.5 6G2lt5O(j) l - 0l.& 3)cJOX,15lc:J cwu(.)
d8m 6z:il:JB 6®3® 125
236100;3 163 186
d8m 6z:il:i@de;B® ~we;u<; ~?5lc5133
0::iJt5 U(.'11 -9-'<S'42, 201, 202
125
d83"l Gz:il:io c.:J.c.:JZ5"i<;m-..3
6~·)uZ5"i (::s:nZJlc:J)44
d815l 3'1:5l:J@ u<;c.: c.:J@)(l)134
c.:J@@Z5"iD
dem Gz:il:Ja c.:JI~® 124
247
d8m G!'.»:f~ c.:lZoC3® 133 d8m Gcl5!'.»J .3ltQm ,,1Sl6 96 185
d8m G!'.»:f~~ 128, 219 d8m Gc.:lJ~J G)Z~® 167 G6:fG) roJ OCGiiJ:fw OJcm~ 190
d8m G!'.»:f~~ "Z!:jJ6 §B® 135 d8m Gc.:lJ~J G)Z~® - "mDC>l13 Q)D
d8m G!'.»:f~~ '1)D!5f §el® 133 96
d8m G!'.»:f~~ - E,~6z Dt:5~ G)ZmB® d8m Gc.:lJ~J G)Z~® - ,,~DJt:5~ Q)D
C°!'.»J .3ltQ OJc!'.»8mGG:f c.:loG)®~ -
128 128
ro8D c.:lZC~® 63
d8m G!'.»:f~~ Q)J6 G)Z~® 135 d8m roJ ~Q)6 ~~oJ~m~ -Gg'6~~ Co!'.»J 5~13JBDt:5wm c.:loG)®~ 188
d8m G!'.»:f~~ - .3ltQm dcl!'.»B® 136 160 cG:fm "w C<'t§~Ql) .3ltQ GOJl!.j)6 156
d8m G!'.»:f~~ - .3ltQm Dc.:lJ 8u® 135 d8m - GroJ~m .3l8cm 138 cG:fm .3ltQ GOJl!.j)6 154
d8m G!'.»:f~~ - G®B® 125 d8mGG:f !'.»Jt:5~~m 94
cOO ~C>lJD 19, 23
d8m G!'.»:f~~ - G®6l: 132 d8mGG:f 1Sl~~ ~Zm G)Z~® 94 COOc.:l18, 19, 20
d8m G!'.»:f~~ c.:lB1SlD~ !'.»ZQ)ZGC133 d8mO "m!:jJ6cl e® 132
d8m G!'.»:f®~- c.:lz0C3G®c.:lJt:50!'.»l5iD~ d8mO .3l8CtG® eyD!'.»D "ZBB® 121
136 d8mm 36, 159, 195
d8m G!'.»:f~Gcl B~m Z'.>lz8® 136 d8mm gDJrom~ - "m1Slt:5®roJ<5B!'.» CJ1:0- "CJ1:0 178
d8m G!'.»:f~G~m BOe® 128 79 CJ1:0 Co~e® 186
CJ1:0 gG~:fom C~ oB 70
d8m 1Slro8D 73, 74 d8mm gDJrom~ - 1SlZ0ZG®~m 79
d8mm GQ):f§B® 160, 221 CJI:0~ 180, 181. 182, 183
d8m ~Z!'.»G)Z~® 86
d8m ~Z!'.» G)Z~® - "mDC>l13Q)D 94 d8m GiiJ:f§B® -DJ&o®~ GCc.:l 79
d8m ~Z!'.» G)Z~® - "D:J:l131SlJD~ 94 d8mm c.:lZoC3®- 1SlZ0ZG ®~m 137
d8m ~Z!'.» Q)CJ G)Z~® 94 d8~~ .3l8Cl:® 150 czmG:fclG8J!5f 59, 185
d8m SD13~ 9, 10, 13, 35, 140, 198, d8tb - 86e® 151 Czm'wc:1G8J!5f, 6c:i. 6e (LL
220 d8~~GG:f 1Sl~~ ~t:5~~ 86 Langstroth) 79
d815l - mZroZ~ 128 d8~c.:lGc1 gG~& C~~ 193 czmG:fclG8J!5f, GCJG6mGc.:lJ 57
d8m ~@oJ~m~ 160 d8~GG:f D~c.:l 138
d8m see DZG® 136 droZ8~m 6
d8m - 06~ 128
CoG) "Z~C 194
d8m BOB® - G!'.»:f~G~m 130 Ot CoG) "Z~C - c.:l®G~:fS e® 177
d8m BCDJ 128, 130 0tU, (J ,,8. (AI Root) 79 CoG) ~t:5~ "z~c~m 197
d8m BCDJ GmJ0Ql)6t<'t§ 128 6c0 5~13J!5f®!'.» 29, 195, 200 CoG) ~t:5~ 9c.:lJDC~ 194
d8m BCDJ - 0Ql)B® 128 6c0 5~13J!5f®!'.» C~~ 31, i97 CoG) ~t:5~ oJm G®Groe® 195
d815l BCDJO "m!:jJ6Z 133 6l:OJm1Sl6~c.:l II, 27, 221 CoG) ~t:5~ oJm~ 195
d8m G06~® 10, 153, 220 CoG) ~t:5~c.:l 196
d8m Q)ZroZ6!'.»~ 74, 79, 221
8mDJDJ, 6®. (M Lindauer) 20
d8m .3l8 ~Z®G® g®J~~ 161
8mDJDJ, ®Jwm 20
d8m .3l8 Cl:® 97, 139
d8m.3l~ Cl:® - '1)D!'.»D "ZBB® 115
d8m .3l8Cl:® - 0Z& 6Ji!lDc 82
Gt:5Cl2D,@ Co!'.»J 184 ~cl1Sl6 68, 70, 74, 85
d8m 81
.3l~Cl:G® !'.»Z®Z!5f1Sl
d8m .3lBB® 136, 130 Gt:5<'t§45, 221
d8m 6B1Sl !'.»uB - G)rom~ DZD 128 Gt:5<'t§c.:l6.3ltQm/.3ltQGDcl 30, 33, 221
d8m 6B1Sl !'.»uB~ 128, 133, 135
d8m 6B1Sl G)~JDJc.:l~ 119, 136
d8m 6B1Sl 1Sl!5fD~ 138
G6J.3lmc.:lm, 8. G~. (CJ Robinso,n)
d8m GCD!'.»l:® 9, 10, 13 GG):f0~ 7, 221
79 GcBGDJdG06J
d8m c.:lB1Sl!'.»uB~ 128
GcD!'.»l® 9, 10, 13, 179
d8m c.:lB1Sl!'.»uB~-oZ& ~@OJ~m~
128
G6:fG) 186
d8m c.:lB1Sl!'.»uB~ - 8~~ 0Z&
G6:fG) - d. G®8Gc,:x)JGW eyroe; G6:fG)
GouB c.:lZoC3® 128
248
~"<.J ZSlOZSlZB<.J wzB Cfz;f@<.Jw76
~"<.J ~B!?) B5® 155
~~(J)~ 34 ~"<.JZSl ~Zt:\® 102 BZSle.:lm<.J29
~~ (J)®w od<.J 22 ~"<.JZSl Dzt:\® e.:l~~1:5~ ~® 104 BB&, e.:le;llJJ(J)~J~Je.:l 132
~~ ~d<.J 18 ~<;<.JZSlDzt:\® BBo Cf~cldJ 103 BO<.JCS2~GclZSlO,oe;. Om. 8. (HNP
~Dm<.J 34, 35 D<;<.JZSl86mJ al(l;) 9®J~<.J 104 Wijayagunasekara) 28, 163
~D mZ8® 16, 221 D<;<.Jcl (J)ZC~ <.JJ® 71 BG~GclZSlO, Om. (N Wijesekara) xiii
~~ al(l;)W 2, 189 D<;<.Jz;f05Z51lZJB5® 78 BD@m 31, 161
~<; Cfm£il~Jo~ 75, 79, 221 D<;<.Jz;f50% Dz~1i5j 97 BD@m QI _ B 161
~<; Cfm£ilDJO~ - ZSl~al ~!i3Zll 71, 75, D<;<.Jcl 80cl £ilocl 80z®JOz~ 78 BD@m 8 _ C 161
79 ~m §(l;)m 189 BZll 32, 35, 36, 222
~<; Cfm£ilDJO~ - ~ ~m 87 ~mJWZllo<.J 185 BZll GmJB~® 156
D<; Cfm£il~J::5~ - ~c! 2(J)G<.J' 87 DmJWZllO BmJr.9<.J 44 BZll O!i3Zll0z& al(l;)m 2, 5, 7, 222
D<; <;'~C&)alZllC~cldO<.J 3, 4, 59, 61 I <.JJ 28, 29, 30,
De; OJ<.JJoCi3ZSl<.Jm BZll B~® 5, 31, 36. 38
~<; <;'zc!~® 75 222 BZll B~® - Cf~® Zll~<.JZSlD G(J)m
~<; ZSlZt:\<.JJ®75, 80 ~e; dBlS3<.J 13, 222 d® 125
~<; ZSlzt:\<.JJ®D8~<.J&) 75 ~<.J() O~. QI. (MB Waite) 79 BZll B~G~ cmGmom<.J 15
~" ZSlZOZSlZB<.J lDzB Cfz;f@<.Jw75, 76 ~i3cl, od. (F Weiss) 79 BZll B~e~ ~<.JJ~ 154
~<; (J)mZSl® 59, 60, 62, 221 ~o~<.J - 9Gw'" 200 BZll B~(3~ 9£il~<.JJ~ 166
~c:; (J)mZSl® ~we; ~<; 61 ~O~(3c.:f ~8ZSl dZSlZSl<.J194 BZll B~(3~ GC)(3oJG®jm<.J 15, 222
~<; (J)mZSl® - oz&~" 61 ~OJ (<JdJZSl<.J)189 BZll e.:l!i3Zll~z& al(l;) ZSlZ<;Zc!C24
~<; ZllZ~® Cf~®~m 87 DB(J) 27, 222 BZlle.:l!i3z"0z& al(l;)ZSlzc:;8e.:loe.:lw"m<.J
D<; t,1:5D1:5~ a® 81 ~t5G5ZSl0~(.) (e.:l~) 6, 7 58
~" mJo6<.J 60, 61, 221 ~(30~J 185 BZll e.:l!i3Zll0z& al(l;)W 2, 5, 7, 19,
~c:; ~<.JJ®ZSl<.J70, 221 ~(30~J B~tllc!CJ 163 23, 222
~" ~<.JJ®ZSl<.J(tll~<;JO<.J) 67, 69 ~1:5(J)(.)(e.:lm~) 6 Bm <;'~<.J~<.J15, 35, 36
~" ~Il!fOJ<;m<.J - ~we; eo()6<.J 68 ~1:5~CO<llJ 194 Bm 61c<.J 35
D<; (3mJO>z~® 98 ~1:50ZSlCf~B<.J 98, 187 Bm GZSlJeD 35
~" (3mJ6)z~®D (3w'tll 98 ~1:50ZSlCfDcldJ - ~Bz;f@~<.J 129 Bm "o<Jd<.J36
~" oOZll::5<.J59, 60, 62, 221 ~t50ZSl CfDcldJ - ~llJe; ~c:;ec.:f.129 B<;llJtx:;<.JW 189
~<; oB®J~ 82, 95 ~1:50m 86ZllJ~<.J 102 B{llm ollJclmJ~ 154
~<; OBZ51lZJBB® 75 ~t50m<.J 170 5ec CfDB<.J 8, 222
~<; ~Jcm<.J 85, 221 D1:50m<.J e.:le;llJJ~e,)ZSle,)95 Bec ZSlJC<.J28
~<; 8~<.J&) BB® 75 DllJC 71 BdcD<.J - al(l;) OJcm 57
~<; 9®:J~ Cf~<JdllZllJ~<.J95 DllJC - CfJZSlJO<.JW72 5<.J<;® 180, 181, 182, 183
~<; 9®J~<.J llJJ 8l(l;) (J)llJ~<.J 5<.J8 ZSlCJO<.J 42, 43, 48, 189
tll8ZllZllJD<.J 92~) 5<.J8 0z& 170
D<; - al(l;)W (3mJ(J)zDee.:lm 115 ~J&o®<.J (3Ce.:ldBmz;f (36)j BB® 79 c(3cj8<.J<.Jw e.:l®(J)tll8ZlltmD<.J 163
D<; ®JOz BB 102, 106 ~JZllJ~ 8[,0z 39, 71 5(3cj8d3w - CO<~<.J164
~<; (3&)13®68, 81, 85 DJZllJ~(') 34 B(3cj8<.J ~~~~w 153, 154, 158
~,,6J~ <;O~D ~z& ~cle.:lJOZSlec.:f BGcj8<.J e.:ltllW 24, 153, 154
DJ~ GojOm<.J 117
176 ~J8 e.:l®ZSlO~<.J8 BGcj8 I BGcj8<.JJ 222
~" ~zt:\® (e.:loe.:lm"m(.) 69, 98, 103 ~J8 e.:lOZSlal(l;)W 30, 37, 222 BD<lZllZSlz,,8 81
~<; ~zt:\® 9®J~<.J (%) 98, 103 ~J13 e.:lz08® 190 5~<lZll ZSlz,,8 al(l;)W 23
~" <Jdz;f£il®m~® 81 DJe.:lcldJm<.J 145 B~<lZll ZSlZ<;Zc!C4
~" e.:l8ZllllJJD<.J60 B<JdJc (J)~J~Je.:l _ mD dBm e.:lIi3Zll
~c:; e.:lzoi3® - °z& G~()6~cD 68 ~( 137 I
~<; llJZO~® 75 5<JdJC (J)llJm<.J - ~z& ~Jo<.J e.:le;llJJ

~<;<.J 221
~<;<.JCflC!(j® (3mJ®mJ CfJZSlJO<.JD
80
~Z®lB® 34
~zc! (3<;Je,)&)(<JdJZSl<.J)189
86
j
249
____ ----=0"
CGc9@c.'l 222 OoGdCZll 5l£:5t! 28, 223
C@ (9mBc.'l 35, 38 CJodZll2£lc.:l 20 I

C@ @e5c.'l 35, 36, 38 cse~F~ 27, 28, 194, 195, 223 oodZlla£lGd 185
cse:eJJ~ aZilZil;:.3 196 CJ@c.:l c5@Cil GZSl:iIBcJ/Gzs>:i@ 29, 223
cse:eJJ~oJmc.:l 27, 35, 196, 223 C5zsf[) c;'8cSZilZilc.:l 193
cse~UJt! 14, 45, 223 ozsf[) elJGzs>8m 124
cse<:Oacr:s:l tilB@ 29 C5d[) aJCZilc.:l 55
CJd[) GC:iZSlc.:l 6
C5d[) C<;XlJzsf@zs> 197
G[)G1':lCc.'lJ (CldJZllc.'l) 44 C5d[) CGc9®c.:l 223
C§@ CemcSZilc.:l 29, 30, 223
G[)Gb<'; GelJG elIS'ii CJlell3@ 188 CJzsf[) wl.8B@ 15
'8@ C5oCOJZilc.:l 29, 31, 223
C§@ Cldzsf£lc.:l 24 C5mmGt)<;Zilc.'l 8, 15, 19, 20, 24, 187,
223
GeJc.'lm 5, 6, 218, 221, 222, 224 C5mmGt)<;Zil Zill.Q@ 223
GeJc.'lmGCilm cpozsf®J ZllO Cillm@ 74 @ OmmGeJ<;Zil GC"JGOJG@JZil 223
GeJ ~®d 5, 55, 142 CJ8c.'lJaZlll.§l z,,2@m 6

§ CoZllJ 5l~ elJCZS> CJoCil@c.:l 177
CJp~el CflJZll I, 31
§ COZllJGeJ 5l~ aJCZil ZS>02~
CJ6C al.S'ii[)JocJ 41
C5@JGc.:l:iaZilc.'l 177
oCilo(0@ elGJZll 118
G[)JUom, 6C. cpt:5. (LR Watson) 79 § C oZllJGeJ 5l~ aJGZilGd rEc '1t!Bc.'l
CJ@Zil.g8m 7, 194
62-63, 227-234
CJ®Sc.'lJOZlll.£l Zll2~m 6, 224
CJ@Gc.'li'S Go(0 c;'IGC 194, 196
[)Xl[)!:lJJ5Zll zS\0 C<;XlJ[) 5 CJ@dB§l;:.3 10, 13, 224
[)XlJZ5)CZllJ[)c.'l - @~m 133 c9GC~@C c;'ICil;:.3 199 CJ@JcS c;'Jt:5BZSl a<;Zil@ - @~ mCZilGd
[)XlJZ5)CB@ (5l~m) 39 c9[)JCJZilJC / c9[)CJZilJG a<:O£lc.:l 223 185
[)XlJcS W();:.3J@ 151, 222 ~JCJomg 223 CJ@J8c.:l ZS>2@m 5, 224
[)XlJmOc.'lZll - @ elIS'ii m~m<;Zil;:.3 0@J8cJ C,)-®UJ[)JC5 2, 193
177 0@J8cJ 5l~m 2, 189, 224
[)XlJa'£lc.'l 0IS'ii CilCiluJ 172 0@J8Zll C50CJzsfZllW 10, 224
®UJC§ 223
[)~w c<;XlJd@Zll 30, 197, 200 0@J8c.:l o@dB£lw 8, 10, 13, 224
IBUJC§ z:rC50c.:lmGC0 m<;dd Q)l.uolt!
C5@JGG:l:iaZilc.'l 19, 224
79
ofi2w '1J:eJ@-®UC-:l 154, 158
cgzsf£l aZilZll c;'JWJO 31 o@aZllzsf -c;'aGzsf cJl@ 90

cg50 celJoCil 32 o@aZllzsf - 9GC-:l:icSZilWO Cillm@ 90
OozS\t5~ 8m 34
CldBcS (9mB 35 CJ@~t:5~GC-:lm [)I~'(l [)<;C-:lzsf 104
CJo~@~c.:l (5l~m) 53
cgBcS [);tjwc.'lm 32 o@emCb,JDC-:l 196, 197
CJoCil£lc.:l, CiZllJZS>J5 161
cgCZll 8c.'lJaZllI£l zs>a@m 7, 223 O<9@Zll 8c.'lJOIB Gt:5@JD 25
C5oe.:lOZllcJzsf - aJo@aBzs> GG[)<;15
cgCZll 8;:.3JaZll1dZllm 223 C58gd (CflJZS>c.:l) 75
:eJ@Gd 185
cg®Xl c<;XlJzsf@Zll 190 CJ8GCJGZll:iaJ (0~c.'l 2, 191
C5o~zsfZll c;'zsjgc.:l :31, 32
C50C c;'~ZS>J 32,35
CJ02zsfZll 8c.'lJelZll 33
ooc GOJ'® 31, 32
CJo[)t:50ZilcJ - 5l~ IZcaGd 20 I
o0l. 5JC-:lJoWZSlc.:lJ 8, 28, 29, 224
CldJZS>~Zilzsf[)c.'l 50 CJo[)2Zll ZllI<;G 5l~m 23
CJOI @JZll2dcGwz:r 194
CldJZll@g 85 CJoC5t:5Cil8c.'lJCJ1B ZllJCcJ 124, 223
CJoI d8~ 8, 13, 224
cgJZll;:.3Zll [)I~@ - 5l~ Zlll<;ICC WJ C5oCJt:5C0 cz:r-®U 199
CJC 224
ooC5m<;Zilc.:l 81 CJoCJt:5c')c.'l27, 28, 163, 195, 196, 198,
oc @zsf£lw 70, 71, 73, 98, 136, 224
CldJZllGd [)lGUZil '10z:ro - 5l~ ZS>l.<;G 223 CJC 5lzsf§lC-:l a Bzsf®J[) 114
[)t:50Zilc.'l C5@Cil C5oC5m<;Zil;:.3 81' CJoCJt:5CilGd Gc.:l~@ 136
oc 5lz;l§l;:.3 w8t! caN.') 66
C5oCJGdDZilc.:l GZilJ~ B@Cil 194
ocCil8m 7
C5oGdDZil;:.3 [)Zil c5@Cil I96
CJCOJrE 57, 224
C5oGdDZilc.'l [! c5@Cil 194
OCOJ~ w8uc.:l 57
250
QCDe; ro13Dc.:l57, 59, 95, 178, 225 d35 dtJ6..3cl 29
QCDe; ro13tJc.3 @§ 66 189
~Bc.:lZllJm'1Sl (<l<lJZSlc.:l)
QCDe; ro3tJeJ Q,C~O t35® 59 pc QB®J~ DDJaJo:.:J 187
e:)cc5:.:J 171, 175, 225 e:)Drom..3 0clm'sJae:)J5 a,&
e:)roOJe:)eJ 19, 29, 36, 225 mde:)10tSlc.:l 73, 175
e:)rodumc.:l I e:)rodtbJ 225 e:)Drom:.:J a,& mde:)JOZll:.:J 176, 225
dmJ~ o<!ipD 35
e:)ro",e:;xf8WtJ..3225 e:)tJe;tl~m:.:J 198, 225 d61DoZliDc.:l 139, 141
eceo -a5~J®:.:J 1, 31, 185, 225 ZSl,e;,cc 19
e:)e:)0/S31Sl
datl<l<ltSl 32
e:)roJ8ommeJ 194,195,197,200 ~ro~c' 12, 225
datl<l<ltSl atJ~tSlJOtSlc.:J 32, 33, 226
p~\i'C qDBc.:l 8,27 dat5<l<ltSlc.:l33, 35, 226
pro®c' D:.:Je:) 30
dat5<l<ltSlo~c.:J 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 226
e:)):5f!j) (.')<a;JtJJe:) 225 d8oc', qJt5.6c'. (RL Spittel) xi
e:)JZliZl) ai02m' 28, 30, 150, 225 dDoJ1SlrocliW~c.:J 226
.e:)J5f!j) @02m' tSl,e;,c0c' ®0:.50d ~tl:.:Jtl'1a <&5 mde:)JOZllc.:J 82 dDaJ§lroclatSl crJ~<'s)c.:J 150, 226
a3® 106 e:)tlc.:JZllJm'::sl(<l<lJZllc.:J)189 dDoJ§lroclgtSl:.:J ~85 161
e:)JOtSl e::s:10C~~:.:J - a,& dDc.:lo aJcmc.:J -00f2 GQ)~c.:lJ® 132
md'aJe;m0d 192 deJroJtJtSl q~Dti1Slmc.:l - ® Qlts2m'Gco'
e:))m'S ar80 170 158
;,)e:)(30l'®m', Q). <&6e:)eJ.(8Z Seligman)
e:)J6dclg cr)tlsUlJDc.:l 34 dDJroJtJZll tSl,e;(3 d6Jm 62
xi
C3J®J8Zll e:)oe:)clUlc.:l8, 224 deJroJ5tSl <'s)~JDJe:) 226
6e:)(3co'®m', 8.d. (CG Seligman) xi
QJDOD1Sl5fD:.:J 137,138 dDJroJtJtSl <'s)~JDJe:) cr,c'~® 76, 142
deJroJtJZll <'s)~JDJe:)c.:lm' 141, 226
~l dDJroJtJtSl m,fl&> 25
6de; Zlla®m' 193 deJroJ5tSl aBe:)oc.:J 186,· 192
e:),B Ql02m' 30, 225
6de; e;,~ 6e;:imJ -<&5 e:)CQ)c.:lJ6co' deJroJtJtSl gamtSl @c.:lJD(3c.:J121
116, 153, 154, 155, 225 dDJroJtJtSl 002 GQ)~c.:lJ® 137
GdeZSl <&rot; -~Q)o <&ro<;m'G<'s)m' dDJroJtJtSl DGm:l'e;llJm 201
3ot)Z5)(j 195 GDmd e® 126 t-<'DJroJtJtSl e:)&>aZli 186, 187, 201,
8Gotc' 15 0t-.ftitSl Zi}C5o 29, 225 202
8e.,Jtl (;:pJZll:.:J) 75 ",duJ C2cl§b 187 dDJroJtJtSl e:)&>aZliDllJd§lc.:l-Qlts2
8:;:'('.)cJ (;s;lJtSlU) 43 ;;d.:3zs)) 20, 27. 30, 31, 36, 194, 225 c;;,c'ac.:JD qC;JC 201, 202
80Zll0 1Sl:;i)1<.S),m3 (Ql02m' ) 39 0dctSl) 9rot; Zi}OO 129 deJro)tJtSl e:)JDtSl 192
80d !lIC:.:JtSl ai02 ::5',!)® 20 "d.!3tSlJ Zi}30 28, 29, 224 dDJroJtJtSl Ge:)'1lm'C;t5c.:Jc.:J
q(l)c.:l t3B®
80d m,p !lIC:.:J 26 "dCtSlJ 5&>Q) GtSl:l'® DtlDmc.:J 138 142
80d t!e;c.:l 18 6detSlJ ai02m' 8, 225 d[)JroJtJtSl Ge:)'1lmc;tic.:Jc.:l
crJocleJ t3B®
6dCtSlJDm' .:il~c{® 13, 138, 140 142
deJe:)om'g 32, 226
8st!tlDm qDD:.:J 113

8sDtlDm:.:J - tSl,e;,cc 115
rocl<.s)C 53
8m 161
rom~c 76
8m 1SlCQ:.:J 152,153
=a= caJo<'s) 32, 34, 226
8m sJD~ 161
6e:)JOJtSlm Ql02m' 158, 225 ro13G®6mJdGDoJ 2, 6, 36, 194, 226
8mc.:lJ (<l<lJZllU) 45
6e:)JOJ tSll® 136, 224 ro13D 178, 224
8®nSlJ5 e:)JOZSl 41
6e:)JOJG<.S)mtSlt® 136 ro13D ~ocl(l)Zli Zi}f3~Dm' 158
6e:)J6CJJcl(3c.:Jd (Sophocles) 188 ro3D caJo(l) 64,66, 71,99
ro13D caJo<'s) ®Jm 64
ro13D(l)1SltSl,e;,cc 71
ro13D 1Sl,m® 75
ro13D e;o<§D 74
251
w8D e~JOt5lD aBcl®JD 147
w8D ~JOflD -~D!i30 BB® 39, 156
w8D e~JOflD -BBcl~~c.:l BB®
150
w8D B€'taJ~Z5'lc.:lu ~.s8
~lD 74
w8D aBclsJD DliJtltCZilJDc.:l 158
w8D i5Je; 75
w8D i5Je~ B.sOc eZ5'lJ®c§l e® 153 ~i
w8D c..,"lC~® - qZilllDl3;lll ®JZ5'l 59
C?c0)5()~d 8. (Mi. Fabritius)26
w8[) OCCp® - ~§lwJc.:lc.:l 62 - 64
C?c0)5()~d, e®:f. (Mo. Fabritius) 26
w8D OCC~® BB 59
w8D OCC~® -@CDt5® 60
w8D OCCp® -@CZSl ~Dl3;lllZilJ 62
w8D OCC~® - Ba5c.:lJc.:lc.:l 62, 63,
64
w8D c.:llC~® - c.:l.DJ~c.:l 62, 63, 64
w8D c.:llC~® c.:lJOt5l 62 cld, 6d. (5 Fuchs) 24
w8Dc.:l 5, 17,19,21,22,3639,55,
57, 122, 167, 226
w8Dc.:l - ZSlJt5c.:lc.:lJOt5l79
1lJ8Dc.:l - BBO et5lJud 73
1lJ8[)c.:l c.:lCOJ@ 57
1lJ8Dc.:l c.:lCD~ 57
1lJ8Dc.:l ~Boe® 75 eC'JeOJe®:fZ5'l 9, 10, 15, 198, 226
1lJ8Dc.:lZSlcaec.:l:fG3ZilJDc.:l 64
1lJ8Dc.:lt5l Ccl®~ 64
1lJ8Dc.:lcl -B®'gedaZ5'l DZ5'l qeOc eC'JJ15l'c:l5®', t5lJC (Karl Von Frisch)
~)JB:5)c.:l 123 15, 20
1lJ8Dc.:lcl - aJCZ5'lc.:l 95
1lJ8Dc.:lcl aJCZ5'lc.:l BB® 99
1lJ8Dc.:lu 8l~ aJCZ5'led
eC'J:feDJC, tS. (G Vorwhol) 53
~c.:lJt5dZSlzsroc.:lUe~Jd 64
1lJ8Dc.:l15l'179
1lJ8Dc.:l15l'BBOJt5lJO 64
1lJ8Ded Z5'lD8!i315® 39
1lJ8Ded i5Je; - c.:le;1lJJ~.s~~l[) 74
1lJ8Ded ddJZ5'lc.:l eDZ5'ld B5® 36,
39, 40
1lJt)aecd, ~. (0 Howpage) 145
esJi
1lJl0c.:lJ® 145, 150, 151, 226
1lJl0c.:lJ® Dl~lcle® 151, 153
1lJl0c.:lJ® c.:le;1lJJDZ5'l g~JZ5'l® 150
1lJl0c.:lJe®·qJet)CiJc.:l BecrlOZ5'lc.:lBB®
94, 151, 222
~~t5lCJ t5l2®15l' 226

~~ZSlCJ &~15l' 226
252
Oodzrl c)t:l2rlm ~\$JO 80 C).., erl'<:)J.""d'.::lJ@';~<S 8<dD 8';'»JCd ;:s,.&5;:s,~.s>2<.:l;:;d cf.lilil'»<s~D
SO..:; I; @~2rl"'<ri c)\$zrl~J.::l "'Cf~<s Sgci)~D "'~2rlDJ f,2rl m.s> ~o(. ~"')DJ~<S &aad' c:J. &,dDd'O
(ol,,,,,, .::>,,,,,,,,,,,. <.l~",:rl)t:lBD @~2rl Sg&~D D,t:lf,o 'l'w'»<S2fl<St:l~"') ~~ C2fl2rlf, ;:s,o "'<SJ~ ;:s,oD2fl C~.
q>~~.::l,c) ~,:5'CJJ""D oll2rl",OB@<sfcl'l<ri<l>Dc!'M 5<dD 8';'»JCd e.oB.,.o dD 8';'»J .;e.oJ~m<l>@2rl~"'D
\$enJC)J,!;'" 2",,'!; d. ",~<:)2rl <s""",zrl Baie.oJ@m ;:s,.®2rl t:l'" e.ooJ<;ncm e.oB.,.o 8';'»JD Sg&~D .;.
e;l,!;ollcfi..,..! Md-.2rl:::sk,"O q><l2l",~2rl cl'l <;nnm 5<dD 8';'»JCd .,.zrlD 5';'»J q>J<sm2flQ;d
ollenJC)J,!;'"cfi"'~JCJd' :;s['cfi<;n,!;<so",zrl <<JS<s ® <il~2rl"'cn d'DJ""J5;:s, 9~2fl;:s, ""SB@ Sg&~Dzrl OO~
en,<;,B "'. 1980 ~ @ CO~J ~.&5~'!;.s> <ZJd'D<sO&,~«§ OO~ @ C:o;:s,J",D <il~ e.oJC2fl<l>d"'oD~w2fl<SO
q><;JG!1 ",,!;..,...sililcm<s2rl cl'l cfi.::lm e:l sa. <ZJ<<JS<s ® <il~2rl ;:s,J~<S t:lJw;:s, "'Ct:l ;:s,.ail e.oBt:lo e.o<w~2rl ~G
en,S.::li)",<l) ~oll enJ 80 cfiaie.oJ';~<S "'~"'J ®2rl 1'",m m.s> 'l'DwJ2fl<S "'<SJ~ ;:s,G oo~. <::l.s> 'l'zrl.;,~@
..,olloll~.cfi",..s2rl 1'~Bt:lzrl ~.::l 'l',m. @ C:0;:s,J",D ® e.o,~ 2i5aie.oJ';2fl<St:l~"') 'l'm.»D"".»D 'l'i~. <ZJ"'J~
t:I,~ cfid't:lJ';~ 5""D<s:§J2rl ~zrl. D,e5~~«§ ;:s,G ® <'i)~ 9<1>erl'.;<s2rl c&)<;n,2i5.s> t:l~~SlJ; @ <'i)~2rlQ;cn
9e;l:5"l~ "",SBoll Sg~.;D czrl 'l'D&fw<l><s2rl t:lo;:s,C2fl<S;:s,G .. e.oJem d'DJ""J5;:s, <1'ci'l~2fl2fl~.s><s •. 2fl~
!1 t:lo~et:l..s. 9J"'<sf<;8~D @ <il~2rl 'l'ci'l~2fl2fl<S ~B.s> t:l~"') <SJ';J<;ni~~ ce.o<l><sfcRmJD<ssg&~
q>.:i.»..s:5"l..s2rlcl'l cfi.::l~e:l~ ~.s> D,!;m~J~ ;:s,J~<S""Jo<l>d 9~&mJD<s~ e:l <1'im. <l>d'oJ';~d;:s,.ail dD
5';JSJ "'.;t:lJ'!;~"'~2rl~",D ~Jcl'l.::l ;:s,8~JDJ8<sDo<l><S~ D""<s2rle. <1')s<s)~;:s, <il~ cf.lc!'2..s t:lo,,",.s>ed.
W 1§~ e.oJC:5"l~J~ililcm "'oD,!;w~ ;:s,®9<1>Dt:l""Je.o~Do<SJ D""<s2rl.;. oo~ ;:s,o~~ ;:s,O<S.

PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

•........ w~z:;) 25)@ ~6l.<9:5l mO ~@)~2StC;<9 <glC.Dl:5lQ Vo5. 0:5l@, G,)C :::5?C~ .vl.

~ 6)~ 6 D<; Da::;) CJ[Jl

c-~_~ al~ C;805@i@ ~ al~ DC; ~lruC; ~tJ) G')lSl@

)-0 lS> ~ .:L\ ~ .

~ eotS)~ e ol~ ~cio)(e')~ c~an ~ct>O)e~

1952 GO@oD::l/3@c 29 Dz251~m mt:i)~ ts)OZ5)C~ COts)::l~~W arcoo o~(3~63

o eo~))-tl)lf:5)eJ) ~ old ti1I~O)~f:5)C)'J3)oa~~

ZSl@6JWaIWlC5® eeeo 6ae(J)'®~ W) 6ae<rf®m

10.5 0ta0r::J qI:§\ 8§b® C5t50t>fc;w OC£fC0d6JJro

~m CS~ GCS ~OiJ0m Q)CS2CSJcmC.3 eJ)5Jd'::5J Z))O~®U qg£3WZ5l 00:.Jt5c..Jzs:lG)W 3:l®

Q)e52aJcm ~~~eJ C3C;WJ OJC;)5 q~~WC.3 CQ)J~@U l§wJZSlO ql§)

N'o'19t!3 @ @ CO @ 9 GI O! 4 9 4 60l@J66G10.@) GI ..N GI 4 o GlY"-"';C; GI 0 CDS Gr@) tl..a 0..('Oj GI 4 (1)

5liM Z51<.8®8 8~:Jm~ 5® .

f~ (5)<.8® ~OJ 6)1lo<.zsi' ~85G~ CS2~CS2~mJ~c.5

6)®0 Z51lB@~ ~mt5dc.5 ~clDm 6)®0 Z515c.5cl .

"a& 6aJ ti3cJGl5l' DG &&3W0ID, cr~®J 6aJ

ti3cJCJ" DlC 1i38; ®(5)Z516C~ (5)C ~GZ51 ~ 6)000

6edl:5"l~ 6i<:l2al8; ~~",ozsi' De:lJd cEs;l11!t8

............... ;}~ O)e2S)~~ 85~~

3. ~5'J€) a)e~~ ~eo Qie5J a)e~~ 55

4. eoC3€)~: @l Qie5J25'J a)e~<Sid~ <t5)'13€)~'13 oa~o~~cl 57

6. Oo~ @Q)~~)~ O)e2S)~ eeeo 2S)~ CD~)~)c.J ~~O)C:;2S)~ 121

7. eolO~J(!) en o(§<Sl@ic:J eoJ~ ~lelcla(!) eeeen q~<Sl<:5tS) t 45

9. Ol~ ~de~no~~ 170

i O. Qie5J OJe2S)~ 8(§@~ qJ<:5atS) ~~eo~cl t 77

12. (fJ(Slqj~ (S8. (Sle@25) eo) ~zrl'6 227

13. 95~ 235

• 1.18 WJ 1.1 9 wm o{a t.:luwm' t.:ll.Z:5:lD@)CJ<;Oll,

OlCSc:s:n~~ C)C)Z5)e>l(3lC) QeD oc;5C)o~~ esee» Cl~I5JC)cl

OOmJ ®G ~15d0 15dd Q}~ DIG aB m

O~ mJ amJ ~® C;® 15dOI GaG ~GG

O®~GO aBooG02:il ~§,DJt5GOGGOZ5'i®t5lgjGO815d mcl WJ DIG DC wOmZ5'imJ ®d <;'J@mD wI8GoZ5'imJQ Q}egtsj

- 0z:5'l)0~1s.JcJO ~cJm z:5'l?§CG3;iacJZJ"fcB <';1l)Oz:5'lG

O)<';Z5)"<;,~i5)cm aJ~U1" GWUW ~p @02m<,;(oGGCJGz:5'l'fm Cl)Bi>cJGGenus: Xylocopa

@ Coz:5'l,)Gtl<,;251mGC7.Gi5)Z5)[j5) oro5) a7.& Q)02m cGG3i& ~m m~,

r;i)6i!O 5Je:g, dad eD]O]D] 0(ff [)DilbJ

q')j:..-b~ ~)v §:56...J

<;r;,:.-(c! dUd. 68c:! rlC1Jef5,:n v,p E::." 31

~1(;(<::(-'~ \.;,:"I~':"'1("l:I~3zSd(:z..1 ':"'\,J) ::Yl(:

DZ)') c.J6)~ cclfJ ,:;)~ ~{'r2 ~vz;f.s::n vz;fvm

8m 68~ ~C8i) ~G~ (::;')...,:;)3 n;v~) o(~(d(j

(j ),,,)C~60..J~::;f J'\(~ dt.:'lj):5"1~Ju5r:;:) w~tn..JBm.

1.4 0tOQ, z"vz;J3 aiOJ. f)(.3C1JCD)f5))

~tr.fu ("l:I K.lc':5' ?JJlC;(c!C)

BGrn® ~e:Jw)rnc.:lcl Gc.:l)~ZSlO ~15iG15i § C'ZSl)GU G<:@c.:l@ 8l~m,

&ECm @ &02 da§3w. ~C566c5 ot?}6d &c5tJ ?5JZIDO?5l'til8® Oe;CDJ

CD OCJQ25)cti~~C)C;25) coop (chemical communication signals) WJ

'fiD!5lD(l)z;f cO a5J5C.:l ooocl§l0d l!:5llG~ cl c;'l§l02J. 6Dll5') c;'Do'6JDm'€i3~ c;'lc.3c;'Jae m® m<%')CJoc.:l

-8~@cf 6ro;/ ",~g~o> :)l~~ roGJ6t)z;j 8CS18ZS)806CS~

?{J06@:.:f '1)8 8c.:lzdCJ Z5Je:JJ BuZ5JU c:Jz@@6i251 et(.')6z<,; <,;z£)G.'J WzZ5J·

® (tail wagging dance) ~:JeD:Jo 9eDt.-cJ Z5)@)Z5'lI<';IC6C BC)

~J~ uG<lGcJm ouZlfuZ5'l Z5'l&~ Zilm ~:JZ5'l:JocJ Gtl.

1.13 dtClcJ' I Dfl) "'q;J fl)iHii;: DC) fl)zidii; aJJ ~ (flJrj!;.:J

CfJOOJOgrooeJ OOOz 8000J Cfli53 ~(5dJ[)O ZJ)l<;lC6C BO @0t5 1 ZJ)O ot)J

ttJOOJO gOO[)eJ OOOzO crzi53 ~(k)JOO "b" CfJwi53eJts! oOOZlJOBOOOJ crzi53 80

25),g6@ ?GJ>@J6, ekh25)c.s:sf <JJ6,:sfeJc.sEJ

8eBEJ25) /:,j6C 6~6JJeJEJ /:,jJ6dzsfllleJ

Q)e52aJcm ~eJ C3C;WJ OJC;)5 qWC.3 CQ)J~@U l§wJZSlO ql§)

............... ;}~ O)e2S) 85

OlCSc:s:n C)C)Z5)e>l(3lC) QeD oc;5C)o esee» Cl~I5JC)cl

~ I~~,,-- eJw*