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Computer Hardware - 2
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COMPUTER HARDWARE
Introduction of Computer
Computer eGg] zAb Latin efiffsf] zAb "Computare" af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ lx;fa
lstfa ug{' (Calculate) x'G5 . To;} u/L c+u|]hL zAb Calculate sf] cy{ klg lx;fa lstfa
jf ul0ftLo sfo{ ug{' eGg] x'G5 . cfheGbf sl/a 40-50 jif{ klxn] Calculater k|rngdf
cfPsf] lyof] h;n] Digital System df sfd ub{Yof] . To;s} ljsfzs|ddf Computer sf] lgdf{0f
eof] h'g w]/} 7"nf] dfqfdf Data Processing ug{] ;fwgsf] ?kdf :yflkt eof] . h;n]
ubf{ cfw'lgs k|lalwsf] ljsf;qmddf Computer ckl/xfo{ ;fwg eof] .
Computer sf s]xL ljz]iftfx? lgDg 5g\ .
csf{] zAbdf Computer l56f] / z'4 tl/sfn] Data Processing ug{] Electronic pks/0f
xf] . h;n] Data nfO{ Digital Code df Processing ub{5 . Computer n] o;df Store ul/Psf] Program
df ePsf] ;"rgf (Instruction) sf] cfwf/df Input lbPsf] Data nfO{ Automatically Store ug{],
processing ug{] / Result sf] ?kdf Output ug{] sfd ub{5 .
a. Hardware :- Computer sf ;a} Component x? Hardware cGtu{t kb{5g\ . h:t} CPU, Printer,
Keyboard, Monitor, Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, Chips, Diodes, Capacitors, Cables, Optical Disk , Modem cflb tyf ;a}
Peripherals x? Hardware x'g\ . ltgnfO{ b]Vg / 5'g ;lsG5 . Hardware, Software / Storage
g} ;+ul7t eO{ ljleGg Character Screen df Display ug{ Data Store ug{ Processing Result print
ug{] h:tf sfd ub{5 . Hardware To;df Programmer n] n]v]sf] Electric Pulse sf] ?kdf
/x]sf] Program sf] Instruction df e/ kb{5 h'g lglZrt sfd ug{ vf; Hardware Component
dfkm{t input lbO{Psf] x'G5 . Hardware xf]; jf Software h'g;'s} kIf xf];\ Ps csf{]
ljgf sfd ug{ ;Sb}g .
b. Software :- ;fdfGotof Software eGgfn] Computer Sytsem df k|of]u ul/Psf] w]/} Program
x?sf] ;d'x xf] . of] Computer ;+u ;DalGwt clt dxTjk"0f{ wf/0ff xf] . Computer
sf] Ifdtf / ;Lldttfjf/]df a'em\g rfxg] dflg;n] Software af/] a'em] k'U5 elgG5 .
Computer dfq Pp6f Mechine xf] h;n] Number sf] ?kdf Store ePsf] Information nfO{ dfq}
Processing ug{ ;Sb5 . Computer n] To;df Store ePsf] Data / Instruction x?df h] Command 5
To;} cg';f/ pQm Data nfO{ Process ug{ ;Sb5 . Instruction sf] s'g} klg jf x/]s
;d'xnfO{ Programme elgG5 . Computer Program x?sf] ;+ul7t ?k g} Software xf] . Software
ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . Software nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s'g} ljz]if sfd ug{ Design ul/Psf] Software nfO{ Tailored Software
I. Tailored Software :-
elgG5 . h;/L Tailor n] Pp6f AolQmnfO{ gfk]/ agfPsf] sk8f c?nfO{ ldNb}g
To;}u/L o;af6 tf]lsPsf] eGbf cGo sfd ug{ ;lsb}g . Typing tutor Calculator, Certificate
Print ug{ agfOPsf] Software cfbL Tailored Software sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . x/]s sfdsf nflu
km/s km/s Software Design ug{ ;lsG5 . Tailored Software Design ug{ High Level Language x?
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) BASIC (Beginners all Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) Pascal, Logo, C Language cflb k|of]u ul/G5 .
II. Packaged Software :-s'g} Application ;+u ;DjlGwt Program x? sf] ;d'x (Set) nfO{
Packaged Software elgG5 . h'g w]/} k|of]u stf{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . Computer
pTkfbs jf Aofj;flos ljif]if1 x?sf] ;+Ë7g nfO{ "Software House" elgG5 . h;n] Software
pTkfbg jf Design ub{5g\ / w]/} u|fxsnfO{ j]Rg ;Sb5g\ .
Packaged Software sf kmfObfx? lgDg 5g\
System Software :-
Operating System klg ;dfa]z ul/Psf] Program sf] Set nfO{ System Software elgG5 .
h'g ;a} ;|f]t / Computer Operation nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . Operating System n]
Application Program cg';f/ Computer nfO{ Automatically sfd ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 . cGo s'g} Program
nfO{ Translet ug{] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / k|of]u stf{n] rfx] cg';f/sf] Result Output
ug{ cfjZos kg{] Data Aoj:yfkg ug{ Supervision ub{5 . of] Memory Unit, Control Unit /
Arithmatic and Logic Unit ;+u ;+ul7t eP/ a:b5 . To;}u/L Operating System n] I/P , O/P tyf House
Keeping Operation nfO{ klg Control ub{5 . Operating System Hardware / Software sf] aLrdf /xG5 .
Operating System n] Computer nfO{ lbPsf] Instruction nfO{ Hardware sf] nflu / Hardware n]
lbPsf] Instruction User sf] nflu Intreprater sf] sfd ub{5 . jf:tjdf Operating System Hardware /
Software sf] dWo:y xf] . Operating System Programming Language sf] ;xof]un] pTkfbg ul/G5 .
Operating System sf] / Language Processor sf] af/]df tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
Operating System :-
Operating System klg Pp6f Programme xf] . o;n] Application jf Utility Software Run eO/x]sf]
j]nf kbf{ a;]/ sfd ub{5 . Operating System n] cfwf/e't sfdx? h:t} :- Application Program Disk
af6 k9\g] Key Board af6 cfpg] ;"rgf ;+sng ug{] h:tf sfd xf]l;of/k"j{s u/fpF5 .
Operating System Model / Brand df e/ kb{5 .
Operating System s]xL tn k|:t't 5g\ .
Language Processor :-
Program n]Vg k|of]u ul/g] Code x?sf] Set Language xf] . oxfF Programming sf nflu
tLg txsf Language x'g cfjZos 5 . oL Language Software pTkfbg ;+u ;DalGwt 5g . tL
lgDg 5g\ .
1. Machine Language :-
of] Ps k|sf/sf] Computer Language xf] . Computer n] Binary Number jf Binary Digit dfq}
a'em\b5 . To;}n] Software ljz]if1 jf Hardware ;+u ;DalGwt AolQmn] dfq} Machine df
of] Language k|of]un] Program ug{ ;Sb5 . of] Language af6 Programe n]Vbf emsf{]
nfUg], w]/} ;do lng] / w]/} ;d:of cfpg] vfnsf] x'G5 . Machine Language df n]v]sf]
o;sf pbfx/0fx?:- MS Access, C, C++, Visual Basic, Basic Logo, Pascal, Query Language cflb x'g\ .
Compiler :- o;n] High Level Language af6 Machine Code df Translation ub{5 . o;sf ljz]iftfx?
lgDg 5g\ .
cGo s'g} Language af6 Machine Language df Translate ub{5 .
;Dks{sf nflu cfjZos pk tflnsfx? Klg o;d} ;dfj]z x'G5 .
Assembler :- Low Level Language af6 Machine Language df Translate ub{5 . Compiler / Assembler b'a}
Computer sf] main Memory df Store x'G5g\ Machine Instruction agfpF5 . ha Assembly Processing ;lsG5
ta ;a} Processing sf] ;'rgf Ps} k6s ;ls|o x'G5 .
Interpreter :- Interpreter a]Un} vfnsf] Translator xf] h;n] s'g} Program Language nfO{ Machine
Code df abNg] geO{ CPU sf] cfb]z cg';f/ Program Statement ;Lw} pknAw
u/fpF5 / k'g Translate ub{5 . cyjf Instruction Loop df Retranslation ub{5 .
Utility Software
Utility Software nfO{ Service Program klg elgG5 . o;n] pkef]Qmf (User)
Program
nfO{ lalzi6 ;]jfx? pknaw u/fpFb5 h:t} :- s'g} sfd ug{ ;lhnf] kfg{', Data
Transfer ug{' Disk Management ug{, Virus Scan tyf Remove ug{' cflb .
Programming
Programme Program
Source Program Objective Program
Complier Machine Language
Assembler
Computer System :-
eGg] zAb ljleGg cy{df k|of]u x'g ;S5 . Computer sf] ;Gbe{df System
System
eg]sf] vf; pb]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] ljleGg Parts x?sf] ;+u7g
xf] . Computer eg]sf] Pp6f PsLs[t Parts x?sf] ;d"x xf] . h'g ;femf pb]Zo k|fKt
Central Processing Unit :- CPU nfO{ Computer sf] d'6' elgG5 . o;df lgDg efux?
x'G5g\
Primary Storage
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Control Unit
leq x'G5 . of] ;+u Clock Generator , ROM, BIOS, Floppy disk, Drive, Hard
CPU Main Machine Box
Disk Controler Cards, Expansion Slots
cflb hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . CPU / cGo efux? sf] ;DaGw
(Compuer System) tn b]vfOPsf] 5 .
a. Primary Storage :- 1. ROM / df System Software jf Computer n] Operate ug{ cfjZos kg{]
2. RAM/ ROM
System Diagnostic tyf ul/G5 . h'g c:yfoL x'G5 .
RAM Data Store
b. Secondary Storage :- Computer df k|of]u x'g] Data nfO{ :yfoL ?kdf Store ug{ Secondary Storage
Device sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df Hard Disk, Floppy Disk tyf Tape drive kb{5g\ .
Key Board :-
of] Pp6f I/P Device xf] . h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] Computer sf] klg Key Board k|d'v Input
Device xf] . em§ x]bf{ Key Board Type Writer sf] b]lvP klg Computer Key Board sf] k|ljlw /
sfo{ k|0ffnL eg] km/s 5 . ha Key Board df s'g} Key lylrG5 To;nfO{ Key Board sf]
Matrix n] Scan ub{5 . Matrix n] AscII (American Standard Code for information Interchange ) jf EBCDIC(Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code )
cg';f/ Scan ub{5 h; cg';f/ Ps k6sdf 1 b]lv 8 bit ;Dd (1Byte) Information CPU df
hfG5 . / Key Board nfO{ Pp6f Cable dfkm{t\ hf]l8Psf] x'G5 o:tf] qmdnfO{
CPU
Scan Code elgG5 . Scean Code n] h'g;'s} Key lyr] klg cnu cnu klxrfg ub{5 . s'g Key
lyr]sf]jf 5f]8]sf] To;} cg';f/ Matrix n] km/s kms Scan Code Generate ub{5 . Key sf] ;
+Vof / Key df n]v]sf] ;+s]t afx]s ;a} Key Board x? p:t} x'G5g\ .
Printer :-
Printer Pp6f hl6n Computer Output Device xf] . Computer sf] sfd Data Processing u/L Result
Output lbg' xf] . Monitor Computer Soft Out Put Device xf] lsgeg] Power Off ug{] lAlQs} Monitor df
s]xl klg Display xF'b}g t/ Print u/]sf] Result ;w} Display x'g ;S5 . Printer x? klg ljleGg k|
sf/sf kfO{G5g\ . Printer nfO{ Non Impect / Impact eg]/ b'O{ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 . Non
Impact eGgfn] d;L 5g{] / Impact eGgfn] Ribbon df xfNg] eGg] a'lemG5 . Dot Matrix
Printer Impact Printer xf] . o;n] Print ubf{ Head n] Ribbon dflyaf6 Paper df Print ub{5 . Dot Matrix
sf] Pin sf] ;+Vofcg';f/ Quality df e/ kb{5 . o;sf] Speed cGo Printer sf] eGbf sd x'G5 .
To;}ul/ Laser Printer n] Data af6 Laser / Laser af6 Toner Develop u/L Paper df Print ub{5 . Laser
sf] Print ug{] Ifdtf klg a9L x'G5 . h;n] 132 Character Width Wise 64000 Paragraphs/Minute Print
ub{5 . To;}u/L Inkjet n] Paper df d;L Spray u/]/ Print ub{5 . o;sf] Speed Dot sf] eGbf
a9L / Laser eGbf sd x'G5 .
Generations of computer :-
;g\ 1962 df ePsf] a}1flgsx?sf] ;Dd]ngn] Computer sf] ljsf;nfO{ ljleGg
Generation df ljefhg ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] To;} cg';f/ Computer nfO{ ljleGg
Generation df ljefhg u/sf] lyof] . h;sf] cfwf/ Memory lyof] . x/]s Generation sf Computer df
k|of]u ul/g] Memory Device km/s lyof] .
1979 lt/ Pp6f Marciam Ted Hoff gfd u/sf Intel sf Engineer n] Microprocessor Chip sf] af/]df
cfkm\gf] ljrf/ Japanese Calculator Company sf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf lyP . klxnf]
Microprocessor Intel yf]/} Instruction ;lxt ;lqmo ePsf] lyof] . h;n] Pp6f ;dodf yf]/} dfq}
Data Processing ug{ ;SbYof] . Intel n] 1971 df 8008 / 1974 df 8070 Micro processor sf] pTkfbg
u/]sf] lyof] .
1976 df Hewlett Packard sf Technican Steve wozniak n] MOS Technology sf] Processor lsg]/ NofO{
To;s} cfwf/df Pp6f Computer tof/ kf/]sf lyP . Tof] lyof] Apple I h'g Homebrew Computer Club
Silicon valley df k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 Wozniak sf ;fyL Steve Jobs sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ Apple
nfO{ Computer pBf]usf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/of] / 1984 df sd d"Nodf p:t} Hardware / Software
sf ;fy} b]vf k-of] af:tjdf Apple dfq} lyPg 1984 lt/ ljleGg Software Supplier x? ldn]/ lgs}
nf]slk|o Personal Computer sf] Design u/] .
First Generation of computer :-
of] Generation sf] Computer Vacumme Tube sf] k|of]u u/]/ agfOPsf] lyof] . 1937 df
Howard n] Aiken Marki gfd u/]sf] Computer Vacumme Tube k|of]u u/]/ agfPsf lyP Mark-I 51 ft nfdf]
3ft rf}8f 8 ft cUnf] / 32 Tone lyof] . To;df 18000 Vacumme Tube / 7 nfv 50,000 Parts x? k|of]u
Analog Computer:-
Analog Computer sf] k|of]u ef}lt sdfgx?sf] gfk lng h:t} Temperature , Pressure , Scale,
Distance cflb gfKg ul/G5 . Analog Device n] Fuel sf] k|jfxsf] cfwf/df kl/df0f / To;sf]
d'Nosf] gfk hfFr ub5{ . Car sf] Speedometre, Sismograph, Pulse type Telephone sf] dx;'n
lgwf{/0f ug{] d]l;g cflb Analog Computer sf] pbfx/0f xf] . To;}u/L Kidney sf] Stone sf]
Size kQf nufpg] d]lzg dgf]/f]u pkrf/ ljlwdf k|of]u ul/g] photography Machine klg Analog
Computer x'g\ .
Digital Computer:-
?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] Signal Processing u/L Result lgsfNg] Computer nfO{ Digital
Digital
Computer elgG5 . o;n] Digital Signal sf] ?kdf k|fKt Data nfO{ l56f] / z'4 ?kn] Processing
ug{ ;D5 . h;n] ubf{ Digital Computer sf] k|of]udf Aofkstf cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ljleGg
k\sf/sf Report tof ug{ Data x? ljZn]if0f ug{ jf Graphic Presentation ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
Hybrid Computer:-
Analog / Digital b'j} Computer sf] ;du| ?k g} Hybirid Computer xf] . o;n] Analog af6 Digial /
Digitalaf6 Analog df Data Transfer ug{ ;Sb5 . o;sf] k|of]u Jet Plane, Hospital 7""nf 7"nf
pWf]ux? cflb 7fpFdf k|of]u ul/G5 h;n] Analog jf Digital h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] klg Data
Processing u/L Result lbg ;S5 .
IBM PC :-
Pp6f cd]/LsL Company xf] h'g 1924 df America df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;n] 1945
df agfpg yfNof] . of] Company n] agfPsf] Computer nfO{ IBM elgG5 /
Mainframe Computer
Micro Computer nfO{ PC elgG5 . IBM Company n] pTkfbg u/]sf] Computer alnof], /fd|f] High
Speed / pko'Qm x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . IBM n] Computer sf] Design df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 .
IBM Compatible :-
IBMsf] l;4fGtdf agfOPsf] Computer nfO{ IBM Compitible elgG5 . IBM Compatible
nfO{ IBMsf] Duplicate klg elgG5 . IBM Compatible n] IBM n] ug{] ;a} sfd ug{ ;Sb5 .
IBM Company n] Software klg pTkfbg ub{5 . IBM Computer Run ug{] ;a} Software n] IBM
Compatible klg Run x'G5 . IBM Compatible Computer ljZjdf 80% n] k|fof]u ub{5g\ . s]xL IBM
Compatible Computer x? lgDg 5g\ ASL, SCAN, ALR (Adranace Logic Research) NOC (Nippon Electronic Company),
Spectrum, Agtec, Sherry, IT200, Litronsystem, Company Syntax, Wang Laser etc
Apple/Macintosh:-
lt/ cd]l/sfdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;n] IBM sf] Architecture / System
Apple Company 1970
Configuration eGbf a]Un} k|sf/sf] Computer agfpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . h;sf] Software klg IBM
Compatible ;+u ldnb}g . o;sf] Software /fd|f] / rnfpg ;lhnf] 5 . xfn o;sf] Brand Macintosh
xf] . of] g]kfndf vf; ul/ Word Processing sf nflu a9L k|of]u ul/Psf]] kfOG5 .
On the Basis of Model :-
vf; u/L IBM Computer nfO{ Model sf] cfwf/df tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 a. XT,
b. AT / c. PS/2
Micro Processor
Introduction :-
sf] d'6' xf] cyjf Micro Processor Computer sf] ;a}eGbf
Micro Processor Computer
dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] . of] Semiconductor Device xf] . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf Microprocessor VLSI(Very
Large Scale Integration) ?kdf agfOPsf] x'G5 . Micro Processor sf] Block Diagram tn lbOPsf] 5 .
Register Array :-
of] Temporary Memory xf] . of] Micro processor sf] Pp6f efu xf] . h;df w]/} j6f Register
sf] ;d'x x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]u Program agfpg] ;dodf Data nfO{ c:yfoL?kdf Store
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k"g: k|of]u Input lbPsf] Instruction jf Data sf] cg';f/ ul/G5 .
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit ) :-
of] Processor sf] csf{] k|d'v efu xf] . h;n] ;a} k|sf/sf Arithmetic tyf Logic Operation
ub{5 . o;n] Logic Operation ubf{ AND, OR, EX-OR h:tf Logic k|of]u ub{5 . ALU sf] Internal
Block Diagram tn lbOPsf] 5 .
Address bus :-
;fdfGotof Address bus 16 bit sf] x'G5 . h;nfO{ A0 b]lv A15 ;Ddn] lrGg ;lsG5 .
of] Unidirectional bus xf] . o;df Address Signal of t Peripheral af6 CPU tkm{ jf CPU af6 Peripheral
tkm{ Flow x'G5 . Microprocessor n] Address bus sf] k|of]u Peripheral / Memory sf] Location yfxf
kfpg] ub{5 . Computer df System Peripheral jf Memory Location sf nflu Binary number df Addrss
lbOPsf] x'G5 . To;}cg';f/ Processor n] pQm Device nfO{ lrGb5 . ;fdfGotof
Peripheral / Memory Location sf nflu 16 bit sf] Address bus k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . Address bus sf] ;
+Vofn] Memory Location jf Peripheral sf] clwstd ;+Vof jf Ifdtf hfGg ;lsG5 . Addressable
Location sf] ;+Vof lgDg ;'qaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 Addressable Location = b/2n
oxfF, N= Number of Address Line x'G5 . 8085 Processor sf] address bus sf] ;+Vof 16 bit
xf] . To;}n] Addressable Loxation sf] Ifdtf 216 = 65536 cyf{t em08} 64 KB x'G5 . oxfF First
Address 10000000000000000) / clGtd Address (. 10 – 16 j6f) jf (FFFFSub Sc) xf] .
8088 / 8086 Processor df 20 bit sf] address bus 5 To;}n] 220 = 1048576 jf 1024KB (1MB) x'G5 .
8086/8088 Up sf] 1 MB sf] clwstd Address Location DOS sf] nflu cfjZos kg{] 640KB
Memory d'Vo sf/0f xf] . DOS sf] Design ;j{k|yd IBM PC sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] h;df
8088/8086 Microprocessor k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . oxfF k|yd 640KB sf] Memory Location Program sf]
nflu / afFsL 384 KB Display Memory BIOS ROM Memory / cGo k|of]usf nflu ul/G5 . gofF
Generation sf Processor x? 80386, 486, Pentium df 32 bit address bus x'G5 . of] Memory Location df 23L
4096 Megabyte jf 4 Gb address ug{ cg'dlt lbg ;S5 .
Control Bus :-
Control Bus nfO{ CPU sf] Control Unit af6 Generate x'g] Timing Pulse nfO{ Transfer ug{ k|
of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} Control bus n] cGo Signal h:t} Read Write Signal klg Transfer ub{5 .
of] bus Unidirectional bus xf] . o;nfO{ s'g} klg Line bit Transfer ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . hals
cGo bus nfO{ Data Output ug{ dfq} k|of]u ul/G5 . hjsL cGo Bus nfO{ Data Output ug{
dfq} k|of]u ul/G5 . Microprocessor To:tf] Device xf] h;n] cGo Peripheral Device ;+u
Communication ug,{] Computer System df Timing / cGo Control Signal k|bfg ug{], Data Transfer ug{
Direction ug{] Memory sf] Instruction cg';f/ ljz]if Computing pb]Zo k'/f ub{5 . microprocessor Unit
df Power Supply / Pp6f Crystal aflx/ af6 hf]8\g] k|fjwfg klg x'G5 . ljleGg Computer df
k|of]u ul/g] Microprocessor sf af/]df cWoog ul/G5 . h'g Pp6f cfbz{ Processor xf] .
MicroProcessor 8085
8085 Ps 8 Bit sf] General Purpose Microprocessor xf] . h;sf] Memory Addressing Ifdtf 64 KB 5 .
40 Pin sf] of] Device +5 sf] Signal Power Supply af6 rNb5 o;sf] Clock Speed 3 Mhz 5 . of] Micro
Processor 8080A sf] Enhanced Version xf] . o;sf] Instruction Set klg 8080 A sf] h:t} xf] . t/ Pin df
eg] leGgtf 5 Microprocessor 8085 sf] k|of]u ul/Psf 40 Pin sf] sfdsf] j0f{g lgDg cg';f/
5.
Address Bus
Address Bus
Lower Order Address Bus
Higher Order Address bus
Address Line A0 b]lv A7 ;Dd Lower Order Address bus x'g\ . oL lines nfO{ D0 b]lvD7 ;+u
hf]l8G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Multiplexed Address / Data Lines (AD0-AD7) klg elgG5 . hals Higher
Order Address Bus Multiplex ul/Psf] x'b}g Microprocessor 8085 sf] 8 a6f Pin s]jn Address sf nflu
dfq} k|of]u ul/G5 . of] A8 b]lvA15 ;Dd x'G5 .
ALE :- of] Positive tkm{ pGd'v Pulse xf] . h'g 8085 n] sfd ug{] x/]s ;dodf
Generate ub{5 . ALE Signal Address jf Data Bit xf]Og . o;fnO{ Multiplexer af6 Lower Order
address / Data Bit af6 Data / Address 5'§ofpg] sfdsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
RD :- of] Active Low Signal xf] . of] Signal cfpg] Processor n] IO jf Memory Device df Data
Bus af6 cfPsf] Data nfO{ Read ub{5 .
WR :- of] klg Active Low Signal xf] . hj Microprocessor n] of] Signal k|fKt ub{5 . tj I/O
jf Memory Device df Data Write ub{5 .
I/O MEM :- of] Signal I/O jf Memory sf] sfo{sf] ljrsf] cGt/ :ki6 kfg{ k|of]u
x'G5 . hj Low x'G5 . Memory sfo{ ug{ lgb{{]z ub{5 eg] High x'bf IO sfo{ .
IO jf Memory Control ug{ of] Signal Generate ug{ RD jf WR Signal ;+u} ld;fOG5 .
v. S1 jf S0 (States Signal )
S0 S1
0 0 No Work
1 0 Write
0 1 Read
1 1 Latch
power supply jf Clock Frequency :- o;df +5 Volt lbOG5 eg] . o;df k|of]u ul/Psf] Crystal
n] 3 Mhz sf] Clock pTkfbg ub{5 .
Intr- Interrupt request :- CPU n] sfd ul//x]sf] ;dodf cGo Input Device af6 Signal I/P lbPdf
To;n] CPU nfO{ ub{5 . of] x/]s I Device ;+u x'G5 .
Interrupt Request
RST (Reset Interrupt Request Signal ) RST 7.5, 6.5, 5.5 oL Sigal x? dWo] Microprocessor n] k|
fyldstf s|d cg';f/ Peset u/fpb5 .
Trap Input :- o;nfO{ Microprocessor n] pRr k|fyldstf lbG5 . To;afx]s Microprocessor n]
tLg k|sf/sf Signal k|of]udf Nofp+5 .
Reset Signal :- Microprocessor n] Pp6f sfd /f]s]/ csf{] z'? ug{ o;sf] k|of]u
ub{5 . hj Address bus df cGo Peripherals hf]8\g' kg{] x'G5 . pQm ;dodf Ready
Signal sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . tj dfq} kl5 hf]l8Psf] Device sf] sfd ug{ Microprocessor
tof/ x'G5 .
Hold (Input Siganl) :- o;n] s'g} Peripheral Device jf DMA jf Address jf Data Bus n] Request
u/]sf] b]vfp+5 .
HLDA (Hold AcKnowledge ) :- Hold Request nfO{ :jLs[t lbG5 .
Ready I/P :- Peripheral sf] Signal jf Data :jLsf/ ug{] a]nf;Dd Processor nfO{ Read jf
Write ug{ jf6 /f]s nufp+5 .
Reset Out :- Peripheral nfO{ Reset u/fpg k7fpg] Signal.
6. Serial I/O
SID :- s'g I/P Device jf6 I/P lbg] xf] . ;f] Information CPU nfO{ lbg] .
SOD :- Microprocessor n] Data Output lbg] Device nfO{ Information lbg] .
Intel 80286
of] 8088 sf] ;'wfl/Psf] Version xf] . cyf{t of] 8086 rNg] Software n] rNb5 t/
o;sf] Speed al9 5 . of] Multi-user Processor xf] . h;n] Pp6f ;dodf g} ;a} sfd ug{]
geO{ Pp6f sfd Store ul//x]sf] ;dodf csf]{ sfd z'? ug{ gofF sfdnfO{ Load ug{ /
Store ug{ klxnf] sfdnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg cflb sfd Ps} ;fy ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] o;nfO{
Multi-user jf Multi Tasker Processor elgG5 . of] 68 Pin df CLCC(Ceramic LeadLess Chip Carrier ) PLCC (Plastic
Lead Chip Carrier ) PGA (Pin Grid Array) df pknAw 5 .
Intel 80286n] Real Adress Mode tyf Protected Virtual Address Mode df klg sfd ug{ ;S5 .
o;n] Real Mode df sfd ubf{ 1 MB Addressable Ifdtfsf nflu 20 bit Address bus k|of]u ub{5 . t/
Protected Mode df 16 MB Addressable Ifdtfsf nflu 24 bit Address Bus k|of]u ub{5 . 286 n] Virtual
Discripter Ps o:tf] Word xf] h;n] Computer sf] Memory / Program jf Task jLr Switching ul/
gofF Function nfO{ kl/eflift ul/lbG5 . Discripter Pp6f Program ;+u rln/x]sf] ;dodf
bf]>f] Program nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{' k/]df klxnf] / bf]>f] b'a} Program sf] Data
nfO{ Transfor ug{ klg Control ub{5 . RAM df Discripter nfO{ Select ug{ cfjZos k/]df
Selector 4f/f Segent Register sf] dfg k|of]u ub{5 . o;df k|To]s Discripter 8 Bit sf] x'G5 (LDT)
Table df atfOPs]f Discripter nfO{ h'g ;'s} Program df klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ (GDT) sf]
Discripter s'g} Program 4f/f 5fGg ;lsG5 oL b'O{ Discripter sf] cltl/Qm Interrupt Discripter klg
x'G5 . of] Discripter Table df Protected Virtual Address Mode df Microprocessor n] k|of]u u/]sf]
ljleGg Interrupt nfO{ kl/eflift ub{5 . sfdsf] cfwf/df 286 nfO{ ljleGg efudf
afF8g ;lsG5 .
I. Address Unit :-
286 df ljif]z Memory Management jf Memory Protection Section x'G5 o;n] a. Task Seperation b.
programm or data Integraiti / c. Task Switching Operation af6 Operating System nfO{ cnu ug{] h:tf sfd
ub{5 .
hj 286 Microprocessor Protected Virtual Address Mode df x'G5 . b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf al9 k|
To]s Stage df pQm sfo{nfO{ clGtd ?k lbgsf nflu Instruction x? ljgf kl/jt{g Pp6f
nfO{ csf{]df abNg] / cnu cnu Store u/]/ k'g k|fKt ubf{ ;lx sfd ub{5 . pQm
Mode df b'O{ sfd Ps} ;fy ug{ ;lsG5 . Operating System jf cGo Program df s'g}
cK7\of/f] kb{}g .
II. Bus Interface Unit :-
o;n] cfGtl/s Data Transfer / jflx/L BUS sf] Aoj:yf ub{5 . Bus Unit n] Code PreFetch Unit
tyf Execution Unit nfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy Set ub{5 . Execution Unit sf] sfdnfO{ Interface Unit n]
pRr k|fyldstf sf ;fy ub{5 . hj o; ;+u cltl/Qm Clock Pulse x'G5 . tj Interface Unit tyf
Code Prefetch Unit df Memory af6 qmdcg';f/ Instruction Load ug{] cg'dlt lbG5 .
III. Code Prefetch Unit :- o;n] Memory af6 Instruction lgsfn]/ Store ub{5 . s'g} Block vfnL
eof] eg] of] vfnL Block df Instruction sf] cl3Nnf] Set k|bfg ub{5 . o;/L Code Prefetch Unit
df 6 byte Instruction Store ub{5 . / To;nfO{ Decoding ul/ sfof{Gjog ub{5 .
b. Memory Management Unit (MMU) :- o;nfO{ klg lgDg cg;';f/ alu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5
.
Segment Unit :- of] Unit df Pp6f Component x'G5 h;n] Data Location sf] Fetching nfO{
ult lbG5 . o;} Unit df Segment Register / Discripter Table x'G5 . h;n] k|of]udf
cfO{ /x]sf] ljleGg Program sf] ljrdf Isolation ub{5 . h;n] ubf{ CPU sf] Protected
Virtual Address Mode df sfd ubf{ Operating System / Program sf] ljrdf ;d:of cfpb}g .
Paging Unit :- o;n] Segnent Unit df ag]sf] k|To]s Memory Segment nfO{ ljleGg Page
df ljefhg u/]/ Segment Unit nfO{ ;xof] ub{5 . o;df Page sf] Ifdtf 4 MB x'G5 .
of]] Unit n] Globel jf Local Discripter Table k|of]u u/]/ Microprocessor n] Processing ub{}
u/sf] ljz]if ;"rgf Store ub{5 . Processor n] Protected Virtual Memory Mode df sfd
ul//x]sf] ;dodf paging Unit sf] ljz]if dxTj x'G5 . hj s'g} Program sf] ljrdf
Switching x'G5 . tj Paging Unit n] Logical Address nfO{ Liner Address df abNb5 . h'g vf;
Location jf gofF Program sf] Page ;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 . h'g cj sfof{Gjog x'g
cfjZos x'G5 .
c. Bus Interfacing Unit :- 386 sf] of] Unit df lgDg ljz]iftf x'G5 .
Address Pipelining
Dynamic Data Bus Sizing
Direct Byte Enable Signal (Data bus sf] k|To]s Byte sf nflu)
of] Unit n] Microprocessor / cGo Peripherals System sf] ljrdf Interfacing sf] Aoj:yf ub{5 ;fy}
Data Transfer / Data Fetching sf nflu agfOPsf] Request nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ Set ub{5 . of]
Unit n] Address Data jf Introl Siganl klg Generate jf Processing ub{5 . ;fy} Microprocessor / cGo Bus
Master sf] ljrdf Data Transfer klg ub{5 . (386 n] Real Mode, Protected Mode / Virtual Mode df sfd
ub{5 .
80386 sf s]xL Register x? .
General Perpose Registers :-o;df 32 Bit sf 8 j6f General Perpose Register x'G5g\ . oLgLx?df
Data jf Address Store ub{5 . oL Register n] 1, 8, 16, 32 / 64 Bit Data Operand nfO{ Support
ub{5 . oL ;a} Register nfO{ 8 Bit / 32 Bit Mode df k|of]u ul/G5 .
Instruction Pointer :- o;nfO{ EIP elgG5 of] 32 Bit sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ Program sf klxn]
sfof{Gjog ug{ of]Uo Instruction nfO{ sfo{ ?kdf Nofpg Microprocessor n] k|
of]u ub{5 .
Flags Register :- of] 32 Bit sf] x'G5 . h;df 386 sf] ;a} Status x'G5 .
Segment Register :- of] 16 Bit sf] x'G5 . h'g Selector Valae nfO{ Store ug{ k|of]u
ul/G5 . of] Valve Processor n] Memory Segment nfO{ lrGg k|of]u ub{5 . h'g
jt{dfg Program sf nflu cfjZos ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 .
Segment Discripter Register :- o;df 32 Bit Segment Base Address 32 Bit Segment Limit / cGo cfjZos
Parametre x? x'G5g\ . h;n] Memory segment nfO{ b]vfp+5 .
Control Register :- oL 32 Bit sf tLg Register x'G5g\ . 386 Microprocessor df cGo rf/ Register
x? GDTR, IDT, LDT, TSS (Task State Segment) x'G5g\ . hj Micro Processor n] Virtual Mode df sfd
ub{5 tj ltgLx?s]f ljz]if sfd ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm 6 j6f Debug Register b'Oj6f
386 Dx 132 Pin sf] IC xf] . o;sf] Pin x?nfO{ Row / Column cg';f/ lrGg ;lsG5 . o;sf]
Pin 386 sf] h:t} k|of]u ul/Psf]] 5 . t/ s]lx cltl/Qm Pin x? lgDg 5g\ .
Pin A13, B13, C13, C12, :- oL Pin x? Byte Enable sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
Pin E12 (BE*0) D*0 D*7
Pin C13 (BE*1) D*8 D*15
Pin B13 (BE*2) D*16 D*23
Pin A13 (BE*3) D*24 D*32
Pin E14 (ADS) Address Status :- Address Status nfO{ r]s ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
Pin B10, A11, A12 (W/R, D/C, M/IO) :- oL Signal x? Operation cg';f/ ljleGg ljlwdf Status Signal sf] ?kdf k|
of]u ul/G5 .
M/I0# D/C# WR# Buscycle Type Locked
Low Low Low Intrrupt acknowledge Yes
Low Low High Does not Occur -
Low High Low I/o Data Read No
Low High High I/O Data Write No
High Low Low Memory Code Read No
High Low High Halt Shut Down
BHE0# High BHE0# Low
BHE1# High BHE1# High
BHE2# Low BHE2# High
BHE3# High BHE3# High
High High Low A1-A31 Low A1-A31 Low Some Cyc High
High High High Memory Data Read Write Som Cyc
Pin C14 (B516) (Bus Size 16 ) :- of] Pin af6 Bus Size lgwf{/0f x'G5 .
Intel 80386Sx
sf] Quard Flat Pack Package df lyof] . sd vlr{nf] lyof] . o;sf] Internal 32 /
386Sx 100 Pin
lyof] . To;} u/L 24 Bit Address Bus u/fpYof] . Byte Select Lines ;+Vof
External 16 bit Data Bus
b'O{ lyof] . Lines A*23 tyf M/IO Numeric Processor nfO{ Select Lines sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf]
lyof] . cGo cj:yfdf 386 Dx / SX p:t} 5g\ . Computer Reset ubf{ DX efu 3h df reser ePdf
386x / 23 h df Reset ePdf SX eg]/ lrlgG5
80386SL:- of] 386 SX sf] xf] o;df Sleep Mode klg 5 . Note sf nflu
Low Power Version
pko'Qm cflb o;sf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
Internal Cache 25 MHz Clock Rate Power Managenent
386 SLC :- of] Intel sf] ;xof]un] IBM n] agfPsf] Processor xf] . o;sf Pin 386X sf]
a/fa/ 5 . Internal Cache 8KB, 16, 20 / 25MHZ Clock Rate o;sf ljif]ztf x'g\ .
Intel 80486 DX
of] 80386DX sf] ljsl;t ?k xf] . h;df 386Dx df kfOg] ;a} ljz]iftfsf ;fy} Internal
Numeric Co- Processor 80387, Cache Memory Controller 82386 klg ;dfj]z 5 . of] 1989 df CMOSIV Technology
df 168 Pin PGA, 8KB Internal Cache, Parity Checker , Parity Generator , 128KB jf 256 KB External Cache Real
Mode, Virtual Address Mode tyf Virtual 86 Mode df sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L agfOPsf] lyof] .
o;df 8 Data Pagister R0 b]lv R7 Ps TAG Ward tyf Status Word Register b'O{ Instruction tyf Data
Pointer Register x'G5g\ . oL 80387 tyf To;sf] Counter Parts sf] Floating Point Register h:t} x'G5g\
Data Register :- oL Register R0- R7 ;j} 8 Bit Register xg\ h'g 32 Bit sf] 20 j6f Register h:t}
x'G5 .
TAG Word tyf Status Word Register :- k|To]s data Register nfO{ Pp6f :jtGq TAG
Word 4f/f b]vfOG5 . of] TAG Word 20 Bits n] ag]sf] x'G5 . o;n] Pp6f :jtGq Data
Register nfO{ b]vfp+5 . 486 df Stack nfO{ k|of{Kt Handeling ug{ of] Register TAG
Word sf] k|of]u ub{5 . csf{] tkm{ 16 bit Status Word Microprocessor sf] Flooating Point sf]
Status df Information lbG5 .
Instruction tyf Data Pointer Registers :-oL b'O{ j6f x'G5g\ / 80387 df h:t}
k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] ALU sf] Parallel df sfd ub{5 . o;n] Numeric Processor
n] sfd ubf{ ulNt kQf nufpg] / To;sf] (uNtL Instruction sf]) Addreess / vf;
Instruction ;+u ;DalGwt Numeric Oprand sf] Address Store ub{5 . 486 df o;sf] cltl/Qm
6 j6f Debug Registers tyf kfFr Test Register klg k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .
Debug Registers DR0, DR1, DR2, DR3, oLgLx?df Brake Points sf] Address x'G5 . h'g Debuging
sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
Debug Register DR7 :- of] Debug Control Register xf] h'g Brake Point nfO{ Seting ug{ k|of]u
ul/G5 .
Debug Register DR6 :- o;n] vf; ;dodf Brake Point s]f at{dfg Status nfO{ Indicate ub{5 .
Test Register TR6 tyf TR7 :- of] Buffer sf] Test nfO{ Control ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
Test Registers TR3, TR4 tyf TR5 :- o;n] Internal Cache Test ub{5 .
PinJ17(PCD) O/P Page Cache Disable Pin :- hj KEN df Active Signal x'G5 . tyf of] Pin df Signal Output
x'G5 . tj Internal Cache Disable x'G5 .
Intel 80486Sx
o;df Internal Numeric Co-Processor 5}g . Speed Data Processing afx]s 486DX sf] a/fa/ g} 5 .
486 SX sf s]lx ljz]iftf lgDg 5g\ .
a. Control Register :-
i. CD (Cache Disable ) :-
of] Pentium sf] Internal Dual Cache Memory Control ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 CD = 1 ePsf]
cj:yfdf Cache df Data Load x'b}g jf CD = 0 ePsf] cj:yfdf Cache df Data nuftf/ Load e}/xG5
.
NW (Nowrite Through ) :- o;n] Cache sf] sfo{ Mode 5gf}6 ub{5 .
b. E- Flag (Extended Flag Register) :- of] Register df rf/ gofF Flag Bits hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
h;n] sf] s]xL gofF ljz]iftf x?nfO{ Control ub{5 . h'g lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ .
Pentim
ID (Identification Flag Register ) :- of] Flag CPU ID Instruction sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .
VIP (Virtual Interrupt Pending) :- Mircoprocssor sf] Protected Mode df Pp6f Virtual Interrupt Request
agfPsf] x'G5 . TotL a]nf of] Flag Set x'G5 .
VIF (Virtual Interrupt Flag) :- of] VIP sf] ljkl/t Flag xf] .
AC (Alignment Check) o;n] Control Register CRO df AM Bit sf] Status b]vfpb5 .
c. BIST (Built In Self Test ) :- Computer nfO{ On ubf{ BiST Enable x'G5 . Computer sf] Power
Switch On ubf{ Processor sf] INIT Pin df Pp6f High – 1 Signal lbO{Psf] x'G5 . hj Reset Pin
df Signal n] ckm\gf] Status df Logic – 1 b]lv Logic – 0 kl/jt{g ub{5 . Test z'? x'G5 .
of] Test df 150 Micro Sec df Processor sf] cflGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] 70% Check ub{5 . Test sf] Out
Put EAX Register df Store x'G5 . olb Test Result EAX = 0 x'G5 . tj Processor sf] ;a} lrh l7s
x'G5 . of] cj:ydf Processor sfd ug{ tof/ /xG5 t/ EAX = 0 ePg eg] Processor df
s'g} ;d:of x'G5 .
AMD K6-3
K6-3 CPU AMD sf] K6 Line sf] ;aeGbf gofF CPU xf] . of] xfn 450 MHz df pknAw 5 .
256 KB On Board Cache ;lxt -h'g Brake Fast eGbf w]/} x'b}g_ pknAw 5 . o;sf] Full Advantage
sf nflu Super 7 Mother Board 100Mhz Cache cfjZos x'G5 . of] Over Clock sf] sf/0fn] Permanent
Damage x'G5 .
AMDK6-2
of] Pp6f CPU xf] . o;nfO{ AMD n] 5fofFdf kf/]sf] 5 . o;df xfn 3D sf] lj:t[t
5 . To;}n] of] Gammer sf nflu lk|o ePsf] 5 . s]xL Application df Intel sf] CPU
Instruction Set
sf] Out of Performance x'G5 . cyf{t AMD sf] Performance Intel sf] CPU sf] eGbf /fd|f] 5 . of]
Socket 7 CPU xf] . o;sf] gofF Version k'/fgf] eGbf w]/} l56f] Clock Speed df Run x'g ;S5 .
o;nfO{ k/fgf] Mother Board n] klg Support ub{5 . To;}n] o;sf] CPU l;w} Upgrade
ug{ ;Dej 5}g . lsgeg] of] CPU w]/} /fd|f] CPU xf] t/ Over Clock n] lju|G5 .
AMD K6
AMD K 5 PRXX
sf] klxnf] CPU xf] . h'g k'/} RISC Technology df cfwfl/t 5 .
AMDK5 PRxx CPU AMD
o;n] ub{5 . h'g Dual Pentium sf] eGbf bf]Aa/ 5 . of] Pentium
Four Instruction Per Cycel Operte
Socket ;+u ldN5 . of] Pentium sf] Equevalent Performance ePsf] CPU xf] . of] 90 tyf 166 MHz
;Dd pknAw 5 .
Cyrix Media GX
xfn;Ddsf] Highly Intergrated CPU xf] . Cyrix w]/} sfd ug{] PC Adapter x?
Cyrix Media Gx
nfO{ ;fgf] ?kdf k|fo]u u/]sf] 5 . plgx/ o;nfO{ Virtual System Architecture eGb5g\ . of]
CPU b'O{j6f USB Port Support MPEG1 Decoding / MMX Support ug{] u/L agfOPsf] 5 . CPU tLg
j6f gofF cflj:sf/ klg ;dfj]z 5g\ . ltgLx? NfO{ Cyrix n] lgDg Trade Mark lbPsf] 5 .
Xpress RAM X pressGraphic / Xpress Audio , Xpress RAM df Memory Control Chip klg ;d]l6Psf] 5 eg] Direct
SDRAM Access sf] cg'dltn] External RAM sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/sf] 5 . Xpress Graphic n] Graphic
Adaptor nfO{ Replace u/sf] 5 . / dxuf] System RAM nfO{ Dynamically Configure u/]/ Video RAM sf
nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] 5. Xpress Audio n] Sound Card nfO{ Replace u/]sf] 5 . Media GX CPU
nfO{ cnUu} Mother Board cfjZos kb{5 . of] Note Book sf nflu ljz]if pko'Qm 5 .
Cyric M II
of] 7 Socket dual Viltage CPU xf] . h'g 2.9 V n] Core Running sf nflu / I/O Bus 3.3V n] sfd
ub{5 . of] MII X86 df cfwfl/t MMX Instruction cg';f/ sfd ub{5 . Enhanced Memory Management /
64 KB Internal Cache k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . MII 300 MHZ pentium II300 HHz sf] Equvalent ePsf] hfgsf/L
Cyrix n] lbPsf] 5 .
Cyrix 6X86
of] Original Pentium sf] k|lt:klw{ xf] . o;df 16 KB Dual Ported Unified Cache , 256 Entry Branch
Target buffer / Integrated CPU ;lxt pknAw 5 . of] xfn ahf/df 5}g .
System Performance
MIPS :- (Milion Instruction Persecond )
Program df
ePsf] Instroution Processor n] slt l56f] :jLsf/ ug{ ;S5 . To;s} cfwf/df
Processor sf] Speed lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To;nfO{ Instruction Per Second df gflkG5 . t/
;a} cj:yfdf ;a} Instruction :jLsf/ ug{ Processor n] Pp6f ;dodf ;Dej 5}g . To;}n]
Processsor n] Ps Second df Enter ul/Psf slt j6f Instructin nfO{ ;ls|o kfg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f
Instruction df e/ kb{5 . t/ s'g Instruction ;/n / s'g hl6n eg]/ 5'§fpg] sfd ;lhnf] 5}g t/
Note :- Per Clock Instructtion Modity ul/PSf] cj:ydf Clock Speed Measure n] Mis leading ug{ ;S5 .
h:t} :-
Ps k6sdf slt Data Transfer ug{] eGg] s'/f Processor df e/ kb{5 . Data Bus df
ePsf] Data Transfer ug{] lgodnfO{ Protocal elgG5 . of] x/]s Bus df x'G5 . Bus Protocal
;dfa]z eP/ Ps eGbf al9 af6f]df Data Transfer ug{ ;S5 .
Chip Dx jf Sx s] xf] ?
Machine sf ;a} Clock Rate / Data Bus n] Speed lgwf{/0f ug{] s'/f ;To xf]Og . t/
Processor Chip sf nflu eGg] ;To xf] . Computer df Processor n] Internal Data Bus Internally Data Transfer
ug{ / Clock ;j} Internal Operation nfO{ Synchronize ug{ k|of]u ub{5 . w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf
External Bus / Clock n] External Data nfO{ Chip leq h:tfsf] t:t} Nofpg] x'G5 . t/ o:tf]
gx'g klg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu 386 Dx df Full 32 Bit Internal / External bus k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ 386SX df 32 Bit Internal / 16 bit External bus k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf] ePdf Chip leq 32 Bit / 16
nfO{ 32 bit df Conversion ug{ yk Electronic Circuit k|of]u ug{' kb{5 .
Internal Clock nfO{ km/s kf/]/ klg Data Bus Size a9fpg ;lsG5 . 486DX2 klg Standard
486DX xf] t/ o;df Clock Double Circuit yk 5 . Doubling Circuit n] Clock nfO{ Double ub{5 . To;sf]
cy{ aflx/af6 Pp6f Data k|fKt u/of] eg] cfwf Time df Processing ub{5 . Externally Data
Transfer Rate klg p:t} x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ Power a9fpg' xf]Og t/ Speed eg] 50% n] a9\5 .
Computer Memories
sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ c+u (h;df Data tyf Instruction Store ul/G5 ) nfO{
Computer
Memory elgG5 . o;n] Data jf Instruction nfO{ Binary Code df Store ub{5 . z'?df Pp6f Binary Bit
Store ug{ b"Oj6f Vacum Tube sf] k|of]u x'GYof] . t/ xfn Pp6f Valve n] k|of]u ug{]
7fFpdf nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf Data Store ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn Vacum Tube sf] ;bf Chip nfO{
Memory Device sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;n] Power klg sd vr{ ub{5 . Memory nfO{
Primary Memory / Secondary Memory eg]/ auL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Primary Memory df klg Read Only /
Random Access Memory df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . oL b'a} Memory sf ljz]iftf x? (Address
Connection , Data Bus Connection / Control Connection) ;dfg x'G5g\ . t/ Semiconductor RAM df c:yfoL?
kdf dfq] Data Store x'G5 . Microprocessor df cfwfl/t System df Program / System Diagnostic ROM
df /flvPsf]] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof Data Semiconductor RAM df Store ul/G5 . h'g Bipolar Transistor
af6 agfOPsf] x'G5 . o;n] Data 100NS jf Tof] eGbf sd ;dodf k|fKt ub{5 . ROM klg
ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
I. Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM nfO{ klg ljleGg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 h:t} :- PROM, EPROM, EEPROM,
cflb ROM agfpg] k|ls|ofsf] cGtdf s'g} Program xflnG5 . Prom df k'g Program eg]
Shadow RAM
Memory Page Move u/fpg] Ifdtfsf nflu Shadow RAM k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . Machine Hardware
Control ug{ cfjZos kg{] Software sf] 7"nf] dfqfdf ROM BIOS / Extension ROM sf] ?kdf Video
Card tyf cGo Adaptor df kfOG5 . ROM df x'g] kmfObfx? eg]sf] o;df Disk af6 Load
x'b}g / Over Write ubf{ lju|b}g . o;sf] a]kmfObf Slow x'g' xf] . Processor nfO{ ROM
Access ug{ System Automatically Waite State creat u/]/ lbOPsf] ;dodf Processor ;Dd k'-ofp+5 .
ROM hDdf 64KB dfq x'G5 t/ of] Slow Speed sf] sf/0fn] xf]Og . BIOS df Software Application /
Operating System n] ug{' kg{] 7"nf] / w]/} Sterndard sfdsf] Routine x'G5 . ROM BIOS sf]
Slowness n] Machine sf] performance nfO{ g} wSsf lbG5 . of] ;d:of sf] Pp6f
pko'Qm ;dfwfg Slow ROM nfO{ Fast RAM df Convert ug[{' xf] . of] ljlwdf ROM sf]
Program nfO{ Memory sf] Free Area df Temporary Copy ug{ ROM n] cf]u6]sf] Area nfO{ Extended
Memory Maping ug{ / ROM df ePsf] Program ROM df ePsf Program RAM df ;fl/G5 . o;nfO{
Shadow RAM elgG5 . Shadow RAM Machine sf] Speed a9fpg / Extended Memory sf] Loss sf] /fd|f]
d"No k|fKt ug{ o;sf] w]/} k|efjsf/L 5 . h] eP klg Shadow RAM sf] ;d:o klg x'g
;S5 . olb 1MB Memory df Machine n] sfd ul//x]sf] eP Shadow RAM n] Comventional Memory 640 KB
n] 5f]8]sf] 384 KB use ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Shadow RAM nfO{ Disable ul/ Extended Memory
nfO{ d'Nojfg Memory sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof k"/} Machine Configuration
nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] ul/ al9 Memory yKg klg /fd|f] x'G5 . olb Shadow RAM nfO{ Disable
u/]sf] eP Tof] klg c;Dej x'g ;S5 . s]lx Machine x?df Shadow RAM Special Electronics
nfO{ k"/ssf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]/ 386 Machine sf] Memory Block Move ug{] Ifdtf
a9fpg sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . Shadow RAM k|of]usf] process nfO{ Application Software n]
Simpler / Transparent agfp+5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb Application Software ROM df Write u/]df s]lx
x'b}g . t/ olb ToxL Location df Shadow k|of]u u/]/ Write u/]df ROM sf] Program Change
Virtual Memory
386 n] Memory Page Move ug{] Ifdtf k|of]u ul/ Expanded Memory / Shadow RAM Creat
ub{5 . t/ csf{] dxTjk"0f{ k|of]u Virtual Memory sfof{Gjog ug{ Design ul/Psf] xf] .
Virtual Memory Disk Storage nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ ;[hgf ul/Psf] yk RAM xf] . 286 Base Machine df
of] xfn;Dd lgl:rt l;df;Dd Application df of] Swap Files sf] k|of]u u/]/ k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . olb Multitasker n] Memory sf] Tof] efu df c6fpg] eGbf al9 Program Run ug{ k|
of; ub{5 . eg] cyjf ;a} Run x'g ;Dej 5 eg] Tof] Application Disk df ePsf] Swap file df
gn]v];Dd Active x'b}g . olb Disk df Store ug{' eGbf klxn] Tof] Application nfO{ User n]
Activate u/fof] eg] Tof] RAM df k"g k9\b5 / csf{] Application Disk d Swap ub{5 . Application
Swapping ug{] sfd w]/} l9nf] x'G5 . h'g 5 Second hlt nfUg] x'G5 . 386/486 n] of]
;d:ofnfO{ ;Ifdtf ;fy Handle ub{5 . System sf] ;a} Memory nfO{ 4KB sf] Page df Devide
ub{5 . ltgLx? Memory Map e/L s'g} klg 7fFpdf Relocated x'g jf gx'g klg ;S5g\ . 4KB
Page df hj Application Run x['g yfNb5 . To;nfO{ tf]lsPsf] 4KB sf] Page cfjZos kb{5 .
ltgLx? Memory Map leq To;n] k|of]u ug{] Area df /xG5 . olb kl5sf] ;dodf csf{]
Application Start x'G5 / ToxfF pknAw 4KB eGbf csf{] Page Claim ub{5 . tj s]lx Page
klxn]sf] Disk df n]lvPsf] Application ;+u ;DjlGwt x'G5 / Tof] 7fFp k'g k|of]u x'G5
. To;}n] Page Mode sf] k|of]udf ;a} Application nfO{ Run ug{] ;dodf Actually Memory
cfjZos kb{}g olb Software n] Page Use ug{ k|of; ubf{ Tof] Memory df x'b}g . Page
Fault Automatically Generate x'G5 / Processor n] Operating system nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ lbG5 . h'g
Page Read u/]kl5 Write ug{ lbG5 . h'g Page Read u/] kl5 Write ug{ csf{] Page s]lx Free
Memory df cfjZos x'G5 . l;4fGt cg';f/ Pp6f Application n] 64TB (16381 * 4GB ) Virtual Memory Claim
ub{5 t/ w]/} cj:yfdf s]lx ljz]if Application n] yf/} Mega Byte dq} Claim ub{5 .
Tof] b]Vg ;lsG5 ls Page Mode Virtual Memory Fairly Automatic Way df sfof{Gjog x'G5
. Operating System sf] sfd t Memory sf] Allocation ;'? ug{] / Page Fault sf] Processing ug{] dfq}
xf] . Processor n] Page Memory df 5 ls 5}g eg]/ Track df /fVg] sfd dfq} ub{5 . To;}n]
Page Mode Virtual Memory t'ngfTds ?kdf l56f] / k|efjsf/L 5 . csf{] tkm{ Cache / Fast Hard
Disk k|of]u u/]/ k5fl8 uO/]sf] Machine Performance nfO{ ;'wf/ ul/Ps]f 5 . To;sf] ljkl/t
Virtual Memory k|of]u u/]/ Machine sf] Efficience 36fPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . h'g jf:tljstf eGbf
100 b]lv 1000 Times Slow x'G5 . Aofjxfl/s ?kdf Virtual Memory Machine sf] Memory Capacity a9fP/
Rare Combination sf Application Run ug{ jf c;fdfGo Appliction Load ug{ pkof]uL x'G5 . Virtual
Memory Machine sf] jf:tlas Memory sf] Ifdtf a9fpg jf b}lgs sfo{nfO{ l56f] kfg{ k|
of]u ul/b}g ljz]if Machine h:t} 386 df jf:tljs Memory sf] 2 or 3 Times al9 jf:jlas Virtual Memory
Fit x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu 10 MB Virtual Memory Allocation 4 MB Machine sf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .
Upper Memory
;j} PC df Upper Memory Area RAM ;dfj]z x'b}g tfklg DOS Tof] Location df Addressing
ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . 386 eGbf k'/fgf PC x? 512 KB jf 640KB Memory Install eP/ cfpYof] .
k'/fgf] System sf] Mother Board df yk RAM yKg Memory Bus tyf cGo Additional Adaptor sf nflu IO
Bus sf] Joj:yf lyPg . tL Adapter n] b'O{ j6f ?k lnGYo oft Expanded Memory jf Extended
Memory, Extended Memory xfn gofF PC df klg k|rngdf 5 / Frist 1MB afx]ssf] Memory sf]
kl/df0f nfO{ Extended Memory elgG5 . Upper Memory Area 384KB (A000 b]lv FFFF ) nfO{ DOS n]
System Use sf nflu Set ub{5 . Upper Memory Map u/]/ Access ug{ Adaptor Memory sf] ;fdfGo tof
64 KB Page k|of]u ul/G5 . DOS sf] Later Version df EMM 386 Exe Memory Manager klg ylkPsf] 5 .
Tof] Run x'g 386 cyjf Tof] eGbf Higher CPU cfjZos x'G5 .
High Memory
klxnf] 1MB sf] klxn] 64 KB Page Location ;lsP kl5 t'?Gt} High Memory Refer ub{5 .
of] Address "10000 af6 10FFF" Hex df Translate x'G5 . DOS High Memory df a:b5 . Upper tyf
Conventional Memory nfO{ w]/} k|efjsf/L k|of]usf nfuL vfln /flvG5 . 1 MB Memory eGbf
w]/} Installed 5 eg] To;nfO{ k|of]u ug{ High Memory k|of]u ug[' kb{5 .
Expanded Memory
o;nfO{ LIM (Lotus, Intel, Microsoft ) Memory DOS, Specification eg]/ lrlgG5 Expanded Memory DOS
Program nfO{ yk Memory df Mapped Access ug{ lbg Page Swapping Scheme k|of]u ul/G5 .
af:tljs ?kdf Expanded Memory Adaptor I/O Bus df Install ul/G5 . Expanded Memory nfO{ cfkm\g}
Software cfjZos kb{5 . Tof] Config.Sys df ylkG5 . Expanded Memory Apaptor PC sf] nflu Slow /
dxuf] x''G5 . t/ EMM 386 n] Extended Memory af6 Expanded Memory df abNg ;S5 .
Extended Memory
1 MB eGbf w]/} Install u/]sf] ;a}nfO{ Extended Meomory elgG5 . DOS sf]
Memory
Extended Memory Manager HIMEM . SYS Device Driver xf] . Windows n] Extended Memory sf] k|of]u DOS
Program / DOS Utilities h:t} :- SMART DRV / RAM DRIVE 4f/f ub{5 . SMARTDRV Extended Memory df
Drive af6 Information Cache Mother Board df Main Memory sf] Performance df ;'wf/ ug{ k|of]u
ul/G5 . RAMDRIV Extended Memory df Super Fast Drive ;+u ;+u} Create ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
h'g To;kl5 csf{] Drive sf] ?kdf btf{ x'g cfp+5 (D:,E:, F: ) / Physical Drive h:t} Access
x'G5 . s]lx High Level sf] Application h:t} autocad – 3Dgame cflbn] Program ;+u cfkm} Extended
Memory Manager Load ub{5g\ .
Memory Managing
DOS 5.0 Versionsf] Starting b]lv Microsoft n] Load High (LH) / Device HIGH h:tf Command Operating
System df ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . DEVICE HIGH Config.Sys df Device Driver nfO{ High Memory Area df
/fVg k|of]u ul/G5 . Load HIGH(LH) nfO{ Autoexec.BAT file sf] klxnf] Line df ltgLx?nfO{
High Memory Area df Load ug{ /flvG5 . HIMEM.SYS / EMM 386.EXE Command sf] ?kdf Config.Sys File
df Load ul/G5 . Config.SYS / Autoexec.Bat b''a} File sf Command qmd a4 ?kdf Execute
x'G5g\ / tLgsf] Order Memory Allacotion / cGo Resource 4f/f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . h]
eP klg xfdLn] Expanded Memory k|of]u ug{ of]hgf agfPsf] eP klxn] NOEMS Switch k|
of]u ug{' kb{5 . gq eg] Loading Software Driver sf nflu k|fKt Space sf] kl/df0f 36fpg
Peripheral Device
Introduction :-
Perihpheral Device x?;+u cGt/ls|of ug{] Agent x? x'g\ . h'g Computer df
Computer
Electronic, Mechanical jf ?kdf hf]l8Ps]f x'G5 . Peripheral Device x? vf; pb]Zo
Electro Mechanical
k'/f ug{ Computer System df ;+ul7t ePsf x'G5g\ . ltgLx? Computer ;+u External jf Internally
hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . xfnsf lbgx?df ljleGg Peripheral Device x? ;fgf] / Power ful cj:yfdf k|
of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . s]lx Peripheral Device sf] a0f{g tn ul/Psf] 5 .
1.Key Board :-
1. Disk df ePsf] Progam sf] Back Up /fVg h;n] ubf{ Hardware jf cGo sf/0fn] Program gf;
x'g] ;dodf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
2. Software jf Program Transfer ug{ ;lhnf] / lj:jfl;nf] x'G5 .
Basic Principle
Magnetic Disk df Data Read jf
ug{ magnetic Head sf] k|of]u ul/G5 h;n]
Write Elector Magnetic
System df sfd ub{5 . Magnetic Disk Record ug{] b'O{ Standard ul/sf 5g\ .
Hard Sectoring :- of] Diskette agfpg] Company n] agfP/ k7fPsf] x'G5 . of] xfn k|
rngdf 5}g .
Soft Sectoring :- of] Software n] agfpb5 .
Disk Formating
ug{' eg]sf] Data Store ug{ pko'Qm agfpg' xf] . Format ug{] ljleGg
Disk Format
x'G5g\ jf ljleGg Software n] cfkm\g} lsl;dn] Format ug{ ;S5 . Format
Standard
ubf{ x/]s Track nfO{ w]/} Field Specific Bit Patterns / Gap df ljefhg ul/G5 . Bit Pattern Field
nfO{ Data Field eGbf Error Detection / Identification nfO{ Synchronization ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
kl5sf
80386 PC df 31/2 " FDD k|of]u ul/G5 . of] Double Density tyf High Density b'a}df
kfOG5 . o;df Double Density df 720 KB / High Density df 1.4 MB Storage Capicity 5 .
Head movement
sf] x/]s Surface df Ps Ps j6f Head x'G5 . b'a} Head Pp6} Assembly df
Floppy Disk
Mount ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] b'a} Head ;+u} 3'Dg] x'G5 . Head leq / aflx/ u/]/ Head
Actuator mechanism sf] ;xof]un] 3'Db5 . To;df Pp6f Stepper Motor / Metal Belt x'G5 . Stepper
Motor b[a} lbzf / Step df 3'Db5 . Motor sf]] Spindle sf] Movement cg';f/ Head 3'Db5 . 360K
FDD df ;fdfGotof 4 Phase Stepper Motor x'G5 . h'g x/]s Step df 3.6 Degree df 3'Db5 . 360K FDD
df ;fdfGotof 4 Phase Stepper Motor x'G5 . h'g x/]s Step df 3.6 Degree df 3'Db5 / Head n]
Pp6f Track df Read/Write ub{5 . Head Pp6f Track af6 csf{] Track df hfg nfUg] ;donfO{
Access Time elgG5 h'g 360 KFDD df 5MS hlt x'G5 . Head Load ug{] sfd Spering sf] k|of]un]
ul/Psf] x'G5 . h'g Solenoid hf]l8Psf] Head Load Mechanism n] ub{5 . Head Load Time 50 NS
x'G5 .
Capacity
FDD Inch
360K 5 1/4
1.2MB 5 1/2
720KB 3 1/2
1.44M 3 1/2
1.88M 31/2
Spindle motor
nfO{ 300 RPM df 3'dfpg Spindle Motor s]f k|of]u ul/G5 . Floppy Drive Assembling
Diskette
df b'O{ k|sf/sf Spindle Motor x'G5 . Pp6f Belt n] 3'dfpg] / csf{] l;w} Motor n] g}
3'dfpg] k'/fgf FDD df Belt n] 3'dfpg] vfnsf] x'GYof] FDD df Belt n] 3'dfpg] vfnsf]
x'GYof] xfnsf FDD df Direct Diskette 3'dfpg] Spindle Motor k|of]u ul/Psf]] x'G5 . of]
pko'Qm / /fd|f] klg x'G5 . o;df Speed Constant /fVg Regulator CKT klg x'G5 . o;df Speed
Constant /fVg Regulator CKt klg x'G5 . k'/fgf] FDD df Manulally Adjust ug{] vfnsf] x'GYof].
PCB
Hard Disk
Hard Disk 1956 df IBM Company n] k|of]udf NofP kl5 xfn;Dd k|efjsf/L I/O Device sf]
?kdf k|of]u e}/x]sf] 5 . of] Secondary Storage sf] ?kdf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf Data jf Program
Store ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . xfn ljleGg k|sf/sf Hard Disk kfOG5 . t/ tL ;a}df s8f
Magnetic Disk df Head n] g5f]O{ sd Read / Write ub{5 . Hardisk Pp6} Spindle df Mount ul/Psf]
x'G5 . of] Aluminium Disk df Oxid Coation ul/Psf] x'G5 . Read / Write Head n] Disk df Data Read /
Write b'a} ub{5 . k"/fgf] Disk df Ferrite Head k|of]u ul/GYof] eg] xfn Thin Film Head k|
of]u ul/G5 . Harddisk df Track df Data Record ul/G5 . b'O{ ljz]if Track sf] ;d"xnfO{ Slinder
elgG5 . cyf{t b'a} tkm{sf] Surface sf] p:t} Track nfO{ Cylinder elgG5 .
Computer af6 Data MFM Encode eP/ cfp+5 . Data Serial Form df cfp+5 / To; ;+u}
Clock klg cfp+5 . o;/L cfpg] Clock / Data b'a}nfO{ Head n] Track df Record ub{5 . HDD
n] Control Signal 4f/f Location Computer af6 k|fK6 ub{5 cyjf Data s'g Location Cylinder Number
Surface Number ) df Record ug{] eGg] ;"rgf Control Signal af6 kfp+5 . Data Read ug{] ;dodf
Data / Clock b'a} Read u/]/ x/]s Data Computer df k7fp+5 .
Optical Disk
xfn pknAw Optical Disk df 7"nf] kl/df0fdf Data Store ug{ ;lsG5 . To;afx]s
Optical Diskjf cGo kmfObfx? o;nfO{ w'nf]n] ljufb{}g Read/Write Head n] Disk df 5'b]g
. Head Weak eP/ lju|b}g . yf]/} Mechanism / Feed af6 Control x'g] vfnsf Motor k|of]u x'g]
x'bf HighSpeed (700 b]lv 1200 RPM) Constand Speed df 3'Db5 ) Hard Disk Floppy Disk df h:t} Track df
Data Record x'G5 . o;sf] Track 25 Micro Inch tyf b'O{ Track ljrsf] Gap 70 Micro Inch x'G5 . o;}
ul/ Ps Side df 4000 Track x'G5g\ . Optical Disk sf] Common Size 4.72 " 5.25 12" and 14" o;sf] Data
Transofer Rate 5MB/S x'G5 . Semiconductor Memory h:t} of] klg Read Only Write Once / Read, Read /
Write kfOG5 Read Only , Write Once/Read Type Disk df Special Metrial Loated ul/Psf] Optical Disk sf]
Surface df s8f Laser n] Focusing u/]/ Record ul/G5 . Disk df k|of]u l/Psf] Metriais sf] cfwf/df
off Laser Beam n] pQm Metrial nfO{ hnfp+5 . jf Microscopic Bubles sf] ?kdf Record ub{5 .
Optical Disk af6 Data Read ubf{ Laser Beam nfO{ Data Record u/]sf] Disk sf] Surface df
k7fOG5 . To;} cg';f/ Refletct ePsf] Laser nfO{ Photo Diode n] Sens ub{5 . Read/ WriteType
sf] Optical Disk System df Operation ug{ Special Magnetic Property sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . Read/Write Head
df Laser Diode / Pp6f Coil sf] k|of]u u/]/ Data Write ugl/G5 . Ps k6s Write ug{ Lasert sf]
Printer
Printer Pp6f xf] . o;df Electronic Ckt / Mechanical Assembly b'a}
Electro Mechanical Device
x'G5g\ . Electronic Circuit n] Mechanism nfO{ Control ub{5 . Printer sf Electronic Circuit nfO{ Printer
Electronic jf Control Electornic klg elgG5 . Printer Interface n] Computer / Printer ljr ;DaGw :yflkt
u/fp+b5 . Computer af6 Command tyf Data o;} Interface dfkm{t k7fOG5 eg] Printer sf]
Status klg o;} Interface dfkm{t Computer df k7fOG5 . Printer Controller df Command Decode ug,{
Control Signal Generate ug{ Mechanism nfO{ Active ug{ / Computer af6 k|fKt Data nfO{ Print ug{
cfjZos Circuit x? x'G5g\ . Printer Mechanism df Head Assembly, Print Carriage Motor , Ribbon Assembly,
Paper Movement Assembly, Sensor Assembly cflb ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .
Printer sf ljz]iftfx?
w]/} k|sf/sf Printer x? ahf/df kfO{G5g\ ltgLx? ljleGg kIfx? h:t} Performance Price
tyf Quality cflbf df km/s km/s x'G5g\ . h] eP klg Printer sf ljz]iftfx? lgDg 5g\ .
Speed :- CPS (Character Per second ) LPM (Lines Per Minute) cflbdf gflkG5 . o;n] Printer n] slt
l56f] sfd u5{ eGg] b]vfp+5 .
Quality :- DRAFT, NLQ(Near letter Quality or LQP(Letter Quality Printer ) cflb o;n] Print ul/Psf] Character
slt /fd|f] 5 eGg] hgfp+5 .
Character Set :- o;n] Printer n] hDdf slt Control Character Recogninize ub{5 eGg]
b]vfp+5 .
Interface :- Printer n] Serial jf Parallel s;/L Data k|fKt ub{5 eGg] b]vfp+5 .
Buffer Size :- Printer sf] Buffer Memory df Print x'g' cufl8 slt Data Store x'g ;S5 eGg]
b]vfp+5 .
Printer Mechanism :- o;n] Mechanism sf] ljleGg k|sf/ / efu af/] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
Print Mode :- Serial jf Parallel
Print Size :- Number of Print Columns b]vfp+5 .
Print Direction :- Unidirectional , Bidirectional / Reverse eGg] a'lemG5 .
Laser Printer
Speaker
Loud Speaker , Head Phones / Earpieces n] Electric Energy nfO{ Sound Energy df Change
ub{5g\ . ltgLx? Dff lgDg ljz]iftf 5g\ .
a. Frrequency Respons ;a} Audio Frequency Range df sfd ub{5g\
b. Impedance :- of] Matching Purpose sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .
c. Power Rating :- (Watt) Damage gxf];\ eGgsf nflu yfxf kfpg' k5{ .
Load Speaker df Pp6f zlQmzfnL r'Das sf] ljrdf Coil /flvG5 / To;df Audio Signal
lbOG5 . Tof] ;dodf Coil df aGg] r'Das / l:y/ r'Dassf] ljrdf Interaction x'Fbf Coil ;
+u hf]8]sf] Cone Paper n] xfjfdf Pressure lbG5 / AC sf] Frequency a/fa/ Frequency ePs]f
Sound pTkGg x'G5 . Speaker sf] Coil sf] Impednace AC sf] Frequency df e/ kb{5 . t/ ;w}
1 Khz /fv]/ Calculation ul/G5 . Speaker 1 Ohm , 8 Ohm , 16 b]lv 80 Ohm ;Dd Impedance sf]
x'G5 . To:t} 3.5Khz b]lv 35 Khz ;Dd Fequency df sfd ug{] 1 K Ohm Impedance ePsf]
Speaker n] Tweeter sf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . Head Phone n] 20 HZ b]lv 20KHz ;Dd sfd ub{5 /
o;sf] Impedance 8 Ohm x'G5 .
Scanner
of] Pp6f Input Device xf] . o;n] Text jf Drawing nfO{ Scan ul/ Computer df k7fpb5 .
of] Desk Top Publising df w]/} pkof]uL x'G5 . Scanner x? w]/} Size df kfOG5g\ . tL
dWo] xft] Scanner Micro Computer df w]/} k|rlnt 5 .
Video Adaptor
sf] k|of]u u/]/ x]g{' eGbf Main Application s] xf] / To;sf nflu
Graphic Adaptor
sfd u5{sL ub{}g eGg] s''/f k"xTjk"0f{ xG5 . olb Simple Program sf] k|of]u
ug{] xf] eg] sd d"No / Resolution Standard Video Adaptor k|of]u ug{] / Specific Application
Program k|of]u ug{] eP / Super Standard Board ePdf High Resolution / high Speed Intellegent
System k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
oL Resolution VESA(Video Electronic Standard Association ) af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . Super VGA n]
1024 x768 ;Dddf sfd ug{ ;S5 o;df Extra RAM klg x'G5 .
Digital TTL Monochrome, Digital / TTL Colour Monitor df 9 Pin Connector / VGA Analog Monitor df 15 Pin sf] x'G5
.
Modem Card
gofF PC df 56 K Modem eGbf c? /fVg'sf] cy{ 5}g . km]/L hxfF;'s} 56K Modem
g} hf]8\g ;lsG5 eGg] Guarantee klg 5}g . t/ d'No / lgs6 eljiodf ISP x?n] Upgrde
ug{] ;+Defjgf n] ubf{ V 34 (33K) Modem lsGg' Aoy{ x'g ;S5 . xfn 3 Standard sf] 56 K
Modem 5g\ . h'g ISP / User b'a}sf nflu Software n] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;S5 . US Robotics n]
Introduce u/]sf] X2 Standard / Rock Well / Lucent n] Introduce u/]sf] K56 Flex Standard k|rngdf 5g\ .
t/ tL Ps csf{] ;+u ldNb}g gt V 90 n] g} Replace ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn;Dd klg tL V90)
modem x? Hardware cGtu{t Operate ub{5g\ . Upgrading x'g] vfnsf 5g\ . h] ePklg Original
Standard tyf V90 Standard Code Hold ug{ Modem df kof{Kt On Board Flash Moemory (EEPROM) x'G5 .
b'O{dWo] Pp6fnfO{ Switch ubf{ Pp6f x/fpg ;S5 . Modem sf] Self Long Life Store
ug{ tL dWo] ;a} cnu cnu dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .
Computer
Monitor, Keyboard , Mouse, Printer , Modem , Scanner
Interface IC
8155 :- 2KB RAM With Programnable I/O Port and Timer
8255 :- programmable Peripherals Interfce
I/O Bus
PC df I/O Busdf Adaptor yk]/ w]/} sfd ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ;lsG5 . of] Bus sf] Clock
Memory jf Address Bus sf] eGbf Slow x'G5 . k'/fgf] PC df 8Mhz dfq} x'G5 . To;}n] Traffic
Jam Create ug{ ;S5 . cGo Device n] High Speed df sfd ug{ ;S5 t/ I/O Bus n] Lower Speed df
sfd ugf{n] PC sf] Performance g} 36\g ;S5 . of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ Bus nfO{ Wide
agfOPsf] 5 / To; kl5sf] Generation df 16 Bit Bus agfOof] . To;nfO{ ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture ) elgG5 . h;n] Same Clock df Double Data Transfer ub{5 . kl5 IBM n] Business Policy
Change u/]/ PS/2 Computer agfof] . h;df MCA (Micro Channel Architecure ) I/O Bus lyof] . kl5 Clone
Industry n] EISA Bus 386 PC sf nflu agfof] . EISA Bus df Clock Rate 10mhz lyof] . pQm Bus 32 Bit
Wide lyof] . EISA Bus n] Bus Mastering Support ub{Yof] . To;}n] l56f] Data Transfor x'g
;SbYof] . o;sf] csf{] ljz]iftf ISA Card klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg' xf] . EISA Bus b'O{ s'/fdf
kl5 kof] . Pp6f dx+uf] lyof] / csf{] Install ug{ cnUu} Software cffjZos kb{Yof] .
olb VESA Local Bus sf] Introduction gePsf] eP EISA Slot nfO{ cfkmg]f k|e'Tj sfod /fVg
ufx|f] kb{Yof] VESA Bus sf] l;4fGt ;/n 5 / o; cGtu{t CPU sf] glhs} b'O{j6f Slot
ylkG5 / CPU n] ltgLx?df Memory sf] Speed df Drirect Read jf Write ug{ ;Sb5 . o;sf]
sfof{Gjog w]/} rnfvLk"0f{{ lyof] . lsgeg] Power Limitation tyf Noise CPU n] slt Handle
ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ kb{Yof] . h'g Slot sf] ;+Vofdf l;ldt x'GYof] . h] eP klg
Bus n] 32 Bit CPU Speed df Transfer ub{Yof] . hj CPU Speed 33Mhz jf Tof] eGbf sd x'GYof]
VESA Adaptor Power sf nflu ISA Slot Section kl5 t'?Gt} hf]l8G5 . t/ CPU glhs VESA Slot df Card
. /fVg Pp6f Extended Contact Area rflxG5 .
Pentium System df PCI Bus Introduce ul/Psf] 5 / PCI BUS csf{] 32 bit Bus xf] . o;n] 33Mhz
Rate df Data Transfer ub{5 . o;n] Bus Mastering Support ub{5 . PCI Bus n] of] Clock Rate Memory df
Direct Data Transfer ub{5 . PCI sf nflu cfkmg} Slot x'G5 . h;df ISA Family sf] Card ldNb]}g
. PCI BUS n] VESA Local Bus n] eGbf w]/} Traditional ?kdf Full Buffiring (Insulation of the I/O Bus From
the Busses on the Mother Board ) / hl6n Control Bus nfO{ sfof{Gjg ub{5 . ISA / EISA Bus CPU Memory
Bus af6 Bus Controller 4f/f cnUu} x'GYof] . VESA Local BUS n] Memory Bus nfO{ CPU /
b'O{ j6f Adaptor ;+u Share ub{Yof] . t/ Rest t cem} klg Bus Controller 4f/f 5'6\ofOPsf]
x'GYof] . PCI BUS nfO{ boo test] Controller hen] CPU Isolate ub{5 . csf{] ISA or EISA o;n]
PCI Bus nfO{ EISA jf PSA BUS af6 Buffer ub{5 .
CMOS Battery
Computer df Power off u/sf] ;dodf Date , Time / System Configuration CMOS BIOS df Store
ul//fVg Batterysf] k|of]u ul/G5 . w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf CMOS Battery Fail ePsf Boot Time df
"CMOS Battery State Low" Massage Display x'G5 . of] Massage CMOS Memory sf] Setting lju|] kl5 dfq}
b]vfp+5 . t/ Date / Time n] cem} sfd ul//x]sf] x'g ;S5 . k"/fgf Mother Board df
Mother Board
1994/95 lt/ ePsf] b'O{ Generation ljrsf] Hardware sf] lj:tf/n] Highly Integrated Mother Board
PCI Upgrade / Repair sf] Standard Equipment eof] . Integrated Mother Board To; eGbf cl3g} cl:tTjdf
lyof] . t/ Standard Mother Board / Highly Integrated Mother Board df Adaptor Card Replaced ubf{ u/]sf]
d'No jl9 x'GYof] . jf:tjdf k'/fgf Integrated Mother Board df Wrong Adaptor x? h:t} l;ldt
Ifdtfsf] SVGA Port / Out Dated SCSI Connector ;dfj]z lyP . cGtdf pTkfbsn] dxTjk"0f{
Adaptor x? h:t} : SIDE Card, Floppy Controller ;lxt Two Device IDE Controller, Two Serial Port, One Parall Port /
One Game Port Controller Configure u/]/ Mother Board lgdf{0f u/] . Secondary IDE Channel n] yk 2 j6f
IDE Drives Support ub{5 . ;fy} Software Upgrde able BIOS klg gofF BIOS n] Plug N Play Device Hard
Drive Parameters Auto Detection tyf Large Hard Drive Support ub{5 . csf{] Pp6f cem} gofF s'/f 16
Bit On Board Sound Blaster Support ub{5 . Latest Mother Board df Modem, SVGA, Ethernet Adaptor, Fast SCSI /
RAID (Redundant Array Of Inexpensive Drives ) klg Integrate ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . t/ Adaptor Plug ug{] Mother
Board k|of]u ubf{ ;:tf] / Upgradiing ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Socket 370
gofF xf] . Intel n] o;df Celeron Cpu /fv]/ PGA Socket World df Compitition
Socket 370 Mother board
u/fpb} Slot 1 Device sf] pTkfbg ;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg] lg0f{o u/]/ pTkfbg u/]sf]
lyof] . of] Socket 7 h:t} b]lvG5 t/ Socket 7 ;+u Compatible 5}g .
Intel Pentium 60 Mhz to 200 Mhz Intel Pentium MMX 166 – 233
AMDK 5 PR 90 to 166 Mhz AMDK 6 MMX 166 – 266
Cyrix 6 * 86 133 Mhz to 200 Mhz Cyrix 6 * 86 MMX 166-266
;a} Socket 7 CPU Win 95, DOS/Win / Vast Majority Software h'g;'s} PC df n]v]sf] eP klg Run
x'g ;Sg] ul/ Design ul/Psf] 5 . s]lx gofF Software Package h;nfO{ MMX Support rflxG5 .
Intel Pentium AMDK5 PR / Cyrix 6 * 86 df Run x'b}g To;}n] p;}n] klg gofF CPU lsGbf MMX
Support ug{] lsGg' kb{5 . lbOPsf] Speed df ;a} CPU sf] Performance p:t} xf] . t/ Banch
Mark Test n] Instruction Mix / Application df 7"nf] km/s b]lvG5 . of] km/s 3D Gane df k|i6
b]lvG5 eg] Office Package df gb]lvg ;S5 .
ATX Mother Boards
ljt]sf] bz jif{ 1985 b]lv 1997 ;Dd AT Standard Original PC IBM n] 90% Industry Standard df
pknAw u/fPs]f lyof] . cGtdf kl/at{g cfof] / gofF System ATX Mother Board ATX Case /
ATX Power Supply ;fy pko'Qm Adaptor tyf AT Power Supply klg ldNg] ul/ pknAw eof] . of]
Intel n] pTkfbg u/]sf] xf] . ATX Mother Board Original AT df w]/} ;do b]lv /x]sf]
;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ Design ul/Psf] xf] . w]/} h;f] AT Mother Board df CPU Adaptor Slot
sf] k5f8L / Case sf] cufl8 kl§ efudf /xGYof] . tL dWo] w]/}df tLgj6f Slot df k"/f
nDjfO{ ePsf Card k|of]u ul/GYof] . Colling Air flow klg Power Supply sf] Fan af6 x'GYof] .
Tof] klg Adaptor Card , Drive Case / Ribbon Cable n] Block x'GYof] . AXT Mother Board df Fan CPU
sf] s]lx Inch leq /flvG5 . ATX sf] Specification sf] klxnf] k"/s Micro ATX Version xf] . h'g
Lower Cost df pknAw u/fOG5 . h] eP klg ahf/df dx+uf] PC nfO{ nfu' ug{ s]lx
l;dfx? X'G5g\ . AXT Mother Board n] Board b]lv Case ;Dd Port sf nflu Nofpg] Cable sf]
;d:ofnfO{ Mother Board df g} /fv]/ ;dfwfg u/]sf] 5 . Standard ATX Mother Board df PS/2 Style
Mouse and Key Board Connector, two Serial Ports One Parallel port, One Gane port tyf USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Port ;dfa]z 5g\ . Highly Integrated Mother Board df Sound Jack, Modem Ports (Phone Line ), RJ – 45 Ports (10
Base Twisted Pair Networking), VGA Connector / Composit Video (S-Video) Jack klg ;dfa]z x'G5g\ . ATX
Mother Board k"/fgf] Socket 7 CPU ( Original Pentium MMX Generation ) / Aofaxfl/s ?kdf gofF pentium
II / Celeron CPU sf nflu klg pko'Qm 5gf}6 x'g ;S5 .
Post Sequence A
Test Processor Is Support Chip Ok No Display Error Code
Halt No Is ROM OK ? No
Yes
Check Point 2 Test Peripherals Controllers
Test Timer 1
Drive A: or C:
BIOS ROM Check the Hardware Component No Display Massage
Yes
A: is there any Operating System Yes Load the Fount O/S In to RAM
No
Display Error Massage
FAT and Directory
DBR :- DOS sf] Startion Point Frist Sector xf] o;nfO{ DOS 'O' Sector elgG5 . o;df Program sf]
dxTjk"0f{ efu /xG5 To;nfO{ DBR (DOS BOOT Record elgG5 .
Clusters :- DOS Sector x? Cluster df ;+ul7t x'G5g\ . DOS n] File nfO{ Space lbg k|of]u
ug{] Go"gtd Space Cluster xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu 1 Byte sf] File Create ul/of] eg]
Disk df 1 Byte g} kfOb}g . ToxfF "Minimum allocation " Pp6f Cluster kfOG5 .
Operating System
1981 df Operationg System DOS ;lxt IBM PC Release ePsf] lyof] . To; eGbf cufl8sf ;a}
CPU / DOS Uncompatiable lyP . af:tadf DOS One Sided Single density Floppy k|of]u ul/Psf] PC sf
nflu Design ul/Psf] lyof] h;df Hard Disk lyPg . Hard Disk k|of]u u/]/ dOS Run ubf{ Disk df
Fkiles Fragnentation x'g DOS sf] ljif]ztf lyof] . (Fragmentation eg]sf] File x? Disk el/ 5l/P/ /xg'
xf] ) Fragmentation n] ubf{ Disk el/ 5l/P/ /xg' xf] . Fragmentation n] ubf{ File df Access
ug{ l9nf] x'G5 . / w]/} Fragmentation ePdf System g} Slow x'G5 . DOS 8086 b]lv cfw'lgs
PC 486 jf Pentium ;Dd klg Rn x'g ;S5 . t/ 8086 sf] Performance df 486 n] 4000 MB ;Dd Memory Handle
ug{ ;S5 . t/ DOS n] 640 KB dfq} sfd ub{5 . To;}n] xfn ljsNksf] ?kdf cGo
Operation System x? h:t} Win95 Win98 WinNT, Linux cflb k|of]u ul/G5 .
DOS :- o;n] Multitasking Support ub}{g / 640 KB Memory df dfq} sfd ub{5 .
Windows :- o;n] DOS n] eGbf w]/} Memory k|of]u ug{'sf] ;fy} Multi Tasking Support ub{5 .
Windows 95 :- o;n] win 3.1 df ePsf w]/} ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sf] 5 . of] DOS df cfwfl/t 5 .
of] 32 Bit Code df agfOPs]f 5 . of] 386 CPU b]lv rNb5 . win 3.1 16 Bit Operation System xf] (DOS
h:t} ) . of] Starting b]lv g} Screen df Picture cfp+5 .
Plug and Play
ISA BUS ;lxt agfOPsf] PC df cltl/Qm Adaptor Install ub{f ldNbf] Configutation sf]
x'g' kb{Yof] . x/]s Card sf nflu cnUu} IRQ DMA Channel , Upper Memory Block jf I/O Port address
cfjZos kb{Yfo] . ISA 16 IRQ / 8 DMA Channel df l;ldt lyof] / x/]s Line df Pp6f Device sf]
e"ldsf x'Gyof] . Install ubf{ b'O{ j6f Device Conflict ePdf (IRQ, DMA, I/O and Memory Address) /fd|
f] ;+u sfd ub{}g . o:tf] ;d:of x'G5 . Plug and Play System n] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/sf]
5 . Plug and Play System n] /fd|f] ;+u sfd ug{ lgDg tLg s'/f cfjZos x'G5 .
Directory Structure
Root Directory C: or A:
Dir1 Dir2 Dir3 F1
Sub Dir1 Sub Dir2 F2
F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Types of File
Hard Disk df w]/} k|sf/sf File x? x'G5g\ . t/ tL ;a}nfO{ Executable / Non Executable
ul/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;dWo Executable cfkm} ;s|Lo x'G5 . eg]
Nonexecutable File cfkm} ;lqmo x'b}g .
Dta File or Nonexecutable File :- of] kl5 agfOPsf] Data x? ePsf] File xf] . h'g cGo Program
sf] ;xof]un] pTkfbg ul/G5 . h:t} Word Processor Spread Sheet or Data Base cflb Program Non
Executable File nfO{ High Light ul/ Enterpress ubf{ Run x'b}g .
Executable File :- oL File x? Program File x'g\ oLgLx?sf] File Name Extension df .COM , >EXE , .SYS,
x'G5g\ . oLgLx?nfO{
>DLL cflb High light u/]/ Enter Key Press ubf{ cfkm} Run
x'G5g\ .
w]/} jif{ cufl8 cfz
ASCII Files ( American Standard Code For Information Inerchange ) :- ASCII Text
Standard df compoded ul/Psf] lyof] o;n] x/]s Character nfO{ Computer df vf; Standard df
Representing ub{5 . af:tlas ?kdf ToxfF 128 ASCII Code x'G5 . ltgLx? Letters Symbolss / cGo
Key sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df Key board df gb]lvg] cGo Symbol klg ;dfj]z ug{
;lsG5 . tL Extra Code (h;nfO{ Extended Character Set klg elgG5 ) x? Special European Character
x? Represent ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . Key Board sf] x/]s Characterr ASCII Code ;+u ;+ul7t x'g' .
pbfx/0fsf nflu Alt + 65 Press u/]df 'A' / Alt 50 Press u/]df z'' Display x'G5 .
Batch File :- Batch File sf] gfd DOS df BAT Extension ;lxt x'G5 . of] Excutable File xf] . Batch File df
Pp6f Text x'G5 . h;df instruction Set x'G5 . h;nfO{ Computer n] l:jsf/ ub{5 Auto
Exe.Bat Batch File sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . of] Automatically Executable Batch File xf]
o;nfO{ Exit ug{' x'b}g . olb Edit ug{' k/]df Copy u/]/ dfq} ug{' kb{5 .
Device Driverw File :- Device Driver File sf] Extension w]/} h;f] .Sys / Exe klg x'g ;D5 . DOS sf]
Capacity nfO{ Extend ul/ DPS nfO{ Comfiguration Process ;+u Interact ug{ j'em\g / Data
Transfer ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 . DOS n] Device Driver File klg Supply ub{5 . h:t} IO.SYS
System File x? Hideden x'G5g\ .
Compressed Files :- Diskette df File x? Copy ubf{ Compressed ?kdf Copy ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 .
cyf{t w]/} 7"nf] Fiele nfO{ 36fP/ Software xf] . o:tf] Software Install ug{] ;dodf
Install ug[' eGbf klxnf Expand x'G5 . obl o;f] gePdf DOS Expand Command k|of]u
u/]/ Manually Expand ug{‘kg]+{] x'G5 . slxn] sfFxL Compress ug{] File Incompatible
x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Expand ug{] Software To;} ;u} k7fOG5 .
File Running Order :- Hard Disk sf] Pp6} Space df pp6} gfd ePsf] t/ Extension . BAT , .EXE /
>COM ;a} eGbf klxnf To; kl5 .EXE / cGtdf .BAT Extension ePsf File qmd} ;+u
Run x'G5g\ .
DOS Comamand
1. h'g System File af6 Boot ug{] xf] To;} cg';f/ Partition ul/G5 .
Win 95 Bootable Disk
A:/ Drive df System Transfer ug{ C:/> Format A:/S
2. PQm Disk af6 Boot ug{]
A:\>
Case 1 Seagate sf] Harddisk ePdf
k|of]u ug{] . of] Ontrack Company n] Seagate sf] Hard Disk Partition, Format
Disk Manager Utility
tyf Repair ug{ agfPsf] Utility Software xf] . of] Floppy Disk df jf gofF Seagate sf] Hard Disk
lsGbf To;d} cfp+5 To;af6 Copy u/]/ lng ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu Sea Move.exe Command k|
of]u ug{] . o;n] 15 j6f hlt File Copy ub{5 . To;df DM klg x'G5 .
Case 2 cGo Company sf] Hard Disk ePdf FDISK (Fix Disk ) Utility software k|of]u ug{]
Gff]6 :- Seagate jf cGo Company sf] Hard Disk yfxf kfpg BIOS df uP/ Hard Disk Detect ug{] .
A:\> Fdisk
gf]6 :- Format Command n] Psk6sdf Pp6f Drive nfO{ Do You Wandt to be the Maximum Size
of disk dfq} Format ub{5 . FAT af6 Format ug{ Command k|of]u ug{] for Primary Dos ? Y\N n]
2047 MB ;Dd nfO{ dfq} C:Parittion ub{5 .
DOS COMMAND
Internal External
Dir, MD Exit
CLS, CD x Copy
Copy, RD Format
Copy , REN CHKDSK
Type, MOVE C:\Windows\Command
Del Separate File x? x'g .
Command .Com leq x'G5 .
C:\> Doskey (klxnf n]lvPsf] cfpg] )
Autoexec – Startup File
Command
ug{sf nflu
Fdisk – Hard Disk Partition
Format – Disk Format ug{sf nflu
MSCdex
Cdtech.Sys(Sony CD Rom eP Drive file) (gq o;sf] ;§fdf SSCDROM . Sys eP h'g;'s} CD klg
sfd ub{5 .)
Sonfig.Sys – Start up File
Drvspace . Bin
Himem . Sys – Memory Manggement sf nflu
I/O . Sys
Msdos.Sys
Hidden Files
.DLL(Application Extension)
.Sys (System File)
. VXD (Virtual Device Driver)
.386 ( Virtual Device Driver)
.DRV (Device Driver)
Hiddeen Files x]bf{
View (Enter) Option (Enter) View (Enter) Hide Files of these types(Enter)
Closs – Alt F4
Command Prompt
Hard Disk df g} Back up ePdf
C:\> CD Win95(Enter)
Back up /fVbf
C:\> Md win95
Directory create x'G5 .
Directory Remove ug{
( RD k|of]u ug{] )
To;kl5 ,
D:\> Copy win95 C:\ win95 (Enter)
(D Drive sf] win95 C Drive sf] Win 95 Directory df Copy x'G5 .)
Overwrite (Yes/No/All) ?
Yes (Enter) ;a} Overwrite x'G5 .
No (Enter) Overwrite x'b}g .
All (Enter) Overwrite x'b}g t/ To;df gePsf] File x? dfffq} Copy x'G5 .
For Add New Hardware
Sound Card Install
Start (Enter) Control Panel (Enter) Add New Hardware (Enter)
Next (Enter)
Yes (Recommended) (System n] Detect u5{ )
No (Enter) (cfkm}n] Detect ug{'k5{ )
Next (Enter)
Select the type of hardware you want to install
Sound, (Enter)Video and game controllers (Enter)
Next (Enter)
Have Disk (Enter) (CD /fVg] )
Browse (Enter)
Drives C: , A: , D:
D: (Enter)
CX 4235 (Enter) (Enter)
Win 95 (Enter) (Enter)
English (Enter) (Enter)
D: CX 4235/win95/English
Ok (Enter)
Ok (Enter) Finish (Enter)
Coping File 100 %
Restart ug{]
.
Modem Install
Start (Enter) Control Panel (Enter) Add New Hardware (Enter)
Next (Enter) No (Enter) Next (Enter)
Modem (Enter) Next (Enter) Have Disk (Enter) Browse (Enter)
D:\ DRIVER \ Win 9x (Enter) Ok (Enter)
COM2 (Enter)
Install eP ls ePg eg]/ Check ug{]
Control Panel (Enter) (Enter) Modem (Enter) (Enter)
Diagnostics (Enter)