TOELF Vocabulary and Grammar

PRE-TEST: Aggression
 VOCABULARY - PASSAGE
Screaming = chillido
Shouting = griterío
Belittling = acción de subestimar
Inflicted = causado
Inherent = inherente (built-in: existing as an essential and natural constituent or

characteristic)
Channeled = canalizado
Put forth = proponer
Based upon = based on
Approach = enfoque, propuesta
Peer = par (somebody or something who/that is at an equal level)
Minimally = por lo menos
On-screen = en pantalla (adj.)
Tens = decenas
Hundreds = centenas
Thousands = millares
In and of itself = por sí mismo
Correlation = correlación (a reciprocal relation between two or more things)
Disrupt = desbaratar, perturbar el desarrollo de…
 VOCABULARY - QUESTIONS
Remark = comentario
Deliberate = Intencional, deliberado
Leave out = omitir
Single-handedly = sin ayuda

IN WORKS OF = ¿?
Belong = corresponder
 GRAMMAR – PASSAGE
…agressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical…
…and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm… (destinados/dirigidos a…)
…be it physical or verbal… (ya sea físico o verbal…)
…have long been of concern to… (to be of concern to somebody = importarle a

alguien)
…those that portray aggression as a learned behavior… (describen/representan…)
…rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response

… (más que ocurrir espontáneamente and sin provocación, es una respuesta
directa…)
This approach focuses on the effect that role models and reinforcement behavior
have on the acquisition of agressive behavior. (have an effect on something = causar
efecto en algo)
…do still have an impact on behavior (have an impact on something = causar impacto
a algo)
…in certain television programs… (en ciertos programas de televisión…)
…can be counted in the tens , or hundreds… (pueden ser contados en decenas o

centenas…)
While some have argued that… (Mientras algunos han sostenido que…)
...it not just the modeling of aggressive behavior in either its real-life and fictional form
that correlates with increased acts of violence… (que se correlaciona con…)
 GRAMMAR - QUESTIONS
Various theories about aggression attribute it to either natural or learned behavior.

(le atribuyen… ) (attribute something to something = atribuirle algo a algo)
…it takes positive reinforcement to disrupt this type of behavior. (se necesita un
reforzamiento positive para…)
This question is worth 3 points. (to be worth = valer)

 CONNECTORS – PASSAGE
In contrast to instinct theories, social learning theories view… (en contraste con…)
READING SKILL 1: The Moho
Mantle = manto
Crust = corteza
Outer edge = borde externo
Core = centro (de la Tierra)
Encompass = abarcar
Outer layer = capa/estrato externo
Draw a conclusion = sacar una conclusión
Mountain range = cordillera
Shallow = poco profundo, superficial
Sketch = hacer un bosquejo de…
Pull = tirar de, jalar, arrastrar…
Draft = hacer el borrador de…
Grand = magnífico, grandioso
Considerately = con consideración
 GRAMMAR - PASSAGE
…the crust is very thin, averaging only about 15 to 20 kilometers in thickness.

(teniendo como promedio…)
The Moho reaches depths of about 70 kilometers beneath massive mountain ranges…
(debajo de…)
READING EXERCISE 1: Smog (passage 1)
Smog = niebla tóxica
Exhaust gases = gases del tubo de escape
Haze = neblina. Bruma
Be poised = estar suspendido
Engine = motor
Colorless = incoloro, sin color
Tailpipe = tubo de escape
Along with = junto con
Brownish = parduzco (pardo)
Hue = color, tono
Sit = colocar
Blow = soplar
Seat = sentado
Command =dar una orden
Move about = cambiar de sitio
Serve a function = cumplir una función
It is there that oxygen and nitrogen gas combine… (se combinan)
It comes into contact with available oxygen… (entra en contacto…)

READING EXERCISE 1: Autism (passage 2)
Across = através
Onset = aparición, llegada
Two and one-half = 2 años y medio
Most likely = muy probablemente
Etiology = causa
Arrangement = acuerdo, plan
Concurrent = simultáneo
Breakdown = avería
Irrespective of = independientemente de
Politeness = cortesía
It generally makes itself known by the age of two… (se hace conocer/descubrir…)
…is controversial with respect to diagnosis, etiology… (con respecto a…/IN REGARD
TO)
READING EXERCISE 1: Parasitic plants (passage 3)
Host plant = planta huésped en la cual se hospeda el parásito
Umbrageous = que da mucha sombra (shady)
Stem = tallo
Root = raíz
Species = especie (es igual en singular y en plural)
Flourish = florecer
Live off = vivir de
Vine = vid (planta)
Ponderous = pesado
Bloom = flor
Moist = húmedo
Well lit (pp of light) = iluminado
Shaded = sombreado
Offshoot = retoño (tallo que echa de nuevo la planta)
Seed = semilla
Parasitic plants attach themselves to host plants…
…which the parasite uses to make its way into the food channels… (penetrar…)
…and can measure up to 3 feet (1m) across. (de ancho, de diámetro)
READING EXERCISE 1: Edna Ferber (passage 4)
Embark on = comenzar
Break = oportunidad
Repudiate = rechazar, negar

Values = valores
Feature = figurar
Tenacious = tenaz (perseverante)
Endure = soportar, aguantar, perdurar
Epic novel = novela épica (una larga historia que narra los hechos de un personaje
heróico)
Start out = iniciar, tener su origen
Improve upon = perfeccionar
Recite = recitar, enumerar
Live up to = cumplir con
Arch enemy = archienemigo
Skilled worker = trabajador calificado
Diligently = con diligencia (dedicación, cuidado)
Hurtfully = de una forma hiriente
Unequivocally = inequívocamente (de una manera bien definida y clara)
Agonizingly = de una manera muy dolorosa
Rousing = entusiasta
…a mother who places a high value on hard work and honor… (le da un alto valor
a/al…)
…an irresponsible man who leaves her with a daughter she must take great pains to
support. (poner mucho esfuerzo/esmero…)
…the novel was made into a musical… (transformado/convertido…)

READING SKILL 2: Formation of tornadoes
At the bottom = en el fondo
Thundercloud = nube de tormenta
Spin = girar
In much the same way = de manera muy similar, casi de la misma forma
Sink = fregadero, lavaplatos
Drain = desagüe
Funnel = embudo
Much like = muy parecido
Suck up = aspirar, absorber
The rotation of the earth causes the air to spin… (causa que el aire gire…)
…as it goes down a drain… (a medida que baja hacia el desagüe…)
READING EXERCISE 2: Animal congregation (passage 1)
Conferred = concedido, otorgado
Membership = pertenencia
Hive = enjambre
School = cardumen, banco (conjunto de peces)
Mound = montículo
Pack = manada (de lobos)
Herd = manda (de venados)

Prey = presa
Take on = enfrentarse
Merely = simplemente
A large group of prey may be easier for a predator to find at any given point than is a
small one. (de lo que es uno pequeño.)
READING EXERCISE 2: Chromium compounds (passage 2)
Chromium = cromo
Brightly = intensamente
Coat = capa (donde se aplica la pintura)
Powder = polvo
Opaqueness = sustantivo de opaco
Binder = líquido en el cual el pigmento es mezclado
Blended = mezclado, combinado
Oily solvent = líquido que es capaz de disolver otras sustancias de textura aceitosa
 CONNECTORS – PASSAGE
In addition to having a pleasing color…

READING EXERCISE 2: New World epidemics (passage 3)
Watery barrier = barrera acuosa (adjetivo que califica al agua)
Virulent = virulento (ocasionado por un virus)
Across = al otro lado (across the ocean)
Measles = sarampión
Smallpox = viruela
Outbreak = estallido, comienzo
Strike = golpear
READING EXERCISE 2: Horatio Alger, Jr. (passage 4)
Slum = barrio
Pawn = peón, títere
Lot = lo que a uno le toca en la vida
Plotline = el argumento básico de un grupo de historias
The son of a minister, Alger came from a prominent Massachusetts family.

READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 – 2): Coral colonies
 VOCABULARY – PASSAGE
Develop into = convertirse en
Characteristically = habitualmente, por naturaleza, típicamente
Intricate = complicado
Coral reef = arrecife de coral (estructura que se forma en el mar con esqueletos de
carbonato de calcio de seres vivos marinos llamados corales.)
Thrive = prosperar, crecer con fuerza
Stony = pedregoso (abundante en rocas y piedras)
Closely = estrechamente, muy
Make up = inventar, componer, preparar, recuperar
Fort the most part = en general, mayormente
In length = de longitud, de largo
Cluster = agruparse
Seawater = agua de mar
Daylight = luz del día
Stretch = estirarse
Partially = en parte, no totalmente
Minute = diminuto
Surrounded = rodeado
Fringe = borde, margen
Once-living = dead
Remnants = restos
Commonplace = común, cosa frecuente
Hardy = resistente, fuerte
Algae = alga
In nature = de por sí, naturalmente
Clam = almeja
Bore = taladrar, perforar
Weaken = debilitar
Opening = abertura
Cement = consolidar, fortalecer
Borings = restos hechos polvo
Waste = desperdicio
Seaweed = alga marina
Ongoing = en curso, constante
Unstable = inestable
Break down =averiarse, descomponerse
Over time = con el paso del tiempo
Rearranged= reorganizado
Limestone = piedra caliza
Treelike = que se parece a un árbol
Branching = que se parece a las ramas de un árbol (rama = branch)
Integer = número entero
Sum = suma, cantidad
Timely = oportuno
Aging = envejecido
Rugged = duro, de facciones duras
Dull = aburrido, apagado, sin brillo, pálido
Living being = ser vivo
Powdery = hecho polvo

…polyps clustered together. (agrupados…)
…the polyps attach themselves both to the living tissue and to the external
skeletons… (se pegan tanto a… como a…)
…to feed on minute plankton… (para alimentarse de…)
…used to grab onto food. (usado para agarrar comida)
…they reproduce very quickly. (se reproducen muy rápido)
 GRAMMAR - QUESTIONS
Cease functioning (to cease doing/to do something = dejar de hacer algo)
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 – 2): Insectivorous plants

(passage 1)
 VOCABULARY - SCRIPT
Sustain = sustentar, sostener, mantener
Take in = engañar, recibir, asimilar
Snap = mover algo con tal velocidad que produce un sonido
Bristle = cerda
Shut = cerrar, cerrarse
Discharge = liberar, despedir (un líquido)
Widespread = extendido, extenso

LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 – 2): Modern American
architects (passage 2)
Hinder = dificultar
Enhance = realzar, aumentar, mejorar
Allow for = tener en cuenta, contar con
Heating = calefacción
Cooling = refrigeración, enfriamiento
Plumbing = instalación de cañerías o tuberías
Electrical wiring = instalación eléctrica
Fit in with = adapalptarse/integrarse con
Eyesore = mounstruosidad, adefesio
Wear = desgaste
Strive for = luchar (pasado = strove)
Blended well with = combinar bien con
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 – 2): West point (passage 3)
Outpost = avanzada (militar)
Prior to...= previo a
Spot = lugar
Narrow = estrecharse, hacerse más angosto, reducirse
Bend (verb) = torcerse, doblar
Sharply = repentinamente, con fuerza
Overlook = tener vista sobre algo
Bend (noun) = curva

Appoint = nombrar, designar
Treason = traición
Plot = complot
Surrender = rendir, entregar (militar)
Outcome = resultado, consecuencia
Hint = pista
Acknowledgment = reconocimiento
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 3 – 4): Land tortoises (passage

1)
Bathe = bañar, bañarse
To some extent = hasta cierto punto
Occur = aparecer (tortugas)
Inconceivable = inconcebible
Disturbed = trastornado, inquieto, agitado
Plausible = convincente, creíble

LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 3 – 4): Winchester house
(passage 2)
Heiress = heredera
Accrue = acumular
Corridor = pasillo, corredor
Heir to something = heredero de algo
Misfortune = desgracia
Thwart = frustrar, desbaratar
Remainder = resto (vida)
Eye-catching = llamativo
Fairly = bastante
Haphazard = desordenado
 GRAMMAR - SCRIPT
…she continued to add to the house… (ampliar...)
In the aftermath of her loss… (como secuela [in the period following a disaster]…)
Sarah dedicated the remainder of her life to adding onto the house in such a way as
to make the ghosts get lost… (de manera que…)
 CONNECTORS - SCRIPT
The fortune notwithstanding, Sarah was devastated by the loss of… (A pesar de la
fortuna…)
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 – 4): Mother Goose (passage
3)
 VOCABULARY – SCRIPT
Compile = recopilar
Steward = administrador
Title deed = título de propiedad
On the way = en el camino
Plum = ciruela
Core = núcleo
Anthology = antología (es un conjunto de textos que han sido escogidos por ser la
mejor producción o los más representativos para una temática o un curso
determinado.)
…the state for which the title deed was reportedly stolen. (según se nos informa)
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 5 - 6): American colonies

(passage 1)
Grant = subvención, subsidio (consiste en la entrega de una cantidad de dinero por la

Administración, a un particular, sin obligación de reembolsarlo, para que realice cierta
actividad de interés público.)
Charter = carta, fuero de privilegios (a document issued by some authority,

creating a public or private institution, and defining its purposes and
privileges.)
Stockholder = accionista
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 5 - 6): Edgar Allan Poe (passage
2)
Quarter = trimester
Look over = examinar
Lead = llevar, guiar, liderar
Mood = humor, atmósfera
Put down = dejar
…when that exam comes around. (venga)
…and pulls the reader into the story. (empuja/arrastra/acerca al lector a…)
…it won’t take too long to read. (no va a tomar mucho tiempo para leerlo)
LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 - 6): (passage 3)
Sting = picar (abeja)
Venomous = venenoso
Ingest = ingerir
Triggered = provocado
Beware = tener cuidado
Delicacy = manjar, exquisitez
Diner = comensal (cada uno de los que comen en la misma mesa)

Deadly = mortal
Imply = dar a entender
I myself am very well acquainted with poison oak… (informada de/familiarizada con)
WRITING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 - 5): Integrated task 1
Come together = unirse
Heated = acalorado (discusión)
Nixed = vetado, prohibido
Put into effect = poner en efecto
Mount up = acumular, acumularse
Come up with = pensar en, conseguir
Get around = evitar
Carpool= grupo de personas que se juntan para viajes de ida y vuelta al trabajo, en el
mismo auto.
 VOCABULARY – SAMPLE ANSWER
For instance = por ejemplo
Assumption = suposición
 VOCABULARY – QUESTIONS
Scroll = move through text or graphics in order to display parts that do not fit on the
screen.
…and the problem had to do with the budget. (tenía que ver con…)
…a number of ways that they could… (formas por las cuales…)
Officials finally came out with a number of plans… (se les ocurrió…)
 GRAMMAR – SAMPLE ANSWER
They finally decided on various solutions… (se decidieron por / optaron por…)
Fledgling = inexperto
Overwhelmingly= de una manera abrumadora o intensa
Largely = en gran parte
Detrimental = perjudicial
Fearful (of) = temeroso (de)
Counter = contrarrestar
Alongside = al lado de
 VOCABULARY - SAMPLE ANSWER
As to = acerca de
Mainstay = sostén, pilar principal
 GRAMMAR - SAMPLE ANSWER
The reading passage discusses Thomas Jefferson… (habla de…)
…of what the country should be like.
It was important to invest the individual states with a considerable amount of power.
(dar a los estados individuales…)
…he also favored a strict interpretation... (estaba a favor de…)
The federal government has only the powers that are specifically granted it in the
Constitution. (que se les concede/reconoce…)
 CONNECTORS – SCRIPT
In accordance with = de acuerdo con
According to which = según lo cual
Tardiness = tardanza
Come to a decision = tomar una decisión
In writing = por escrito
Call for = exigir, pedir
Make up = recuperar
Subtract = sustraer
Salary check = cheque de pago
Proposal = propuesta
Harsh = duro, riguroso
Tardy = tardío
Drawback = inconveniente, desventaja
On the part of = de parte de
Stiff = duro
Semi-colon = punto y coma
It was commonplace for each junior accountant to average missing… (perder en

promedio…)
WRITING EXERCISE (SKILLS 8 - 12): Independent task 1
Ensure = asegurar
Day-to-day work= trabajo de día a día (diario)
Run a family = dirigir una familia
Heritage = patrimonio
Pass on = transmitir
Mundane = rutinario

…living with the extended family is preferable to living with only the nuclear family.
…and how it got to be the way that it is. (cómo consiguió ser como es)
…can also be instrumental in maintaining family traditions… (jugar un papel decisivo

en…)
…mundane work of getting through the day… (sobrevivir día a día…)
Certainly = definitivamente
Feasible = viable, posible
Performance = desempeño, rendimiento
Overlook = pasar por alto
Acclaim =aclamación, elogio
As a whole = en su totalidad
Go far = llegar lejos, tener éxito
Overly = demasiado
Costly = costoso
Disruptive = perjudicial
Advocate = recomendar, apoyar
…in order to continue to be worthy of it. (be worthy of something = ser digno de algo)
…it is not just the employee who will benefit from the recognition…
…to achieve recognition of their own. (para ellos solos)

…throughout the organization… (en toda la organización…)
…which can prove disruptive… (resultar perjudicial..)
Enjoyable = agradable
Refreshed = refrescado
Pressurized = presionado
Enjoyment = placer
…it keeps me in touch with… (me mantiene en contacto con…)
…I take time out from my studies to read magazines… (quito tiempo a mis
estudios…)
APPENDIX A: COHESION
APPENDIX A1: USE REPEATED AND REPHRASED KEY IDEAS
 VOCABULARY
Insurmountable = insuperable
Stubbon = terco, obstinado
Ramble on = divagar
Succinct = concise
Simplistic = simplista, simple

Lively = animado (debate)
Take part = participar
Novel = original, novedoso
 GRAMMAR
I do not want you to ramble on and on in your responses
 CONNECTORS
Conversely = en cambio
APPENDIX A2: USA PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS
 VOCABULARY
Promising = prometedor
Yield = producer, dar (resultados, conclusiones)
Take upon = encargarse, asumir la responsabilidad de hacer algo
Procrastinate = dejar las cosas para más tarde
Regret (regretting)= arrepentirse, lamentar
Reasoning = razonamiento
Faulty= imperfecto, defectuoso
 GRAMMAR
You and I have our work cut out for ourselves… (hecho para…)
…and now they are in a bit of a fix. (en un aprieto, algo “apretados”)
The students have gotten themselves into this situation…
…they will have to work very hard to get themselves out of it.
 CONNECTORS
Up to now = hasta ahora
APPENDIX A3: USE TRANSITION EXPRESSIONS
 GRAMMAR
One student does not like classical music; nevertheless, her friends have talked her
into going. (la han convencido para ir)
There will be a guest performer at the concert; interestingly, the guest performer is
someone quite famous. (como dato interesante…)
APPENDIX REVIEW A1-A3
 VOCABULARY
Vociferously = a gritos
Turn in = entregar (assignment)
Account = explicación, version
Inaccuracy = inexactitude
From the outset = desde el principio

 GRAMMAR
The board has indicated that it is now in accord on the key point… (de acuerdo con…)
One member of the group was opposed to the plan…
APPENDIX B: SENTENCE STRUCTURE
 VOCABULARY
Inasmuch as = ya que (since)
Now that = ahora que
Whereas = mientras que
In that = en el sentido de que
APPENDIX B1: USE CORRECT SIMPLE SENTENCES
 VOCABULARY
Unsettling = inquietante
Proper = correcto, apropiado

Faded = apagado, desteñido
Parchment = pergamino
APPENDIX B2: USE CORRECT COMPOUND SENTENCES
 VOCABULARY
Set off = hacer resaltar, hacer empezar
Matter = asunto, materia
Vow = jurar
Afterwards = después, más tarde
APPENDIX B3: USE CORRECT COMPLEX SENTENCES
 VOCABULARY
Refute = refutar, rebatir, contradecir
Think out = elaborar
Take back = retirar (declaración)

APPENDIX REVIEW B1-B3
 VOCABULARY
File = presentar (petición)
Get hold of = contactar
APPENDIX C: ERROR CORRECTION
APPENDIX C1: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
 VOCABULARY
Forest ranger = guardabosque
Eastern = oriental, del este
Spot = descubrir, encontrar
Bloom = florecer, abrirse (flor)
Candle = vela
Glow = brillo
Council = consejo, ayuntamiento, municipio
Attendee = espectador
Gemstone = gema, piedra preciosa

APPENDIX C2: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
ALL
MOST
SOME OF THE (OBJECT) ----- VERB
HALF
PART
When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the object.
 VOCABULARY
Banquet = banquete
Clarification = aclaración
Flood = inundar, ahogar
Inheritance = herencia
Carton of eggs = caja de huevos
On Schedule = puntualmente, según los tiempos acordados
Allocate = asignar, destinar
APPENDIX C3: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE

CONJUNCTIONS
 VOCABULARY
Drawer = cajón
Pleasurable = placentero
Amend = corrección
Anger = ira, enojo
Resentment = resentimiento, rencor
Disbelief = incredulidad
Rehearse = ensayar
APPENDIX C4: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
 VOCABULARY
Praise = elogiar
Scold = regañar
Misplace = perder
Fall asleep = quedarse dormido
APPENDIX C5: FORM COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY
 VOCABULARY
Cloudy = nublado
House = alojar, albergar
Flavorful = sabroso
Regular = habitual
APPENDIX C6: USE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY
 VOCABULARY
Grey = gris
Reticent = reticente, reservado, desconfiado
APPENDIX REVIEW C1-C6
 VOCABULARY
Moving = emotivo, conmovedor
Drop off = entregar, dejar
Adequate = adecuado
Convincing = convincente
APPENDIX C7: AFTER “HAVE”, USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE
 VOCABULARY
Sink = hundirse
Wear (conj.) = wear / wore / worn
Wind = viento
Cartridge = cartucho
Lightning = relámpago
Knock down = derribar
 GRAMMAR
High winds have blown the plane off course. (han sacado al avión de su curso)
APPENDIX C8: AFTER “BE”, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST
PARTICIPLE
No vocabulary
APPENDIX C9: AFTER “WILL”, “WOULD”, OR OTHER MODALS, USE THE BASE
FORM OF THE VERB
 GRAMMAR
The team members must try a lot harder … (con mucha más fuerza…)
APPENDIX C10: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT
 VOCABULARY
Fasten = sujetar, abrochar
Head to = dirigirse a
APPENDIX C11: USE “HAVE” AND “HAD” CORRECTLY
 VOCABULARY
Differentiate = diferenciar
Dismiss = dejar, (una clase)
Transpire = ocurrir, suceder
APPENDIX C12: USE THE CORRECT TENSE WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
 VOCABULARY
At the turn of the century = al final del siglo (y al principio del siguiente)
Busy signal = señal ocupada (teléfono)

APPENDIX C13: USE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PASSIVE
 VOCABULARY
Grade = clasificar
Hedge = seto
Trim = recortar (seto)
Gunman = pistolero
Give away = regalar
Clerk = empleado (administrativo) (bancario)
APPENDIX C14: RECOGNIZE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS
 VOCABULARY
Noon = mediodía
Overtime = sobretiempo, prórroga (fútbol)
Frame = marco (de foto, pintura)
Knock over = tirar, volvar
Fall off = desprenderse, caerse, decaer
Surgical = quirúrgico
 GRAMMAR
…on the very first try. (en sólo el primer intento)

 VOCABULARY
Chop up = cortar, picar (cebollas...)
Insurance = seguro
Convey = expresar
Seek (conj.) = seek / sought / sought
Soon after = poco después
APPENDIX C15: USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUN
KEY WORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

FOR SINGULAR NOUNS each, every, single, one, a
FOR PLURAL NOUNS both, two, many, several, various
 VOCABULARY
Exhibit = exposition
Scoop = bola (helado)
Run into = toparse con (un problema, una persona)
Acquaintance (noun) = conocido
Serving = porción, ración
Misunderstanding = malentendido
APPENDIX C16: DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE AND UN COUNTABLE NOUNS
 VOCABULARY
And so forth = etcetera
Come across = encontrar (cosa, persona)
See about = ocuparse de, encargarse de
Dispute = discutir
Serve = atender
 GRAMMAR
The official gave us many sincere assurances that we would receive assitance. (nos
aseguró que / nos garantizó que…)
APPENDIX C17: DISTINGUISH SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS
 GRAMMAR
He and she have agreed to assist us with the project…. (ayudarnos con…)
APPENDIX C18: DISTINGUISH POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS AND PRONOUNS
 VOCABULARY
No vocabulary
APPENDIX C19: CHECK PRONOUN REFERENCE FOR AGREEMENT
 VOCABULARY
Sunshine = sol
Fingerprint = huella digital
 VOCABULARY
Dissatisfaction = insatisfacción, descontento

APPENDIX C20: CHECK PRONOUN REFERENCE FOR AGREEMENT
 VOCABULARY
Wail = gemir, aullar (bebé)
Plaintive = lastimero, desgarrador, conmovedor
Striking = sorprendente, llamativo
Gate = puerta
Parking lot = estacionamiento
Resurface = repavimentar
Cautiously = cautelosamente
Driveway = camino de entrada (para casa)
Lead (conj.) = lead / led / led
 GRAMMAR
Whose brilliant idea was it to take this supposed shortcut when none of us
actually knew where it led? (¿De quién fue la brillante idea de tomar este supuesto
atajo cuando ninguno de nosotros realmente sabía a dónde conducía?)
APPENDIX C21: POSITION ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY
An adverb describing a verb cannot be used between the verb and its object.
The man drove QUICKLY * the car.
The man drove the car QUICKLY.
 VOCABULARY
Gently = con cuidado, delicadamente
Skillfully = hábilmente
Bundle up = abrigarse
Chilly = frío
APPENDIX C22: USE –ED AND –ING ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY
 VOCABULARY
Delighted = satisfecha
Snow-capped mountain = montaña cubierta de nieve
Ring = rodear
Stroll = dar un paseo
APPENDIX C23: USE ARTICLES WITH SINGULAR NOUNS
 VOCABULARY
Stylish = con estilo, elegante
Parakeet = perico
 GRAMMAR
Sam is taking classes in geography […] as well as holding a part-time job.
APPENDIX C24: DISTINGUISH “A” AND “AN”
 VOCABULARY
Omen = presagio
Xerox machine = fotocopiadora
X-ray machine = máquina que hace radiografías
Heated = climatizado, térmico (piscina)
Once-in-a-lifetime (adj.) = una vez en la vida

Faraway = lejano, remoto
Hand-painted = pintado a mano
Sign = letrero, pancarta
Helpless = indefenso
APPENDIX C25: MAKE ARTICLES AGREE WITH NOUNS
 VOCABULARY
Balcony = balcón
Gentle = dulce, suaveç
Tuck = meter, arropar (niño)
Hostess = anfitriona
 GRAMMAR
…and then tucked them into bed. (los metió a la cama.)
APPENDIX C26: DISTINGUISH SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS
 VOCABULARY
Sail = navegar
Spacecraft = nave espacial
Punch = golpear
 VOCABULARY
Flour = harina
Forgetful = olvidadizo
Orderly = camillero (en hospital)
Substantial = importante, considerable
Triumphantly = triunfantemente
Explicitly = explícitamente
Delight = placer
Unmade bed = cama destendida
Swiftly = rápidamente
 GRAMMAR
The customer became increasingly impatient… (cada vez más impaciente…)
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 - 2): Ozette (passage 1)
The vast majority = la inmensa mayoría
Moisture = humedad
Envelop = envolver
Swamp = pantano
Marsh = pantano, marisma (en costa)
Bog = ciénaga (lugar lleno de cieno o pantanoso)
Seal = cerrar herméticamente (que se cierra de tal modo que no deja pasar el aire u
otros fluidos.)
Airless = falto de ventilación, sin aire
Foster = fomentar
Find = hallazgo
Waterlogged = inundado
Dry out = resecar
Leather = cuero
Mudslide = derrumbamiento / despredimiento de lodo
Swelling = hinchazón
Stream = arroyo, riachuelo
Uncover = destapar, descubrir, revelar
Carve = tallar, esculpir
Weave (conj.) = Tejer  weave / wove / woven
Basket = canasta
Mat = tapete
Loom = telar
Spindle = huso (instrumento, algo más grueso y más largo que el de hilar,
que sirve para unir y retorcer dos o más hilos)
Bow = arco
Harpoon = arpón (cacería)
Hook = anzuelo
Rake = trastrillo
Canoe = canoa
Canoe paddle = remo de canoa
Dorsal fin = aleta dorsal
Figurine = figurita
Needy = necesitado
Impoverished = empobrecido
Four-sided = de cuatro lados

Endure = perdurar, aguantar, soportar
Lodge = alojar, presentar (queja, denuncia)
Spear = lanza
Fishing rod = caña de pescar
Ornament = adorno
…and therefore lend themselves to sheltering well-preserved organic remains. (se

prestan a…)
…which has been estimated to be quadruple the cost of dryland archeology… (ser
cuatro veces el costo…)
…carved in the shape of… (con forma de…)
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 - 2): Diamonds (passage 2)
Tightly = fuertemente, de una manera apretada
Packed = replete
Bonded = adherido, pegado
Molten = fundido, derretido
Pipe = tubo
Intrusion = intrusion, intromission
Supply = proveer, suministrar
Eon = eón (período de tiempo indefinido de larga duración)
A wealth of something = abundancia de algo
Upper part = parte más alta
Weathering = desgaste, erosión
Yellowed = amarillento
Inner = interior
Working = funcionamiento
Melted = fundido, derretido
Furnace = caldera, horno (industrial)
Pathway = camino, sendero
Rceptacle = recipiente
Anticipated = previsto
Length = duración (tiempo)
Affluence = prosperidad
Sanctuary = santuario, asilo, refugio
…from deep within the earth… (desde lo profundo de la tierra…)
…that supply molten lava to active volcanoes… (suplly something to

something/somebody = proveer a algo/alguien de algo)
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 - 2): Rachel Carson (passage 3)
Reliance = dependencia, confianza
Bring about (a)= dar lugar a
Come into = entrar en
Circuitous = indirecto
Fashion = manera
Enmity = enemistad
Quarter = area
Discredit = desacreditar
Threaten = amenazar
Lawsuit = juicio
Contention = disputa, opinión, controversia
Misleading = erróneo, engañoso
Underwrite = financiar, asegurar
Go forward = progresar, avanzar
Fancy = imaginación
Disseminate = diseminar, divulgar, publicar
Feted = agasajado
Espouse = propugnar, defender, amparar
Impetus = ímpetu, impulso
Unprecedented = sin precedentes, inaudito (nunca oído)
Direction = indicación
Pattern = diseño
Run away (from) = huir (de)
Hatred = odio
Empower = otorgar poderes
Bothered = molesto, fastidiado
Overcome = superar, vencer
Upon completing her studies… (al terminar / apenas terminó / ni bien terminó…)
…to spray for mosquitoes… (para rociar con insecticida a los mosquitos…)
…also succumbed to the pesticide spray. (sucumbieron ante…)

This letter spurred Carson to approach… (estimuló a Carson para…)
…to pursue a lawsuit… (llevar a cabo un juicio…)
…the lawsuit never came to fruition… (nunca se realizó…)
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 3 - 4): Apple Computer (passage

1)
Astounding = increíble, asombroso
Leap = salto, brinco
Grasp = comprensión, conocimientos
Assemble = montar, armar (computadora)
Plaything = juguete
Wide-ranging = amplio, variado
Off-putting = desagradable, desmoralizador
Casing = caja
A fair amount = una buena cantidad
Wire = conectar (aparato)
Solder = soldar (pegar y unir sólidamente dos cosas, o dos partes de una misma
cosa)
Feature = ofrecer
Encase = revestir, recubrir
Capability = capacidad
Pheriferal device = Aparato auxiliar e independiente conectado a la unidad central de

una computadora.
Soar = dispararse, elevarse, aumentar
In conjunction with = conjuntamente con, en colaboración con
Meet = satisfacer (demanda, deseos, deuda)

Chairman = presidente (compañía)
Secure = conseguir, asegurar
Venture = aventurado
Leadership = liderazgo
Escalate = aumentar, intensificarse
Market value = valor de mercado
Scope = alcance, ámbito, campo
Appealing = atractivo
Bring in = hacer entrar, introducir
14-fold = multiplicado por 14
…to maintain a corporate culture that was conducive to innovation… (que

contribuyera con… / que fuera conducente a…)
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 3 - 4): Thomas Jefferson

(passage 2)
Predecessor = antecessor
Swampy = pantanoso, lagunoso
Boardinghouse = casa de huéspedes

Step = escalinata (escalera amplia y generalmente artística, en el exterior o en el
vestíbulo de un edificio)
In line with = de acuerdo con, conforme a
Foundation = fundamento
Civically minded = con mentalidad cívica
Citizenry = ciudadanía
Excess = exceso
The bulk of something = la mayor parte de algo
Pursuit of happiness = búsqueda de felicidad
Squalid = miserable
Toil = trabajar duro (literario)
Blessed = bendecido
Expanse = extension
Picture = imaginar
Institute = iniciar, entablar
Flank = flanquear (estar colocado al flanco o lado de algo)
Adamant = firme
Envision = imaginar
Disband = disolver
Depleted = reducido, agotado
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 5 - 6): Chocolate (passage 1)

Undergo = sufrir
Bitter = amargo
Indigenous = autóctono
Currency = moneda
Roasted = tostado
Pepper = pimiento
Heat = calendar
Grind (conj.) = moler (grind / ground / ground)
Cinnamon = canela
Clove = clavc de olor
Anise = anis
Almond = almendra
Hazelnut = avellana
Orange-flavored = con gusto a naranja
Smooth = alisar, pulir
Plantain = plátano (fruta para cocinar), plátano (árbol)
Harden = endurecerse
Slab = tabla (de madera), bloque
Broth = caldo
Treat = gusto (darse un gusto)
Fashionable = de moda, a la moda
Spring up = surgir, elevarse (edificio)
Refinement = mejora
Squeeze = exprimir, sacar
Smooth = suave
Set out = proponerse
Coating = capa (chocolate)
Wrap = envolver
Nickel = moneda de 5 centavos
Apiece = cada uno
Sweetener = edulcorante
Peel = cáscara
Mass-produce = fabricar en serie
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 7 - 8): The iditarod (passage 1)
Trail = sendero, camino
Traverse = atravesar
Venue = sede
Run = carrera
Predate = precede
To blaze a trail = abrir un camino
Fur = piel, pelo, pelaje

Dogsled = trineo tirado por perros
Sled = trineo
Keep (somebody) fit = mantener (a alguien) en forma
Of necessity = por necesidad
Close down = cerrar (para siempre)
Sweepstake = Porra (juego en que varias personas apuestan dinero a un resultado,

número, etc)
Settle a bet over something = acordar una apuesta acerca de algo
Pose a threat = representar una amenaza
Conceivably = posiblemente
Freeze over = congelar
Put into use = poner en acción
Strike (conj.) = golpear, afectar (strike / struck / struck or stricken)
Centennial = centenario
Purse = premio (deporte)
Grueling = extenuante, agotador
Cargo = cargamento, carga
Comparatively = relativamente
All year round = durante todo el año
Intertwine = entrelazar, entrecruzar
Harmful = perjudicial
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 9 - 10): Speech disorders
(passage 2)
String together = coordinar (palabras)
Meaningless = sin sentido
Gibberish = tonterías
Postmortem = autopsia
Statistically = estadísticamente
Inhibit = inhibir, dificultar, impedir
Critical = crucial
READING EXERCISE (SKILLS 1 - 10): Galaxies (passage 3)
Collide = colisionar, chocar
Extend = extender, extenderse
Emerge = salir, resultar, surgir, aparecer
Gravitational pull = fuerza gravitacional
Merge into= fusionarse para convertirse en, unirse, desembocar en
Cannibalism = canibalismo
Pull away = alejar, apartar
Dense = espeso, compacto, apretado
Swallow up = tragarse, consumir
The Milky Way = la Vía Láctea
Suggest = sugerir, indicar

Road map = mapa de carreteras
Scenario = posibilidad, perspectiva
It stands to reason that galaxies… (es lógico que…)
…then move past each other… (más allá de…)
…astronomers are now confident that… (ahora confían en que…)
MINI-TEST 1: Listening
For that matter = en realidad
Towering = altísimo, destacado, impresionante
Of yesteryear = de antaño, del pasado
Flow = fluir
Inward = hacia dentro, interior
Atop = encima, en lo alto de…
Ash = ceniza
In the vicinity of = en los alrededores de, en las inmediaciones de…

 GRAMMAR – SCRIPT
That way, you won’t have it hanging over your head… (no será un peso para ti…)
Upbringing = educación
Stack = montón, pila
Shelf = estante (de libros)
Call number = número de catálogo
Revel in something = deleitarse con algo
Wistfully = con nostalgia
Ankle = tobillo
Reticent = reticente (reservado, desconfiado)
Pine = pino
Fir = abeto (árbol)
Cucumber = pepino
Roast = tostar
Grind (conj.) = moler, machacar, triturar (grind / ground / ground)
Safely = sin termor a equivocarse, con seguridad
Accomplished = dotado, expert
Delve into something = profundizar en algo
Penny = moneda de un centavo
Across the board = en general
Frugal = frugal (moderado económicamente en cuanto a comer y beber)
You’re in the same ballpark with most people. (Piensan igual que la mayoría de
personas)
Pointer = pista
Stop by = visitar, pasar por
Alike = parecido
Prevailing = preponderante, imperante (que ejerce la dignidad imperial, que manda y

domina)
Neat = arreglado, cuidado (apariencia)
Well-groomed = bien arreglado
Sloppy = descuidado, desprolijo
Ragged = harapiento, andrajoso
To mock someone= burlarse de alguien
Surrender = rendirse
Lusty = potente, vigoroso
The British soldier takes a lot of pride in dressing neatly… (se toman muy enserio el
vestirse…)
Give out = distribuir, anunciar
Supposedly = supuestamente, teóricamente
Sink (conj.) = hundirse (sink / sank / sunk)
Acre = medida de superficie
Prairie = pradera
Push up = empujar hacia arriba
Work out = resultar, salir
Weed out = eliminar
Backward= al revés
Twofold = doble
Prevalent = frecuente, común
Foster = fomenter, promover
Misconcepcion = error, idea equivocada
Right on track = en el buen camino
Remedial = de recuperación
Sail = navegar
To come into contact with = entrar en contacto con
As a matter of fact, I do. They just arrived a few minutes ago. (La verdad / De
hecho…)
CHAPTER 1 – SKILL A: Listening
Intramural activities = actividades dentro de una universidad
Free agent = jugador independiente
Term paper = ensayo
Fallacy = falacia (engaño, fraude o mentira con que se intenta dañar a alguien)
To Recall from earlier lectures= Recordarse de lecturas más tempranas
To major in something = especializarse en algo
Presume = assume = suponer
Fulfill = cumplir con, llevar a cabo
To pull something away from something = arrancar algo de algo
Bedrock = cimiento
Backhoe = especie de excavadora
Crack = grieta, rajadura
Chunk of something = pedazo de algo
Loose = suelto, flojo (objeto)
Debris = escombros, restos
Sandpaper = papel de lija
Grind = moler, machacar, rechinar
Coarse = grueso
Groove = ranura
Assess = evaluar
CHAPTER 1 – SKILL B: Listening
Sight-reading = ejecución a primera vista
Quest = búsqueda
The then-(noun or adj.) = Eg. The then-powerful Persian Empire = el entonces

poderoso Imperio Persa
Rule = gobernar, dominar
Meet = cumplir con
Decay = descomposición, deterioro
Suitable = apropiado, adecuado
Shoreline = costa
Court = pista, cancha, patio
Beforehand = de antemano
First come, first served = por orden de llegada
In truth = la verdad, para ser sincero
Ravine = barranco, quebrada
Momentum = Fís. Momento, velocidad
Get across = cruzar, atravesar
Course of action = medida, procedimiento
Impersonate = hacerse pasar por, imitar
To be meant for something = estar hecho para algo
Leather = cuero, piel
Canvas = lienzo, tela
Deadly = mortal, mortífero
Flow chart = organigrama
Harshly = severamente
Pull off = lograr, llevar a cabo
Screw up = estropear
Shortcoming = defecto, deficiencia
Nun = monja
Encompass = abarcar, rodear
In abject poverty = en la mayor miseria
Valuable = valioso
Bountiful = abundante
Poaching = caza furtiva
Bucket = cubeta
Snail = caracol
Bait = anzuelo
Pour = echar, verter
Octopus = pulpo
To be unaware of something = ignorar algo
Impetus = ímpetu, impulse
Touch off = desencadenar
Shipment = envío, transporte
Dump = tirar, botar, descargar
To bestow something on / upon somebody = conferirle algo a alguien
Puppy = cachorro
Clear up = despejarse (clima)
Trail = sendero, senda
Arduous = arduo, difícil
To be no sweat = ser fácil
Ubiquitous = ubicuo, omnipresente
Wipe out = aniquilar, exterminar
Colossal = colossal
Hurtle = precipitarse, lanzarse
Propel = propulsar (dar empuje para producir un movimiento)
Dirt = suciedad
Subsist on = subsistir a base de
Log in = entrar al sistema

Allege = afirmar, sostener
Beats me = expression que se usa cuando uno no entiende algo
Procure = obtener, conseguir
To have a hold on something = tener algo controlado
Maiden name = apellido de soltera
Regain = recuperar, recobrar
CHAPTER 1 – SKILL REVIEW A-C: Listening
Attain = conseguir, lograr
To sum something up = resumir algo
Standard = nivel, calidad
Tightly = fuertemente, ajustadamente
Assemble = reunir, recopilar
Out loud = en voz alta
To stem from something = provenir de algo
Fold = doblar
Stress = enfatizar
All too often = demasiado seguido
Slouch = encorvarse
Earlobe = lóbulo de oreja
Tap = dar un toque o golpecito
Staring = mirada fija
Align = alinear
CHAPTER 1 – SKILL D: Listening
Kick out = echar a patadas
To mull something over = meditar algo, reflexionar en algo
Barter = hacer trueques
Asset = ventaja, recurso
Put aside = ahorrar, dejar de lado
Close together = pegados, juntos, próximos
On top of that = encima de eso
Surplus = excendente
Stack = amontonar
Receipt = recibo
Grassland = pradera
Go over = repasar
Inland = tierra adentro
Rainfall = precipitaciones de lluvia
Drill = ejercicio
Overdo = exagerar, exigir demasiado
Spine = columna (vertebral)
Hip = cadera
Chin = barbilla, mentón
Enclose = encerrar, rodear, adjuntar
Stiff = tieso, duro, rígido
Thorn = espina
Hook = gancho, anzuelo
To hang on to something = agarrarse de algo
Tight = apretado, ajustado

Cluster = grupo
Straight = recto
Spine = espina
Inhibit = inhibir, dificultar, impedir
CHAPTER 1 – SKILL E: Listening
Hypothesize = plantear una hipótesis
Flank = flanquear, rodear
Settle = resolver
Outbreak = estallido, comienzo
Ultimately = al final, a la larga
Enforce = hacer respetar / hacer cumplir
Reluctant = reacio (que muestra resistencia a hacer algo)
Lasting = duradero
Break away = separarse, escaparse
Depiction = representación, descripción
Portray = representar, describir
Envelope = sobre
Lens = lente (cámara fotográfica)
To commit to doing something = comprometerse a hacer algo
Filter = filtrar
Retain = retener, quedarse con
Relay = transmitir
Grounding = base, conocimiento elemental
Detrimental = prejudicial
Waste = desperdicio, residuo
Break down = acabar con, derribar
To float up = salir a flote
Eat away = desgastar, corroer
To mean to do something = tener la intención de hacer algo
To talk at length = hablar largamente
To be well-versed in something = estar muy instruido / ejercitado en algo
Utopian = utópico
Afterlife = vida eterna, vida después de la muerte
Righteous = recto, honrado
Incentive = incentivo
Whereby = a través del cual
Store = guardar, almacenar
CHAPTER 1 – SKILL REVIEW A-F: Listening
Proponent of something = defensor de algo
Wire = conectar
Conversely = en cambio
Blank slate = página en blanco
Free will = libre albedrío
Bring up = plantear
Womb = útero
Fertilize = fecundar
Fraternal twins = mellizos
Alike = parecido
To account for something = explicar algo, dar cuentas de algo
Surely = seguramente, sin duda, por supuesto
Account = informe, versión
Sighting = observación
Full-grown = totalmente desarrollado
Prey = presa
Sperm whale = cachalote
Scar = cicatriz
Row = serie, fila
Fairly = bastante
Plentiful = abundante
In the process = en el proceso
Footage = material (video)
Elusive = escurridizo, difícil de localizar
Feeding = alimentación
Belly = panza, vientre
Dissect = disecar
Mate = aparearse
For the time being = por el momento, mientras tanto
CHAPTER 2 – SKILL A: Listening
Replenish = reponer
Pump = bombear
Chest = pecho
Handy = útil, práctico

Cut-off date = fecha límite
Fill up = llenarse
Tip = punta
Tidbit = chisme (figurado)
Overthrow = derrocar
Settler = colono
Segregate = segregar (separar y marginar a una persona o a un grupo de personas

por motivos sociales, políticos o culturales)
Early on = en primer momento
Bar = prohibir
Deny = negar
Fifty-odd = cincuenta y tantos
Twenty-odd = veintitantos
Derogatory = despectivo, peyorativo
Bring down = derribar
Desmantle = desmontar, desmantelar
Mining = minería
In conjunction with = en conjunto con, en colaboración con
In relation to = con relación a
Recurring = recurrente (que vuelve a ocurrir o desaparecer)
Halfway = a medio camino
Add up = sumar
Devise = idear, inventar
Write out = escribir, detallar por escrito
Neatly = perfectamente, cuidadosamente, hábilmente
Grouping = agrupación
Prove = resultar
Worship = rendir culto, idolatrar
Deity = deidad
Chariot = carro (de guerra)
Goddess = diosa
Suppress = suprimir
Motherhood = maternidad
Secrecy = secreto
Bough = rama
Recap = resumir, recapitular
Converse = conversar
Chat = charlar
Come by = pasar
Hopeless = imposible
Ascertain = averiguar, establecer
Trademark = marca registrada
Badge = insignia
Enforce = hacer valer, hacer respetar
Genericize = hacer genérico
Swab = hisopo
Swimsuit = traje de baño
To stuck something on something = clavar algo en algo
Accountable = repsonsable
Feedback = comentario, crítica
Lively = alegre, animado

Vacuum = vacío
Underlay = ser la base de
Antiquity = antigüedad
Rejection = rechazo
Reconcile = reconciliar, conciliar
Simply put = en breve, en resumen
Clergy = clero
Fan = avivar, abanicar
Survey = vista general
To have in store = tener en reserva, tener reservado
Give away = reveler
Antique = antigüedad
Antiquated = anticuado
Breakthrough = gran avance
Measly = miserable
Floppy = flexible, blando
Bendable = flexible
Attic = ático
Come out = salir, revelarse, lanzarse
Feature = ofrecer
Obsolete = obsolete
Blame = culpar
Laughable = ridículo
Astounding = incredible
Buzzword = palabra / expresión de moda
Sorority = hermandad femenina
Homecoming = regreso a casa
Sheet = sábana
Woolen = de lana
Blanket = manta, cobija, frazada
Wrap = envolver
Ubiquitous = ubicuo (que todo lo quiere presenciar y vive en continuo movimiento)
Awkward = incómodo, poco elegante
Farm = cultivar, labrar
To fall out of fashion = dejar de estar de moda
Garb = atuendo, vestimenta
Setting = entorno, escenario
Cloth = tela, trapo
Sash = faja, banda
Fall off = desprenderse, caerse
Slip off = salirse, quitarse
Pin up = clavar con chinches
Pin = alfiler
Picture = imaginarse, representar
Outfit = conjunto de ropa
To be in mourning = estar de duelo / luto
Stripe = raya
Ornate = ornamentado, vistoso
Plain = simple, sencillo
Costumer = diseñador de vestuario
Footwear = calzado
Barefoot = descalzo
Revolve = girar
Mundane = banal, rutinario
Back then = por aquel entonces
Presume = suponer
Dot = punto
Dispel = disipar, hacer desvanecer

Misconception = error, idea equivocada
To follow somebody’s lead = seguir el ejemplo de alguien
Deduce = deducir
A great / good deal of = mucho
Overall = en general
Theft = robo
Rip off = arrancar, robar
As opposed to = a diferencia de
Burglary = robo
Soar = elevarse, aumentar
To resort to something = recurrir a algo
CHAPTER 2 – SKILL C: Listening
Deterrent = elemento disuasorio (Disuadir: Inducir, mover a alguien a desistir de un

propósito)
Hefty fine = fuerte, alto
Come out = aparecer, presentarse
Utter = decir, pronunciar
Then again = también
Look up = buscar
Jazzed = emocionado, feliz
Regurgitate = regurgitar, repetir mecánicamente
Dull = aburrido
To be of interest to somebody = ser de interés de alguien
Engage = dedicarse
Weigh = evaluar
Aside = apartado
Outright = rotundamente, indiscutiblemente
Tentative = tentative, inseguro
At best = en el major de los casos
Nearly = casi
Feature = mostrar
Fog = niebla
Land = desembarcar (barco)
Passing = pasajero, rápido
Skeptic = escéptico (que no cree)
Clear-cut = claro, bien definido
Present-day = actual
Saga = historia, saga
Certainty = certeza, seguridad
To take something with a grain of salt = tomar algo con escepticismo
Dismiss = descartar, desechar
Altogether = completamente
Address = tratar (deal with)
Largely = en gran parte
To empathize with something = sentirse identificado con algo
To be comprised of something= estar compuesto de algo
Gain = adquirir, obtener, conseguir
Righteous = recto, honrado
Pen = escribir
Keep up = mantenerse al ritmo
Admittely = hay que reconocerlo
A wealth of something = abundancia de algo
Guard = proteger, defender
Torch = antorcha
Slant = inclinación, enfoque
To give way to = ceder paso a
Eclectic = ecléptico (escuela filosófica que procura conciliar las doctrinas que parecen
mejores o más verosímiles, aunque procedan de diversos sistemas)
Sampling = muestreo
Seek out = buscar
Hold together = mantener unido
In the long run = a la larga
To pay off = valer la pena
To go about doing something = conducirse a hacer algo
Pamphlet = folleto
Mandatory = obligatorio
Vote of confidence = voto de confianza
Transcribe = transcribir
Crowd of people = multitud de personas
Penguin = pingüino
Reverse = invertir, cambiar redicalmente
Ultimate = máximo, supremo, final
Presently = en este momento, dentro de poco, pronto, poco después
Pick up on = percibir
Myriad = miríada, gran número de
Stimulus = estímulo
Stimuli = estúmulos
Extrapolate = extrapolar (aplicar conclusiones obtenidas en un campo a otro)
Override = anular, hacer caso omiso
Tide = marea
Go along = proceder
Come up with = inventarse, elaborar, conseguir
Cloudiness = sustantivo de nublado

Set down = poner por escrito, establecer
Pull on = tirar, jalar de
Mirror = reflejar
Pun = juego de palabras
Anyhow = de todas maneras, en cualquier caso
Take away = llevarse, quitar, sacar
To be justified in doing something = estar justificado de hacer algo
To blame someone for something = culpar a alguien de algo
CHAPTER 2 – SKILL REVIEW A-C: Listening
Shutlle = servicio (bus)
To cater to somebody = ofrecer servicios para alguien, encargarse de alguien / algo
Pick up point = punto de recogida
Drop off = entregar, dejar
Doorstep = umbral
Let off = dejar bajar (de un autobús)
Back rack = donde aseguran las bicicletas
Lock something up = echarle llave a algo
Vulnerable = vulnerable
Undergo = sufrir
Assess = evaluar, calcular
To subject something / somebody to something = someter a alguien /algo a algo
To be home to something = ser casa de algo, albergar a algo
Seaweed = alga marina
Build up = fortalecer, desarrollar

Wipe out = borrar, exterminar, aniquilar
Chart = trazar, seguir atentamente
Drill = perforar, taladrar
Lock up = cerrar, encerrar
Melt = fundirse, derretirse
Baby boomer = nacido en los años sesenta
Stereotypical = estereotípico
Distort = distorsionar
Samplo = muestra
First off = en primer lugar
Readily = fácilmente
Critical = crucial
Bacon = tocino
Sausage = salchicha
Ham = jamón
Steak = filete, bistec
Cope with = ingeniárselas, hacer frente a, lidiar con, manejar
Flip = voltear
Self-reliance = confianza en uno mismo
Stay-at-home = casero, hogareño
Setting = entorno, escenario
Desirable = atractivo, deseable, conveniente
Adept = experto
Understandable = entendible
Given (that) = dado que, dado
Well-being = bienestar
Get down = apuntar
Whereby = por el cual, a través del cual
Die out = extinguirse

Hardy = fuerte, resistente
Deem = considerar, juzgar, estimar
As far back as 200 million years ago = ya hace 200 millones de años
Widespread = extendido
Imbue = imbuir, infundir (causar en el ánimo un impulso moral o afectivo)
Healing = curación
That’s beside the point = eso no tiene nada que ver
Stretch = período, tramo, trecho
Miraculously = milagrosamente
Out of thin air = de la nada
Wrap up = concluir
Odds = probabilidades, posibilidades
Whereas = mientras que
CHAPTER 2 – SKILL D: Listening
In jeopardy = en riesgo
Disheartening = descorazonador, desalentador
Statement = declaración, comunicado
Up until = hasta
Tons of = montones de
Slip = error
Very = mismo
Screw up = cagarla, joderla, meter la pata
Break = oportunidad
As a last resort = como último recurso

There’s a lot of hype about something = hay mucha publicidad acerca de algo
Franchising = franquiciamiento
To start from scratch = empezar desde cero
What’s more = además
Franchisee = concesionario
Garner = cosechar, recoger
Ready-made = confeccionado, preparado
Start-up = arranque
Open up = abrir, establecer
Let alone do something = ni qué hablar de hacer algo, y menos hacer algo
Substandard = de calidad inferior, deficiente
Expertise = pericia, habilidad
Franchiser = franquiciador
To profit from something = sacar provecho de algo
Right on = acertado, justo en el clavo
Dilute = diluir
“You’d be better off opening your own restaurant” = “estarías mejor abriendo tu
propio restaurante”
Acumen = sagacidad, perspicacia
Tie down = amarrar, atar
Jet lag = desfase horario
Off = inaceptable, desagradable
Spin = girar
“If you happen to see her…” = “si por casualidad la ves”
Break down = fracasar, derribar, acabar con
Tick off = molestar, fastidiar
Dry campus = Term used for the banning of alcohol at colleges and universities,
regardless of the owner's age or intention to consume it elsewhere
To stop someone from doing something = evitar que alguien haga algo
Rationale = base, razones, fundamento
Sue = demander
Unruly = indisciplinado, difícil de controlar, rebelde
Compelling = convincente
To have a good mind to do something = tener ganas de hacer algo
Sympathize = simpatizar
To go overboard = exagerar
Commute = viajar todos los días para ir al trabajo
Still = sin embargo
Sweep = barrer
To sweep the problem under the carpet = ocultar el problema
To take something up with somebody = hablar de algo con alguien
Candle = vela
Typify = tipificar (dicho de una persona o de una cosa: representar el tipo de la

especie o clase a que pertenece)
Trend = tendencia, moda
Respect = sentido
Regard = considerar
Cacophonicous = cacofónico (Cacofonía: Disonancia que resulta de la inarmónica

combinación de los elementos acústicos de la palabra)
Play around with = juguetear, divertirse
Sheer = puro
Myth = mito
Come into being = nacer, surgir, crearse
Blend = combiner, mezclar
Suitable = apropiado, conveniente
Get around to doing something = encontrar tiempo para hacer algo
Canoe = canoa
In search of = en busca de
Monstrosity = mounstruosidad
Sweeping = amplio, radical
Upper-class = de clase alta
Appearance = apariencia
Latter = último
CHAPTER 2 – SKILL E: Listening
Type up = tipear, escribir en computadora
Packed with = repleto de, lleno de
Lounge = relajarse
Go over to = acercarse a
Genealogy = genealogía
Aside from = aparte de
Disrupt = interrumpir, perturbar el desarrollo de
Foster care = cuidado de crianza temporal
Undertake = asumir, emprender
Wary = cauteloso
Seldom = rara vez, pocas veces
Rule of thumb = regla general
Bride = novia
Surname = apellido
Not by much = no por mucho
Misled = engañado
Trendy = moderno
Come along = venir

Round off to = redondear a
Drawn-out = eterno, interminable, extensor
Trial and error = ensayo y error
Get a hold of something / somebody = conseguir, contactar, localizar algo / a alguien
To be readily available = que puede ser conseguido fácilmente
Take chances = tomar riesgos
Drop by = hacer una visita corta e informal
Wander = deambular, vagar
Edible = comestible
Ample = amplio, abundante
Rarely = rara vez
Chew on = morder, masticar
Hardy = fuerte, resistente
Go unnoticed = pasar desapercibido
Hopefully = con un poco de suerte
Alternatively = o bien…
Wise = prudente, acertado, sabio
Misleading = engañoso
A host of = gran cantidad de, montón de
Lethal = mortal, letal
Bitter-tasting = que sabe amargo
History buff = aficionado a la historia
Side note = nota aparte del tema
Shut down = cerrar, apagar
Build up = acumular
Occur = encontrarse
Serve a purpose = cumplir un propósito
By-product = subproducto, consecuencia
It follows that… = se deduce que

Cast = reparto, elenco
Crew = equipo
Properly = correctamente, apropiadamente
A good deal of / a great deal of something= una buena parte de algo
Foremost = principal, más destacado
Preparedness = preparación
Prop = accesorio, objeto de utilería
Cue = entrada (musical)
Rehearsal = ensayo (teatro, música)
Down the road = en el future
To be of paramount importance = ser de suma importancia
Inspect = inspeccionar
Hazard = peligro, riesgo
Loose = suelto, flojo
Nail = clavo
Glow= brillo
First-aid kit = botiquín de primeros auxilios
Bark orders at people = ordenar a las personas
Needless to say, … = de más está decir que
Menial = poco importante
To be of utmost importance = ser de suma importancia
Rapport = relación de comunicación, compenetración
Come off without a hitch = resultar sin ninguna complicación
Workplace = lugar de trabajo
Frankly = francamente
Go = become
Altogether = completamente
Deny somebody’s right to do something= denegar el derecho de alguien de hacer

algo
Convenience store = tienda (small supermarket)
Vending machine = máquina expendedora
Prerogative = privilegio
Stretch = estirar
Hit the books = estudiar
Inconvenience somebody = causarle molestias a alguien
Wise up = avivarse, sacudirse del sueño y la pereza
Revolting = repugnante, asqueroso
Think out = elaborar
Valuation = valoración, tasación
Mismanagement = mala administración
Guesswork = conjeturas
Go up = aumentar
Come down = derrumbarse, venirse abajo
Forecast = pronosticar
Projected = planeado, previsto
Count on = contar con
Cash in = liquidar, cobrar
CHAPTER 2 – SKILL F: Listening
Fierce = feroz, violento
Conscript = recluta
Startling = asombroso, extraordinario

Oddly = curiosamente
Fleet = flota
Seaman= marinero
At the disposal of somebody = a la disposición de alguien
Seize control of something = tomar control de algo
Amount to = ascender a, equivaler a
Thereafter = a partir de entonces
Cut off = cortar
Subdue = someter, dominar
Seizura = toma, ataque
Spark = provocar, hacer estallar
Rivalry = rivalidad
In turn = de uno en uno
Foray = incursión militar
Foothold = punto de apoyo
Downfall = ruina, caída
Vague = vago, imprecise
Actual = real, verdadero
Tighten up = intensificar
One another = el uno con el otro
Start off = empezar, comenzar
Breath in = inspirar
Breath out = expirer
Stick to something= atenerse a algo, pegarse a algo
It leaves us with = nos deja con
Consumption = consume
Butter somebody up =sobonear a alguien
Ever since = desde
Hook up = enganchar, conectar

Marvelous = maravilloso
Surf the Web = navegar en la Web
Spy on somebody = espiar a alguien
Use up = acabar, gastar
Sit = poner, colocar, hallarse
Bare bones = muy limitado
Grasp = captar (concepto)
Carve = tallar, esculpir, grabar
Claim = afirmar
In layman’s terms = en lenguaje accesible
Positive = seguro
State of matter = estado de materia
FOCUS A 02: Listening
You drive me up the wall = me vuelves loco
Get things out in the open = discutir abiertamente
Drag = arrastrar
Unbiased = imparcial
Bug = fastidiar
Work out = resolver
FOCUS B 02: Listening
Priest = sacerdote
Mighty = poderoso, fuertísimo
Loot = saquear
Conquer = conquistar
Fruitful = provechoso, fructífero
Chronicle = crónica
Living = vida
Yield = dar, producer
Insight = entendimiento
To have faith in something = tener fe en algo
So-called = así llamado, supuesto, presunto
Obscure = ocultar, impedir ver claramente
Twist = dar un giro
Malice = malicia
Flattery = adulación, halagos
Write out = escribir
Bid = ofrecer
Defiance = rebeldía
Wretched = desdichado, horrible
Fade = decaer, debilitarse
Revitalize = revitalizar
Push aside = apartar

MINI-TEST 4: Reading
Markedly = considerablemente
Clear-cut = claro, bien definido
Revolve= girar, rotar
Fit in = adaptarse
Lie = encontrase, situarse
Spotty = con la cara llena de granos
Chopped = picado, tajado
Counterclockwise = en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj
Barter = Hacer trueques
Enterprise = empresa
Come about = ocurrir, suceder
Ensue = seguir
Ensued from = producido por
Myriad = gran número de
Lease = arrendar, alquilar

Peasantry = campesinado
Self-sufficient = autosuficiente
Scope = alcance, ámbito, oportunidades
To give rise to something = dar origen a algo
Venture = empresa, aventura
Liability = responsabilidad, desventaja, impedimento
Incur = provocar
To be wary of something= no fiarse de algo / tener dudas acerca de algo
Eager = ansioso
Entrepreneur = empresario
Flourishing = próspero
Wage-earning = que trabajan por horas
Emerge = salir, aparecer
Landowner = terrateniente
Wheat = trigo
Insubstantial = frágil, inconsistente
Survival = sobrevivencia
A.D. = Anno Domini (Despúes de Cristo)
B.C. = Before Christ
Fade = decaer, debilitarse, desvanecerse
Conqueror = conquistador
Issue = dictar, emitir, establecer
Abolish = abolir
Put an end to = poner fin a
Finely = finamente, elegantemente, delicadamente
Engrave = grabar
Close to something = cerca de algo
House = alojar, albergar
Goodwill = Buena voluntad
To bestow something on or upon somebody = conferirle / concederle algo a alguien
Preceding = precedente
Oval = óvalo, ovalado
Ruler = gobernante, soberano
Breakthrough = gran avance
Amalgamation = fusion
Cluster = grupo
Settlement = asentamiento
To capitalize on something = sacar provecho de algo
Voice = expresar
Prominent = prominente, destacado, importante
Turn out = producir
Address = tratar (deal with)
Societal reform = reforma social
In the hope that = con la esperanza de que
Slum = barrio
Firsthand= de primera mano
Profound= profundo
Bring about = provocar, ocasionar, traer consigo
Take on = asumir, encargarse
Kindly = bondadoso
Niece = sobrina
Momentous = trascendental, crucial
Rundown = agotado, descompuesto
Convert = convertir
Outspoken = directo, franco
Proponent = defensor, partidario
Arouse = despertar
Vilify = vilipendiar (despreciar)
Timely = oportuno
Lift up = levantar, alzar
Stately = majestuoso
Subservient = servil
Cheer = aclamar, animar, aplaudir
Release from = liberar de
Tireless = incansable
OFFICIAL READING TEST
Narrow = angosto, estrecho, reducido
Chamber = cámara
Parade = desfile, formación (militar)
Swirl = arremolinarse, girar
Sideway= de lado
Upside down = al revés (con la parte de arriba abajo)

Reindeer = reno
Outline = bosquejar, trazar
Charcoal = carboncillo (arte)
Ocher = ocre
To derive from something = provenir de algo
Grind (conj.) = machacar, moler, triturar (grind / ground / ground)
Brush = cepillar, rozar
To smear something on / over something = untar algo con algo
Spray = aplicar con pistola pulverizadora
Hollow = hueco, vacío
Stained = machado
Nearby = cerca (adv.)
Puzzling = extraño, misterioso
In the open = al aire libre
Cave painting = pintura rupestre
Recess = hueco (arquitectura)
Far removed = aislado
Cramped = apretado
Cave dweller = cavernícola
Scholar = erudite
Herd = manada, rebaño
Obliterate = destruir, eliminar, borrar
Conceivable = concebible, imaginable
Arrow = fleche
Spear = lanza, harpoon

Realm = reino, dominio, mundo
Assume = adoptar (postura), suponer
Substantiate = confirmar, corroborar
Indecipherable = indescifrable
Crudely = crudamente
Elongated = alargado
In a prone position = boca abajo
Advocate = defensor
To point at / to something or somebody = señalar algo o a alguien
Suggestive = sugestivo (parecer indicar algo, hacer pensar en algo, evocar algo)
Consciousness = conocimiento, conciencia
Weightlessness = cualidad de la persona ligera, suelta y tenue
Stretch = estirar, extender
Lenghtwise = a lo largo
Inhabit = habitar
Holy = sagrado, santo
Healer = curandero
Lend credence = dar crédito
Camouflage = camuflar
Hide = piel (de animal)
Add to = aumentar
Claim = afirmación
Frighten off = ahuyentar
Go by = pasar (días, meses, años)
Flee = huir
Fend off = esquivar, rechazar (un ataque)
Give off = emitir, despedir
Duty = deber, obligación
Rashly = precipitadamente
Underlying = Subyacente (dicho de una cosa: estar oculta tras otra)
Deem = considerar, juzgar
MINI-TEST 3: Writing
Self-awareness = conocimiento de uno mismo
To engage in something = participar en algo / dedicarse a algo
Well-behaved = que se porta bien
Rowdiness = rufianería
Fuel = alimentar, avivar
Fairly = bastante
Like-minded = de la misma opinión
To be fed up with something = estar harto / cansado de algo
Petty crime = delito menor
To throw the book at somebody = castigar duramente a alguien
Made up of = conformado por, constituido por
Litter = ensuciar
To pass a law = aprobar una ley

Band together = unirse
Outpouring of something = lluvia de algo
Underdog = desvalido, desamparado
Get caught up in something = quedar atrapado en algo
Overwhelming = incontenible, irresistible
Townspeople = ciudadano
Bully = matón
Rid something of something = librar algo de algo
To get rid of something = deshacerse de algo
In regard to = With respect to = con respecto a, con relación a
Bequest = donación de un bien heredado
Stipulation = estipulación, condición
Put something into use = poner algo en uso
Split into = dividir en
Wrangling = riña, discussion
Turn away = rechazar

Raise = aumento (sueldo)
Cite = citar
Overyojed = encantado, rebosante de alegría
To object to something = oponerse a algo
Tear down = derribarç
Enrage = enfurecer
Aghast = aterrado, horrorizado
Refurbish = renovar, restaurar, hacer reformas en
Caliber = calibre
Equitable = equitativo
Matery = dominio
Speak out = decir lo que uno piensa
Outspoken = directo, franco
Up until then = hasta ese momento

Turn around = dar una vuelta
Lift = disiparse
 GRAMMAR – SAMPLE ANSWER
The woman whom I met in the airport is now my wonderful wife (a quién conocí en el
aeropuerto…)
That is to say = es decir
Inasmuch as = ya que (since)
Cloud = nublar
Recount = narrar, contar
Absurd = absurdo
Fictitious = ficticio
…and arguably a very high percentage of… (y podría decirse que…)

Arise = surgir
Underrated = subestimado
MINI-TEST 1: Speaking
Fund = financiar
Slow down = disminuir la velocidad
Carve = tallar, esculpir
Crack = rajadura, grieta
Blast off = explotar, detonar
QUESTION 1: You have the opportunity to study something you’ve never studied
before. Explain what subject you would choose. Include reasons and examples
in your responses.
 INTRO: If I had the opportunity to study something I’ve never studied before, I’d
love to study sound engineering. There are two reasons why I think that.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that I like everything related to technology and music.
E: I’d learn things such as mixing music, how to build audio studios and more.
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that It is actually my dream job.
E: I’d like to work in many sound engineering areas. For instance: radio, television,
broadcasting and so on.
 CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these reasons I’d choose sound engineering
without thinking twice.
QUESTION 3: The students discuss the announcement from the university

president. State their opinions of the announcement and the effect the decision
in the announcement will have on each of them.
 READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage is a message from

the University president. This message explains that due to heavy snow,
classes will be extended by 5 days. It means until June 5th.
  LISTENING PASSAGE: In the listening passage, two students discuss that

message and what it means for them. The woman thinks that decision is
reasonable but she’ll have a problem because she has a job which starts on
June 1st, and she’ll have classes until June 5 th. However, the man won’t have
any problem. He is going to summer school and he’ll only lose one week of
vacation.
QUESTION 6: Using points and examples from the talk, explain what point the
speaker is making about the creation of Mount Rushmore.
 INTRODUCTION: In the talk, the lecturer discusses the creation of Mount

Rushmore, which is a sculpture of 4 U.S. presidents and the sculptor who
created it.
 BODY: The sculptor, John Borglum, began it later in his life at the age of 60,
and he expected to finish it in 5 years. However, it took 15 years, and it was
finished by Borglum’s son after his father’s death.
The delays were caused because of two problems. One problem was red tape,
which are difficulties dealing with government bureaucracy. The other was
Mother Nature, which means problems with nature. One example of how this
came into play came about when a crack developed in one president’s face.
Thus, Borglum had to destroy that part and start carving it again.
Happening = suceso
Get across = comunicar
Leap = salto, brinco
Glitch = fallo en el sistema
Mankind = humanidad, especie humana
Step in / on something = pisar algo
QUESTION 1: Discuss how your generation is different from the generations that
preceded it. Explain what subject you would choose. Include reasons and
examples to support your response
 INTRO: There are two ways my generation is different from older generations.
 BODY:
R: First of all, my generation communicates with each other by means of technological

devices (Ex) such as msn and e-mails, while older generations couldn’t.
R: In addition to that, my generation is less obedient in all senses.
E: In the past, people did what their parents wanted them to do. However, nowadays
people want to be more independent and do what they want to.
  CONLUSION: In conclusion, these are the ways my generation differs from

older generations.
QUESTION 3: The students discuss how they feel about a certain section of the
syllabus from one of their classes. State how they react to this section of the
syllabus.
 READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage is a section of a

science political class’ syllabus. This states that students will be required to
read sections of newspapers and magazines on a regular basis about what is
happening in politics in addition to the material from the textbook and selected
journals.
syllabus and what it means for them. The man is surprised at that
requirement, while the woman is not because her roommate, who took the
same class last quarter, told her about it. In addition, the woman tells the man
that there will be a lot quizzes from what she’s heard.
QUESTION 6: Using points and examples from the talk, explain the idea the
professor is trying to get across.
INTRODUCTION: In the talk, the lecturer discusses countable and uncountable

meanings for nouns.
 BODY: He provides an example of a countable noun such as book, and

another example of an uncountable noun such as happiness.
Then he says that a noun can also have both meanings and he provides an
example that took place when Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon. He said
“one small step for a man…” and so on. However, when this statement was
transmitted to earth, the article “a” was omitted. Therefore, it didn’t make sense
because it wasn’t all of humanity that took a step on the moon but a single man.
Steam = vapor
QUESTION 1: Describe the places you’d take visitors to your hometown to see.
Include reasons and details to support your response.
 INTRO: If I had the opportunity to take visitors to a place, I’d choose Larcomar
without thinking twice. There are two reasons why I think that.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that it is a place where there is a great variety of things to do.
E: People can, for instance, eat in a restaurant, then go to the movies or go to a party
and so on.
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that this place is near the beach.
E: Thus, people can do a lot of things such as enjoying the beautiful view or getting
into the ocean.
  CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these I’d choose Larcomar.
QUESTION 3: The students discuss policy for admission as engineering major.

State what the admission policy is and how one of the students was confused
about it.
 READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage is a section of a

University catalog. This states that in order to be admitted to an engineering
major, students must all prerequisites such as having at least 3.0 or B average
and submitting applications by April 1.

section of a University catalog and what it means for them. The man thought
that with a B average he’ll be admitted. However, the woman told him that it
wasn’t true because having a B average doesn’t promise that he’ll be accepted.
She also said that last year only half of the people who applied were accepted.
QUESTION 6: Using points and examples from the talk, explain what is
interesting about Old Faithful specifically and geysers in general.
 INTRODUCTION: In the talk, the lecturer discusses geysers and specially its
uneven distribution around the world.
  BODY: First of all, he says that a geyser is a special type of hot spring and he
provides an example of a geyser referred to as Old Faithful. What is interesting
about this geyser is that it erupts on a regular schedule, while other geysers are
irregular.
Furthermore, he says that there’re only 700 active geysers located in only 4
areas, and 400 of them are found in Yellowstone National Park.
Relieve = Calmar, aliviar
Stance = postura, opinion
Brush = maleza
Dried out = secado
Treetop = copa de árbol
Lightning = relámpago
Lightning strike = rayo
Ignite = encender, prenderle fuego a
Decay = deteriorar
Put out = apagar (fuego)
Kill off = exterminar, erradicar
QUESTION 1: Explain what you do to relieve stress and why you do it. Include
reasons and examples in your response.
 INTRO: In order to relieve stress, I play outdoor sports such as soccer. The
following reason will support my response.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that I can enjoy nature.
E: That means I could look at birds or trees for example and that certainly relieves
stress.
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that I can do exercises and keep in
shape.
E: For instance, when I run, I forget about everything else.
 CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these reasons I play outdoors sports in order

to relieve stress.
QUESTION 3: The students state their opinion about the notice from university
administration. State their opinions and why they seem to feel that way.
  READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage is a notice from
university administration. This notice states that due to criticisms, an event,
where a controversial speaker was going to give a talk, has been cancelled.

notice and what it means for them. In the beginning, the man wasn’t informed
about that notice. However, the woman told him about it and he couldn’t believe
it. He said that, in a university, there’s supposed to be a free exchange of ideas.
Finally, the woman said that she was even more disappointed at the reason
why the event was cancelled.
QUESTION 6: Using points and examples from the talk, discuss the various
types of forest fires.
  INTRODUCTION: In the talk, the lecturer discusses various types of forest

fires.
  BODY: The first type is called surface fire. It moves slowly and can kill small
plants and trees.
The second type is referred to as crown fire. This fire burns the top of the trees.
Moreover, it is very fast-moving and can cause the most property damage and
even loss of life.
The third and last type of fire is called ground fire. It is an underground fire
which is very slow-moving and usually kills most trees because it burns their
roots.
Deplete = reducir, agotar
Cut = reducer, cortar
To break something down into parts = descomponer algo en partes
Bit by bit = poco a poco
QUESTION 2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. “Having a

lot of money is very important” Use reasons and examples to support your
response.
 INTRO: I strongly disagree with that statement because of the following

reasons.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that when you have a lot of money, you usually lose your true
friends and, instead, you get new friends who are interested only in your money.
E: The biggest example of this that comes to mind is when someone who used to
be your friend tries to get closer to you because this person just found out that you had
a lot of money.
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that most extremely wealthy people
never reach happiness.
E: For instance, if you look at many multimillionaires, you will notice that they always
lack something such as true love and they usually are selfish and miserly.
  CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these reasons I reiterate my disagreement

with that statement.
QUESTION 4: The professor describes the financial situation of two brothers.

Explain how this information on the two brothers is related to the concept of
sustainability.
  READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage discusses

sustainability. It explains that sustainability is the ability of a system to work
over a specified time without destroying the resources that make such system
work. In addition, it says that sustainability is commonly found in ecology but it
can be applied in other areas.
  LISTENING PASSAGE: In the listening passage, the lecturer provides one

example, which gives us a better idea about sustainability, previously
discussed in the reading passage. This is an example of two brothers who
each inherit 1 million dollars. These two brothers invest the same amount of
money: 5 percent. While one of them lives only on the interest, the other spends
more than he should. Therefore, after 20 years, the first brother still has the 1
million dollars, and the other doesn’t. In conclusion, the first brother is living
sustainably because he never wastes the original 1 million dollars.
QUESTION 5: The students have a problem. Describe the problem. Then

indicate what you think they should do and explain why.
 INTRODUCTION: In this conversation, a man and a woman are discussing

different ways to get a project done since they have been assigned to work
together.
 BODY: The woman doesn’t like procrastinating so she proposes a schedule.

She assigns parts to each of them and then they would be expected to finish
their parts bit by bit based on that schedule.
However, the man disagrees with that proposal because he wants neither to
start that project right away nor to follow a schedule. He says that, after
assigning parts to each of them, it would be better that each of them work on
their own.
 OPINION: As far as I’m concerned, I think the best way to get the project
done on time is the one proposed by the woman because no one knows what
could happen later and a schedule always help organize your time.
Underway = en proceso
Cut = reducer, cortar
Ownership = propiedad
Trade = comerciar, intercambiar
Prevalent = frecuente, común
Overstate = exagerar
In the midst of something = en el medio de algo
Dorm = residencia de estudiantes
QUESTION 2: Some people think it’s better to live with a host family when
studying abroad, while others prefer to get their own apartments. Which would
you prefer, and why? Use reasons and examples to support your response.
 INTRO: I’d rather live with a host family without thinking twice, and there are
2 reasons why I think that.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that since you are living with a host family, you are not
supposed to be embarrassed when you ask that person for help.
E: For instance, I’m planning to live with my uncle in New Jersey because he already
knows me and he could help me find a job, know the American culture and so on.
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that you wouldn’t spend money on
paying for an apartment.
E: Therefore, you wouldn’t have to worry about things such as paying bills, cooking,
etc.
  CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these reasons I prefer to live with a host

family rather than get my own apartment.
QUESTION 4: The professor gives an opinion about the managerial revolution.

Explain how the professor’s opinion is related to the ideas about the managerial
revolution presented in the reading passage.
  READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage discusses the

Managerial Revolution. It explains that it was a radical change in management
of large companies from private ownership of large companies managed by an
owner to public ownership of corporations managed by professional employees.
  LISTENING PASSAGE: In the talk, the lecturer announces that a

managerial revolution is not taking place yet, which refutes the information
previously stated in the reading passage about the Managerial Revolution.
The reasons why she affirms that are 2. Firstly, there’re still many privately
owned companies, thus there isn’t a complete change from private to public
ownership. Secondly, professional employees who manage a corporation are
considered as partial owners of that corporation.
QUESTION 5: The students discuss two possible options in a decision the
woman has to make. Describe the decision. Then indicate which option you think
is best, and explain why.

whether she should move into an apartment with her roommates or stay in a
dorm.
 BODY: First of all, the man points out the downsides to living in an apartment.
He says she’ll have to pay rent, take care of bills, shop for food and cook by
herself if she comes to the decision to move into an apartment.
However, he also mentions the benefits of it. For instance, she wouldn’t have to
follow so many rules and she would get more privacy.
 OPINION: As far as I’m concerned, I think the best solution is moving to an

apartment since once she gets there, she’ll become more responsible and that
would help her get more independence in life.
Long-standing = largo
Premise = premisa (señal o indicio por donde se infiere algo)
Contest = disputar
QUESTION 2: Some people prefer to study a little in many subjects, while others
would prefer to study a single subject in depth. Which do you prefer, and why?
Use specific details and examples to support your response.
 INTRO: I’d rather study a single subject in depth without thinking twice. The
following reasons will support my response.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that you’d be able to focus on the subject you really want to
study and be satisfied with it.
E: For example, if you like painting and you fully focus on it, I’m sure you’d be
completely satisfied later.
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that nowadays people require more
specialization. Therefore, spending time on other areas would be useless.
E: For instance, I’d like to study music in the future. Thus, subjects such as botanic or
architecture would be of no use to my aspirations.
  CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these reasons I prefer to study a single

subject in depth rather than study a little in many subjects.
QUESTION 4: The professor describes an issue related to intelligence testing.
Explain how this issue is related to the concept of nature versus nurture.
  READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage discusses whether

human character and behavior are influenced by nature or by nurture. It
explains that advocates of the nature position think such influence comes from
genetic inheritance, while advocates of the nurture position believe it is brought
about by the way a person was raised and his or her experiences since birth.
LISTENING PASSAGE: In the talk, the lecturer provides one controversial

example these two positions debate over, which gives us a better idea about
the debate on nature vs. nurture, previously stated in the reading passage.
This example is intelligence. The nature position is that intelligence mostly
comes from genetic inheritance from our parents; while the nurture position is
that it primarily comes from experience and learning since birth.
QUESTION 5: The students discuss different methods of preparing for exams.

Discuss the methods. Then state which method you prefer, and explain why.

different methods of preparing for exams.
 BODY: The man thinks the best way to prepare for exams is to wait until the
night before the exam and then study all night.
The woman, however, believes the best way is to prepare some every night for
a week or so and then sleep well the night before the exam.
 OPINION: As far as I’m concerned, I think the best solution is the one
proposed by the woman because you’ve more possibilities to do well on an
exam is you prepare bit by bit for it. And it is also important to sleep well the
night before the exam so you can be active while taking the exam.
Acclaim = aclamación
Stint = período, temporada
Mire = atascar, enredar, enlodar
Noted = renombrado, célèbre
Statesman = hombre de estado
Wound = herir
Trial = juicio
To try somebody for treason = procesar / juzgar a alguien por traición
Spread out = Desplegarse, extenderse

QUESTION 2: Some people prefer to live in places with moderate temperatures,
while others prefer to live in places where the weather changes considerably in
different seasons. Which is better? Support your response with reasons and
examples.
 INTRO: I’d rather live in places with moderate temperatures without thinking
twice. The following reasons will support my response.
 BODY:
R: The first reason is that it is comfortable living in place like that because you feel
neither too much heat nor too much cold.
E: For example, the place where I live, Lima, allows me to feel comfortable with the
weather all the time
R: In addition to that, the second reason is that since the weather is moderate, you
can go out anytime of the year.
E: For instance, in other countries you can’t go out because of either a snowy day or
an extreme rain.
  CONLUSION: In conclusion, for these reasons I prefer to live in places with

moderates temperatures rather than live in places where the weather changes
considerably in different seasons.
QUESTION 4: The professor describes some situations in Aaron Burr’s life.

Explain how the information provided by the professor is related to the
information on Burr in the reading passage.
  READING PASSAGE: First of all, the reading passage discusses some

positive situations in Aaron Burr’s life. It recounts that he was vice president of
the United States, graduated from Princeton with Honors, and served in the
continental army. It also tells us that he was elected to the New York legislature
and to the U.S. Senate as well.
  LISTENING PASSAGE: In the talk, the lecturer provides two controversial

situations Aaron Burr was involved in, which refutes the information
previously stated in the reading passage about some positive events in his
life. One of those situations was his duel with Alexander Hamilton where Burr
killed him. The other was his plot to establish his own empire in North America
where he asked the British for financing and then he was arrested but wasn’t
found guilty because he had not put his plot into action.
QUESTION 5: The students discuss two possible choices the man is
considering in a certain situation. Discuss the situation. Then state which of the
two choices you prefer, and why.

when the man should take a certain course.
 BODY: The course is offered in either the summer or the fall so he is uncertain
about when to take it. The course offered in the summer is covered in 2 weeks,
while the other is spread out over 10 weeks. The woman believes he should
take the course offered in the fall because that class is really hard and he may
not have enough time.
 OPINION: As far as I’m concerned, I think the best solution is the one
proposed by the woman because it’s better to advance bit by bit so he can
make sure he’ll do well on that course.
LISTENING TECHNIQUES
 CONVERSATION 1
SKILL 1 = Understand the gist
Why does the student go to see the professor?
SKILL 2 = Understand the details
What excuse does the student use?
SKILL 4 = Understand the speaker’s stance
How does the professor seem to feel about this? 2 answers.
Which of the following might the professor say?
What does the professor mean?

 TALK 1
What is the professor discussing?
Which did the professor not mentioned as a possible cause of craters?
SKILL 3 = Understand the function
Why does the professor ask this..?
What is mount Mazama?
SKILL 5 = Understand the organization
The professor indicates how each of these craters was formed. Indicate which crater
each of these descriptions of the formation matches.
SKILL 6 = Understand relationships
What does the professor imply about the number of volcanic craters?
 CONVERSATION 2
What is the student’s problem?
What step has the student not taken by the end of the conversation?
What does the librarian mean when he says this…?
Indicate what is true about the various types of books in the library.
What does the student need to do at the main desk? 2 answers.
 TALK 2
This lecture is part of which course?
What does the professor say about “Gone with the wind”?
What is true about the success of “Gone with the wind”? 2 answers.
What can be inferred from the lecture about Margaret Mitchell’s upbringing?
How could Margaret Mitchell’s efforts in making “Gone with the wind” successful could
be characterized?
Which of the following might Margaret Mitchell have said about her earlier novel set
during World War I?
 CONVERSATION 3
How did the professor misunderstand the student?

What did the student really want to know?
What does the professor mean when he says this…?
What does the student say about what has happened in the past?
 TALK 3
What is the main topic of the discussion?
Where is the cacao tree probably NOT found?
What is stated about the leaves of the cacao tree? 2 answers.
What does the instructor mean when she says this…?
How is chocolate made?
How are each of these items described in the discussion?
 CONVERSATION 4
What the advisor want to tell the student?

What is true about the honors program? 2 answers.
Why is the student concerned?
How does the advisor seem to feel about the students concern?
What does the advisor promise to do for the student?
 TALK 4
What point is the professor trying to make about people’s perceptions?
How is the information in the lecture organized?
What do most people think about American multimillionaires? 2 answers.
What does the professor mean when he says this: …
According to the lecture, which comment would most likely be made by the average
American multimillionaire?
What conclusion could be drawn from the information provided by the professor
concerning multimillionaires?
 CONVERSATION 5
What are the student and the professor discussing?
What point does the professor make about the student’s work?
What is the student’s thesis?
How does the advisor seem to feel about the student’s work?
What will the student most likely do next?
 TALK 5
Why is the professor discussing “Yankee Doodle”?
The professor explains various terms in the lecture. Indicate for each term how it can
be explained.
How do the drawings help the students to understand the message of the song?
When did the song “Yankee Doodle” first appear?
How was the song “Yankee Doodle” developed? 2 answers.
What conclusion can be drawn from this lecture?

 CONVERSATION 6
What is the situation? 2 answers.
Why does the professor mention the syllabus that he gave out on the first day of class?
How could the student’s problem best be described?
What might this professor say?
 TALK 6
Why are the students discussing this material?
Where was the center of the earthquakes discussed by the students?
Based on the information in the discussion, indicate whether the statements below are
true about the Mississippi earthquakes.
According to the students, what topographical change occurred as a result of the

Mississippi earthquakes? 2 answers.

What can be concluded from the discussion, about 5 percent of the world’s
earthquakes?
Why did the professor most likely discuss these earthquakes and plate tectonics in the
same lecture?
 CONVERSATION 7
What does the professor seem to think?
The professor has described an assignment. Indicate whether each of these is part of
the assignment.
What does the student want?
What reasons does the professor give to say no? 2 answers.
 TALK 7
What main point does the professor make about these works by Webster?
What is true of Webster’s works?
Why does the professor discuss a book that is so unfamiliar to the students?
Which words were mentioned in the lecture as new words added to the dictionary by
Webster?
What were Webster’s purposes in writing these two books? 2 answers.
Which of the following best expresses the professor’s view of these works by Webster?
 CONVERSATION 8
Why is the student meeting with his advisor?
What is true about the student’s placement test scores? 2 answers.
What does the advisor mean when she says this…?
How does the student seem to feel about the result?
What conclusion could be drawn from the lecture?
 TALK 8
Why are the man and woman talking?
What are they discussing?

The professor explains where the name of each continent came from. Indicate which
continent each of the explanation matches.
What misconception did the Greeks have about Europe and Asia?
Which statements about the Artic and Antartica are true? 2 answers.
Why does the woman say this…?
WRITING TECHNIQUES
INTEGRATED TASK
 1st paragraph: How the ideas in the reading passage and the listening
passage are related?
In this set of materials… the reading passage presents… , and the listening passage
focuses on…
In this set of materials… the reading passage discusses (noun)… ,while the listening
passage discusses (noun)
 2nd paragraph
The reading passage explains that / why…
One way that (name) and (name) disagreed was as to what / (any “wh” questions) …
 3rd paragraph
Transition between the first and second paragraph:
The listening passage explains that / why …
Another way that (name) and (name) disagreed was on… (noun)
 Giving examples
… ,such as… , for instance, …
 Contrasting ideas
(Name) , however, (verb)
(Name) , on the other hand, (verb)
(Name) believed the opposite, that…
(Name) and (Name) differed considerably in their ideas…
 To keep talking about the same topic
In a related idea, (Name) believed that…
INDEPENDENT TASK
 1st paragraph: Introduction
Introductory phrase: Contrasting 2 ideas
In some… ,while in other…
(Noun) is (adj.) ,but …

Background information:
In my culture… in my family…
From my work as a…
How the author feels about the topic: there are several good reasons why
(something) is preferable to (something)…
I have seen how important / effective (noun) can be…
Sentence that shows how the essay will be organized: there are several good
reasons why…
Other types of (noun) that (noun / person) might want to consider are (first idea) and
(second idea)
 2nd paragraph:
One possible reason is that…
One type of (noun) that might be considered by …
Giving another supporting detail:
In addition, … In addition to (-ing or noun)
However, …
 3rd paragraph:
Transition between the first and second paragraph:
More important than (the first reason) is…
A second type of (noun) , in addition to (first idea) , is (second idea).
Giving another supporting detail:
In addition, … In addition to (-ing or noun)
However, …
 4th paragraph: Conclusion
Author’s opinion:
Thus, … / In conclusion, … / In summary, … it can be seen that…
(Topic) are / is vital if…
Summary of the author’s supporting ideas
SPEAKING TECHNIQUES
FREE CHOICE TASK: ASKING FOR TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON OR

THING
(A successful person, a good neighbor, a good parent, a good restaurant…)
Topic sentence:
I think a (adj.) (noun) is both (first characteristic) and (second characteristic)
 2nd paragraph: First characteristic
The most important characteristic between them is… (the fact that +(noun)+(verb)…)
(Reason)
(Example)
 3rd paragraph: Second characteristic
However, I think it’s also important (for a thing) to be / to have… (second characteristic)
(Reason)
(Example)
Summary of the author’s characteristics:
In conclusion, for these reasons I think a (adj.) (noun) is (both) (first characteristic) and
(second characteristic)
FREE CHOICE TASK: ASKING FOR ONE PERSONAL OPINION OR THING
(Favorite book, most memorable event in life, favorite class at school…)
Topic sentence:
PERSONAL RESPONSE
There are two reasons why I think that
 2nd paragraph: First reason
(Reason)
(Example)
 3rd paragraph: Second reason
(Reason)
(Example)

Summary of the author’s reasons
FREE CHOICE TASK: ASKING FOR TWO PERSONAL OPINIONS OR THINGS
(Reasons why I am taking a TOEFL exam, customs from your country…)
Topic sentence:
PERSONAL RESPONSE
 2nd paragraph: First supporting idea
(Reason)
(Example)
 3rd paragraph: Second supporting idea
(Reason)
(Example)
FREE CHOICE TASK: ASKING ONLY FOR DETAILS

(Where would you like to be professionally in ten years? Use details to support
your response, if you suddenly got $10 million, what would you spend it on? Use
details to support your response… )
Topic sentence:
PERSONAL RESPONSE
 2nd paragraph: First detail
Adverb of time…
 3rd paragraph: Second detail
Adverb of time…
Summary of the author’s reasons
PAIRED-CHOICE TASK:
Topic sentence:
I’d rather (verb base form)…
 2nd paragraph: First reason
(Reason)
(Example)
 3rd paragraph: Second reason
(Reason)
(Example)
Summary of the author’s reason:
In conclusion, for these reasons I prefer… rather than (verb parallel structure)…
CAMPUS TASK (READING AND LISTENING)
 1st paragraph: Information from the reading passage (a memo, an article, a

notice…)
First of all, the reading passage is a (noun)… This (noun) explains that…
 2nd paragraph: Students’ opinions
According to / in the listening passage, (1 or 2) student(s) discuss(es) this (noun) and

what it means for (her / him / them).
(Reason)
(Example)
ACADEMIC TASK (READING AND LISTENING)
 1st paragraph: Information from the reading passage
First of all, the reading passage discusses / describes… It explains that
 2nd paragraph: Information from the listening passage with respect to the
reading passage
In the talk / in the listening passage…
[The lecture extends/elaborates on something from the reading] –
The lecturer tells us that ... which relates to what was said in the reading passage
about ...
A point is made about ... which gives us a better idea about ... from the reading
passage.
[The lecture refutes something from the reading] –
The lecturer tells us that ... which refutes what was said in the reading passage
about…
We hear that ... which contrasts with what was said in the reading passage about…
CAMPUS TASK (LISTENING)
Description of the problem:
In this conversation, a man and woman are discussing a(n)…

 2nd paragraph: First solution or reason
Disadvantages:
The downside to this / the disadvantage of this is that…
Advantages:
The benefit of this / the advantage of this is that…
 3rd paragraph: Second solution or reason
Disadvantages:
The downside to this / the disadvantage of this is that…
Advantages:
The benefit of this / the advantage of this is that…
 4th paragraph: Opinion
2 (Reasons)
(Conclusion)
ACADEMIC TASK (LISTENING)
Description of the listening passage:
In this talk / in the listening passage, the lecturer / professor discusses…

Summarize the information from the listening passage.
(Paragraphs vary depending on the question)
Giving examples
The biggest example that comes to mind is…
An example of how (supporting detail) comes into play is…
In my country / In my culture…
Explaining reasons
The reason why I…
The first reason is that… / the second reason is that…
Firstly… / Secondly….
There are two reasons why I think that.
In conclusion, for these reasons I think…
In summary, for these reasons if I were asked…
Somewhere between these two extremes

TOELF Vocabulary and Grammar

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TOELF Vocabulary and Grammar

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PRE-TEST: Aggression

Belittling = acción de subestimar

Inherent = inherente (built-in: existing as an essential and natural constituent or

Put forth = proponer

Based upon = based on

Approach = enfoque, propuesta

Peer = par (somebody or something who/that is at an equal level)

Minimally = por lo menos

On-screen = en pantalla (adj.)

In and of itself = por sí mismo

Correlation = correlación (a reciprocal relation between two or more things)

Disrupt = desbaratar, perturbar el desarrollo de…

Deliberate = Intencional, deliberado

Leave out = omitir

Single-handedly = sin ayuda

…agressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical…

…and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm… (destinados/dirigidos a…)

…be it physical or verbal… (ya sea físico o verbal…)

…have long been of concern to… (to be of concern to somebody = importarle a

…those that portray aggression as a learned behavior… (describen/representan…)

…rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response

…in certain television programs… (en ciertos programas de televisión…)

…can be counted in the tens , or hundreds… (pueden ser contados en decenas o

Various theories about aggression attribute it to either natural or learned behavior.

This question is worth 3 points. (to be worth = valer)

READING SKILL 1: The Moho

Outer edge = borde externo

Core = centro (de la Tierra)

Outer layer = capa/estrato externo

Draw a conclusion = sacar una conclusión

Mountain range = cordillera

Shallow = poco profundo, superficial

Sketch = hacer un bosquejo de…

Pull = tirar de, jalar, arrastrar…

Draft = hacer el borrador de…

Grand = magnífico, grandioso

Considerately = con consideración

…the crust is very thin, averaging only about 15 to 20 kilometers in thickness.

Smog = niebla tóxica

Exhaust gases = gases del tubo de escape

Haze = neblina. Bruma

Be poised = estar suspendido

Colorless = incoloro, sin color

Tailpipe = tubo de escape

Along with = junto con

Brownish = parduzco (pardo)

Hue = color, tono

Command =dar una orden

Move about = cambiar de sitio

Serve a function = cumplir una función

It is there that oxygen and nitrogen gas combine… (se combinan)

It comes into contact with available oxygen… (entra en contacto…)

Onset = aparición, llegada

Two and one-half = 2 años y medio

Most likely = muy probablemente

Arrangement = acuerdo, plan

READING EXERCISE 1: Parasitic plants (passage 3)

Host plant = planta huésped en la cual se hospeda el parásito