Forecasting Population : ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻨ�ﺪ ﺗﺼ�ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ��ﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﺠ�ﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ ﻳﺨ�ﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ�ﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻫ��ﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘ�ﺮﺓ ﺗ��ﺪﻋﻰ" ﻓﺘ�ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ��ﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ " ﺍﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﺸ�ﺮﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺸ�ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ�ﻨﺔ ﻟ�ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ�ﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ�ﺔ‬Period of Design
: ‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻁﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬، ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
Arithmetic Method : ‫( ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬1)
Is Constant with " "Rate of Growth" ‫ﺗﻔﺘ�ﺮﺽ ﻫ�ﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ�ﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌ�ﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤ�ﻮ ﺍﻟﺴ�ﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﺑ�ﺖ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟ�ﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫" ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬Time
. (Decade) ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ‬
∆P
= slope = cons tan t = ka
∆t
dP = Ka.dt Pop .

∫ dP = ∫ Ka.dt ∆p

∆P P − P0
= Ka ⇒ t = Ka ⇒ Pt − P0 = K 0 .∆t ∆t
∆t ∆t
Pt = P0 + Ka.∆t Year

Where:
Pt : Population at some time in the future.
P0: Present population.
Ka: rate of change.
∆t: no. of years

Ex:

Population of town as obtained from census reports is as follows:-

Census year 1957 1967 1977 1987

Population 58000 65000 73000 81000

Estimate the population of the town as on (1992) by arithmetic method.

- 1-
Sol.:
∆P 65000 − 58000
Ka1 = = = 700
∆t 10
73000 − 65000
Ka2 = = 800
10
81000 − 73000
Ka3 = 800
10
700 + 800 + 800
Kaave. = = 767
3
Pt = P0 + Ka.∆t 3 ⇒ P(1992 ) = 81000 + 767 * 5 = 84835Capita.

(‫( ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬2)

The uniform percentage method (Geometric method)
. ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
ln ∆P
K0 =
∆t
ln Pt − ln P0
K0 = ⇒ ln Pt = ln P0 + K .∆t
∆t
: ‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
 ln(65000) − ln(58000) 
 K 01 = = 0 . 0114 
10
 
 ln(73000) − ln(65000) 
 K 02 = = 0.0116  ⇒ K 0 ( average ) = 0.0111
 10 
 ln(81000) − ln(73000) 
 K 03 = 10
= 0.0104 


∴ ln( P ) (1992 ) = ln(81000) + 0.0111(5) = 11 .3577

∴ ( P) (1992 ) = 85622Capita.

- 2-
 The Incremental Increase Method : ‫( ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﻟﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ‬3)

. ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
Pt=P0+ (K+a) t
Pt : population in the future.
P0 : present population.
K: Rate of increase for each decade (‫)ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
a: Rate of change in increase for each decade ( ‫)ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬

Year Pop. K a
1957 58000 7000
1967 65000 +1000
1977 73000 8000
1986 81000
8000 0

Kaver. =7667 aaver.=500

P (1992) = 81000 + (7667+500)*0.5 = 85083 Capita

Logistic Method : ‫( ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬4)

‫( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﺗﻤﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬S) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ‬
. ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

1-Stationary phase.
2-Accelerated growth phase.
3- Logarithmic growth phase
dP
4-Decreasing growth phase. ⇒ α ( P0 − P) PS
dt POP.
a- Max. rate of increase . a
1

4
3
2
2 P .P .P − P1 ( P0 + P2 )
2
Psat . 1
Pt = ............., PSAat .. = 0 1 2
1+ e a + b . ∆t
P0 .P2 − P1
2 T ime

Psat . − P0 1 P ( P .P )
a = ln .............., b = ln 0 sat . 1
P0 n P1 ( Psat − P0 )
Where:
Pt : Population at any time in the future.
.P sat : Population at saturation level.
P0: Base Population.

- 3-
P1,P2: Population at two time period.
n: period time.
∆t:no. of years after base year.

Ex:
In two periods each of (20) years acity has growth from (18000) to (58000) and then to
(75800) ,determine the expected population for the next (20)years?

Sol.

2(18000)(58000)(75800) − (58000) 2 (18000 + 75800)

Psat . =
(18000)(75800) − (58000) 2
⇒= 77582Capi tan Pop.

77582 − 18000
a = ln = 1.197 P =?
3

18000 P =75800
1 18000(77582 − 58000)
2

b= ln = −0.114 P =58000
1

20 58000(77582 − 18000) P =18000

0

77582
P= = 77308Capi tan .
1 + e1.197−0.114 ( 60 ) 20 40 60 80 Time

The Geometric Ratio Method : ‫( ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬5)

. ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬

t
Pt= P0(1+i)
i: percentage of growth rate .
t : no. of decade .

Year Pop. ∆p ∆p%

1957 58000
1967 65000 7000 7000/58000*100=12%

1977 73000 8000 8000/65000*100=12.3%

1987 81000 8000 8000/73000*100=10.9%

Total=35.2%

- 4-
 ‫‪35.2‬‬
‫= ‪∴i‬‬ ‫‪= 11 .7%‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪P(1992 ) = 81000(1 + 0.117 ) 0.5 = 85607Capi tan‬‬

‫ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‪(H.W):‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ )‪ (2010‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Year‬‬ ‫‪1940‬‬ ‫‪1950‬‬ ‫‪1960‬‬ ‫‪1970‬‬ ‫‪1980‬‬

‫‪Population‬‬ ‫‪25000‬‬ ‫‪28000‬‬ ‫‪34000‬‬ ‫‪42000‬‬ ‫‪51000‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪) /‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ(‪) ، (87249) ، (86993) ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ( ‪. (76500) ،‬‬

‫)‪ (6‬ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ‪The comparative graphical extension method:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪....... ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ex:‬‬
‫ﺧﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ )‪ ( B, C, D‬ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ )‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ )‪(B‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ )‪(C‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ )‪(D‬‬

‫‪Year‬‬ ‫‪Pop.‬‬ ‫‪year‬‬ ‫‪Pop.‬‬ ‫‪year‬‬ ‫‪Pop.‬‬ ‫‪year‬‬ ‫‪Pop.‬‬
‫‪1940‬‬ ‫‪20000‬‬ ‫‪1900‬‬ ‫‪50000‬‬ ‫‪1920‬‬ ‫‪50000‬‬ ‫‪1880‬‬ ‫‪50000‬‬
‫‪1980‬‬ ‫‪50000‬‬ ‫‪1910‬‬ ‫‪50700‬‬ ‫‪1930‬‬ ‫‪50500‬‬ ‫‪1890‬‬ ‫‪60700‬‬
‫‪2020‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫‪1920‬‬ ‫‪60500‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50800‬‬ ‫‪1900‬‬ ‫‪80000‬‬
‫‪1930‬‬ ‫‪60900‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60000‬‬ ‫‪1910‬‬ ‫‪90000‬‬
‫‪1940‬‬ ‫‪70100‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪60100‬‬ ‫‪1920‬‬ ‫‪90500‬‬

‫‪70100 + 60100 + 90500‬‬

‫= ) ‪∴ A( 2020‬‬ ‫‪= 73567Capi tan‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪- 5-‬‬
 POP.
100000

90000
70100 + 60100 + 90500
∴ A( 2020) = = 73567Capi tan
80000 3
70000
(average)A
60000

50000 D

40000 C

30000 B

20000

A 1940 50 60 70 80 90 2000 10 20 30 40
Time (year)
B 1900 10 20 30 40
C 1980 30 40 50 60
D 1880 90 900 10 20

- 6-
Ex:
Let A=50000, in the year 1970.

(B) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ (C) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ (D) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ (E) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

Year Pop. year Pop. year Pop. year Pop.
1930 50000 1935 50000 1933 50000 1934 50000
40 57000 45 57000 43 56000 44 54000
50 70000 55 67000 53 62000 54 58000
60 82000 65 75000 63 68000 64 62000
70 95000 75 86000 73 75000 74 68000

POP.

90000 C
B (average)A
80000 D
E
70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000
A 1970 80 90 2000 10 20 30
Time (year)
B 1900 10 20 30 40
C 1980 30 40 50 60
D 1880 90 900 10 20
E 1934 44 54 64 74

54000 + 58000 + 56000 + 54000

A(1980) = =?
4

- 7-
 ‫ﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻼﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪Water Demand :‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ ‪Domestic Consumption :‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺦ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ ‪ .........‬ﺍﻟﺦ ( ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻘﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Domestic Use = (75-380) lcpd (l/c/d‬‬
‫)‪(Liter per capita per day‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫) ‪Domestic Use ≅ 50% * Total Uses ( Municipal water use‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Water required for drinking……………………2L‬‬
‫‪Cooking, washing, etc………………..........10-12L‬‬ ‫‪Flushing‬‬
‫‪in water closest ………………………30- 40L‬‬
‫‪Bathing and washing cloths …………………….40- 60L‬‬
‫‪Other needs………………………………………10L‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪(90- 125)L/c/d‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪Industrial & Commercial Uses :‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳ ﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻼﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺳﺎﻳﻤﻮﻧﺲ ) ‪ (Symons‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪Industrial & Commercial Uses = 12.2 m3/1000m2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Industrial & Commercial Uses ≅ 15% * Total consumption.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Steel finished ……………………….250000L/Tonne‬‬
‫‪Wood pulp (sulphate)………………240000 L/Tonne‬‬
‫‪Paper……………………………….150000 L/Tonne‬‬
‫‪Tonne Coke………………………….14000 L/ L/Tonne‬‬
‫‪Wool scouring………………………10-12 L/kg‬‬
‫‪Tanning………………………………60 L/kg‬‬

‫‪- 8-‬‬
 Public Use : ‫( ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬3)
، ‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬، ‫ ﺳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬، ‫ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ‬
- : ‫ﺍﻟﺦ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺏ‬....................، ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺟﺎﺕ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬

Public Use = (50-75) Lcpd

Fire Demand : ‫( ﻁﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬4)
‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬، ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
- : ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
(a) The insurance services office formula
F=18 c √A (gal./min.)
F: required flow (gal./min.) , gallon=3.78 L
C: coefficient related to the type of construction, in general:
C=1.5 for wood frame construction.
C=1.0 for ordinary construction.
C=0.8 for noncombustionable construction.
C=0.6 for fire - resistive construction.
A: Total floor area (ft2) excluding, 1m2=10.76 ft2 the basement.

Limitations:
1- The fire flow calculated is not exceed (8000) gal./min
In general ( Fcal.≤ 8000 gal./min.)
2- The fire flow calculated is not exceed (6000) gal./min
For one- story Construction. ( Fcal.≤ 6000 gal./min.)
3- The minimum fire flow is not to be less than (500) gal./min
( Fcal.≥ 500 gal./min.)
4- (500≤ Fcal.≤ 12000) gal./min. for all purposes and for a single fire.
5- Duration of fire flow (4-10) hrs.

- 9-
‫‪(b) National Board for Fire under Writers Formula.‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ (‬
‫)‪G=1020 √P (1-0.01√P‬‬
‫)‪G: required fire flow (gal./min.‬‬
‫‪P: Population in thousands.‬‬
‫‪Limitations:‬‬
‫‪1- Population ≤ 2000 00 Capita‬‬
‫‪2- Duration of fire flow (4-10) hrs‬‬
‫‪3- One fire per day .‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻁﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fire flow = 15 lopd‬‬

‫)‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺋﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ‪Losses & Wastes :‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Losses &Wastes= (10-15) % * Total consumption.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Total water consumption = Domestic + Industrial & Commercial + Public + Fire‬‬

‫‪demand + Losses‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﻬﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻁﻠﺐ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺭﻭﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻷﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 10 -‬‬
 1000
(m3 /24 hr) Percent
of
Peak
Averag
consumption
=1.8* ave.daily
consumption
Max. Daily
Consumption

Average consumption rate

41.5*103 m3

Mini. Consumption

Moon Noon Moon

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬

(sheboygan) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

- :(R.O Goorich) ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻻﻋﻈﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
-0.1
P = 180 t , (P = (180-200) t0.1)-1
P: percentage of the annual average.
Consumption for any time (t) in days.

(1) When t=1 days ، P=180(1)-0.1=180%

Max.daily Consumption = 180%* average daily Consumption.

(2) When t=7 days ، P=180(7)-0.1=148%

Max.weekly Consumption = 148%* average daily Consumption.

(3) When t=30 days ، P=180(30)-0.1=128%

Max.monthly Consumption = 128%* average daily Consumption.

- 11 -
Ex:1
Find the maximum daily water demand for domestic consumption if the average
domestic consumption is (250 lcpd) and the percentage annual consumption P= 200t-
0.1
for a city of (20000) capita.

Sol.
P = 200(1)-0.1 = 200% = 2
Max.daily Consumption = 2* (250*20000)=10*106 l/d

Ex:2
A community with a population of (22000)capita has an average consumption of
(600)l/c/d and fire flow by a building of ordinary construction with a floor area of
(1000)m2and a height of (6) stories , Determine the maximum water rate and the
Total water flow for domestic and fire demand.

Sol.
Let P=180(t)-0.1=180(1)-0.1 = 180%
Max.daily demand. = 1.8*600*22000=23.76*106 l/d
F=18C√A = 18(1)*√(6*1000*10276)* 3.78*24*60 = 24.89*106 l/d
Max. water rate = 23.76*106+24.89*106 = 48.65*106 l/d
Let fire duration = 10hrs
Total water flow = 23.76*106*1+24.89*106*(10/24) = 34.122*106 l/d

Ex:3
Records for previous years for city (A) are:-
Year Pop.
1965 65000
1975 73000
1985 80000
Using the arithmetic method find the requirements for (1995) :
1- Rate of fire demand for a single fire of (6 hrs duration per day (m3/d)?
2- Quantity of storage for fire demand, (m3)?
Sol.
Year Pop. Ka Kaverage
1965 65000 800 750
1975 73000
1985 80000 700

P(1995)=80000+750(10)= 87500 capita.

- 12 -
‫‪G=1020√87.5(1-0.01√87.5)*(3.78/1000)*60*24‬‬
‫)‪G=47077 m3/d (Ans.‬‬
‫)‪Quantity per day = 47077*(6/24) =11769 m3 (Ans.‬‬
‫‪Ex:4‬‬
‫‪A community has an estimated population in a period of (25) years a head which is‬‬
‫‪equal to (40000) capita , The present population is (30000) capita.and the present‬‬
‫‪average water consumption is (20000)m3/d .Assuming an arithmetic rate of population‬‬
‫‪growth , determine for how many years the existing plant will reach it's design capacity‬‬
‫?‬
‫‪Sol.‬‬
‫‪Ka=(40000-30000)/25=400‬‬
‫‪Rate=(capacity)/pop.=20000/30000=0.667 m3/d/c‬‬
‫‪Pop.=(capacity)/ Rate=26000 / 0.667 = 38980 capita.‬‬
‫‪Pt =P0+Ka.∆t , 38980 = 30000+ 400 (t) .‬‬ ‫‪t = 22.45 years‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ‪Channel & water pipes :‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﻤﻴ�ﻊ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻬ�ﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣ�ﺎء‬
‫ﺟ��ﻮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠ��ﺐ ﺍﻟﺸ��ﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺟ��ﻮﺩ ﻣﺄﺧ��ﺬ ﻭﻳﻤﻜ��ﻦ ﺇﻋﺘﺒ��ﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﺑ��ﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻨ��ﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻛﻤﺄﺧ��ﺬ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ��ﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠ��ﺐ ﻣﺂﺧ��ﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴ��ﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻨ�ﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪ pipes line‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ‪ open channel‬ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ�ﺔ ﻭﻭﺟ�ﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻄ�ﺔ ﺿ�ﺦ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻌﻈ�ﻢ ﺍﻟﺤ�ﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴ�ﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺧﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺓ ﺗﺠﻬﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻀﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻛ�ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌ�ﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻠ�ﺐ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ�ﺦ ﻭﺃﺧﻴ�ﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻨ�ﺎﻙ ﺷ�ﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ �ﺎﺓ ‪ water distribution system‬ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ ﺗﺘﻀ�ﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ��ﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺴ�ﻴﺔ ‪main pipes‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ‪ service pipes‬ﻭﻣﻤﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ ‪ fire hydrants‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪- 13 -‬‬
 ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪Pipes lines :‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻄ�ﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﻟﻨﻘ�ﻞ ﻛﻤﻴ�ﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴ�ﺮﺓ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ�ﺎﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﺜ�ﻞ ﻫ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﺗﺨ�ﺪﻡ ﻫ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄ�ﻮﻁ ﻧﻔ�ﺲ ﻏ�ﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﺗﻜ�ﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺳ�ﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ�ﺔ ﻭﻟﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻓ�ﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﺪﻳ�ﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓ�ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴ�ﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ�ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄ�ﻂ ﺍﻟﺸ�ﺒﻜﻲ ‪ net work‬ﻳﺴ�ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻻﻏﻠ�ﺐ ﺣﺪﻳ�ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺴﺘﻲ ‪asbestos cement‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪Types of pipes :‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ‪Cast iron pipe :‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟ��ﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻳﻜ��ﻮﻥ ﻋﻤ��ﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺒ��ﻮﺏ )‪ (100‬ﺳ��ﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣ��ﺎﻝ ﻓ��ﺈﻥ ﺇﻧﺒ��ﻮﺏ ﺣﺪﻳ��ﺪ ﺍﻟﺼ��ﺐ ﻳﺘﻌ��ﺮﺽ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺒﻴ��ﺐ‬
‫‪ Tuberculation‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ (70) %‬ﻛﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ ‪Lined cast iron pipe :‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺣﺪﻳ�ﺪ ﺍﻟﺼ�ﺐ ﺗﻘ�ﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ�ﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴ�ﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬ�ﺎ ﺗ�ﺆﺛﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧ�ﺎ ﺑﺸ�ﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻴ�ﺮ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻗ�ﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤ�ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ‪ ، rust‬ﻭﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌ�ﺪﺩ ﻭﻛﺒﻴ�ﺮﺓ ﺑﺤﻴ�ﺚ ﺗﺘ�ﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺟﺮﻳ�ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎء ﻓﺘﺰﻳ�ﺪ ﻣ�ﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺎﺋﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺘﻴﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷ�ﻘﻮﻕ ﺻ�ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴ�ﻮﺏ ﺃﺧ�ﺮﻯ ﻗ�ﺪ ﺗﺤﺼ�ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻈ�ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳ�ﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔ�ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ�ﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ�ﻞ ﻳﺼ�ﺒﺢ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴ�ﺪ ﻋﻤ�ﻞ ﺣﻤﺎﻳ�ﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺰﻳﺰ ‪ fuller‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺗﺴ�ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻁﻠﻴ�ﺔ ﻗﻴﺮﻳ�ﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻌ�ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻤﻨﺘﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﻮﻧ�ﺔ ﺇﺳ�ﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﻮﺭﺗﻼﻧ�ﺪﻱ ﻣﻘ�ﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (2:1‬ﻭﺗ�ﺒﻄﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻄﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 3‬ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻪ ‪Cast iron pipe with flange :‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪ pipe galleries‬ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ�ﺎﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠ�ﺐ ﻫ�ﺬﺓ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺟﺴ�ﻮءﻩ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ�ﻪ ﻋ��ﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺣﻜ�ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ�ﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻮﻟ��ﺐ ﺍﻟﺸ�ﻔﺘﺎﻥ ‪ flanges‬ﻛﻠﺘﺎﻫﻤ�ﺎ ﻣ��ﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺒ�ﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼ�ﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺒ��ﻮﺏ‬

‫‪- 14 -‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻁﻮﺍﻝ )‪ (3.7 m‬ﻭ)‪ ( 5.5m‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻩ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﻪ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﺿ�ﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻏﻲ ‪ bolts‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻩ ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ )‪. (860 kpa.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﻪ ‪Steel pipes :‬‬
‫ﻳﺴ�ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﻔ�ﻮﻻﺫ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ�ﺎﻩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ�ﺎ ﺧﻄ�ﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ�ﻴﺔ ‪ trunk mains‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴ�ﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮﺑﻪ ‪ inverted siphons‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻓ�ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﺻ�ﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻ�ﻴﻼﺕ‬
‫‪ ، connections‬ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪. distribution mains‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﻩ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺸ�ﺎء ﻭﺍﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﺳ�ﻬﻮﻟﻪ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘ�ﻞ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺣﺪﻳ�ﺪ ﺍﻟﺼ�ﺐ ﻭﻟﻬ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﻣﺴ�ﺎﻭﺉ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻜﻴﻔﻪ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ�ﺎ ﻗ�ﺪ ﻳﺴ�ﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳ�ﻎ ‪ vacuum‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋ�ﻲ ﺇﻧﻬﻴ�ﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﺘ�ﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺷﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺷﻢ ‪ rivets‬ﻓ�ﻲ ﺗﺼ�ﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄ�ﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺒ�ﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻥ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺛﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ ( 25-50‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻏﻴ�ﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤ�ﻪ ﻟﻬ�ﺬﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﺮ ‪ pitting‬ﻣ�ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ‪Concrete pipe :‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺫﻱ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ﻋﻦ )‪. (610 mm‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺒﻴﺐ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴ�ﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺃﻧﻌﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (75‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺫﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪- 15 -‬‬
 ‫‪ - 6‬ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺴﺘﻲ ‪Cement – Asbestos pipe :‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺴﺘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺗﻼﻧﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺴﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣ�ﻦ ﻫ�ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ�ﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ )‪ (1928‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘ�ﻪ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟ�ﻪ ﺗﺰﻳ�ﺪ ﻋ�ﻦ )‪ (30‬ﺳ�ﻨﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﺄﻁﻮﺍﻝ )‪ (4m‬ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ)‪ (100- 140 mm‬ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺿ�ﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ�ﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﻫ�ﻲ )‬
‫‪ ، (1380,1034,690 kpa.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺼﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑ�ﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﻛ�ﺬﻟﻚ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ�ﻮﺍﻣﺾ ﻭﺍﻻﻣ�ﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺒﻴ�ﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬ�ﺬﺍ ﻳﺒﻘ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺒ�ﻮﺏ ﻧﺎﻋﻤ�ﺎ ﺣﺘ�ﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻵﻛﻞ ‪ ، corrosive water‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 7‬ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻥ ‪Plastic pipe‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼ�ﻨﻮﻉ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ�ﻠﺤﺔ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺑﺸ�ﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳ�ﻊ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ�ﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻭﻟﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺸﺎﺷﻪ ‪ embrittement‬ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺺ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ )‪ (25‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘ�ﺪ ﺗ�ﻢ ﻧﺸ�ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻ�ﻔﺎﺕ ﻻﻧﺒ�ﻮﺏ ﻣ�ﻦ )‪ Polyvinylchloride (PVC‬ﻣ�ﻦ ﻗﺒ�ﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴ�ﺔ ﺃﻋﻤ�ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ�ﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ�ﺔ‬
‫)‪. (AWWA‬‬

‫‪Corrosion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ )ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﺜ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣ�ﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴ�ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗ�ﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈ�ﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ�ﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻ�ﻠﻪ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ�ﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﺤ�ﺪﺙ ﻫ�ﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘ�ﺎﻝ ﺃﻣ�ﺎ ﺑ�ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺗ�ﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ ﺗﺤ�ﺮﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩﻳ�ﺔ ‪ anodic‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ ﺗﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬ�ﺎ ﺗ�ﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳ�ﺔ ‪ cathodic‬ﻛﻤ�ﺎ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟ�ﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fe → Fe++ + 2e−‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ (‬ ‫)ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ (‬

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‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺇﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺇﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺁﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪O + 4e− + 2H O → 4OH −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ(‬ ‫)ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ(‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫‪2H‬‬ ‫‪+ 2e − → H 2‬‬
‫) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ(‬ ‫)ﻏﺎﺯ (‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪Protection method of corrosion :‬‬
‫ﺑﻤ�ﺎ ﺃﻧ�ﻪ ﻳﺠ�ﺐ ﺣﺼ�ﻮﻝ ﺗﻔ��ﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻤ�ﺎ ﺍﻷﻛﺴ�ﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺘ�ﺰﺍﻝ ﻷﺳ�ﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ��ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ، Aqueous‬ﻓ�ﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ�ﺔ ﻗ��ﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻁﺄ ﺑﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ Inhibition‬ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻧﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻮﻧ�ﻪ ﺃﻧ�ﻮﺩ ﺫﻭﺍﺏ ‪ sacrificial anode‬ﻭﻫ�ﻮ ﻣ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬ�ﺪ ﺗ�ﺂﻛﻠﻲ ﺃﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠ�ﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ�ﺪﻥ ﻛ�ﺎﺛﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺸ�ﻜﻞ ﺷ�ﺎﺋﻊ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﺸ�ﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﺔ ﻻﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺴﺪﻩ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻟﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﻳﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳ�ﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻌ�ﺪﻝ ﺗﺂﻛ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ�ﺪﻥ ﺑﺸ�ﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴ�ﺮ ﻋﻨ�ﺪ ﺯﻳ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴ�ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜ�ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴ�ﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ�ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ�ﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﺴ�ﺮﻳﻊ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻤﻜ�ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗ�ﺆﺛﺮ ﺳ�ﺎﻋﻪ ﺻ�ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺩﻳ�ﻪ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺂﻛﻼﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻻﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻭﻣ�ﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺼ�ﻖ ﻭﺍﻻﺳ�ﻤﻨﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ�ﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ�ﺪﻥ ﻋ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴ�ﺔ ﻭﻛ�ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗ�ﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﺒﺎﻍ ﺣﻤﺎﻳ�ﺔ ﺃﺧ�ﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﺿ�ﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻋ�ﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪،‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ )ﻏﻠﻮﻧﻪ( ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 17 -‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ‪Intakes :‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻋ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴ�ﺔ ﺛ�ﻦ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣ�ﻦ ﻫ�ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺌ�ﺮ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻣﺤﻄ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ�ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ�ﺐ ﺍﻻﺧ�ﺬ ﺑﻨﻈ�ﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒ�ﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳ�ﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻨ�ﺪ‬
‫‪Max.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺃﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪At average‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ) ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪،‬‬
‫‪Line‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪River‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ) ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ‪ upstream‬ﻭﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﺬﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ )‪ (stable‬ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 7‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 8‬ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﺳﻔﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻻﺑﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 9‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- 10‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 11‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻘﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ) ﺃﻱ ﺑﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 12‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬

‫‪- 18 -‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ‪Types of intakes :‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀ�ﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ�ﻮﻥ ﻓﺘﺤ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧ�ﺬ )‪ (2.5 m‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﻓ�ﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻌ�ﺮ ﻟﻜ�ﻲ ﻻﻳ�ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ‪ .........‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ�ﻮﻥ ﺳ�ﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻁﺌ�ﺔ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻤ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ�ﻦ ﻣ�ﺮﻭﺭ ﻛﻤﻴ�ﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻤﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ، ( 0.15m/sec‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻧﺤ�ﻮ‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﻪ ﻻﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫) ‪ (900- 600m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻁﺊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎﺭ ‪River intake :‬‬
‫ﻓ�ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﻭﺟ�ﻮﺩ ﺃﺳ�ﺲ ﺻ�ﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﻨ�ﻰ ﺑﻌ�ﺾ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴ�ﺮﺓ ﻣﺂﺧ�ﺬ ﺍﻻﻧﻬ�ﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫ�ﻲ ﺗﺸ�ﺒﻪ ﺩﻋ�ﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴ�ﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺤ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﻻﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ (1m‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺒﺎﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ‪.‬‬
‫‪River bank‬‬
‫ﺿﻔﺔ ﻧﻬﺮ‬

‫‪H. W.‬‬

‫‪Section pipe‬‬
‫‪L.W.‬‬
‫‪Intake structure‬‬

‫‪River bed‬‬
‫)‪(River intake‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ�ﻒ ﻓﺘﺤ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼ�ﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺑﻴ�ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ�ﺪﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺧﺬ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺭﻛ�ﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﻛﻤ�ﺎ ﻫ�ﻮ ﻣﻮﺿ�ﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 19 -‬‬
 ‫‪ - 3‬ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪Intakes of storage tanks :‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ‪Direct intakes :‬‬
‫‪ - a‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - b‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ )ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺎﻑ( ) ‪ (embankment‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬

‫‪H.W.L‬‬

‫‪L.W.L‬‬
‫‪Bank washing pipe‬‬

‫‪1m‬‬ ‫‪Section pipe for‬‬

‫‪low lift pump‬‬
‫‪Valve‬‬

‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪Strainer‬‬

‫)‪(Direct intake‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺋﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻛﺴﺎء ﻗﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺧﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ )‪. (rip -rop‬‬

‫‪H.W.L‬‬

‫ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ‬
‫‪L.W.L‬‬

‫‪Coarse‬‬
‫‪Screen‬‬

‫‪Supply‬‬

‫‪Gravel bed‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﻐﻄﺎء ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺜﻘﺐ‬

‫)‪(Canal intake‬‬

‫‪- 20 -‬‬
 W .L

Inlet with
Screen

Concrete
Dam

Treatment
Work

( Dam with intake)

- 21 -
 collection & distribution of water : ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬، ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺃﺭﺽ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
: ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ‬
1- river intake .
2- reservoir intake .
3- lake intake .
4- canal intake .

Design of water distribution system :

1- topography .
2- existing and expected population .
3- commercial and industrial need .
4- expected per capita consumption plus five fighting required .
5- preparation of master plan .
6- Hydraulic study existing system .

Flow in pipes
: ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻳﺰﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﻤﻨﺮ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

V = K (c).r 0.63 .S 0.54

in Which :
V- is the velocity in the pipe .
r – is the hydraulic radius of the pipe .
s-= = = gradient .
c – is a constant depending upon relative roughness of the pipe .
K – is an experimental coefficient and unit conversion .

: ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﺓ ﺑﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﻮ‬

Qm3 /sec Dmm 5*10-3 v m/sec
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴﻞ‬
. ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬، Q , D ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
. S,V ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬

- 22 -
 ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪Equivalent – pipe method :‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ) ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ex :‬‬
‫? ‪Find equivalent (360 m ) , single pipe to replace the parallel pipes‬‬

‫)‪ ( 1‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪450 m‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪. BD, CD, AC‬‬
‫‪150 mm‬‬
‫‪150 mm‬‬ ‫)‪ ( 2‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫‪150 mm‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ) ‪. ( 0.02 m3/min.‬‬
‫‪100 m‬‬
‫‪120 m‬‬
‫‪360 m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪200 mm‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ )‪ (S‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ )‪(D,Q‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(8- 6‬‬ ‫‪SAC=16*10-3 → h=S*L = 16*10-3*120 m =1.92 m‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫‪(SCD=16*10-3 → h=S*L = 16*10-3*450 m =7.2 m‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪(SAC=16*10-3 → h=S*L = 16*10-3*100 m =1.6 m‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪Total head loss = 10.72 m‬‬ ‫‪ACBD‬‬

‫‪h = head of loss‬‬

‫‪S =h / L = 0.016 =16*10-3‬‬
‫‪SAB=(Q= 200mm , Q= 0.02) = 4*10-3*360 = h = 1.44 m‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ) ‪ ( h‬ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭﻫﻲ )‪ (ACDB‬ﻭ )‪ (AB‬ﻓﻴﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ )‪ ، (h=1.44 m‬ﻓﻨﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ )‪ (S‬ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻣﻦ )‪ (A‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ (B‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪h 1.44m‬‬
‫=‪S‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.004 = 4 * 10 −3 , Qtotal = Q ACDB + Q AB = 0.02 + 0.02 = 0.04m 3 / min .‬‬
‫‪L 360m‬‬

‫‪D= diameter ≈ 275 mm‬‬ ‫‪the diameter of equ. Pipe .‬‬

‫‪- 23 -‬‬
‫( ﻓﻴ�ﺘﻢ ﺍﺳ�ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ�ﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬C) ‫( ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬C=100) ‫( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬6-8) ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬
: ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

1.85 0.38
 100   100   C 
S C = S100   , d c = d 100   , Qc = Q100  
 C   C   100 

Ex :
Find the equivalent pipe ( AF )?
305 mm B 200 mm D
A 300m 500m

200 mm 150 mm
200m 250m
C 150 mm
300m 200 mm
F
E 300 m

: ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬

A
B A B
A
BDE BDE Equ. pipe
BCE
BCE

E F E F
F

Assume a flow of ( 2 m3/ min ) for pipes ( AD & BE )

Loss of head in BD = S*L = 0.01* 500 = 5 m
= = = DE = 0.04*250 = 10 m
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Total loss = 15 m

15m
average..S = = 0.02
500 + 250
from namogram a flow (2 m3/min ) ( 0.033m3/sec ) , S= 0.02
¢= 170 mm for equiv. pipe BDE .

- 24 -
 assume a flow of (2 m3/min for pipes ( BC , CE )
loss of head in BC = S * L = 0.01*200 = 2 m
= = = CD = 0.04 * 300 = 12 m
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Total loss = 14 m
14m
average..S = = 0.028
500m
from namogram a flow (2 m3/min ) ( 0.033m3/sec ) , S= 0.028
¢= 160 mm for pipe BCD
assuming the head loss from B to E = 7.5 m
the slope of the hydraulic grade line BDE = 7.5/750= 0.01
the slope of the hydraulic grade line BCE = 7.5/500= 0.015
from namogram , ¢ = 170 mm , S= 0.015
Q = 0.0735 m3/sec = 1.4 m3/min

The total flow carried by the equivalent pipe is :

Qtotal = 1.3 + 1.4 = 2.7 m3/min

Selecting a length of 600 m for the equivalent pipe the value of S = 7.5/600= 0.0125
from namogram Q = 0.045 m3/sec = 2.7 m3/min
S = 0.0125 → 213 mm

To combine AB , BE & EF assume a flow of 3 m3/min (0.05 m3/sec)

head loss in AB = 0.003 * 300 = 0.9 m
= = = BE = 0.013* 600 = 2.7 m , head loss in EF = 0.02 * 300 = 6 m
The total = 14.7 m , taking the length for final equivalent pipe = 1200 m
S = 14.7/1200 = 0.01225 from namogram , Q =0.05 m3/ sec , S = 0.0122
→¢=226m A φ = 300mm B
 = 700mm

φ = 250mm
 = 400mm
H . W: φ = 250mm
(1)  = 475mm
 = 450mm
Replace by φ=300 mm between C
D φ = 280mm
A & C find length ?
450 m
φ 150 mm
(2)
Find equivalent 360 m single 360 m
pipe to replace the parallel pipes? A φ 200 mm B

390 m
φ 250 mm

- 25 -
 ‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻭﺱ ‪Hardy cross method :‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (loop‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪θ1‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Qin= Q out = Q =Q1+Q2+Q3….‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 3‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﺓ ﻋﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪θ2‬‬
‫‪θ3‬‬ ‫‪ - 4‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪. (∆Q‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ) ‪(∆Q= 0.2‬‬
‫‪−∑h‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪∆Q‬‬ ‫)‪(m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫∑‪1.85‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪line‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h/Q‬‬

‫‪∑h ∑h/Q‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ) ‪ ( ∆Q+‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻭ∆ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ )‪: (A‬‬

‫‪ hABC + hADC‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪pressure..at..C = PA − ‬‬ ‫‪* 9.81‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪- 26 -‬‬
 Ex:
In the pipe systems shown, find the distribution of flow and the pressure at point A?
20 m 3 /min
B 1500 m C 5 m 3 /min
455 mm
10 m 3 /min

1000 m 800 m
405 mm 10 5 255 mm

1100 m
5 m 3 /min 305 mm 10 m 3 /min
D A
5

line Q= L= D= S*103 h h/Q line Q= L= D= S*103 h h/Q

3 3
m /sec m mm m /sec m mm
BC 0.166 1500 455 4 6 0.6 BC 0.1433 3 4.5 0.523
CA 0.0833 800 255 30 2.4 4.8 CA 0.06 8 6.4 1.7
AD - 0.0833 1100 305 -6 - 6.6 1.32 AD - 0.106 -9 - 9.9 1.546
DB - 0.0166 1000 105 -5 -5 0.5 DB - 0.189 -8 -8 0.701
∑ h = 18.4 ∑ 7.22 ∑ h = 6.6 ∑ 4.54

− ∑h − 18.4 − ∑h − 6.6
∆Q = = = −1.4(m 3 / min) ∆Q = = = −0.42(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(7.22) h 1.85(8.32)
1.85∑ 1.85∑
Q Q

line Q= L= D= S*103 h h/Q

3
m /sec m mm
BC 0.136 2.5 3.75 0.457  hABC + hADC 
CA 0.065 20 16 5 pressure..at..C = PA −  * 9.81
AD - 0.112 -9 - 9.9 1.414
 2 
DB - 0.195 -9 -9 0.75
 19.75 + 18.9 
∑ h = 18.4 ∑ 7.22
= 1000 −  * 10 
 2 
≈ 806.75kpa

− ∑h − 0.85
∆Q = = = −0.06(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(7.621)
1.85∑
Q

- 27 -
 Ex:
In the pipe systems shown, find the distribution of flow and the pressure at point A?

5 m 3 /min 50 m
15 m 3 /min 300 mm 10 m 3 /min
C 2000 m D 2000 m E
405 mm 405 mm
5 5

1000 m I 1000 m II 1000 m

355 mm
10 5 205 mm
5 205 mm
10 m 3 /min
5 m 3 /min 5
B 2000 m 2000 m 5 m 3 /min
Try (1): 305 mm
A 205 mm
F

Loop(I) Loop(II)

line Q= L= D= S*103 h h/Q line Q= L= D= S*103 h h/Q

3 3
m /sec m mm m /sec m mm
CD 5 2000 405 1.8 3.6 0.72 DE -5 2000 405 - 1.8 - 3.6 0.72
DA 5 1000 205 48 48 9.6 EF 5 1000 205 48 48 9.6
AB -5 2000 305 - 7.1 - 14.2. 2.48 FA 0 2000 205 0 0 0
BC - 10 1000 355 - 12 - 12 1.2 AD -5 1000 205 - 48 - 48 9.6
∑ h = 25.4 ∑14.36 ∑ 19.92
∑ h = −3.6

− ∑h − 25.4
∆QI = = = −0.96 ≅ 1(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(14.36)
1.85∑
Q

− ∑h − (−3.6)
∆QII = = = +0.1 ≅ 1(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(9.92)
1.85∑
Q

- 28 -
 Try (2):

Loop(I) Loop(II)

line Q= L= D= S*10 h h/Q line Q= L= D= S*10 h h/Q

m3 /sec m mm 3
m3 /sec m mm 3

CD 4 1.2 2.4 0.6 DE - 4.9 - 1.6 - 3.2 0.653

DA 3.9 30 30 7.69 EF 5.1 50 50 9.8
AB -6 - 10 - 20 3.33 FA 0.1 0 0 0
BC - 11 - 14.5 - 14.5 1.318 AD - 3.9 - 30 - 30 7.69
∑ − 2.1 ∑ 12.94 ∑ − 2.1 ∑ 18.149

− ∑h − 2.1
∆Q I = = = 0.08 ≅ 0.1(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(12.94)
1.85∑
Q
− ∑h − (16.8)
∆Q II = = = −0.5(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(18.144)
1.85∑
Q
Try (3):

Loop (I) Loop(II)

line Q= L= D= S*10 h h/Q line Q= L= D= S*10 h h/Q

m3 /sec m mm 3
m3 /sec m mm 3

CD 4.1 1.2 2.4 0.585 DE - 5.4 -2 -4 0.74

DA 4.5 38 38 8.44 EF 4.6 40 40 8.69
AB - 5.9 - 9.6 - 19 3.25 FA - 0.4 - 0.45 -0.9 2.25
BC - 10.9 - 14 - 14 1.28 AD - 4.5 - 38 - 38 8.44
∑ 7.2 ∑ 13.566 ∑ .9
− 2 ∑ 20.13

− ∑h − 7.2 − ∑h − (−2.9)
∆QI = = = −0.28 ≅ 0.1(m 3 / min) ∆QII = = ≅ 0.1(m 3 / min)
h 1.85(13.56) h 1.85(20.13)
1.85∑ 1.85∑
Q Q
Head loss from tank to the system from
anemogram, Q=10m /min , φ = 300 mm
3

∴ S= 25 * 10-3 →h = 150*25 * 10-3 = 3.75

Pressure at A= 50 – 3.75 –( (41+40)/2) = 5.75 m

- 29 -
Treatment of Water

The aim of treatment is:

1. Removal of bacteria which cause the disease.
2. Removal of un wanted a….
3. Removal of turbidity.
4. Removal of un wanted salts.
5. Removal of chemical materials.

2hrs=detention
min 20min time

‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ‬

∞ ∞
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺤﺎﺕ‬
Pump Flash mixing ‫ﺍﻻﻁﻴﺎﻥ‬
Station Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation tank
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬

Methods of treatment of surface water:

1. Coagulation. a
2. Flocculation. V
3. Sedimentation. ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
4. Filteration. Vs ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ = ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬Vs = ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬
5. Chlorination. Vs
100% ‫ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ‬

f
Storage: a
Process of forming of artificial lake before
Project to with draw water from it.
V

Screens Vs
Screens my be employed both at surface Vs
water intakes and at inlets of sewage
treatment plants .
f

- 30 -
Sedimentation
Principle of sedimentation – discrete particles
The sedimentation of discrete particles may be described by Newton law from which
the terminal settling velocity is found to be:

 4 g ( ρ p − ρ w )d 
1/ 2
V =  (Newton law)
 3CDρ w 

Where:
V= the terminal settling velocity.
ρp = the mass density of the particle.
g=the acceleration {g=v/t= (m/sec.)/sec. =
m/sec.2=9.81m/sec2=981cm/ses 2=9810mm/sec2}
d= diameter of particle.
CD=is a dimensionless drag coefficient defined by:

24 3
CD = + + 0.34
Re Re 0.5 (For transitional flow)

24
CD = (For laminar flow)
Re

CD = 0.40 (For turbulent flow)

The type of flow can be known by Rynold's number:

NR= Re= (Vs.ρw.dP)/µ
If Re ≤ 0.5 (laminar flow)

0.5≤Re ≤ 1000 (transitional flow)

Re > 1000 (turbulent flow)

. ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬: µ

µ = N.S/m2 = kg/m.sec = poise = g/cm. sec.

Poise = 100c.p then c.p =10-2p

- 31 -
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻙ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ )‪ (Vs‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻱ )‪ (laminar‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻱ ﺃﻧﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪ CD = R‬ﻭﺑﺪﻝ )‪ (Re‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ = ‪(Vs.ρw.dP)/µ‬‬
‫‪e‬‬

‫‪g ( ρ p − ρ w ).d 2‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ≅ ‪= Vt‬‬
‫‪18.µ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻛﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻳﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪i. e for Re < 0.5‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﺎﺧﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﻖ ‪clarification‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ‪ potable water‬ﻭﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻼﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬
‫‪ flotation‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﺧﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ) ‪ ( ρw>ρs‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ) ‪ ، ( ρw<ρs‬ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ) ‪ = ( Vs=Vt‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻢ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ‪.:‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪Inflow‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺢ‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪Outflow‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪β‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺮﺳﻴﺐ ‪V1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬

‫‪β‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺚ‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫‪- 32 -‬‬
 ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪f‬‬ ‫= ‪velocity of flow‬‬
‫‪W .h‬‬
‫‪Vf *t = L‬‬
‫‪Vs = Vt = Velocity of settling of particle.‬‬
‫‪Vs * t = h , t = defention time.‬‬

‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Vf‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪ %100‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪L‬‬

‫‪β‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Settling velocity‬‬ ‫‪vf‬‬
‫= ‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪.V f = .‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L W .h WL‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪= = S .O.R‬‬
‫‪As‬‬

‫‪As = area of vertical face over velocity.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ) ‪ ( S.O.R) ( surface over flow rate‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺏ ﻻﺑﻄﺄ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‬
‫‪. (100%‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﺑﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪ ( S.O.R‬ﺳﺘﺰﺍﻝ )‪ (100%‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﺑﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻭﻁﺄ ﻣﻦ )‪ ( S.O.R‬ﺳﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺮﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ) ‪. (Vs‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ‪- :‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪bc‬‬ ‫‪bc‬‬ ‫‪Re moval.. part‬‬
‫= ‪Xr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ac ab + bc‬‬ ‫‪Total.. part‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪bc V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪⇒ bc = 1 .L‬‬
‫‪L V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫‪ac Vs‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪⇒ ac = s .L‬‬
‫‪L V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪bc‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫‪= ( 1 .L ) /( s .L ) = 1 = X r‬‬
‫‪ac‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬
‫‪X0‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪∑V∆X‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪∴ F = (1 − X 0 ) +‬‬ ‫‪V .dX +‬‬
‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬
‫‪X =0‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺔ )‪(1-X0)↔(V≥Vs‬‬

‫‪- 33 -‬‬
Ex: - Removal of discrete particles.

A settling basin is design to have surface over flow rate of (32.6m/day). Determine the
overall removal obtained for suspension with the size distribution given? The specific
gravity of the particles is (1.2 g/cm3) and the water temp. (20 C0).

Particle size (mm) 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01
Weight fraction greater
15 40 70 93 99 100
than size percent 10%

Sol:-
At 20C0⇒µ w= 1.027 an ρw= 0.997 g/cm3≅ 1

The settling velocity of the particles may be calculated from stoke's law as follows:

g 9800 *10 −2
Vs = ( ρ p − ρ w ).d p =
2
(1.2 − 0.997)d p2 = 107.62d p2
18µ 18(1.027) *10 −2

Vt = 32.6m / day = 0.37 mm / sec .

Vs

( Cumulative frequency distribution curve)

- 34 -
 100
Wt.fraction % 10 15 40 70 93 99

0.011
Vs(mm/sec) 1.08 0.689 0.527 0.387 0.172 0.043

0.0001
Re 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.001

V .dP.ρ w 1.08 * 0.1* 0.997

(‫)ﻷﻭﻝ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ Re = s = = 0.1
µ 1.027

∆X = µ 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.027

V=L 0.06 0.16 0.22 0.26 0.3 0.34 0.37

V . ∆X 0.0024 0.0064 0.0088 0.0104 0.012 0.0136 0.0099

1
∴ F = (1 − 0.267) + (0.0635) ≈ 90%
0.37

Ex:-
Find the following:
a- The settling velocity in water at (20C0) of spherical particle (4.5*10-3cm) in
diameter & having specific gravity of (2.65g/cm3).
b- The rising velocity of the particle in (a) if its specific gravity is (0.8)
µ=1.009*10-2g/cm.sec
c-The settling velocity of (20C0) (d=0.12cm), ρw=1 g/cm3

Sol. :-

g ( ρ p − ρ w ).d 2 980( 2.65 − 1)(4.5 *10 −3 ) 2

a- Vs = = = 0.18cm / sec
18.µ 18 *1.009 *10 − 2

V .dP.ρ w 0.18 * 4.5 *10 − 3 *1

Re = s = = 0.08 < 0.5
µ 1.009 *10 − 2
b- 980(0.8 −1)(4.5*10−3)2
Vs = = −0.022cm / sec
18*1.009 *10 − 2
- 35 -
The negative sign indicates that the particle is rising instead of settling.

0.022(4.5 *10 −3 ) *1
Re = = 0.0098 < 0.5
1.009 *10 −2

980(2.65 − 1)(0.12) 2
c- Vs = = 128.3cm / sec
18 *1.009 *10 −2

129 * 0.12 *1
Re = = 1526 > 0.5
1.009 *10−2
Then stoke's law:

24 3
CD = + + 0.34 ⇒ CD = 0.43
Re Re

By..Newton' s..law :
 4 (ρ s − ρ p )  (4 * 981(2.65 − 1)(0.12) ) = 24.54cm / sec
V s =  ( .g . =
 3 CD.ρ W  3 * 0.43 * 1
24.54 * 0.12 * 1
∴ Re = = 291.853
1.009 * 10 − 2
24 3
∴ CD = + + 0.34 = 0.597839
291.853 291.853

Vs =
(4 * 980(2.65 − 1)(0.12) ) = 20.8..cm / sec
3 * 0.597839 * 1
20.8 * 0.12 * 1
Re = −2
= 247.3736
1.009 * 10
CD = 0.627
 4 980(2.65 − 1)(0.12) 
∴V s  *  = 20.31
3 0.627 * 1 

Limits for Design the Sedimentation Tank:

- 36 -
1- overflow rate (20-80) m2/day =(0.833-3.33)m3/hr .
2- L/W ∼2:1 .
3- t in hours (detention time )( 1.5-8) hrs .(2-3)hrs as average .
: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
V= Q . t -1
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬
. ‫ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ‬

. ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬، ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻁﻮﻝ‬- 2
4-Velocity of flow =Vf (15 cm /min – 50 cm /min )
( 216-720 m/day ) = (9-30) m/hr
Vf=L/t ………..t= detention time
5- Depth (H) ….(2- 6 ) m …..(3- 4 ) as average
6- Vs=H/t 30 cm

Free board zone =30 cm .

Ex:
Find the amount of water in m3/day to be treated in a sedimentation tank of L=10m ,
W=4m , and H=5m. If the inlet flow velocity is 60 m/ day . What is the diameter of
the smallest settling particle to be removed 100% ? ρw= 1 g/cm3 , ρp =1.25 g/cm3,
µ=1.027c.p.

Sol .
10 * 24
V f .t = L ⇒ 60 * t = 10 ⇒ = 4hrs.
60
5
Vs .t = H ⇒ Vs = = 1.25m / hr = 30m / day
4
Q Q Q
Vs = S .O.R = = = = 30 ⇒ Q = 1200m 3 / day
As L.W 4 * 10
g ( ρ p − ρ w ).d 2
V=
18µ
30 * 100 980(1.25 − 1).d 2
= ⇒∴ d = 5 * 10 −3 cm = 0.05mm
24 * 3600 18 * 1.027 * 10 − 2

Re = V s .ρ p .dp / µ =
(30 * 100 / 24 * 3600) * 5 * 10 −3 * 1
= 0.073 < 0.5
1.027 * 10 − 2

Ex:

- 37 -
A sedimentation tank with a central flocculation camper of a diameter of (4 m) is to be
treat 75 m3/hr of raw water . The detention time in this tank is to be 2hrs. Find (1)
the radius & the depth of this tank .(2) the diameter of the smallest settling particle to
be removed if ν s=1.2m/hr , ρs=1.2gm/cm3 , , ρw=1gm/cm3 , µ=0.013 c.p .

Sol.
Q 75
Vs = ⇒ As = = 62.5m 2
As 1.2
A = πR 2 ..in..general.., so..that.62.5 = ( R 2 − r 2 )π
62.5 = ( R 2 − r 2 )π ⇒ R = 4.88m ≅ 5m ⇒ D = 10m
volume = 62.5 * H = Q * t
62.5 * H = 75 * 2 ⇒ H = 2.4m
H H
or..V s = = = 2.9m
t 2

g ( ρ p − ρ w ).d 2
V=
18µ
1.2 * 10 2 980(1.2 − 1)d 2
= ⇒ d = 0.00063cm = 0.0063mm
3600 18 * 0.013 * 10 − 2

(1.2 * 10 2 / 3600)0.00063 * 1
Re = V s .ρ p .dp / µ = = 0.161 < 0.5
0.013 * 10 − 2

- 38 -
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ ‪Coagulation :‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﻭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ( ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪alum‬‬

‫‪Rapid mixing‬‬
‫‪Slow mixing‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪Flocculation tank‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪S.T‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫) ﺩﺍﺋﻠﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ (‬
‫‪Coagulation‬‬
‫‪Tank‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫) ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ (‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ(‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺜﺮﺓﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺰﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫)‪ (rapid mixing‬ﻭﺑﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺎء ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ) ‪ (10 - 20 sec‬ﻭﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (1min‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻻﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ )‪. ( flocculants‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ )‪ : (Flocculation‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﻳﺔ )ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﺑﻴﻦ ) ‪. ( 1m = 10 6µ ) (1- 10 mµ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ – ﺍﻟﺸﺐ ) ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( )‪ (Al2(SO4)3.XH2O‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫)ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﻚ ‪ ، (FeCl3‬ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﻚ ‪ ، Fe2(SO4)3‬ﻭﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻭﺯ )‪. (FeSO4.7H2O‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺐ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺻﻔﺮﺍﺭﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 39 -‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺜﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝ)‪(PH‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻩ )‪ (lime-CaO‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ‬

‫‪CaO‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬
‫‪Ca(OH)2‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬
‫) ‪Na2 (CO3‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬

‫‪CaO + H 2 O → Ca (OH ) 2‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫‪Al 2 ( so 4 ) 3 .18 H 2 O + 3Ca (OH ) 2 → 2 Al (OH ) 3 ↓ +3CaSo 4 + 18 H 2 O‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )‪ = (soda ash‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ)‪ (Na2Ca3‬ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺐ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Al 2 ( SO4 ) 3 .18 H 2 O + 3 NO2 CO3 + 3H 2 O → 2 Al (OH ) 3 ↓ +3 Na 2 SO4 + 3CO2 + 18 H 2 O‬‬

‫ﻟﺒﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺨﺜﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪FeSO4 .7 H 2 O + Ca (OH ) 2 → Fe(OH ) 2 ↓ +CaSO4‬‬

‫ﻟﺒﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺴﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (PH‬ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ (6.5-5.5‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (PH‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Flash Mixing Tank (coagulation tank design‬‬
‫‪1- Detention time (10-20) sec, max. =1 min.‬‬
‫‪2- Depth (2-3) m.‬‬
‫‪3- L = (1.5-2) W.‬‬ ‫‪ω ≥ 100 rpm‬‬
‫‪4- ω (angular velocity) = 100 rpm‬‬
‫? ‪Ex: Design a flash mixing tank (coagulation tank) if Q = 0.10m3/sec‬‬
‫‪Sol.:‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪V= Q. t , let t= 1 min.‬‬
‫‪∴V = 1 * 60 *0.1 = 6 m3‬‬
‫‪Let D = 2.5m‬‬
‫‪As * D = 6 m3 ⇒∴As = 6/2.5 = 2.4 m2‬‬
‫‪L= (1.5 – 2) W‬‬
‫‪So, let L = 2W‬‬
‫) ‪∴2.40 = 2W2 ⇒W2 = 1.2 ⇒W ≅1.1 m , L = 2.2 m (rectangular tank‬‬
‫)‪* If squared tank (L= W‬‬
‫‪2.4 = L * L = L2 ⇒L = 1.55 m‬‬
‫‪*If circular tank ⇒ 2.4 = (πD2 )/4 ⇒D ≈1.75‬‬
‫‪* Dosage of coagulant is (30-70) mg/ι‬‬

‫‪- 40 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ ‪Flocculation :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺑﻄﺊ )‪ (slow mixing‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻄﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﺳﺴﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺸﺤﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻵﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺘﺰﺍﺯ )‪. (adsorbtion.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻄﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺠﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪ ) - a :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ – ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ – ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - b‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻬﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ )‪ (velocity gradient‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺪﺍﻑ )‪ (paddle‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸﺎﺕ ) ‪ ( blades‬ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺒﻄﺄ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - a‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪Side view‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪Flocculation tank with vertical baffled‬‬
‫‪Top view = plan‬‬

‫‪W‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪Horizontal baffled tank‬‬

‫‪- 41 -‬‬
 Inlet

Outlet
Plan = top view
Horizontal shaft

:‫ ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺪﺍﻑ‬- b

Vertical shift

- 42 -
 Baffles

Flash
mixing
∞

shift
Blades

Baddle

(Flocculation tank with paddles)

: ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻜﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
1 Cd . A.ρ w .V 2
Fd = Cd . A.ρ w .V 2 =
2 2
Fd = drag.. force.
Cd = Drag..Coefficient
V = (m / s) = velocity...of .. paddle..ratioto..water
ρ w = (kg / m 3 ) = density..of ..water
.(P= ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻫﻲ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ * ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

Cd . A.ρ w .V 3
P=
2(Vol.)
: ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
P = µ .G = gradient..of ...velocity
2

dv/dy = ‫( ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬G) ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬

1/ 2
 P 
G =  
 µ .Vol. 

Cd . A.ρ w .V 3
µ.G 2 =
2.Vol.

Cd . A.ρ w .V 3 ‫ﺇﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

∴G =
2.µ .Vol.

- 43 -
A= (15-20) % if the cross sectional area of the tank.
V= (0.15-1) m/sec.
G= (35-66) m/m.sec ⇒ (10≤G ≤75)
Or (15-65)
(20-70)
G.t = (104 -105 )
Or (5*104 -10*104 )

Baffled Basins:

ρ w .g.Q.h
P=
A.
ρ .g.V . A.h V .ρ .g .h
P= w =
A. 
.ρ w .g .h
⇒P=
t.
ρ .g .h ρ w .g .h
∴P = w = µ .G 2 ⇒ G = .......(20 − 74)
t µ .t

V: velocity of flow.
t: detention time.
Q: flow rate m3 /sec.
l: length of the basin (m).
A: cross sectional area (m3 ).
h :ahead loss (m).
P: power input per unit volume.
ρw:density of fluid .

G= (20-74).
V= (0.15-1) m/sec.
t= (0.3- 1) m.
Limit of design for flocculation tank:
1- Speed of revolution ≥ (30- 40) rpm.
2- Detention time (20 – 30) min. w
3- Depth (2- 6) m. L
= = (1.5 – 2) the paddle diameter.
Ex. Design a flocculation tank to treat (0.1 m3 /sec)?
Sol. d
V= Q*t
Let t=20 min, depth =3m.
As* 3 =0.1*20*60 =120
∴As = 120/3 = 40 m2
Use circular basin.
π .D 2
40 = ⇒ D = 7.14m
4

- 44 -
Combined flocculation & clarifying units:
* Combined flocculation and settling tank called aclariflocculator.
* Depth (3 – 7) m, depth of settling tank = (0.6 – 1.2) m more than the depth of
flocculating tank.
*The clarifying zone in the clariflocculator is approximating (2.5m) .
*The detention time (2 – 6) hrs, but it is may be as short as (40) min. in a
clariflocculator
Ex.
Design a flash mixer and a clariflocculator for a plant of (4550 l/min)
Sol.
Flash mix, assume t =1 min.
V = Q* t
Vol. = (1*4550)/(1000) = 4.55 m3 ⇒ let d = 1.5 m .
As =4.55/1.5 = 3 m2
Used dimensions (1.5*2*1.5)

- 45 -
 From rapid
mixture

A A

Plan ≥ 0.6 m
'Rectangular baffled
t k'
0.6
A- A
Section
0.6
Round the end baffles

"Rectangular stirred tank

From rapid mixture

Settling
zone
Sludge Sludge
bleed
blanket

Flocculation
Up & over zone
"Over & under" Sludge removal
Baffles

"Combined flocculation &sedimentation tank"

(Flocculation tanks)
- 46 -
Ex:In a baffled basin the rate of flow of water is ( 12 m3/min.) , the determine time is
(40 min ) and the head loss is ( 1 m ) .Calculate :
1-The power input.
2- The value of G & Gt
µ = 1.004 * 10-2 gm/cm.sec

Sol.
1-
ρ w .g .h 1000 * 9.8 * h
P= = = 4.1watt / m 3
t 40 * 60
2−
P 4.1 1
G= = = 64 ......(20 − 74)
µ 1.004 * 10 −3 Sec.
G.t = 64 * 40 * 60 = 153600 = 15.36 * 10 4....(10 4 − 10 5 )

Ex: A flocculation tank is fitted with paddle impellers (6m) long mounted on two
horizontal shafts perpendicular to the flow and rotating at a speed of (4 rpm). Each
shaft is pitted with two paddles (20 cm) wide fitted opposite each other , the center of
the paddle is (2 m) from the center of the shaft . The rate of flow of water is (10.5
m3/min) , and the detention time is (40 min ) . The coefficient of drag is (1.4) .The
mean velocity of the water is one fourth the paddle velocity .Calculate (1) The ratio
the cross – section area of the tank expressed as percentage .(2) of the paddle area
The velocity differential for the paddles .(3) The power & energy requirement.(4) The
Top view
value of (G) &(G.t) .
0.5m 2m 2m
-2
Let (µ=1.009*10 g/cm.sec).

6m w

0.5m

0.5m 4m 0.5m 4m 0.5m

- 47 - Side view
Sol.
Volume = Q* t =10.5*40= 425 m3
Depth = (1.5 – 2) diameter of paddle.
Let depth = 2 * 4 =8 m
∴420 = As * 8 ⇒ As = 52.5 m2
Let w =6 + 1 =7 m ⇒52.5 = 7 * L
∴L= 7.5 m < (4+4+3*0.5+0.4)= 99 m Net area
Let depth = 1.5 * 4 = 6 m ⇒ 420 = As * 6 ⇒ As = 70 m2 = L * 7
∴L = 10 m ≥ 9.9 ⇒ Use tank of (L*W*d) (10*7*6)
Paddle area rotating in the cross- section = 0.2 *6 *2=2.4 m2
Cross- section area of tank = w * d = 7*6 =42 m2
∴ 2.4/42 * 100 = 5.7 % <(15 -25) %
π .D.N π (4).(4)
The linear velocity of paddle blades = = = 0.837..m / sec
60 60
velocity differential for paddle = 0.75 * 0.837 = 0.63 m/ sec
Total area of paddles = 0.2 * 6 * 4 = 4.8 m2

Cd. A.ρ .V 3 1.4(4.8)(1000)(0.63) 3

Total power input = = = 840Watt = 0.84k .watt
2 2

P 840 1
G= = = 44 . 6 (10 ≤ G ≤ 75)
µ .Vol. 1.004 * 10 −3 * 420 sec

G.t = 44.6 * 40 * 60 = 107040 = 10.7 * 10 4 (5 * 10 4 − 10 5 )

- 48 -
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ‪Filtration :‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻣ�ﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺍﻭﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼ�ﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻳ�ﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻌﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺤﺒﻴﺒ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳ�ﻂ ﻭﺧ�ﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷ ﻴﺢ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ‪rapid sand filter‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺊ ‪slow sand filter‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪pressure filter‬‬

‫‪Properties‬‬ ‫‪slow sand filter‬‬ ‫‪rapid sand filter‬‬ ‫‪pressure filter‬‬

‫‪Head of the water above the bed of‬‬ ‫)‪0.9-1.6 (m‬‬ ‫)‪0.9-1.6 (m‬‬
‫)‪sand (m‬‬

‫‪Velocity water (m/hr) (rate of‬‬ ‫)‪0.1-0.4 (m‬‬ ‫)‪4-6 (m‬‬ ‫)‪12-6 (m‬‬
‫‪filtration) .‬‬

‫‪Effective size of sand particles‬‬ ‫‪0.25-0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.45-0.55‬‬

‫‪(mm) (sieve size that permits‬‬

‫‪10% of sand by weight to‬‬
‫‪pass).‬‬
‫‪Uniformity coefficient (ratio‬‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬ ‫‪≤ 1.5‬‬
‫‪between the sieve size that will‬‬
‫‪pass 60% & the effective size‬‬
‫‪(D60/D10).‬‬
‫‪Thickness of sand bed.‬‬ ‫‪1-1.5 m‬‬ ‫‪80 cm‬‬

‫‪Thickness of gravel bed.‬‬ ‫‪0.3-0.5 m‬‬ ‫‪38-60 cm‬‬

‫‪Head loss‬‬ ‫‪<1m‬‬ ‫‪< 1m‬‬ ‫‪<3 m‬‬

‫‪- 49 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺊ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺋﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻭﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻏﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ (2.5-0.5) cm‬ﻣﻦ ﻁﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻄﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (10‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺊ ‪slow sand filter :‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ) ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪Rate (0.4-1.5)m/hr.‬‬
‫‪Run (40-60) day.‬‬
‫)‪E.S (0.1-0.3‬‬
‫)‪U.C (2-3‬‬
‫‪Depth of sand layer (1-1.4) m‬‬
‫‪Rectangular ≤ 6000 m3‬‬
‫)‪Depth of rectangular layer (0.3 m‬‬
‫‪E.S 5 mm top & 50 mm bottom‬‬
‫‪Under drained pipes‬‬
‫‪Lateral at (2.5-3) mm centers to centers or ( 15-20).‬‬
‫‪Depth of water above sand layer (1.25-2 m) , thus we decided to clean the filter .‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮﻕ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Time of cleaning (day).‬‬
‫‪Length of run (40-60) day.‬‬
‫‪Cleaning is effected by removal of the top layer of sand.‬‬
‫‪Typical thickness to be removed (12-50) mm or (1.2-5.0) cm.‬‬

‫‪- 50 -‬‬
Properties slow sand filter rapid sand filter
(rate of filtration) (m/hr). (0.4-1.5)m/hr=(1-4) m/d. (5-10) (120-240) m/d
Length of run (40-60) day. (24-48)hrs
Effective size of sand (0.1-0.3)mm (0.45-0.55)mm
Uniformity coefficient (2-3) (1.25-1.35)
Area (size unit) (2000-6000)m2 (4*5 to 8*10) m2
Depth of sand layer (1-1.4) m (0.6-0.75) m
Depth of gravel layer (0.25-0.3)m (0.45-0.6) m
Effective size of G.L (5-50)mm
Under drained system Covered with blocks Manifolded lateral wheeler
open joined pipe bottom
Depth of water above sand (0.9-1.6), when depth is Diffuser plate (0.9-1.6)m
between (1.25-2) filter may
be cleaned.
Time of cleaning (5-10)min
Length of run One day
Method of cleaning Scraping of washing of the Back washing
top layer of sand of thickness
about (12-50) mm.
Cost of construction Higher Lower
Cost of construction Lower higher
Water required for (0.2-0.6) % of water filtered (2) % of water filtered
cleaning
Preparation treatment Plain sedimentation Flocculation & sedimentation
Loss of head (0.1-1) m. (0.2-3) m.

- 51 -
 Rapid sand filter ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬
: ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
Rate(5-10) m/hr (120-240) m/day or more .
The bed by reverse flow of filtered water .
Time of cleaning = (5-10) min
‫ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻫﻮ‬: Pressure filter
. ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‬
Sand bed (60-75) cm
D10(0.45-0.55)
(D60/D10) (1.25-1.35) as rapid sand filter
gravel bed (0.45-0.6) m
Rate of filter ≤ 15 m/hr = 360 m/day .
Pressure is up to 10 atmosphere .
The pressure filter is atype of rapid sand filter which is in a closed container and
through which the water passes under pressure .

- 52 -
 Back wash water
Inlet water

Air relief valve

Pressure gauge

500 mm

60 cm
sand

Filtered water
gravel
46 cm

Back wash water

Pressure filter

- 53 -
Hydraulics of filter:
h
The earliest formula due to Darcy is : feed
h V
= − − − − − − − (1)" Darcy ' sLaw V
 K
Filter media
h = loss of head in bed of depth () 
 = filter depth
V = velocity, k = coefficient of permeability
Filtered water

Rose (1945)
h V2 1
= 1.067C D * 4 ...........................(2)
 g .d .ψ f
vol.of .voids
f = bed . porosity =
total.vol.
A0 surface..area..of ..sphere
ψ = particals..shape.. factor ⇒ ψ = =
A actual..surface..area..of .. partical
d = charecteristic..diameter..of ..of ..bed .. particles
24 3
C D = Newton' sdrag ..coefficient = + + 0.34
Re Re

Carman – kozeny eq. (1937):

h 1− f V 3
=E 3 . .................................(3)
 f g.d .ψ

1 − f 
E = 150   + 1.75
 Re 
 6V 
d = 
 A  for..spherical.. partical
ψ = 1 
 

6V
for.other..shape.......d =
ψA

Then , from eq. (2)& eq.(3) ,the result is :

- 54 -
 h V 2 A
= 0.178.CD 4
.
 g. f V
h 1 − f  V 2 A
= E
 f 3 
. g . 6V
  

Typical values of (ψ ) (practical shape factor):-

Material ψ
mica flaks ‫ﻗﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ 0.28
crushed glass ‫ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﻛﺴﺮ‬ 0.65
angular sand ‫ﺭﻣﻞ ﻣﺪﻭﺭ‬ 0.73
worn sand ‫ﺷﺒﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ 0.89
spherical ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ 1
* Filter is normally used with graded sand of (0.5-100) mm so that, obtain:
 A
  = ∑ [non..uniformly..bed ]
6 p
 V  ave. ψ d
P: portion of particles of size ( d) ( from sieve analysis)
h V2 p
= 1.067. .∑ C D .
 g .ψ . f 4
d

Ex:
A filter bed is made of (0.4) mm, size angular sand has on overall depth of (750) mm
and porosity of (42) percent, use the Rose formula to estimate the head loss of the
clean bed at a filtration rate of (120) m/day (kinematics viscosity (υ)) of water
=1.01*10-6 m2/s).
Sol:
Filtration rate =120 m/day =120 / (24*60*60) =1.39*10-3 m/s .
V .d 1.39 * 10 −3 * 4 * 10 −4
Re = = = 0.55( La min ar.. flow)
ν 1.01 * 10 − 6
 24 3 
CD =  + + 0.34  = 48.01
 0.55 0.55 
V2
. 4 [Rose.. formula.. for..uniform..bed ]
h 1
= 1.067CD
 g .d .ψ f
h (1.39 * 10 −3 ) 2
= 1.067(48.01) = 1.11
 9.81(4 * 10 − 4 )(0.73)(0.42) 4
h = 1.11 * 0.75 = 0.833m

- 55 -
 ‫ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ‪Filter Media :‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳ�ﻮﻓﺮ ﺩﻓ�ﻖ ﺧ�ﺎﺭﺝ " ﺗﺼ�ﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺳ�ﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺮﺷ�ﻴﺢ" ﻣﻘﻨ�ﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺠ�ﺰ ﻛﻤﻴ�ﺔ ﻋﻈﻤ�ﻰ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﻒ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ‪(D10) effective size :‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤ�ﺮﻭﺭ )‪ (10%‬ﻭﺯﻧ�ﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﺒ�ﺮ ﻋ�ﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈ�ﺎﻡ )‪ (uniformly‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣ�ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ‪ uniformly coefficient‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴ�ﻤﺢ ﺑﻤ�ﺮﻭﺭ )‪ (60%‬ﻭﺯﻧ�ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄ�ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ )‪. (D60/D10‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺩﻓﻖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺿﺎﺋﻌﺎﺕ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻁﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﻬﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴ�ﻞ ﻭﺟ�ﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺄﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪sand‬‬
‫• ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺖ ‪anthracite‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫• ﺧﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺘﺔ‬
‫• ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺎ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻮﺩ( ﻳﻌ�ﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣ�ﻞ ﺃﺭﺧ�ﺺ ﻭﺳ�ﻂ ﻣﺮﺷ�ﺢ ﻭﻳﺴ�ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸ�ﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧ�ﺎﻟﻲ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺮﺑ�ﺔ ﻭﺻ�ﻠﺐ ﻭﻣﻘ�ﺎﻭﻡ ﻭﻳﻔﻀ�ﻞ ﺭﻣ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻜ�ﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ‪ quartiz‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﻳ�ﺖ ﻭﻳﺴ�ﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺭﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻧﻴﺖ )‪ (Garnet sand‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ‪ 0‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ = ‪ ( 4.2‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻔ�ﺔ ﻫ�ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ��ﻮﻉ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣ�ﺎ ﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ��ﺔ ﻧﺴ�ﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫ�ﺎ ﻣﺤ��ﺪﻭﺩ ) ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ�ﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬ��ﺎ ﻏﻴ�ﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑ�ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ��ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ "(‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷ�ﺤﺔ ﺃﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴ�ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺣ�ﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺑﻌﻀ�ﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻨ�ﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴ ﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻢ ﺳﺘﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺸﻦ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻌ�ﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺳ�ﻄﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓ�ﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ�ﺔ ﺑﺤﻴ�ﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺳ�ﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺴ�ﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺸ�ﻨﺔ ﺑﺒﻄ�ﺄ ﺍﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﻣ�ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴ��ﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤ��ﺔ ﻋﻨ���ﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴ��ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌ��ﺎﻟﺞ ﻫ���ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ��ﺔ ﻋ���ﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳ��ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺮﺷ��ﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺳ���ﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻁ��ﺔ ) ﻓﺤ���ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳ�ﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ�ﺒﻴﺔ ﻟ�ﻪ ‪ (1.5‬ﻭﺭﻣ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﺴ�ﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ�ﺒﻴﺔ ﻟ�ﻪ ‪ ( 2.6.‬ﻭﻗ�ﺪ ﺗﺘﻀ�ﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻓﻴ�ﺖ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﺖ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ‪. ( 4.2‬‬

‫‪- 56 -‬‬
 ‫* ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2/3‬‬
‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪ ρ − ρw ‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻉ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻣﻞ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ )‪ (0.50mm‬؟‬
‫‪d1  2.6 − 1‬‬
‫‪2/3‬‬

‫=‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺖ ‪⇒ d1 = 1.1mm > 0.5‬‬

‫‪0.5  1.5 − 1 ‬‬
‫‪d1  2.6 − 1‬‬
‫‪2/3‬‬

‫=‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﺖ ‪⇒ d1 = 0.30..mm > 0.5‬‬

‫‪0.5  4.2 − 1‬‬
‫∴ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺖ ﺍﻻﺻﻐﺮ )‪ ( 1.1mm‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻷﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ )‪ ( 0.5mm‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﻻﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.3 mm‬ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻷﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ‪Gravel zone :‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻄﻼﻗﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﺑﺨﻤﺲ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺖ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻢ ﻟﻼﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻠﺒﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﻼﺡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ‪Under drain system :‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺗ�ﻮﺯﻉ ﻛ�ﺬﻟﻚ ﻣ�ﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴ�ﻴﻞ ﺧ�ﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴ�ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫ�ﺎ ﺷ�ﻴﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺐ ‪ manifold‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪ header‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﺼ�ﻨﻮﻉ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺣﺪﻳ�ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ laterals‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿ�ﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴ�ﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛ�ﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻭﺗﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ‪. (1.2-6)mm‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ‪Rate of filtration :‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ‪(120-240) m/d‬‬

‫‪(300-360) m/d‬‬
‫‪(600-1200) m/d‬‬
‫‪Area of media (20-30) m2‬‬

‫‪- 57 -‬‬
 Pipe system (1)
Manifold (header) 3-5 cm

3-5 cm Lateral pipe

(75-200)mm

L=600 dia.
Max. strainer ‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬6-12.5

(75-200)mm 600 c/c=76-200

(1)
Area..of ..openimg area..of ..total..holes..drain..system
= ≤ (0.25 − 0)
Total..area area..of ..cross.. sec tion.. for.. pipes

(2)
total..area..of ..opening
≥ 0.002(0.003 − 0.005)
inner..area..of .. filter
area..of ..total..holes..drain..system
0.002 ≤
area..of ..inner.. filter
Total..strainer..area = (0.3 − 0.5)%

(3 )
Area..of ..strainer
= (0.3 − 0.5)%
media..area
(4)

Min..area..of ..ma inf old

= (1.5 − 2)%
lateral..area
- 58 -
(2) Concrete tile

Concrete with slits Concrete with holes

(3)- Wheeler system:

A A

By section A-A

- 59 -
Ex:
Design under drain system of rapid sand filter of area (20m2) (5*4 m) , use (12 mm)
opening?
Sol:
Area of opening ≤ (0.25- 0.5)
Lateral area
dia. Of opening = (6-12)mm
π
* (12) 2
O. A 4 π .d 2
= 0.5 = = 0.5 ⇒∴ L. A = 226.2.mm =
2

L. A Lateral.. A 4

∴dl= 17 mm diameter of lateral.

Use (20 cm) φ - φ of lateral (max. =30 cm)
Use (20 cm c to c of laterals (150-200) mm.
∴ No of laterals = (500 cm/20 cm) = 25 in each side.
∴Total no. =2*25=50 laterals.
∴Total cross – sectional area = (226.2/100)*50=113 cm2
Min. area of manifold = 2* total lateral area = 2*113 = 226 cm2 = (πd2/4)

∴dia. Of manifold = 17 cm
400 − 3.5 − 3.5 − 17 376
If use one header → length..of ..lateral = = = 188cm
2 2

Max. Length = 60* dia. = 60*(17/10) =102 cm ∑188

∴Use two headers.
Length of lateral = (400-3.5*3-17*2)/4 = 88.875 cm < 102m
Check opening:
Area of opening = {(π(12)2/4} = 113 mm2
Assume spacing of opening =17 cm (7.5-20) cm.
∴88/17= 5 , holes in each lateral → lateral area of opening s =
{(2*50*5)/100)*113}=565 cm2 = T.a
Total..area..of .opening 565
∴ = * 100 = 0.28%..(0.2 − 0.5)%
area..of ..media 20 * 100 * 100

- 60 -
 ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ) ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ( ﻭﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪filter units & back wash unit troughs :‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻣ�ﻦ ﻭﺣ�ﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺳ�ﺎﺕ ﺣﺴ�ﺐ ﺳ�ﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﻄ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ�ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺤﻄ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ‬
‫ﻻﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋ�ﻦ )‪ (54.5m3/day‬ﺗﺤ�ﻮﻱ ﻭﺣ�ﺪﺗﻲ ﺗﺮﺷ�ﻴﺢ ﺃﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ�ﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ�ﺔ )‪ (24,20,16,12,8,4,2‬ﺍﻟ�ﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣ�ﺪﺓ ﻋ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﻫ��ﻲ ﺻ�ﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺧﺮﺳ��ﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴ�ﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﺘ��ﻮﺡ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻭﺑﻌﻤ��ﻖ )‪ (3m‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﻣ��ﻊ ﺍﻻﺧ�ﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒ��ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺒ��ﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺴ��ﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼ�ﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣ��ﻞ ﻭﻋﻤ��ﻖ ﺍﻟﻤ��ﺎء ﻣ�ﻦ )‪ (0.9‬ﺍﻟ��ﻰ )‪ ( 1.6‬ﻣﺘ��ﺮ ﺯﺍﺋ�ﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔ��ﺎﻉ ﺃﺿ��ﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺴ��ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴ�ﻞ )‪ (through‬ﻭﺗﻜ�ﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻓ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘ�ﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻤﺴ�ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴ�ﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻌ�ﺪﻝ ﺃﺭﺗﻔ�ﺎﻉ ﻣ�ﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴ�ﻞ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘ�ﺔ ‪(600-900)mm‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﺧ�ﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺮﻛ�ﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (V- notch) (V‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻀﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻖ )‪(free- bond‬‬
‫‪ (50-100)mm‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ –‪ V‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻌﺮ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪QT2‬‬
‫‪y = 1.73‬‬
‫‪g .b 2‬‬
‫‪QT = flow rate through= m3/sec., y=m, g=m/sec2 , b=m‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺓ =‪Q‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪b:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ‪y:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻲ ‪b:‬‬
‫‪1m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪1m‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺧﻨﺪﻕ‬

‫‪- 61 -‬‬
‫(ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺳ�ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬V) ‫ ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺮ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬،(Y) ‫( ﺍﻟﻰ‬50mm) ‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻀﻠﺔﻋﻤﻖ‬
. ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤ�ﺪ ﺃﺑﻌ�ﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘ��ﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ) ﻋ�ﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻁﻮﺍﻟﻬ�ﺎ ( ﺣﺴ��ﺐ ﻣﺴ�ﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷ�ﺢ ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﺗﻮﺿ��ﻊ ﻓ�ﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷ�ﺢ ﻭﺑ��ﻨﻔﺲ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
Ex:
V- notch trough is receive wash water from section of filter bed (2m) wide , (3m) long
the wash water rate is (0.6 m/min) , the trough width is approximately equal to its
depth , find its dimensions .

Sol.
Max. Flow in the trough = 2*3*0.6=3.6 m3/min=0.06 m3/sec.
b=0.29m
when ..b = y
Q T2 Q T2
y = 1.73 3 = 1 . 733
g.b 2 g.y 2 y=0.29m
1
y  Q2 3
=  T2 

1.73  g.y 
y3 Q T2
= b
(1.73) 3 g.y 2

y 5
=
(1.73) * Q 2 (1.73) * (0.06 )
3
=
3 2
⇒ y = 0.29m = 29cm
g 9.8
y=b

Use V-notch with 300 b/2

True area = 0.29*0.29= 0.084 m2 (sectional area)
 b  b b 
b *  b −  +   = 0.084 600
 2 3 22 3 b b 300
60 0 = tan(30) = =?
2
b2 b2 2 3
b2 − + = 0.084 tan(60) =
b/2
⇒?=
b
= 0.288b
2 3 4 3 ? 2 tan 60

b = 0.313m 0.313m
0.05m
y = 0.313 + 0.05 = 0.363m

0.363m 0.22m
3m 3m 0.156

600
0.09m 300

2m

- 62 -
 ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪back washing :‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﻤﻜﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ (25-40)%‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺼﺎﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﺴ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘ�ﺔ ﻋﻨ�ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺿ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ�ﺎﺱ ﺑ�ﺄﻥ ﺷ�ﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜ�ﺎﻙ ﻗ�ﺪ ﻭﺻ�ﻠﺖ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ )‪ (1-3m‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ time of washing=(5-10min‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﻛﻤﺴﺢ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Vb≥ 0.3 m/min‬‬
‫‪Or Vb<10*D60 m/min‬‬
‫‪Vt → setting velocity of sand particles‬‬
‫)‪0.3≤Vb≤(Vt =10D60‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ ﻛﺒﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪0.3≤Vb≤Vt (10D60‬‬
‫‪Vb=0.1*Vt =D60‬‬
‫‪Vb min= 0.3‬‬
‫‪Vb max = 10 D60‬‬
‫]) ‪0.3682( D60 ) 1.82 [ρ ( ρ s − ρ‬‬
‫‪0.94‬‬

‫= ‪Vb‬‬
‫‪µ 0.88‬‬

‫)‪Vb=washing velocity (m/min‬‬

‫)‪D60=D10*U.C(mm‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ=‪ρs‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء= ‪ρ‬‬
‫ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪µ=c.p‬‬
‫‪µ,ρ α 1/c‬‬
‫‪Vb α c‬‬
‫‪Vb= Vt *ƒ4.5‬‬ ‫‪, ƒ:( porosity of media) = void ratio = (volume of void)/ (total volume).‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ =‪Vb‬‬

‫‪Vt =10D60 Or 4.7D60‬‬

‫‪- 63 -‬‬
 ‫‪Expansion‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ )‪ (1.25-1.4‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ )‪.(25 - 40 %‬‬

‫‪Trough‬‬
‫‪∴Le=1.4 L‬‬

‫‪Le‬‬ ‫‪1− f‬‬ ‫‪1− f‬‬ ‫‪Le‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪L 1 − f e0.22‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪0.22‬‬ ‫"ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ"‬
‫‪1 −  b ‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪ Vs ‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ‪Le:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪L:‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪f:‬‬
‫= ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺴﻮﻟﺔ‪fe:‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Wash water‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ )ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ( ‪Vb:‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪Vs:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻴﻞ ﺭﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ )‪ (0.55mm‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ )‪ (1.5‬ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (2.65‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ )‪ µ=1.004 c.p ، (0.45‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪D60‬‬
‫= ‪Vt = 10 D60 ........., U .C‬‬ ‫‪⇒ D60 = U .C × D10 .‬‬
‫‪D10‬‬
‫‪Vt = 10(U .C × D10 .) = 10(1.5 × 0.55) = 8.25m / min‬‬
‫‪Vb = Vt × f 4.5 = 8.25(0.45) 4.5 = 0.23m / min‬‬
‫])‪0.3682(1.5 × 0.55)1.82 [1(2.6 − 1‬‬
‫‪0.94‬‬
‫= ‪Vb‬‬ ‫‪= 0.39 = back ..wash..velocity‬‬
‫‪(1.004)0.88‬‬
‫‪for..sand (Vb ) = 0.1(10 D60 ) = D60 m / min‬‬
‫‪for..anthacit.....(Vb ) = 0.1(4.7 D60 ) = 0.47 D60 m / min‬‬
‫‪for..20C 0 ⇒ Vb (T ) = Vb (20) × ( µT ) −1/ 3‬‬
‫)‪µT = Vis cos ity..at.(T )(C.P‬‬

‫‪- 64 -‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( ﺑﺪﺭﺟ�ﺔ ﺣ�ﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬1.5) ‫( ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣ�ﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﻈ�ﺎﻡ‬0.5mm) ‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻣﻠ�ﻲ ﺑﻘﻄ�ﺮ ﻓﻌ�ﺎﻝ ﻣﻘ�ﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫( ؟‬35C0)‫(ﻭ‬5C0)

: ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬
D60
U .C = ⇒ D60 = 1.5 × 0.5 = 0.75mm
D10
Vb ( 20 ) = D60 = 0.75m / min
Vb (5c ) = 0.75 × (1.52) −1/ 3 = 0.65m / min
Vb (35c ) = 0.75 × (0.71) −1/ 3 = 0.84m / min

R.S.F : ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

1- Rate of filtration =(120-240)m/day.
2- Area of filtration media = (20-30) m3.
3- L/W = (1.2-2) , (1-2).
4- Time of washing (3-10) min.
5- Rate of back wash (0.3-0.6) m/min .

: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫؟‬R.S.F ‫ ﺻﻤﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬، 1000m /hr ‫ﺃﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬
3

: ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬
1000 * 24
F .R = 120m / d ⇒ As = = 200m 2 .
120
200
use..(10) filter = 20m 2 .area..of ..one.. filter
10
use..( w) = 4 ⇒ 20 = 4 * L ⇒ L = 5
5
= 1.25(1.2 − 2)
4

Back washing:
Use Vb=0.5m/min
Back wash flow (Qb) =0.5*20=10 m3/min.
Use ( 5 min) time of washing .
Volume of strong tank of washing =10*5=50m3 for one filter.
If (2) filters be washed S=50*2=100 m3.

- 65 -
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ )‪ 0.6mm‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ )‪(1.3‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﻜﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻐﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪، (0.3 m/min‬‬
‫ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﻩ ﻏﺴﻞ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ) ‪ ( 10*10m2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫)‪ (dollar/m3 0.1‬؟ ﺇﻓﺮﺽ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ = )‪. min(10‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vb = D10 * U .C = D60 = 0.6 * 1.3 = 0.78m / min‬‬
‫‪vol...of ..water..saved = (0.78 − 0.3) * 100 * 10 = 480m3‬‬
‫‪saving ..in..dollars = 0.1 * 480 = 48..dollar‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺗﺮﺷ�ﻴﺢ ﻟﻌ�ﺪﺩ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷ�ﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴ�ﺔ ﺑﻘﻄ�ﺮ ﻓﻌ�ﺎﻝ ‪ ( 0.6) mm‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣ�ﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﻈ�ﺎﻡ )‪ (1.2‬ﻭﺑﻤﻌ�ﺪﻝ ﺗﺮﺷ�ﻴﺢ‬
‫)‪. (120m/d‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺃﻭﺟ��ﺪ ﻋ��ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳ��ﺎ) ﺍﻟﻮﺣ��ﺪﺍﺕ( ﺑﺤﻴ��ﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺮﻳ��ﺎﻥ ﻣ��ﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴ��ﻞ ﻟﻤﺮﺷ��ﺢ ﻭﺍﺣ��ﺪ ﻳﺴ��ﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴ��ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴ��ﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻐﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺮﺍﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ )‪ (0.15mm‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ )‪(1.4‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Let area of one filter=A‬‬
‫‪Let no. of filters = n‬‬
‫)‪Total flow =V.A.n = 120* n.A(m3/d‬‬
‫‪Back washing rate of one filter = Vb *A*1=(D60)*A=(D10*U.C)*A‬‬
‫‪∴Qb=(0.6*1.2)*A=0.72A m3/min = 0.72A*60*24‬‬
‫‪∴Qb=1036.8A m3/d‬‬
‫‪(1) Q = Qb→120n.A=1036.8A→n=8.64‬‬
‫‪∴no. of filters required =9‬‬
‫‪(2) Q = Qb→120(n-2)A=1036.8A→n=10.64‬‬
‫‪∴ no. of filters =11‬‬
‫‪(3) Vb=0.97D60=0.47*0.45*1.4=0.625 m/min‬‬
‫‪Q = Qb→120(n)A=0.625*A*60*24‬‬
‫‪∴ n=7.5 → no. of filters =8‬‬

‫‪- 66 -‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟ��ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴ��ﺮ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺳ��ﺮﻋﺔ ﻣ��ﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺴ��ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ��ﺔ ﻟﺘﻤ��ﺪﺩ ﻭﺳ��ﻂ ﻓﺤ��ﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳ��ﻴﺖ ﺑﻘﻄ��ﺮ ﻓﻌ��ﺎﻝ )‪(1 mm‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ )‪ (1.3‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ )‪ ( 3C0‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (30C0‬؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪At T=20 C0 → Vb=0.47D60=0.47(1*1.3) = 0.611m/min‬‬
‫‪Vb(T)=Vb(200*µ T (-1/30‬‬
‫‪then : at T=3 C0‬‬
‫‪Vb= 0.611*(1.621)-1/3 = 0.52 m/min‬‬
‫‪At T= 30 C0 → Vb= 0.611*(0.8004)-1/3= 0.658 m/min‬‬

‫‪- 67 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‪Pumps :‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴ�ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺮﻓ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎء ﻣ�ﻦ ﻣﺴ�ﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻁ�ﺊ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻣﺴ�ﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎء ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼ�ﺪﺭ ﻭﺩﻓﻌ�ﻪ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗ�ﻞ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻣﺤﻄ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ�ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻀ�ﺨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺍﺯﺭﺓ)‪ (boosting pump‬ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ‪types of pumps:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ‪Reciprocating pumps :‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪ (piston‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻄﺎﺱ )‪ (plunger‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺎء ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )‪ (intake stroke‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ )‪(discharge stroke‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪.:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (large head‬ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻻﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻛﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺿﻮﺿﺎء ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Delivery pipe‬‬

‫‪Connected rod‬‬ ‫‪piston‬‬ ‫‪Delivery valve‬‬

‫‪Section pipe‬‬
‫‪Reciprocating pumps‬‬

‫‪- 68 -‬‬
 ‫‪Rotary pumps‬‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺒﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﻨﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺤﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ )‪ ( chamber‬ﻭﻳﺪﻓﻌﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻭﺑﺪء ﺇﺷﺘﻐﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬

‫‪center fugal pumps‬‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ )‪ (Impeller‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺗﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ )ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪ - 2‬ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺑﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪costing‬‬ ‫‪ - 6‬ﺍﻗﻞ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 7‬ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫‪ - 8‬ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫‪chamber‬‬ ‫‪ - 9‬ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Impeller‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺅﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻻﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﺪء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ )‪ (Priming‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﺪﻡ )‪ (foot-valve‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻤﻠﺊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ) ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺺ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻔﺮﻍ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ) ‪ (delivery‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (discharge‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ )ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ( = ) ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ (‬

‫‪- 69 -‬‬
 ‫‪:Head suction‬‬

‫‪Total‬‬
‫‪Static discharge‬‬ ‫‪Static‬‬
‫‪head‬‬ ‫‪Head‬‬
‫‪pump‬‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪G.V‬‬ ‫‪G.V‬‬ ‫)‪(hd)=(s.d.h‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Static discharge‬‬
‫‪head‬‬ ‫‪T.S.h‬‬

‫‪Static suction‬‬
‫‪head‬‬
‫)‪(hs)=(S.S.H‬‬

‫‪Total static head =static suction head + static discharge head‬‬

‫‪T.S.H= hs+hd‬‬
‫‪• Total dynamic head = total static head+head losses‬‬
‫‪T.D.H=hs+hd+hf+hv‬‬
‫‪• H= hs+hd+hf+hv‬‬
‫‪Hs=EL.Pump -El.source‬‬
‫‪ : hs‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : hd‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : hf‬ﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪(hazin- waliam velocity formula‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫)ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻬﻤﻞ ﻟﺼﻐﺮﻫﺎ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : hv‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ =‬
‫‪2g‬‬

‫)‪Available Net Positive Suction Head (N P S H‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺇﻳﺼﺎﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻹﻳﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺿﺨﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪NPSH=hB ±hs(+ve)-hp -hf-hv‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ = ‪ = hB =atmospheric pressure‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ = ‪10.336mw= 103.3 kpa‬‬

‫‪- 70 -‬‬
 ‫)‪ : hs(+ve‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻭﻁﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : hf‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺺ ﻭﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺗﻪ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : hp‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء )‪ (water vapor pressure‬ﻭﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : hv‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺺ ) ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫‪hs‬‬ ‫‪hs‬‬

‫‪NPSH=hB +hs-hp -hf-hv‬‬ ‫‪NPSH=hB -hs-hp -hf-hv‬‬

‫‪ : hf , hv‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺈﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﺎﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻻﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ )‪ (6m‬ﻭﻫﻮ )‪ (4.5m‬ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪NPSH ≤ 6m‬‬ ‫‪.................‬‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ‪NPSH ≤ 4.5m. ...............‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺺ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐﻦ ﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪hL‬‬
‫‪hL‬‬

‫‪hf‬‬

‫‪hf+hd‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬

‫‪T.D.H= hS+hd+hv+hf‬‬

‫‪- 71 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ‪power :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ = water power‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ = ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ × ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = ‪N.m‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ = ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ = ‪N.m/sec‬‬
‫∴ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ = ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪water.. power = Q.ν .H = PW‬‬
‫)‪PW ( Kwatt ) = 0.163Q( m 3 / min).H ( m‬‬
‫‪K .watt = 1000 watt‬‬
‫‪joule N .m‬‬
‫= ‪watt‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪sec‬‬ ‫‪sec‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ‪Efficiency :‬‬

‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪water.. power‬‬
‫= ) ‪EP%( Pump..efficiency‬‬ ‫= ‪* 100‬‬
‫‪Pp‬‬ ‫‪pump.. power‬‬
‫‪EP% = (40 − 90)%‬‬

‫= ) ‪Em%(engine..efficiency‬‬
‫‪Pp‬‬
‫= ‪* 100‬‬
‫‪pump.. power‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪Pw‬‬
‫‪Pm‬‬ ‫‪engine.. power w‬‬
‫‪EP‬‬ ‫‪Em‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪PP (PP / E p‬‬ ‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪0.163.Q.H‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )‪ (output‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪Pm‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Em‬‬ ‫‪Em‬‬ ‫‪Em .E P‬‬ ‫‪Em .E P‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء )‪ (Pw‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ (input‬ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ (PP‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪PW‬‬
‫= )‪Pm ( HP‬‬ ‫) ‪.........., ( HP = hourse.. power‬‬
‫) ‪75( E m .E P‬‬
‫) ‪Pm ( HP) = 2.525 * 10 − 4 Q( gallon / min).H ( ft‬‬

‫‪- 72 -‬‬
‫‪V= linear velocity.‬‬
‫‪ω = angular velocity.‬‬
‫‪ D   π .D  π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪# Q = V . A = ω. .‬‬ ‫‪ = .ω.D 3‬‬
‫‪ 2  4  8‬‬
‫‪∴ Q ∝ ωD 3‬‬

‫= ‪#h‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫(‬ ‫=‬
‫)‬
‫‪ω 2 .D 2 / 4 ω 2 .D 2‬‬
‫‪2g‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬ ‫‪8g‬‬
‫‪∴ h ∝ ω 2 .D 2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪ω 2 .D 2‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪# PW = K .Q.H = K . .ω.D 3 .H = K . .ω.D 3 .‬‬ ‫‪= K.‬‬ ‫‪.ω 3 .D 5‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8g‬‬ ‫‪64 g‬‬
‫‪∴ PW ∝ ω 3 .D 5‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ ‪Characteristic :‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻭﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Pump characteristics curve‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪h f+h v‬‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ )‪ (T.S.H‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ )‪ (hf+hv‬ﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫‪h s +h d =T.S.H‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪Efficiency curve‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﺴﻘﻄﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬

‫‪- 73 -‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻄﻼﻗﻪ )‪ (1150 Rev./min‬ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ )‪ (2.3m3/min‬ﺿﺪ ﺷﺤﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ (kpa 120‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ) ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ( )‪ ، (8.2 kwatt‬ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ - 2 .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪.(1750Rev./min‬‬

‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪(1) H‬‬ ‫‪= 12.267 m‬‬
‫‪9.782‬‬
‫‪p w = 163.Q.H = 0.163 * 2.3 * 12.267 = 4.59 Kwatt‬‬
‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪4.59‬‬
‫= ) ‪EP%( Pump..efficiency‬‬ ‫= ‪* 100‬‬ ‫‪* 100 = 56%‬‬
‫‪Pp‬‬ ‫‪8.2‬‬
‫‪Q1‬‬ ‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪ω1 .D1 ω 2 .D2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1150 1750‬‬
‫‪∴ Q2 = 3.5m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪h1‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪12.267‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ω1 .D1 ω 2 .D2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫) ‪(1150‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(1750) 2‬‬
‫‪h2 = 28.34m‬‬
‫‪p1‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪8.2‬‬ ‫‪p2‬‬
‫⇒ ‪= 3 2 5‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪⇒ p 2 = 28.4 Kwatt‬‬
‫‪ω 1 .D1 ω 2 .D2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫) ‪(1150‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪(1750) 3‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺒﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ) ‪ (Kpa 360‬ﻭﺗﺼ�ﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻘ�ﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪(1.1m3/min‬‬
‫ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ (60%‬ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ )‪ ( 85%‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫)‪ ، (2.5 φ/Kwatt.hr‬ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣــــــــ�ـﻲ‬
‫‪ 750m3‬؟‬
‫‪360‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫‪= 36.73m‬‬
‫‪9.8‬‬
‫‪p w = 0.163 * 1.1 * 36.73 = 6.59 Kwatt‬‬
‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪Pw‬‬ ‫‪6.59‬‬
‫= ) ‪EP%( Pump..efficiency‬‬ ‫= ‪* 100 ⇒ Pp‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 12.92 Kwatt‬‬
‫‪Pp‬‬ ‫‪E P .E m 0.6 * 0.85‬‬

‫= ‪operation..time‬‬ ‫‪= 11 .36hr / day‬‬

‫‪- 74 -‬‬