Youth Gangs in American Society 4th

Edition by Randall G. Shelden – Test Bank

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Sample Test
CHAPTER 3
Test Bank
 
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The Chicano gang subculture, often referred to as:

1. Barrio
2. Cholos
3. Cinco de Mayo
4. Dysfunctional

ANS: B     REF: p. 73

2. Chicano gang members are mostly drawn from:

1. The poorest households
2. Members already in the gang
3. Prisons and Jails
 4. Other rival gangs

ANS: A     REF: p. 74

3. Vigil identified that youth began to hang out in the streets

learning the street subculture as early as:
1. 5 years old
2. 6 years old
3. 7 years old
4. 10 years old

ANS: C     REF: p.76

4. Carnalismo is:
1. Peer support system
2. A form of gang initiation
3. Slang for graffiti
4. The leader of the gang

ANS: A     REF: p. 77

 
 

5. The term “Turning” refers to:

1. Leaving the gang
2. Joining a rival gang
3. Becoming more committed to the gang
4. Telling law enforcement about gang activities

ANS: C     REF: p. 79

6. “Throwing down” is slang for:

1. Quitting
2. Dancing
3. Gambling
4. Fighting
ANS: D     REF: p.81

7. The “hood” refers to:

1. An article of clothing
2. The gangs hideout
3. The neighborhood in which they reside
4. The senior gang member

ANS: C     REF: 81

8. When a youth joins a gang because they want to

represent their heritage, this reason for joining the gang
is called:
1. Representing
2. Affiliating
3. Commitment to community
4. Family heritage

ANS: C     REF: p. 83

9. Which is NOT a form of gang recruitment according to the

text?
1. The fraternity type
2. The obligation type
3. The coercive type
4. All are types of gang recruitment

ANS: D     REF: pp. 84-85

 
 

10. When a gang presents itself as the “in thing” to do,

they are using thus type of recruitment strategy.
1. Obligation
2. Coercive
3. Fraternity
 4. Commitment

ANS: C     REF: p. 84

11. Jankowski suggest possible outcomes for youths

who join a gang. Which is not one of these possible
outcomes?
1. Stay in the gang
2. Drop out but continue in illegal activity
3. Long prison terms
4. Leave and lead normal lives
5. All are possible outcomes.

ANS: E     REF: p. 87

12. According to the text, the main reason people decide

to leave a gang is because:
1. A fear of prison
2. Excessive violence
3. The want to settle down with their family
4. The family moves out of the neighborhood

ANS: B     REF: p. 88

 

13. The main focus or the “heart of the code of the

streets” according to the text is:
1. Loyalty
2. Respect
3. Love
4. Dedication

ANS: B     REF: p. 89

14. When a person is “dissed” they:

1. Leave the gang
2. Are being promoted within the gang
 3. Are now a full-fledged member of the gang
4. Have been disrespected

ANS: D     REF: p. 90

15. Leaders abusing power, relationships, behavior,

heroin use and punishment are all:
1. Formal codes of gangs
2. Reasons youth join a gang
3. Reasons people leave a gang
4. Disrespect

ANS: A     REF: p. 94

16. Which is not a classification of gang graffiti?

1. Identifying the neighborhood of the gang
2. Making certain pronouncements
3. Commemorating the dead
4. All are classifications

ANS: D     REF: pp. 95-102

17. What is the primary form of communication used by

gangs today according to the text?
1. Graffiti
2. Signs and symbols
3. Cellular telephones
4. Internet

ANS: A     REF: p. 94

18. According to a study conducted by Vigil, the main

reason youths would join a gang was to:
1. Get money
2. Get respect
3. For protection
4. Get support that they did not get at home
ANS: D     REF: p. 76

19. When a person joins a gang because they do not

want to become like their parents, they are joining for the
__________ reason.
1. Commitment to community
2. Protection
3. A time to resist
4. A place of refuge

ANS: C     REF: p. 83

 
 

20. As implied by the term, the gang using this type of

recruiting tries to convince the potential member that it is
his duty to join. This is especially common in areas where
gangs have existed for many generations and therefore
where one must “uphold the tradition of the
neighborhood.”
1. Coercive type
2. Fraternity type
3. Obligation type
4. Money type

ANS: C     REF: p. 84

 
TRUE/FALSE

1. Most gang members join because they need protection.

ANS: F            REF: p. 76

2. Gang members are often labeled as being deviant and

troublemakers.
ANS: T            REF: p. 78

3. According to Jankowski, joining a gang is a formalized

process.

ANS: T            REF: pp. 81-82

4. Gangs are like fraternity’s or Lodges as they provide a

form of entertainment to their members.

ANS: T            REF: p.82

5. Research has shown that all youths who grow up in an

area where there is a large gang population joins a form
of a gang at some point in their childhood.

ANS: F            REF: p. 86

6. Most gang members will drift in and out of the gang most
of their lives. Thus, coming and going is a normal part of
the gang organization.

ANS: T            REF: p. 87

7. The street subculture contains norms opposed to those of

mainstream society.

ANS: T            REF: p. 89

 
 

8. Gangs do not tend to provide a great deal of structure for

members.

ANS: F            REF: p. 93

9. The goal of graffiti is to establish an individual artist’s

reputation.
ANS: T            REF: p. 95

10. Chicano gangs refer to their graffiti as “placas”.

ANS: T            REF: p. 101

 
FILL IN THE BLANK

1. It has been identified that in places when gangs have

been active form many years, the neighborhoods have
become __________________ to these gangs.

ANS: Quasi-institutionalized              REF: p. 80

2. The method of gang recruitment which is used when

gangs are in need of members quickly is the ___________
type method of recruitment.

ANS: Coercive            REF: p. 85

3. Leaving the gang brings increased risks, as there is so

much emphasis on loyalty within the gang. Leaving is
often seen as __________.

ANS: Betrayal                        REF: p. 88

4. __________ is the primary form of communication used by

gangs today.

ANS: Graffiti              REF: p. 94

5. Social Control is a _____________ function of a gang as it

provides for structure.

ANS: Primary             REF: p. 93

 
ESSAY
 1. Vigil describes the gang subculture as a lifeway for
youth’s. What does he mean by this?

ANS:  Vigil describes the gang subculture as a lifeway for

youths because early life experiences appear to be the most
important determinants of whether one will become a gang
member. Also, the existence of age-graded cliques means that
“there is a place for everyone, even the youngest member”
because this “allows for gang regeneration with the inclusion
of each new generation” (Vigil, 1988:87).
REF: p. 81

2. Choose one of the types of recruitment which gangs use

and describe.

ANS: The Fraternity Type of Recruitment—As a fraternity

might do, the gang using this will present itself as an
organization that is the “in” thing to belong to, that is hip or
cool. It advertises through word of mouth. Usually there is a
party, and potential members are invited, at which time gang
members and potential members size each other up. The
potential member is evaluated according to his potential as a
good fighter, his courage, and his commitment to assist other
gang members. The most important factor, however, is the
potential gang member’s ability as a fighter—more specifically,
whether he will come through when the gang is threatened or
whether he will turn tail and run off. If he is already known as a
good fighter, then he will be admitted without further testing.
However, if his reputation is not known, then his ability will be
put to a test by having a member purposely pick a fight with
him to see how he reacts. This becomes an initiation ritual
(Jankowski, 1990:49–50). Some gangs also look for other
skills, such as military skills (e.g., the ability to build
incendiary bombs).
 
The Obligation Type of Recruitment—As implied by the term,
the gang using this type of recruiting tries to convince the
potential member that it is his duty to join. This is especially
common in areas where gangs have existed for many
generations and therefore where one must “uphold the
tradition of the neighborhood.” One potential member was told
that he had an obligation to “give something back” to the
community (ibid.:52). One member told a potential recruit that
“I want you to know that your barrio needs you just like they
needed us and we delivered” (ibid.). In some cases, if youths
join a gang, some members of the community may help them
find a job later. They are also told that women in the
community look up to gang members; thus the recruit is
promised access to many women. The prospective member is
also told that if he fails to join, he will lose the respect of
others in the community and even perhaps that of his own
family (especially true for Chicanos and Irish).
 
The Coercive Type of Recruitment—This method of recruitment
is used most often when gangs need more members quickly
(not unlike a nation instituting a draft during a time of war).
Often this is because a gang wants to expand some illegal
operation into a new territory or wants to take over control of
a new neighborhood not already under control of a gang. Other
times it may be because the gang faces possible takeover
from a rival gang.
 
REF: pp. 84-85
 
 

3. Describe how gangs socially control themselves.

ANS:  One of the unique functions of gangs is that they tend to
provide a great deal of structure for members. Indeed, most
gang members get from gangs something sorely missing from
their families—consistent rules and sanctions. The effects of
various economic hardships experienced by barrio and ghetto
inhabitants have undermined traditional social institutions,
which are supposed to provide social control.Jankowski (1990)
has argued that gangs are formal and cohesive organizations.
Jankowski further argues that they have developed systematic
methods of control and recruitment. All but one of the gangs
Jankowski studied were very cohesive, largely because of the
establishment of mechanisms for control.
Formal codes (22 of the 37 gangs Jankowski studied had such
codes) pertain to the following six areas: 1) regulatory
behavior (e.g., fighting with one another); 2) personal relations
between members and female relatives and lovers of other
members (this was the most sensitive issue); 3) behavior of
members while in the clubhouse (e.g., violence, use of drugs);
4) heroin use; 5) leaders abusing power; and 6) punishment for
various offenses (i.e., what types of punishment are most
appropriate). Informal codes consist of unwritten norms
everyone is expected to follow, including being respectful to
other members and observing dress codes.
REF: pp. 93-94
CHAPTER 5
Test Bank
 
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the 1970’s it was believed that female gangs only made

up what percentage of all gangs?
1. 5%
2. 10%
 3. 15%
4. 20%

ANS: B           REF: p. 130

2. The area of East Los Angeles provides a fascinating

glimpse of how gangs emerge and change with the times.
Gangs in this area first emerged during the late:
1. 1930-1040’s
2. 1940-1050’s
3. 1950-1960’s
4. 1960-1970’s

ANS: A           REF: p. 132

3. In 2009 the National Gang Intelligence Center reported

this percentage of females who claimed gang
membership:
12. 6%
13. 5%
14. 5%
15. 4%

ANS: D           REF: p. 132

 
 

4. A detailed look at differences between male and female

gang members in police databases can be obtained from a
study that analyzed files maintained by the:
1. Dallas Police Department
2. New York Police Department
3. Honolulu Police Department
4. Chicago Police Department

ANS: C           REF: p. 133

 5. According to the text, what is the primary source of
income for female gang members?
1. Prostitution
2. Selling drugs
3. Theft
4. Legitimate work

ANS: B           REF: p. 135

6. What is the most common offense female gang members

are arrested for?
1. Selling of drugs
2. Theft
3. Prostitution
4. Running away and other status offenses

ANS: D           REF: p. 136

7. What is the most common type of female gang

involvement?
1. Independent gang membership
2. Regular membership in a coed gang
3. A female auxiliary member of a male gang
4. Dual membership in all female and coed gangs

ANS: C           REF: p. 137

8. According to the research, Honolulu, currently has around

approximately how many gangs?
1. 56
2. 121
3. 171
4. 200

ANS: C           REF: p. 139

 9. According to Harper and Robinson (1999), what percent of
female gang member’s family’s received government
assistance (food stamps, welfare etc.)?
1. 46%
2. 77%
3. 86%
4. 96%

ANS: D           REF: p. 139

10. Kitchen’s student in 1995 in Indianapolis, Indiana

revealed what percentage of African-American female
gang members families lived below the poverty level?
54. 2%
55. 3%
56. 1%
57. 7%

ANS: A           REF: p. 140

11. Miller in 2005 discovered that only ____ percent of

students in St. Louis were proficient in English.
1. 6%
2. 10%
3. 15%
4. 20%

ANS: A           REF: p. 141

12. Moore’s study of girl gangs in East Los Angeles

reveals drugs to be:
1. Prominent in Asian gangs only
2. A major problem
3. An outlet for abuse from male gang members
4. Not a problem with females as much as males

ANS: B           REF: p. 141

 13. Female offenders are how many more times likely to
show clinical symptoms of anxiety and depression than
non-offending females?
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5

ANS: B           REF: p. 142

14. Which is not a form of gang initiation according to

the text?
1. Sex
2. Fighting other gang members
3. Committing crimes
4. Smoking crack cocaine

ANS: D           REF: p. 144

15. McNaught (1999) suggests that some girls who are

drawn into gangs because of:
1. The need for protection
2. Pressure to join from peers
3. Sexual relationships
4. Being hooked on drugs

ANS: C           REF: p. 147

16. Many female gang members describe their boyfriends

as:
1. Nice
2. Caring
3. Possessive
4. Violent

ANS: C           REF: p. 149

 17. According to Moore, what percentage of female gang
members reported being sexually assaulted by a member
of their own family?
1. 15%
2. 18%
3. 29%
4. 35%

ANS: C           REF: p. 151

18. As it relates to school, gang members in general:

1. Drop out
2. Complete high school
3. Obtain a GED
4. Are star athletes

ANS:   A         REF: p. 158

 
 

19. Many female gang members in school report that

teachers usually:
1. Like them
2. Make sexual advances toward them
3. Stereotype them
4. Ignore them

ANS: C           REF: p. 158

20. The average median income for working female gang

members is:
800. $800.00 per month
801. $1000.00 per month
802. $1200.00 per month
803. $1500.00 per month
ANS: C           REF: p. 158
 
TRUE/FALSE

1. Girls’ involvement in delinquent gangs has never been of

the same magnitude as their male counterparts.

ANS: True             REF: p. 130

2. Several studies have noted that boys are more likely than
girls to remain involved in a gang well into young
adulthood.

ANS: True             REF: p. 133

3. According to the research, male gang members are more

likely to carry concealed weapons than female gang
members.

ANS: False            REF: p. 135

4. Both male and female gang members spend a lot of their

time “partying,” “kicking it,” and just “hanging out” and
the use of drugs and alcohol is common.

ANS: True             REF: p. 141

5. One study (Kataoka et al. 2001) found that girl offenders

were not more likely than girls who were not in the
system to show clinical symptoms of anxiety and
depression.

ANS: False            REF: p. 142

6. Girls tended to join at an earlier age (12) than the boys

(14) in a study conducted in Hawaii.

ANS: True             REF: p. 143

 7. Females most at risk for gang involvement come from
homes in crisis.

ANS: True             REF: p. 151

8. Scholars have argued that many mothers with children in

gangs encourage their children to become involved in
gang activities.

ANS: True             REF: p. 155

9. Gang members usually do not have problems at school if

they attend regularly.

ANS: False            REF: p. 157

10. Girls’ involvement in gangs is as frequent as that of

their male counterparts.

ANS: False            REF: p. 159

 
FILL IN THE BLANK

1. Most studies of gangs show that gang membership tends

to ___________ rates of delinquency after individuals join
gangs and tend to decrease after they leave.

ANS: Increase                   REF: p. 133

2. The media portrays female gang members as ____________

women.

ANS: Violent                    REF: p. 159

3. One main difference between male and female gangs is

the _______________ spent in the gang.

ANS: Length of time        REF: p. 133

 4. In contrast to the male gang member, female gang
members rarely _____ or________.

ANS: Drink/Fight             REF: p. 136

5. The most common role of a female in a gang is that of a

___________ member.

ANS: Auxiliary                 REF: p. 137

ESSAY

1. Describe the different types of roles females play in

gangs.

ANS: There are three types of female gang involvement: 1)

membership in an independent gang, 2) regular membership in
a male gang as a coed, and 3) as female auxiliaries of male
gangs. Most girls are found within the third type.
Auxiliaries usually form after a male gang comes into
existence and, as mentioned earlier, usually take a feminized
version of the boys’ gang name. They often reflect the age
grouping found in male units. They have no formal leader but
usually have some members with more clout than others. Girls
are not coerced to join. Rather, they come into the gang
through regular friendships and families. Wannabes are
informally screened for acceptability. Initiation usually
involves an intense fist fight with a regular (girl) member of the
gang to prove the wannabe has courage. Initiation ceremonies
are not unlike those experienced by sororities or fraternities or
even country clubs (Campbell, 1993:136). “The gang will not
accept just anyone, and this fact alone augments the
members’ self-esteem, which has taken such hard knocks from
teachers, social workers, police, and families. The gang
rejects ‘prospects’ whose aim is merely to avail themselves of
the gang’s fighting ability for their own ends” (Ibid.).
REF: pp. 137-138
 2. Describe the criminal activity of the female gang member
and compare it to the male gang member.

ANS: Previous research has shown that found that in every

offense category female gang members have a higher rate of
delinquent offenses than non-gang females.  Most studies of
gangs show that gang membership tends to increase rates of
delinquency after individuals join gangs and tend to decrease
after they leave. Girls are involved in very few homicides and
they differ significantly from those committed by boys.  The
research is also clear that male gang members commit far
more crimes than their female counterparts. A study by
Esbensen, Deschenes, and Winfree (1999) found that gang
girls, while to significantly lesser degree in number of
incidents, are very similar to gang boys in the types of illegal
acts they commit. These researchers concluded that their
findings did not support the idea that gang girls are only
ancillary members or that they are excluded from the illegal
and violent activities in which male gang members are
exposed. “They are involved in assaults, robberies, gang fights,
and drug sales at substantial rates” (Esbensen et al., 1999:48).
More recent studies show that gang-related delinquency
among girls is related to the gender mix of the gangs. For
example, Fleisher and Krienert (2004) found that having a large
proportion of males in their gangs increases girls’ participation
in delinquency and violence (see also Miller and Brunson,
2000).  Peterson, Miller, and Esbensen (2001) found that
delinquency, particularly of a serious nature, was less likely
within primarily female gangs than all male or mixed gender
gangs. Also, girls in mostly male gangs had higher delinquency
rates than boys who are in all-male gangs.  Jody Miller’s study
(2001) of gangs in St. Louis and Columbus, Ohio found that
girls in gangs did not participate in the most serious forms of
gang crime mainly because the male members excluded them
and because many of the girls did not want to be involved in
activities they considered either dangerous or morally
troubling.  There is also the fact that there are gender
differences in norms supportive of violence and delinquency
(Joe and Chesney-Lind, 1995; Campbell, 1993). Also, compared
to male gang members, girls in gangs are less likely to be
engage in fighting and they are less likely to carry weapons
(Morash, Park and Kim, 2010: location 5000; see also Joe and
Chesney-Lind, 1995; Miller, 2001; Sampson, Morenoff and
Raudenbush, 2005; Molnar at al., 2004).
REF: pp. 133-135

3. Describe the use of drugs in the female gang.

ANS: Both male and female gang members (and many

nonmembers living in the same areas) spend a lot of their time
“partying,” “kicking it,” and just “hanging out,” and the use of
drugs and alcohol is common.Moore’s study of girl gangs in
East Los Angeles reveals drugs to be a major problem. She
noted that heroin has been a consistent feature of Chicano life
for many years. Moore commented that in the 1980s, there was
a heroin epidemic that was barely noticed in the press, no
doubt because of the focus on crack cocaine. The lifestyle that
revolved around the use of heroin was known as the
tecatolifestyle. As the life history of one gang member
revealed, this was a life filled with a sporadic work history and
characterized by frequent jail and prison terms. By the age of
20, about half of the male gang members studied—but less
than 25 percent of the females—were using heroin. By this
age, most had already been labeled tecatos by their gang and
had withdrawn into their own subculture.  To give an idea of
the importance of heroin in their lives, Moore reported that 39
percent of the men and 16 percent of the women mentioned
“heroin, drugs, narcotics” as being “the major happening
during their teens” and “it was during their teens that they
were initiated into the world of heroin and its usually
disastrous life consequences” (Moore, 1991: 107).
 
REF: pp. 141-142