Swastik Academy

Engineering Mechanics
Theory Notes
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Chapter 1. Mechanics & Force System

Theory Questions :
Q.1) Define mechanics & applied mechanics.

Ans:- 1.Mechanics :-

Mechanics is the branch of engineering science which deals with the study of forces & their effects on bodies
in motion or at rest.

2.Applied Mechanics :-

A study of different laws & principles of mechanics applied to the engineering problems is known as applied
mechanics.

Q.2) Define statics, dynamics, kinetics & kinematics.

Ans:- 1.Statics :-

Statics is the branch of applied mechanics which deals with the study of forces & their effects on bodies at
rest.

2.Dynamics :-

Dynamics is the branch of applied mechanics which deals with the study of forces & their effects on bodies
in motion.

3.Kinetics :-

Kinetics is the branch of dynamics which deals with the study of forces & their effects on bodies in motion
considering mass of the body & force causing motion.

4.Kinematics :-

Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which deals with the study of forces & their effects on bodies in
motion without considering mass of the body & force causing motion.

Q.3) Define Space, Time, Mass, Particle, Body & Rigid body.

Ans:- 1.Space :-

The area on both sides of a line of action of force is called space

2.Time :-

.The concept of time is necessary to relate the sequence of events

3.Mass :-

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Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body.

4.Particle :-

Particle is defined as a material point without dimensions but containing definite amount of matter.

5.Body :-

A body is defined as the portion of matter which is limited in all directions.

6. Rigid body :-

It is defined as a body, the particles of which are fixed in position relative to one another, even when
subjected to a number of forces.

Q.4) Differentiate between Mass & Weight.

Ans:-

Mass Weight

(i) Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a Weight of a body is the force with the body is
body. attracted by the earth towards its centre.

(ii) It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

(iii) S.I unit of mass is ‘kg’ S.I unit of weight is ‘N’ ( Newton).

( kilogramme).

(iv) Mass of a body remains constant at all Weight of a body changes from place to place.
places i.e on the earth, moon and sun.

Q.5) Differentiate between Scalar & Vector quantity.

Ans:-

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

(i) Definition : ‘A physical quantity having only Definition : ‘ A physical quantity having both
magnitude but no direction is known as a magnitude and direction is known as a vector
scalar quantity. quantity’.

(ii) Scalar quantities can be added or subtracted Vector quantities can be added or subtracted
by usual arithmetical operations. vectorially and not arithmetically.

(iii) Examples: Mass, area, volume density, time , Examples : Displacement , velocity, force, weight,

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speed ,temperature, work , power, energy, etc. moment, momentum, acceleration, etc.

Q.6) Differentiate Fundamental & Derived units.

Ans:-

Fundamental ( Basic ) Units Derived Units

(i) Definition : Certain quantities like length,
mass and time are regarded as basic
( fundamental ) because they do not depend
upon quantities for their measurement
.Hence, their units are called as basic units or
fundamental units.
Definition : Certain quantities such as area , volume,
density, force, weight, velocity, acceleration etc.
depend on one or more fundamental quantities for
their measurement. Hence, their units are called as
derived units. ( The units which are derived from basic
units are called as derived units.)

(ii) These are small in number. These are large in number.

(iii) For example :- m, kg and sec etc. For example : Newton, m/s, joule

Q.7) Define force. State its S.I. unit.

Ans:- Force:-

Force is defined as an external agency either pull or push which changes or tends to change the state of rest
or of uniform motion of body, upon which it acts. The S.I. unit of force is Newton & is denoted by N.

Q.8) Define one Newton force.

Ans:- One Newton Force :-

One Newton force is that force which when acts on a body of mass 1 kg produce an acceleration of 1
m/sec2 in it.

Q.9) Enlist the characteristics of force.

Ans:- Characteristics of force:-

1.Magnitude :-

The quantity of force. Eg. 10N, 50KN, 2 tonnes.

2.Direction :-

The direction of the line along which force acts .

3.Point of application :-

The point at which the force acts on the body.

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4.Sense or Nature :-

i ) Pull :- If the force is going away from the point of application then the nature of force is pull.

ii ) Push :- If the force is coming towards the point of application then the nature of force is push.

Q.10) State the effects of force.

Ans:- Effects of force:-

1. It may change the state of a body.

2. It may accelerate or retard the motion of a body.
3. It may turn or rotate the body on which it acts.
4. It may deform the body on which it acts.

Q.11) State the principle of transmissibility of force.

Ans:-

1. If a force acts at a point on a rigid body, it is assumed to act at any other point on the line of action of
the force within the body.
2. In fig, F is the force acting at a point ‘A’ in the rigid body.

3. The same force will act at any other point on the line BC without change in its magnitude.
4. This principle of transmissibility of force is also applicable for a moment or couple.
5. This principle used in changing the nature of force.

Q.12) Define Force system.

Ans:- Force system:-

When two or more forces act on a body, they are said to form a force system. The force system may be
classified as coplanar force system & non coplanar force system.

Q.13) Define coplanar force system & classify it.

Ans:- Coplanar force system:-

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If the lines of action of all the forces lie on the same plane, the system is called coplanar force system. It is classified
as follows. A coplanar force is classified as follows.

1. Collinear Force System :-

The forces acting along the same line of action are known as collinear forces.

2. Concurrent Force System :-

The forces which meet at point are called as concurrent forces.

3. Non-concurrent Force System :-

The forces which act at different point are called as Non-concurrent forces.

4. Parallel Force System :-

The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other are called as parallel forces.

i ) Like parallel forces :- Parallel forces acting in the same direction are called as like parallel forces.

ii ) Unlike parallel forces :- Parallel forces acting in the opposite directions are called as unlike parallel
forces.

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Q.14) Define coplanar force system & classify it.

Ans:-Non-Coplanar force system:-

If the lines of action of all the forces lie on the different planes, the system is called non-coplanar force system. It is
classified as follows. A non-coplanar force is classified as follows.

1. Non-Coplanar Concurrent Force System :-

The forces which exists in different plane but meet at common point are called as non-coplanar concurrent
forces.

2. Non-Coplanar Non-concurrent Force System :-

The forces which exists in different plane & act at different point are called as non-coplanar non-concurrent
forces.

3. Non-Coplanar Parallel Force System :-

The forces which exist in different plane & whose line of action are parallel to each other are called as non-
coplanar parallel forces.

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CHAPTER 2. SIMPLE lifting MACHINES

Theory Questions:

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Q.1) Define Simple Machine.

Ans:- Simple machine is defined as a device used in lifting a heavy load (W) applied at one point by applying
comparatively smaller force (P) at another convenient point.

Q.2) Define Load & Effort.

Ans:- 1. Load:- The resistance to be overcome by machine or the weight to be lifted is known as load. It is
denoted by W.

2. Effort:- The force applied to overcome the resistance or to lift the load is known as effort. It is
denoted by P.

Q.3) Define Mechanical Advantage & Velocity Ratio.

Ans:- 1. Mechanical Advantage:- It is the ratio of the load lifted by the machine to the effort applied to lift the
load. Mechanical advantage has no unit.

LOAD W
Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) = =
EFFORT P

2. Velocity Ratio:- It is the ratio of the distance moved by effort to the corresponding distance moved by
load. Velocity ratio has no unit.

DISTANCE MOVED BY EFFORT y

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = =
DISTANC E MOVED BY LOAD x

Q.4) What is Efficiency of machine?

Ans:- Efficiency of machine:- The efficiency of a machine is the is ratio of output to input of a machine & it is
generally expressed in percentage.

Output
% η= X 100
Input

Q.5) What is meant by ideal machine?

Ans:- Ideal machine:-

1. If the efficiency of the machine is 100% then machine is called ideal machine.

2. For ideal machine output is equal to input.

3. For ideal machine mechanical advantage is equal to velocity ratio.

Q.6) Define ideal effort & ideal load.

Ans:- 1) Ideal effort:-

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1. The effort required to lift the load when there is no friction present in the machine is called ideal effort.

2. The actual effort (P) is always greater than the ideal effort (P i)

W
3. Ideal effort (Pi) =
V .R.

2) Ideal load:-

1. The load lifted by the machine when there is no friction present in the machine is called ideal load.

2. The actual load (W) is always less than the ideal load (W i)

3. Ideal load (Wi) = P X V.R.

Q.7) State law of machine. What is its importance?

Ans:- 1. The relation between the load lifted (W) & the effort applied (P) is known as law of machine.

2. This relation, when plotted on a graph results in straight line AB, as shown in fig.

3. The equation of this straight line is P = mW + C

Where P = Effort required to lift the load,

m = tan θ = slope of the line AB

W = Load lifted by machine

C = Intercept on Y- axis = effort required to start the machine.

4. The law of machine is very useful in finding the effort required to start the machine.

5. Law of machine also gives maximum efficiency.

Q.8) Sketch the nature of following graph 1) Load Vs effort 2) Load Vs ideal effort 3) Load Vs efficiency
4) Load Vs M.A.

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Ans:- 1) Load Vs effort

2) Load Vs ideal effort

3) Load Vs efficiency

4) Load Vs M.A.

Q.9) What is reversible machine?

Ans:- Reversible machine:-

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1. Sometimes a machine is capable of doing some work in the reverse direction, even after the effort is
removed. Such machine is called the reversible machine.

2. For reversible machine maximum efficiency should be greater than 50%.

Q.10) Define self locking machine.

Ans:- Self locking machine:-

1. A machine which is not capable of doing work in the reverse direction after the effort is removed, is called the non
reversible machine or self locking machine.

2. For self locking machine efficiency should be less than 50%

Q.11) Draw neat sketch of screw jack & write its V.R.

2 πL 2 πR
Ans:- V.R. = =
p p

Where, L = Length of handle.

p = Pitch of screw.

R = Radius of effort wheel.

CHAPTER 3. Resolution & Composition of

forces
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Q.1) Define Resolution of a force & state its significance.

Ans:-Resolution of a Force:-

1. The way of representing single force into number of forces without changing the effect of the force on the body is
called as resolution of a force.
2. In many problems it is useful to resolve a inclined force into two components.

Q.2) Define Moment of a force.

Ans:-Moment of a Force:-

1. It is the rotational effect produced by a force on a body on which it acts.

2. It is equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance of the point from the line of
action of the force.
3. Generally the clockwise moment is taken as positive & anticlockwise moment is taken as negative.
4. S.I. unit of force is N-m.

Q.3) State law of moments & its use.

Ans:-

1. It states, In equilibrium, when number of coplanar forces act on a body, the sum of the clockwise
moments about any point in their plane is equal to sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same
point.
2. This law is used to find beam reactions, forces in frames.

Q.4) State Varignon’s theorem of moments & its use.

Ans:-

1. It states, The algebraic sum of moments of all forces about any point is equal to the moment of their
resultant about the same point.
2. ∑MF A = Algebraic sum of moments of all forces about point A.
∑MR A = Moments of resultant force about point A.
∴∑MF A = ∑MR A
3. This theorem is very useful in locating the position of the resultant of non concurrent forces.

Q.5) What is couple? Write its properties.

Ans:-

1. Two equal, unlike, parallel, non-collinear forces form a couple.

2. The distance between two forces of couple is known as lever arm or arm of couple.
3. S.I. unit of couple is N-m.

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Properties of couple:-

1. The resultant of forces of a couple is zero.

2. The moment of couple is product of one of the forces & arm of couple.
3. Moment of a couple is constant about any point.
4. A couple can be only balanced only by another couple of equal & opposite moment.
5. Two or more couples are said to be equal when they have same sense & moment.

Q.6) Define composition & resultant of forces.

Ans:- Composition of Force:-

The process of finding out the resultant force of a given force system is called as composition of forces.

Resultant force:-

Resultant of number of forces acting on a body is defined as a single force, which can produce the
same effect as it is produced by the number of forces acting together.

Q.7) State parallelogram law of forces.

Ans:- Parallelogram law of forces:-

It states, If two forces acting at & away from the point be represented in magnitude & direction by the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of
intersection of the two forces, represents the resultant in magnitude & direction.

Q.8) What is bows notation?

Ans:-

1. Bows notation is used to designate a force.

2. As per this notation, each force is designated by two spaces one on each side of the line of action of a
force.

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Q.9) Define Space diagram, Vector diagram, Polar diagram.

Ans:- Space Diagram:-

The diagram showing exact location & direction of the forces acting on a body is called as space
diagram.

Vector Diagram:-

After drawing the space diagram all the forces are represented graphically in order by straight lines
which are called by the same names but using small letters instead of capital ones. Such a diagram is called the
Vector diagram.

Polar Diagram:-

Polar diagram is obtained from the vector diagram. To construct a polar diagram any point ‘O’
known as pole is chosen near the vector diagram & the points on the vector diagram are joined to ‘O’. The lines
obtained in this way are known as rays.

Funicular Polygon:-

With the help of the rays of polar diagram, funicular polygon is constructed in space diagram. In
funicular polygon, the first & the last line is produced to meet each other at a point. This is the exact point
through which resultant passes. This point is known as point of application of the resultant .

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Chapter 4. Equilibrium
Theory Questions :
Q.1) State the conditions of equilibrium. (S- 13 W-12)

Ans:-
For coplanar concurrent forces:-
1) ∑Fx= 0 Algebraic sum of components of all forces along x-axis must be equal to zero.
2) ∑Fy= 0 Algebraic sum of components of all forces along y-axis must be equal to zero.

For coplanar non concurrent forces:-

1) ∑Fx= 0 Algebraic sum of components of all forces along x-axis must be equal to zero.
2) ∑Fy= 0 Algebraic sum of components of all forces along y-axis must be equal to zero.
3) ∑M=0 Algebraic sum of moments of all forces about any point in their plane must be equal to zero.

Q.2) Define Free body & Free body diagram with one example.

Ans:- 1) Free Body:- In statics, for considering the equilibrium of the bodies under any system of forces, each
body is separated from its surroundings. Such a body is known as free body.

2) Free Body Diagram:-

1. In statics, for considering the equilibrium of the bodies under any system of forces, each body is separated
from its surroundings. Such a body is known as free body.

2. If all active & reactive forces acting on a free body are shown, the diagram is known as a free body diagram.

3. Consider an electric lamp suspended by an electric wire as shown in fig (a).

4. It is separated from its surroundings as shown in fig (b).

5. In fig (c), active force W & reactive force T, acting on a free body are shown. Therefore fig (c) is a free body
diagram.

Q.3) State Lami’s theorem.

Ans:- It states, If three forces acting at a point on a body keep it at rest, then each force is proportional to the
sine of the angle between the other two forces.

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P Q R
Mathematically, = =
sin α sin β sin γ

Q.4) State the condition of Lami’s theorem.

Ans:- 1. Out of the three forces, at least one force must be known.

2. Out of the three angles, any two angles must be known.

3. Lami’s theorem is applicable only when three coplanar concurrent forces keep the body at rest.

Q.5) What is equilibrant?

Ans:- An equilibrant of number of forces acting on a body is a single force which when acting with other forces
brings the set of forces & the body in equilibrium.

Q.6) What is the relationship between resultant & equilibrant?

Ans:- An equilibrant force must be equal in magnitude, opposite in direction & collinear to the resultant.

Q.7) Differentiate between resultant & equilibrant?

Ans:- 1. a) Resultant of number of forces acting on a body is defined as a single force, which can produce the
same effect as it is produced by the number of forces acting together.

b) An equilibrant of number of forces acting on a body is a single force which when acting with other
forces brings the set of forces & the body in equilibrium.

2. a) Resultant force causes the body to move.

b) Equilibrant keeps the body at rest.

3. a) The set of forces which causes the displacement of a body are called as components of a resultant.

b) The set of forces which keeps the body at rest are called as components of a equilibrant.

Q.8) What are the various types of beams? Draw neat sketches. (S- 13 W-12)

Ans:- Beam is classified into different categories depending upon the type of support:-

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1) Simply Supported Beam:- A beam which is freely supported on the walls or columns at its both the
end is called as a Simply supported beam.

2) Cantilever Beam:- A beam fixed at one end & free at the other is called as a cantilever beam.
Eg. Beam of balcony of the building.

3) Overhanging Beam:- If the end portion of the beam extends beyond the support it is called as an
Overhanging Beam. A beam may be overhanging on one side or on both sides as shown in fig.
Eg. Chajja of roof.

4) Fixed Beam:- A beam whose both the ends are rigidly fixed in walls is called a fixed beam.

5) Continuous Beam:- A beam which is supported on more than two supports is called a continuous
beam. The end supports of a continuous beam may be simply supported or fixed.

Q.9) Explain various types of loading on beam with neat sketches. (S- 09)

Ans:- Types of Loads

1) Concentrated or Point load:-

A load acting at a point on the beam is known as a concentrated load.fig shows a simply supported
beam of span L subjected to three point loads at C, D &E respectively.

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2) Uniformly Distributed Load (u.d.l):-

A load which is spread up uniformly on the beam length as shown in fig. A u.d.l may act over part
of the span also .w/unit length is called as intensity of u.d.l
Eg. 8N/m for calculating the beam reactions, u.d.l is converted into its equivalent point load which is
assumed to act at the centre of gravity of the load.
As shown in fig the equivalent point load is nothing but the area of rectangle. i.e WL . This point
load is assumed to act centre of gravity of the portion on which u.d.l acts. i.e at a distance of L/2 from
both the ends as shown in fig.

3) Uniformly Varying Load ( u.v.l):-

If the load is spread in a non- uniform manner over the length of beam them it is called a uniformly
varying load & is written as u.v.l. A u.v.l may act over part of the span also.
A u.v.l may be a trapezoidal load or triangular load. If the intensity of u.v.l as shown in fig above is
zero at one end, then a trapezoidal load becomes a triangular load. As shown in fig below.
W= Total load on AB = Area of triangle 1/2WL It acts vertically downwards through the centroid of
the triangle i.e at L/3 from B or 2L/3 form A as shown in fig.

Q.10) Explain various type of supports with the types of reaction they with neat sketches. (S- 09)

Ans:- Types of Supports.

1. Simple Support:- Support reaction are always vertical.

2. Roller Support:- Support reaction are perpendicular to the supporting surface.

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3. Hinged Support:- Support reaction are either vertical or inclined depending upon the type of loading.

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Chapter 5. Friction
Theory Questions:
Q.1) Define friction & limiting force of friction.

Ans:- 1. Friction or Force of Friction:- If two bodies are in contact with each other, & when one of these
moves over other, or an attempt is made to move one body over the other, the resistance to motion is set up.
This resistance to motion is known as friction or force of friction.

2. Limiting Force of Friction:- The maximum value of frictional force along the common surfaces of
contact, when the body is just on the point of motion is called as limiting force of friction.

Q.2) Define coefficient of friction, angle of friction, angle of repose.

Ans:- 1. Coefficient of Friction:- Coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of limiting friction to the
normal reaction at the surface of contact. It is denoted by ‘µ’.

F
µ=
R

Where, µ = Coefficient of friction,

F = Limiting friction,

R = Normal reaction.

2. Angle of Friction:- i) Angle of friction or limiting angle is defined as the angle made by resultant
reaction with the normal reaction, when the body is in limiting equilibrium. It is denoted by ‘Ø’

ii) Coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of angle of friction.

µ = tan Ø

3. Angle of Repose:- Angle of repose is defined as the angle made by inclined plane with the horizontal
plane, at which the body is placed on an inclined plane is just on the point of moving down the plane, under the
action of own its weight. It is denoted by ‘α’.

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Q.3) Explain types of friction.

Ans:- 1. Static Friction:- The friction experienced by a body when it is in equilibrium is called the static
friction.

2. Dynamic Friction:- The friction experienced by a body when it is in motion is called the dynamic
friction. It is further divided into two types.

i ) Sliding Friction:- The friction experienced by a body when it slides over the other is called the sliding
friction.

ii ) Rolling Friction:- The friction experienced by a body when it rolls over the other is called the sliding
friction.

Q.4) Laws of friction.

Ans:- Laws of Static Friction

1. The frictional force always acts tangential to the plane of contact.

2. The frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to the impending motion.
3. The coefficient of friction depends upon the nature of surfaces in contact & it is independent of the
surface areas in contact.
4. The static friction is more than dynamic friction.
5. Force of friction is self adjusting force & it increases with increase in applied force upto limiting
friction.

Laws of Dynamic Friction

1. The frictional force always acts tangential to the plane of contact.

2. The frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to the impending motion.
3. The frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction between two contact surfaces.
4. The frictional force remains constant for moderate speed but it decreases slightly with the increase of
speed.

Q.5) State the factors on which frictional resistance depend.

Ans:- Factors on which frictional resistance depends are as follows:-

1. The force of friction depends upon the nature of surface in contact.

2. The force of friction depends upon the magnitude of applied force.
3. The force of friction depends upon the normal reaction between the surfaces of contact.

Q.6) State advantages & disadvantages of friction.

Ans:- Advantages:-

1. One can walk on a rough surface than on very smooth surface.

2. One can hammer the nail into wall due to friction.
3. One can easily hold writing material while writing on surface like black board.
4. A vehicle moving on a road surface can be stopped suddenly by applying brakes

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Disadvantages:-

1. Energy is lost due to friction.

2. It causes wear & tear in machine parts.
3. More effort is required to lift any load on a machine.
4. There is more consumption of fuel due to friction.

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Chapter 6. Centroid & Centre of Gravity

Theory Questions :
Q.1) Centroid & Centre of Gravity.

Ans:- 1. Centroid:- The point through which entire area of a plane figure is assumed to act, for all position of
the lamina is called centroid.

2. Centre of Gravity:- The point through which entire weight of a body is assumed to act, for all
position of the body is called centre of gravity.

Q.1) Differentiate between Centroid & Centre of Gravity.

Ans:- 1. Centroid:-

a) The point through which entire area of a plane figure is assumed to act, for all position of the lamina is
called centroid.
b) The term centroid is generally used in connection with areas.
c) Plane figures like rectangle, circle, and triangle have centroid.

2. Centre of Gravity:-

a) The point through which entire weight of a body is assumed to act, for all position of the body is called
centre of gravity.
b) The term centre of gravity is generally used in connection with volumes.
c) Solid bodies like cone, cube, and sphere have centre of gravity.

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