POLICE ORAGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

Police - one of the pillars of the criminal justice system that has

the specific responsibility of maintaining law and order and combating
crime within the society.
         - comes from Latin "politia"-civil administration which
itself derives from the ancient Greek police "city"

Administration - an organizational process concerned with the

implementation of objectives and plans and internal operating
efficiency.

Organization - a group of persons working together for a common goal

or objectives.

Police Organization - a group of trained personnel in the field of

public safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and
objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the
prevention of crimes.

Enforcement - means to compel obedience to a law, regulation or

command.

Law Enforcement Agency - pertains to an organization responsible for

enforcing the laws.

Objectives - refer to the purpose by which the organization was

created. Refer to the goals of the organization.

Supervision - means the act of watching over the work or tasks of the
members of the organization to ensure that desired results are
achieved.

Management - the process of directing and facilitating the work of

people organized in formal groups in order to achieve objectives.
Judicious or wise use of resources (manpower, material, money,
equipment,
supplies and time).

Hierarchy - represents the formal relationship among superiors and

subordinates in any given organization. Serves as the framework for
the flow of authority downward and obedience upward, through the
department.

Authority - the right to command and control the behavior of employees

in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. Must be viewed
in terms of prescribed roles rather than of individuals. A particular
position within the organization. Carries the same regardless of who
occupies that position.
Management/Administrative Functions
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Directing 
4. Controlling
5. staffing
6. Reporting
7. Budgeting

Principles of efficient Management

* Division of work - work specialization can increase efficiency with

the same amount of effort.

* Authority and Responsibility- authority  includes the right to

command and the power to require obedience. One cannot have authority
without responsibility.

* Discipline - necessary for an organization to function effectively,

however, the state of the disciplinary process depends upon the
quality of its leaders.

* Unity of Command - subordinate should receive orders from one

superior only.

* Scalar Chain - the hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks from

the highest to the lowest levels of the organization. Shows the
vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an unbroken chain
of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of
authority.

Organizational Units in the Police Organization

1. Functional Units
    
   Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large
department; comprised of several divisions.

    Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

    Section - functional unit within a division that is necessary for

specialization.

    Unit - functional group within a section or the smallest

functional group within an organization.

2. Territorial Units 
    Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned
for duty.

    Route - a length of streets designated for patrol purpose, also

called line beat.

    Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes whether foot or

motorized.

    Sector - an area containing two or more beat, route or post.

    District - a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol

purposes, usually with its own station.
 
    Area - a section or territorial division of a large city each
comprised of designated districts.

EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city

POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or

government

POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1.  HOME RULE THEORY
    - policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who
rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs
of the people.
    - policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the
preservation of public peace and security.
    
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
    - policemen are regarded as state or servants of the higher
authorities
    - the people have no share or have little participation with the
duties nor connection with the police organization.

CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. OLD CONCEPT
    - police service gives the impression of being merely a
suppressive machinery
    - this philosophy advocates that the measurement of police
competence is the increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders
 in detention facilities rather than trying to prevent them from
committing crimes

2. MODERN CONCEPT
    - regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal
justice system, an organ of crime prevention
    - police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes
    - broadens police activities to cater to social services and has
for its mission the welfare of the individual as well as that of the
community in general.

EARLY POLICING SYSTEM

1. KIN POLICING
    - the family of the offended individual was expected to assume
responsibility for justice
    - the family of the victim was allowed to exact vengeance

2. EGYPT
    - ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them
    - created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force whose duties include
guarding of the tombs and apprehending thieves
    - introduced the use of dogs as guards and protectors.

3. ROME
    - created the first organized police force called VIGILES OF ROME,
or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the city), which had the primary task
of firefighting and policing
    - the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehending thieves, keeping
an eye out for burglars and hunting down runaway slaves, and were on
occasion used to maintain order in the streets
    - the Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and looked for
disturbances of the peace while they patrolled the streets
    - created a special unit called PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a special
force of guards used by Roman Emperors as the Emperors' personal
guards
    - as personal guards of the Emperor, their primary duty was to
protect the Emperor from assassination and other forms of attack
against the Emperor.

4. ENGLAND

    a) FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM/MUTUAL PLEDGE SYSTEM

    - required all males aged 12 and above to join a group of nine to
form a TYTHING
    - members of the tything are called a TYTHINGMEN
    - a CONSTABLE served as a leader of ten tythings
    - the primary task of the things was to protect their village from
thieves and animals
    - tythings were later organized into SHIRES
    - a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE REEVE, which is the
origin of the word “sheriff”
    - their duty was to apprehend offenders

    b) PARISH CONSTABLES

    - a parish official charged with controlling crimes
    - appointed to serve for one year
    - duties included organizing watchmen to guard the gates
    - during trouble, the watchman would raise a “HUE AND CRY”, a call
to arms where the rest of the parish would stop what they were doing
and come to the aid of the constable.

MODERN POLICING SYSTEM

1) ENGLAND

    a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS - a group of men organized to arrest

offenders.
      - organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate in London,in 1749 in
London, England.
      - the name was adopted from the name of the street where the
office of Henry Fielding was located.
      - when Henry Fielding retired as magistrate, he was replaced by
his blind brother, John Fielding

    b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829

      - the law that created the first modern police force in London
England, called the Metropolitan Police Service.
      - this law was passed through the initiative of Sir Robert Peel,
a member of the Parliament
      - the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the
Scotland Yard, now known as the New Scotland Yard

SIR ROBERT PEEL - recognized as the father of modern policing system.

2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

    a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

     - created in 1845 in New York, USA
     - recognized as the first modern style police department in the
US.
     - the largest police force in the world
     - modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of London
    b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
     - the oldest police department in the US
     - the first night watch was established in Boston in 1631.
     - formally founded in May, 1854.

AUGUST VOLLMER - recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement

for his contributions in the development of the field of criminal
justice in the US
- author of the book, Police Administration, which served as the basic
guide in the administration of the police organization in the US
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.

Important Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine Policing

Brig.Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine

Constabulary in 1917.

Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila
Police Department in 1935.

Col. Lambert Javalera -  the first chief of police of the Manila

Police Department after the Philippine Independence from the United
States of America in 1946

Dir.Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the Philippine National

Police.

HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998 and RA 9708

A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)

    - formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
    - reorganized under RA 6975

ORGANIZATION: - consist of:

a) the Department proper
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
c) local government units (LGU)
    1) provincial governors
    2) city and municipal mayors
d) the National Police Commission
e) the Philippine Public Safety College
f) Philippine National Police
g) Bureau of Fire Protection
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

  - the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA 6975
  - headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the President and who
shall serve at the pleasure of the President
  - the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2) Undersecretaries and
three (3) Assistant Secretaries
      a) Undersecretary for Local Government
      b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order
  - No retired or resigned military officer or police official may be
appointed as Secretary within one (1) year from date of retirement or
resignation
  - the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the National
Police Commission
  

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG

1. Assist the President in the exercise of general supervision over

local governments;

2. Advise the President in the promulgation of policies, rules,

regulations and other issuances on the general supervision over local
governments and on public order and safety;

3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other issuance's

implementing laws on public order and safety, the general supervision
over local governments and the promotion of local autonomy and
community empowerment and monitor compliance thereof;

4. Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local governments,

law enforcement and public safety; Establish and prescribe plans,
policies, programs and projects to promote peace and order, ensure
public safety and further strengthen the administrative, technical and
fiscal capabilities of local government offices and personnel;

5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet local

emergencies arising from natural and man-made disasters; Establish a
system of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local
executives and the Department, to ensure effective and efficient
delivery of basic services to the public;

6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the performance of police

functions, a police force that is national in scope and civilian in
character.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)

- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) was in
charge with external security while the DILG was in charge with
internal security

- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines is now in charge

with both internal and external security with the PNP as support
through information gathering and performance of ordinary police
functions.

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

- an agency attached to the DILG for policy   coordination

- shall exercise administrative control and   operational supervision

over the PNP.
VISION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"We envision the National Police Commission as a highly dynamic,

committed and responsive administering and controlling body, actively
and effectively facilitating the
evolvement of a highly professional, competent, disciplined, credible
and trustworthy PNP"

MISSION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"To administer and control the Philippine National Police with the end
in view of maintaining a highly professional, competent, disciplined,
credible and trustworthy PNP”

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NAPOLCOM

A. Exercise administrative control and operational supervision over

the Philippine National Police (PNP)    which shall mean the power to:

  1. Develop policies and promulgate a police manual prescribing rules

and regulations for efficient organization, administration, and
operation, including criteria for manpower allocation distribution
and     deployment, recruitment, selection, promotion, and retirement
of personnel and the conduct of qualifying entrance and promotional
examinations for uniformed members;

  2. Examine and audit, and thereafter establish standards for such

purposes on a continuing basis, the performance, activities, and
facilities of all police agencies throughout the country;

  3. Establish a system of uniform crime reporting;

  4. Conduct annual self-report surveys and compile statistical data

for accurate assessment of the crime situation and the proper
evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of all police units in
the country;

  5. Approve or modify plans and programs on education and training,

logistical requirements, communications, records, information systems,
crime laboratory, crime prevention and crime reporting;

  6. Affirm, reverse or modify, through the National Appellate Board,

personnel administrative actions involving the demotion or dismissal
from the service imposed upon members of the Philippine
National Police by the Chief of the Philippine National Police;
  7. Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the Regional Appellate
Boards, over administrative cases against policemen and over decisions
on claims for police benefits;

  8. Prescribe minimum standards for arms, equipment, and uniforms

and, after consultation with the Philippine Heraldry Commission, for
insignia of ranks, awards, medals of honor;

  9. Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum in matters pertaining to

the discharge of its own powers and duties,and designate who among
its  personnel can issue processes and administer oaths  in connection
therewith;

  10. Inspect and assess the compliance of the PNP on the established
criteria for manpower allocation, distribution and deployment and
their impact on the community and the crime situation, and
thereafter       formulate appropriate guidelines for maximization of 
resources and effective utilization of the PNP        personnel;

  11. Monitor the performance of the local chief         executives 

as deputies of the Commission; and

  12. Monitor and investigate police anomalies and       

irregularities.

B. Advise the President on all matters involving police      functions

and administration;

C. Render to the President and to Congress an annual report of its

activities and accomplishments during the thirty (30)days after the
end of the calendar year, which shall include an appraisal of the
conditions obtaining in the organization and administration of police
agencies in the municipalities, cities and provinces throughout the
country, and recommendations for appropriate
remedial      legislations;

D. Recommend to the President, through the Secretary, within sixty

(60) days before the commencement of    each calendar year, a crime
prevention program; and

E. Perform such other functions necessary to carry out the provisions

of R.A. 6975, as amended, other    existing laws and Presidential
issuance's, and as the     President may direct.

COMPOSITION OF NAPOLCOM
1. One chairperson

2. Four regular commissioner

3. The Chief PNP as ex officio member

Note:
    * shall serve a term of office of six (6) years        without
reappointment or extension

    * three of the four regular commissioners shall come       from

civilian sector and not former members of the       police or military

    * the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the        law
enforcement sector either active or retired

    * at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners       shall
be a woman

    * from among the three regular commissioners from      the

civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be chosen

    * the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive Officer of the
Commission
    * refer to the organizational structure of the NAPOLCOM

Important dates in the history of modern Philippine Policing

 1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine Commission established the

Philippine constabulary on august 8, 1901.
 1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was established at the
sta.lucia barracks in Intramuros on february 17, 1905.
 1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was transferred to
Baguio City.
 1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was renamed academy for
officers of the Philippine constabulary.
 1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier General Rafael Crame from
Rizal Province, became the first Filipino chief of the Philippine
constabulary.
 1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary
was renamed Philippine Constabulary Academy.
 1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy became the present day
Philippine Military Academy. 
 1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the existing and
organized national police force of the country pursuant to
commonwealth act no. 343 dated June 23, 1938 and EO no. 389 dated
December 23, 1950. This decree integrated local police forces
 into the Philippines constabulary operational and organizational
set up.
 1966 - congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police act of 1966. This
law also created the Police Commission (POLCOM).
 1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the National Police
Commission.
 1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called the Police
Integration Law of  1975. The Integrated National Police was
established with the Philippine Constabulary as nucleus under the
Department of national Defense. The NAPOLCOM, originally under
the office of the President was transferred to the Ministry of
National defense.
 1985 - The National Police Commission was returned to the office
of the President pursuant to E.O 1040.
 1989 - Executive order 379 placed the Integrated national Police
directly under the command, supervision and control of the
President. This order vested the NAPOLCOM with the powers of
administrative control and supervision over the Integrated
National Police.
 1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, 1990 establishing the
Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department of the
Interior and Local Government (DILG). A new National Police
Commission was created under the DILG.
 1998 - congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on February 25, 1998,
otherwise known as the Philippine National Police reform and
reorganization act of 1998. This act strengthened and expanded
NAPOLCOM,s authority over the PNP to include administration of
police entrance examination and conduct pre-charge investigation
against police anomalies and irregularities and summary dismissal
of erring police members.

FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS

- functions that carry out the major purposes of the
organization, delivering the services and dealing
directly with the public
- the backbone of the police department
- examples of the line functions of the police are
patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation

2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
- functions that are designed to support the line
functions and assist in the performance of the line
functions
- examples of the staff functions of the police are
planning, research, budgeting and legal advice

3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
- functions involving the logistical operations of the
organization
- examples are training, communication, maintenance,
records management, supplies and equipment management

ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. OPERATIONAL UNITS
- those that perform primary or line functions
- examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice
control,
2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
- those that perform the administrative functions
  examples are personnel, finance, planning and   
  training.
3. SERVICE UNITS
- those that perform auxiliary functions
- examples are communication, records    
  management,supplies.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of   the members,
positions,departments and
  functions or work of the organization
- it is comprised of functions, relationships,
  responsibilities and authorities of individuals within
  the organization

KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

1. LINE
- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
- defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest
and vice versa
- depicts the line functions of the organization
- orders or commands must come from the higher l  
   level of authority before it can be carried out
- involves few departments

2. FUNCTIONAL
- structure according to functions and specialized units
- depicts staff functions of the organization
- responsibilities are divided among authorities who  
  are all accountable to the authority above.

3. LINE AND STAFF

- a combination of the line and functional kind
- combines the flow of information from the line
  structure with the staff departments that service,
  advise, and support them
- generally more formal in nature and has many
  departments
ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES

FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION

1. AUTHORITY
- the supreme source of government for any   
  particular organization
- the right to exercise, to decide and to command   
  by virtue of rank and position
2. MUTUAL COOPERATION
- an organization exists because it serves a    
  purpose.
3. DOCTRINE
- provides for the organization’s objectives
- provides the various actions, hence, policies,
  procedures, rules and regulations of the org.  
  are based on the statement of doctrines
4. DISCIPLINE
- comprising behavioral regulations

ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. UNITY OF COMMAND
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding the unit to
ensure uniformity in the execution of orders

2. SPAN OF CONTROL
- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively
supervise

Factors affecting the span of control:

a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors
b) Nature of the job and work conditions
c) Complexity of task
d) Education and skill of the employees

3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of an amount of authority by a superior position to a
lower-level position.

4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
- the relationship between superiors and subordinates
- serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward and
obedience upward through the department

  HIERARCHY - represents the formal relationship among superiors and

subordinates in any given organization

5. SPECIALIZATION
- the assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks

SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION)

- the designation of certain activities or tasks as ones that must be
performed in a highly.
  technological,scientific or precise manner
- areas of police specialization include undercover works, crime
scene operations, legal advising, computer work, SWAT operations and
others

SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE (SPECIALISTS)

- the designation of particular persons as having expertise in a
specific area of work
- signifies the adaptation of an individual to the requirements
through extensive training

6. CHAIN OF COMMAND
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of rank
or position and authority.

7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
- dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the
effective supervision and
   control.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

The institution of police in the Philippines formally started during

the Spanish period. The establishment of the police force was not
entirely intended for crime prevention nor peacekeeping. Rather, it
was created as an extension of the colonial military establishment.

Ancient Roots

The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of

barangay chieftains to select able-bodied young men to protect their
barangay during the night and were not required to work in the fields
during daytime. Among the duties of those selected were to protect the
properties of the people in the barangay and protect their crops and
livestock from wild animals.

Spanish Period

Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for the purpose

of carrying the regulations of the Department of State; this was armed
and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police
organization discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police.

Guardrilleros/Cuardillo – this was a body of rural police by the Royal

Decree of 18 January 1836, this decree provided that 5% of the able-
bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this
police organization for three years

Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown
on 12 February 1852 to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops
of their work in policing towns,it consisted of a body of Filipino
policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of
the central provinces of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor

American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission

headed by General Howard Taft as its first governor-general. On
January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
pursuant to Act No 70of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis
for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every
January 9th.

ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and
Government of an Insular Constabulary”,enacted on July 18, 1901.

Henry T. Allen - Captain of the 6th US cavalry, a graduate of West

Point class 1882. Father of the Philippine Constabulary.The first
chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.

ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31,
1901.

CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of police of the Manila Police
Department in 1901.

Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into
Philippine Constabulary,
 enacted on October 3, 1901

Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one

of the four services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted
on December 23, 1940.

Post-American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of

1966, enacted on September 8, 1966; created the Police Commission
(POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police forces under the Office of the
President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM).

Martial Law Period

PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975,enacted on

August 8, 1975;
established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the
Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local
police forces as components, under the Ministry of National Defense
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to the
Ministry of National Defense

Post Martial Law Regime

Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal

government the operational supervision and direction over all INP
units assigned within their locality; issued on July 10, 1985

Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and

supervision of the INP from the Ministry of National Defense to the
National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior andLocal

Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13,1990; reorganized the
DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire
Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine
Public Safety College.

RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and

Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this
law amended certain provisions of RA 6975.

RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the

minimum educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and
adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009.
- An Act extending for five (5) years the reglementary  period for
complying with the minimum educational qualification for appointment
to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system thereof, amending for
the purpose pertinent provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 and for other
purposes.