PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS M

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Some useful formulas

• d’Alembert’s formula
x+ct Z tZ x+c(t−τ )
f (x + ct) + f (x − ct)
Z
1 1
u(x, t) = + g(τ )dτ + F (s, τ )dsdτ
2 2c x−ct 2c 0 x−c(t−τ )

• Reducing nonhomogeneous boundary conditions

u(0, t) = a(t), u(L, t) = b(t) w(x, t) = a(t) + Lx (b(t) − a(t))

x2
ux (0, t) = a(t), ux (L, t) = b(t) w(x, t) = xa(t) + 2L
(b(t) − a(t))

u(0, t) = a(t), ux (L, t) = b(t) w(x, t) = a(t) + xb(t)

ux (0, t) = a(t), u(L, t) = b(t) w(x, t) = (x − L)a(t) + b(t)

• cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

• sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± sin β cos α

• sin2 α = 21 (1 − cos 2α)

• cos2 α = 12 (1 + cos 2α)

• cos α cos β = 1/2[cos(α + β) + cos(α − β)]

• sin α sin β = 1/2[cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]

• sin α cos β = 1/2[sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]

• sin α + sin β = 2 sin α+β

2
cos α−β
2

• cos α + cos β = 2 cos α+β

2
cos α−β
2