Central Electricity Authority

New Delhi
30.06.2018
1
Per Capita CO2 Emissions
(all sectors) (t CO2/capita)

• World – 4.7 Total Fossil Fuel

• India - 1.6 CO2 emissions kilo
tonne 2016
• China – 6.3
World 35,753,306
• Germany – 9.2
China 10,432,751
• France – 5.1 United States 5,011,687
• USA - 16.4 India 2,533,638 3rd Largest
Contributor

(Source: UN Human Development Report 2016)

2
 Main Sources of GHG Emissions
• Energy Sector - Power
• Transport Sector
• Agriculture Sector
• Industrial Sector
• Power sector is estimated to contribute around 50% of total
CO2 Emissions

3
Installed Capacity as on 30.4.2018
RES
69022.38
20%
Nuclear
6780
2% Coal
Hydro 196957.5
45293.42 58%
13%
Deisel
837.63
0% Gas
24897.46 Total : 343788.39 MW
7%
 Projected Installed Capacity(Base Case)

March,2022 March,2027
Renewables
Coal+Lignite 2,75,000 Coal+Lignite
2,17,302 44%
Renewables 2,38,150
45%
1,75,000 39%
37%

Gas
Nuclear 25,735
10,080 Nuclear Hydro 4%
2% Hydro
51,301 Gas 16,880 63,301
11% 25,736 3% 10%
5% TOTAL 4,79,419 MW TOTAL 6,19,066 MW

ALL FIGURES IN MW
 Projected Gross Generation Mix in the year 2021-22 and 2026-27
( Figures in GWh)
100%
81869
90% 37916 326000
122378 518000
80% 49369 62643
155742 110696
70%
82626 268859
60%
86182
50%

40% 994230
30% 1071801
1238906
20%

10%
TOTAL : 1286 BU TOTAL : 1698 BU TOTAL : 2223 BU
0%
March'2017 March'2022 March'2027
Coal+Lignite Gas+Diesel Hydro Nuclear RES
COAL REQUIREMENT
(2021-22 & 2026-27)

Description Unit 2017-18* 2021-22 2026-27

Total Coal based

BU 952 1072 1259
generation

Total Coal
MT 608 735 877
Requirement
* Actual figures
CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS
CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS

AbsCO2 = 44/12 X FuelCon X % Carbon in fuel

Where:
• AbsCO2 - Absolute CO2 emission of the station in the year in tonnes
• FuelCon- Amount of fuel of type consumed in the year in tonnes

However as % Carbon in fuel can be obtained by Ultimate Analysis

of coal which is expensive and time consuming, Alternate method
is adopted
 Emission factors of various fuels in gmCO2/MJ

Emission factors
gmCO2/MJ
Coal Domestic 90.6
Coal Imported 85.2
Lignite 100.5
Gas 49.4
Diesel 69.1
• Indian coal and lignite emission factors are based on the values provided in India’s Initial National
Communication under the UNFCCC (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2004).
• For all other fuels as well as for imported coal, default emission factors were derived from the IPCC 2006
Guidelines
CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS FROM POWER STATIONS

AbsCO2 = FuelCon X GCV X EF X Oxid

Where:
• AbsCO2 - Absolute CO2 emission of the station in the year in tonnes
• FuelCon- Amount of fuel of type consumed in the year in tonnes
• GCV- Gross calorific value of the fuel in the year in MJ/kg
• EF -CO2 emission factor of the fuel in gmCO2/MJ
• Oxid - Oxidation factor of the fuel (0.98 for coal)
PRESENT STATUS OF CO2 EMISSIONS
 TOTAL ACTUAL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM POWER SECTOR IN MILLION TONNES
900.00
846.30
805.40
800.00
727.40
696.50
700.00
637.80
600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

CAGR (2011-12 to 2015-16 --- 7.33%

Weighted Average Emission Factor:

The weighted average emission factor describes

the average CO2 emitted per unit of electricity
generated in the grid. It is calculated by dividing
the absolute CO2 emissions of all power stations
by the total generation from all sources.
Weighted Average Emission factor in tCO2/MWh(net)
From conventional sources only

0.9
0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82
0.79 0.78
0.8

0.7

0.6
tCO2/MWh

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
 CO2 Emissions per kwh(net) from various fuels in 2015-16
1.60

1.40
1.36
1.20

0.99
1.00
kg/Kwh

0.80
0.64
0.56
0.60
0.46
0.40

0.20

0.00

Coal Gas Lignite Naphta Oil

Fuel
Figures are on Net Generation
 AVERAGE EMISSION RATE FROM COAL BASED POWER STATIONS IN
KGCO2/KWH NET
1.07
1.06
1.05 1.04
1.03
1.01
0.99

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF CO2 EMISSIONS
 TOTAL PROJECTED CO2 EMISSIONS FROM POWER SECTOR IN
MILLION TONNES
1400

CAGR (2011-12 to 2015-16 --- 7.33% 1173

CO2 EMISSIONS IN MILLION TONNES

1200

1026
1000

806 846
800

600

400

CAGR of 3.26% CAGR – 2.71%

200

2014-15 2015-16 2021-22 2026-27

Year
 AVERAGE CO2 EMISSION RATE GROSS IN 2022 and 2027

0.750 0.726 0.721

CO2 Emmission rate in Kg CO2/Kwh

0.700

0.650
0.604
0.600

0.550
0.524

0.500

0.450
2014-15 2015-16 2021-22 2026-27
Year

Considering Generation from all sources including RES

 INITIATIVES OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TO REDUCE CARBON
EMISSIONS

• Improving efficiency of thermal power stations

• Perform Achieve and Trade Scheme under National Mission on Energy
Efficiency
• Adopting super critical/ultra-super critical technology for coal based
generation.
• Efficiency improvement measures through Renovation and Modernization
• Retirement of old and inefficient units.
• Thrust is being given for increasing the share of non-fossil fuel
(renewable, hydro etc.) based generation in the energy-mix
• Various Energy Efficiency Measures like LEDs, Star labelling etc.
Impact of PAT Scheme Cycle -I (2012-15) on CO2 emissions

A Total Notified Thermal Power Plants 144

B Total Energy Consumption (MTOE) 104

C Target (MTOE) 3.21

D Achieved (MTOE) 3.06

E CO2 emission reduction in Million Tonnes 11.6

Impact on CO2 Emission with Heat Rate
Heat Rate kcal/kwh 2250 2350

CO2 Emission factor gmCO2/MJ 90.6 90.6

CO2 emission in kg/kwh 0.854 0.891

Generation 500 MW coal unit @70% PLF in MU 3066 3066

CO2 Emissions in ‘000 tonnes 2616.89 2733.20

Increase in CO2 Emissions in ‘000 tonnes 116.31

Impact of Supercritical technology based units on CO2 emissions

Total Generation capacity added from

A 41,310 MW
Supercritical units as on 31.3.2017
Total actual gross generation from Supercritical
B 559,314.6 MU
units during 2016-17 in Million Units
Business as usual :500 MW subcritical: estimated
C CO2 emission (Kg CO2/kwh Gross) [based on 0.853
designed heat rate]
Super Critical Units: Estimated CO2 emissions (Kg
D 0.816
CO2/kwh Gross) [based on designed heat rate]
(0.037*/1000) x
CO2 emission reduction {(C-D)/1000 x B in Million
E 559,314.6= 20.69
Tonnes Million Tonnes
IMPACT ON CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO HUGE CAPACITY ADDITION FROM
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Expected Generation in (BU)

Installed Savings in CO2

capacity emissions @
Year
of RES Solar Wind Biomass SHP Total Grid Emission
(GW) factor of 0.82
kg/kwh*

268 Million
2021-22 175 162 112 37 15 326
tonnes
425 Million
2026-27 275 243 188 63 24 518 tonnes

*However, the net reduction of CO2 emissions will be less as emissions from thermal power stations will
increase due to frequent cycling and ramping of the plants than during steady state operation about 2-4%
more.
IMPACT ON CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO VARIOUS DEMAND SIDE MEASURES

Estimated Savings in CO2

Year Energy Savings emissions @ Grid
in BU Emission factor of
0.82 kg/kwh*

2021-22 206 169 Million tonnes

2026-27 273 224 Million tonnes

DSM measures include Star labelling, Bachat lamp yojna, Agricultural DSM
etc
 India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
40 % cumulative power installed capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030.

Likely IC of
Likely IC Likely IC of % of Non-Fossil Fuel
Year Non-Fossil Fuel
(GW) Fossil Fuel (GW) in IC
(GW)

March 479.4 243.0 236.4 49.3%

2022
March
619.0 263.9 355.1 57.4%
2027 * Generation from RES also included.
Presently share of non fossil is 35% in the IC 31.3.2018
27
 India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33% to 35 % by 2030 from 2005 level

Projected CO2 emissions Intensity reduction from Power Sector only

Years
2005 2022 2027
Emission intensity kg/₹ GDP 0.015548 0.009249 0.007207

% Reduction in emission intensity 40.51 53.65

base* 2005
Generation from RES also included.

28
29
 30
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

215702 207085
TYPICAL ALL INDIA DEMAND & NET LOAD CURVE

217790 207765
221086 211214
225751 215326
220798 210323
202370 194362
202824 193163
205410 179418
NET DEMAND

205389 160706
ALL INDIA DEMAND VS. NET DEMAND

204551 145695
205204 137938
(2021-22)

DUCK CURVE

208052
HOUR
OF PEAK DAY

136740
210331 141050 ALL INDIA DEMAND
209487 147147
207161 156613
205194 172674
205598 194079

8
204988 198726

7
199412 192483

6
195354 188636

5
194771 188876

4
196901 191176

3
200324 194356

2
203675 196801

1
2,51,000

2,31,000

2,11,000

1,91,000

1,71,000

1,51,000

1,31,000

1,11,000
MW