15FMCE120: Mechanical Engineering Workshop I

LECTURE-4
- Marking and Measurement
Tools-

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MARKING TOOLS
 Scriber
A scriber is made from tool steel. It has a sharp point which
enables it to scratch lines on metal. Marking fluid is often
used to make scribed lines stand out.

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MARKING TOOLS
 Punch: There are different types of punches. Center
punch is used to mark the center of a hole before
drilling.

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MARKING TOOLS
 Try Square: Try squares are made from tool steel, and
they are particularly useful when we need to find out if
surfaces are right-angled to each other or not

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METHODS OF MARKING USING DATUM
 Datum
The term datum can be described as a point, line or edge,
depending on the shape of the work piece from which
measurements are taken. The function of a datum is to
establish a reference position from which all dimensions
are taken and hence all measurements are made.

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METHODS OF MARKING USING DATUM
 Types of Datum:
 Point Datum : This is a single point from which
dimensions can be taken when measuring and
marking out. For example, the center point of a pitch
circle.

Datum Point
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METHODS OF MARKING USING DATUM
 Line Datum : This is a single line from which or along
which dimensions are taken when measuring and
marking out. It is frequently the center line of a
symmetrical component.

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METHODS OF MARKING USING DATUM
 Edge Datum : This is also known as a service edge. It is a
physical surface from which dimensions can be taken.
These two edges ensure that the distances marked out
from them are also at right angles to each other.

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MEASURING TOOLS
 Measuring Tape : This is used to measure
the length of an object where the
measurement does not have to be so
accurate.
 Vernier Caliper: : Vernier calipers give an
accurate measurement of width and inside
and outside diameters. They may also
measure depth.
 Micrometer: : A micrometer is used to
measure diameters and depth when higher
accuracy is demanded. It can give a reading
to the accuracy of 0.001 mm.
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THE VERNIER CALIPER

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MEASURING TOOLS

How do you measure the diameter of a

PENCIL OR A PEN TUBE With your ruler?

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MEASURING TOOLS
A Better Way !

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VERNIER CALIPER
Parts of a Vernier Caliper

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VERNIER CALIPER
The Vernier calipers incorporates a main scale and a sliding
Vernier scale which allows readings to the nearest 0.02 mm.
This instrument may be used to measure outer dimensions
of objects (using the main jaws), inside dimensions (using
the smaller jaws at the top), and depths (using the stem).

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VERNIER CALIPER
To measure outer dimensions of an object, the object is
placed between the jaws, which are then moved together
until they secure the object. The screw clamp may then be
tightened to ensure that the reading does not change
while the scale is being read.

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VERNIER CALIPER
How to read a metric Vernier Caliper?

Main Scale

Vernier Scale

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VERNIER CALIPER

Be sure to look at zero mark

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VERNIER CALIPER

These marks
represent hole
millimeters

Here, the
reading is:

5mm
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VERNIER CALIPER
Lets say when we looked at the main scale, the reading
wasn’t right on the mark. Here, the mark is between 5 and
6 mm

The Vernier scale will tell us almost exactly how far over
the mark is!
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VERNIER CALIPER

Each of these marks represents a tenth of millimeter

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VERNIER CALIPER

Look carefully, and you will notice that one of the Vernier
scale marks lines up better with the main scale marks
0.7mm

Which mark lines up better than the rest?

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VERNIER CALIPER
The caliper can measure more accurately than that, lets
consider all the Vernier scale marks:

The mark next to the 7 lines up

best
What is the value of that mark?
0.72 5.72mm 22
VERNIER CALIPER
What is the reading ?

16.2mm
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VERNIER CALIPER
What is the reading ?

19.16mm
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VERNIER CALIPER

3.58

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VERNIER CALIPER
37.46

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VERNIER CALIPER
34.60

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0.05 mm increment
13
13
13.65 mm
23

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23

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23.70 mm

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48

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48.55 mm

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75
75.40 mm
THE MICROMETER

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MICROMETER
Parts of a Micrometer

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MICROMETER

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MICROMETER

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MICROMETER
Two Scales Are Better Than One
The micrometer has two scales: the main or linear
scale and the rotating scale.

The main scale or linear scale is graduated into 0.500

mm marks.

The rotating scale is composed of 50 divisions, each

graduated into 0.010 mm marks.

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Linear scale divided
into 0.500 mm marks
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Whole Marks: 0.000, 1.000, 2.000, 3.000, etc

Half Marks: 0.500, 1.500, 2.500, 3.500 etc

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Rotating scale with
50 divisions, each
equal to 0.010 mm

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MICROMETER
Like Clockwork
The micrometer scales work like the minute and hour
hands of a clock.

Each complete revolution of the minute hand (12

numbers) advances or sets back the hour hand by 1
number.

Each complete rotation on the rotating scale (50

divisions) advances or closes the linear scale by 0.500
mm.

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Micrometer closed - 0.000 mm
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After first rotation - 0.500 mm
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After second rotation - 1.000 mm
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After third rotation - 1.500 mm
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Linear Scale: 3.000
To get the final reading, simply add
the readings on the linear and
rotating scales

Rotating Scale: 0.270

!!!?
Reading: 3.270 mm
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Linear scale: 1.000

Rotating scale: 0.205

! ! !?
Reading: 1.205 mm 53
Linear scale: 6.50

Rotating scale: 0.17

! ! !?
Reading: 6.67 mm 54