Titration

Acid Base Titration Redox Titration

Acid/Base Titration Redox Titration

Neutralization bet acid/base Redox bet oxidizing/reducing agent

Transfer proton/H+ from acid to base Transfer elec from reducing to oxidizing agent

Indicator for colour change No indicator needed

Acid Base Titration

- One reactant – must be standard (known conc) or capable being standardised
Accurate - Equivalent point – equal amt neutralize each other Accurate
known conc - End point measurable/detectable by colour change (indicator), pH change /conductivity known conc

Primary standard acids Primary standard bases

- Potassium hydrogen phthalate - Anhydrous sodium carbonate

20.4 g in 1L 20.4 g KHP 10.6 g Na2CO3 10.6g in 1 L

Unknown Unknown
Conc NaOH Conc HCI

Burette Volumetric
Volumetric Burette
Standard 0.1M KHP ? ? Standard 0.1M Na2CO3

Unable to prepare accurate conc of NaOH/HCI due to

• Hygroscopic nature NaOH – Absorb water vapour
• HCI in vapour state – Difficult to measure amt
 Titration
Acid Base Titration Redox Titration

Acid/Base Titration Redox Titration

Neutralization bet acid/base Redox bet oxidizing/reducing agent

Transfer proton/H+ from acid to base Transfer elec from reducing to oxidizing agent

Indicator for colour change No indicator needed

Redox Titration
- One reactant – must be standard (known conc) or capable being standardised
- Reaction bet Oxidizing agent/Titrant with Reducing agent/Analyte
- Titrant of known concentration ?
- Stoichiometrically equivalent amt titrant/titrand added
- No indicator needed. Detectable by colour change of Oxidizing/Reducing agent

Burette/Titrant Analyte/reducing agent Oxidizing Reducing

Oxidizing agent Titrand Redox Titration used to determine: Agent Agent
- Amount of copper in brass MnO4- Fe2+
- Amount Fe/iron in iron pill/food
? - Amount H2O2 commercial peroxide solution Cr2O72- SO2
- Amount OCI - /hypochlorite/CI2 in bleach HNO3 I-
- Amount Vitamin C
- Amount Dissolve oxygen content/BOD H2O2 H2S
- Amount ethanol in beer/wine CI2 SO32-
- Amount oxalate acid
KIO3 Vitamin C

Iron determination using MnO4- / Cr2O72- OCI-/Cu2+ Oxalate/

C2O42-

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ 7H2O
purple colourless orange green

add MnO4- till endpoint add Cr2O72- till endpoint

↓ ↓
turn purple (excess MnO4- ) turn orange (excess Cr2O72-)
 Redox Titration Calculation- % Iron in iron tablet

1 Iron tablet contain hydrated iron (II) sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O). One tablet weighing 1.863g crushed,
Video on % Iron in iron tablet
dissolved in water and solution made up to total vol of 250ml. 10ml of this solution added to 20ml
of H2SO4 and titrated with 0.002M KMnO4. Average 24.5ml need to reach end point. Cal % iron(II)
sulphate in iron tablet.

KMnO4
M = 0.002M
V = 24.5 ml
1.863 g
250ml
Fe2+
M=?
V = 30ml

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O

M = 0.002M M= ?
Mole ratio – 1: 5
V = 24.5ml
Video on Fe2+/KMnO4 titration calculation
Using mole ratio Using formula

1 Mole KMO4- = MV MV = 1
= (0.002 x 0.0245) MV 5
= 4.90 x 10-5 0.002 x 0.0245 = 1
Mole ratio (1 : 5) Moles Fe2+ 5
• 1 mole KMO4- react 5 mole Fe2+ Moles = 2.45 x 10-4 Fe2+
• 4.90 x 10-5 KMO4-react 2.45 x 10-4 Fe2+

2 10ml sol contain - 2.45 x 10-4 Fe2+

250ml sol contain - 250 x 2.45 x 10-4 Fe2+
10
= 6.125 x 10-3 mole Fe2+
FeSO4.7H2O  FeSO4 + 7H2O
4 Mass of (expt yield) = 1.703g
1 mol  1 mol + 7 mol
Mass of (Actual tablet) = 1.863g
3
FeSO4  Fe2+ + SO4 2- Mole  Mass % Fe in iron tablet = 1.703 x 100%
1 mol  1mol + 1mol Mole x RMM = Mass FeSO 4 1.863
6.125 x 10-3 mol  6.125 x 10-3 mole Fe2+ 6.125 x 10-3 x 278.05 = 1.703g FeSO4 = 91.4%
 Redox Titration Calculation- % Iron in iron tablet

2 One iron tablet weighing 2.00g crushed, dissolved in water/acid to convert it to Fe 2+ and solution
Video on % Iron in iron tablet
titrated with 0.100M KMnO4. Average 27.5ml KMnO4 needed to reach end point. Cal mass of iron
and % iron in iron tablet. How equivalent point is detected ?

KMnO4
M = 0.100M
V = 27.5 ml
2.000 g

Fe2+
M=?

1MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O

M = 0.100M M= ?
Mole ratio – 1: 5
V = 27.5ml
Video on Fe2+/KMnO4 titration calculation
Using mole ratio Using formula

1 Mole KMO4- = MV M aVa = 1

= (0.100 x 0.0275) Mb Vb 5
= 0.00275 0.100 x 0.0275 = 1
Mole ratio (1 : 5) Moles Fe2+ 5
• 1 mole KMO4- react 5 mole Fe2+ Moles = 0.01375 mol Fe2+
• 0.00275 KMO4-react 0.01375 Fe2+

2 Mole  Mass
Mole x RMM = Mass Fe
0.01375 x 55.85 = 0.7679g Fe

3
Mass of (expt yield) = 0.7679g
Mass of (Actual tablet) = 2.000g
% Fe in iron tablet = 0.7679 x 100%
4
2.000 MnO4- – In burette is purple – Turns colourless react with Fe2+
= 38.4 % All Fe2+ used up at equivalence point – excess KMnO4- turn purple
 Redox Titration Calculation – OCI- in Bleach

3 10.0ml bleach (OCI -) diluted to total vol of 250ml. 20.0ml is added to 1g Hypochlorous acid = bleach
of KI (excess) and iodine produced is titrated with 0.0206M Oxidizing agent = OCI-
Na2S2O3.Using starch indicator, end point was 17.3ml. Iodometric titration
Cal molarity of OCI - in bleach. I2/thiosulphate/starch
↓
Diuted 25x Water added I - oxidized by OA to I2
till 250ml Na2S2O3
M = 0.0206M
2I- + OCI- ↔ I2 + CI-
1g KI excess V = 17.3ml ↓
10.0ml OCI- added I2 react with starch
transfer 20ml transfer
I2 (blue black colour)
titrated
M=? ↓
S2O32- added to reduce I2
V = 10 V = 250ml 2S2O32- + I2 ↔S4O62- + 2I-
M=? M = 8.9 x 10-3 M 1 ↓
2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I-
M = 0.0206 Mole = ?
I2 used up – blue black
Mole ratio – 2: 1
6
V = 17.3ml V = 0.02 disappear
Mole bef dilution = Mole aft dilution Using direct formula
M1 V1 = M2V2
M1 = Ini molarity M2= Final molarity 2 Mole S2O32- = MV 1 mol 1 mol
V1 = Initial vol V2 = Final vol = (0.0206 x 0.0173) 1OCI- + 2I- + 2H+ → I2 + 1CI- + H2O
M1 V1 = M2 V2 = 3.56 x 10-4
M1 x 10 = 8.9 x 10-3 x 250 Mole ratio (2 : 1)
M1 = 8.9 x 10-3 x 250 • 2 mole S2O32- react 1 mole I2 I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I-
• 3.56 x 10-4 S2O32-- react 1.78 x 10-4 I2 1 mol 2 mol
10
M1 = 0.222M Mole ratio (1 : 2)
1 mole OCI- : 1 mole I2 : 2 mole S2O32-
3 1OCI- + 2I- + 2H+ → I2 + 1CI- + H2O
1 mole OCI- 2 mole S2O32-
1CIO- I2 Mole ratio – 2: 1

Mole = ? Mole = 1.78 x 10-4

5 Moles of OCI- = M x V
MxV = 1.78 x 10-4 M V (OCI+) = 1 = 1
M x 0.02 = 1.78 x 10-4 M V (S2032-) 2 2
4
M = 1.78 x 10-4 Mole ratio (1 : 1) Moles of OCI+ = 1
002 • 1 mole OCI- 1 mole I2 0.0206 x 0.0173 2
M = 8.9 x 10-3 M diluted 25x • 1.78 x 10-4 OCI- 1.78 x 10-4 I2 Moles of OCI- = 1.78 x 10-4
 Redox Titration Calculation – OCI- in Bleach

4 10.0ml bleach (OCI-) react with KI (excess), iodine produced is titrated

with 0.020M Na2S2O3.Using starch indicator, end point was 38.65 ml.
Cal molarity of OCI- in bleach.
Iodometric titration
Hypochlorous acid = bleach I2/thiosulphate/starch
Active oxidizing agent = OCI- Na2S2O3 ↓
1g KI excess M = 0.020M I - oxidized by OA to I2
added
10ml bleach V = 38.5 ml 2I- + OCI- ↔ I2 + CI-
transfer ↓
I2 I2 react with starch
M=? (blue black colour)
titrated ↓
S2O32- added to reduce I2
2S2O32- + I2 ↔S4O62- + 2I-
Video on OCI- in bleach ↓
I2 used up – blue black
1 2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I- disappear
M = 0.020 Mole = ?
V = 38.55ml Mole ratio – 2: 1

Using direct formula

2
Mole S2O32- = MV
= (0.020 x 0.03865) 1 mol 1 mol
= 7.73 x 10-4 1OCI- + 2I- + 2H+ → I2 + CI- + H2O
Mole ratio (2 : 1)
• 2 mole S2O32- react 1 mole I2
• 7.73 x 10-4 S2O32-- react 3.865 x 10-4 I2 I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I-
1 mol 2 mol
3
Mole ratio ( 1 : 2)
1 OCI- + 2I- + 2H+ → I2 + 2CI- + H2O
1 mole OCI- : 1 mole I2 : 2 mole S2O32-
1 OCI- I2
Mole ratio – 1: 1 1 mole OCI- 2 mole S2O32-
Conc OCI- Mole = ? Mole = 3.865 x 10-4
5 M x V = Moles OCI-
M x 10 = 3.865 x 10 -4 M V (OCI+) = 1 = 1
1000 4 Mole ratio (1 : 1) M V (S2032-) 2 2
• 1 mole OCI- 1 mole I2 Moles of OCI+ = 1
M = 0.0387M
• 3.865 x 10-4 OCI- 3.865 x 10-4 I2 0.020 x 0.03865 2
Moles of OCI- = 3.5865 x 10-4
Sample OCI- calculation. Click here to view
 Redox Titration Calculation - % Cu in Brass

5 2.5g brass react with 10ml conc HNO3 producing Cu2+ ions. Solution made up to 250ml using water in a volumetric flask.
Pipette 25ml of solution into conical flask. Na 2CO3 added to neutralize excess acid. 1g KI (excess) and few drops of starch
added to flask. Titrate with 0.1M S2O32- and end point, reached when 28.2ml added. Find molarity copper ions and % copper
found in brass.
Water added
till 250ml Na2S2O3
1g KI excess + starch M = 0.1M
Pour into added V = 28.2ml
Volumetric flask
25ml transfer I2
titrated
M=?
2.5g brass
10 ml HNO3 V = 250ml
1
M=? 2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I-
M = 0.1M Mole = ? Mole ratio – 2: 1
V = 28.2ml
Iodometric titration Using mole ratio Using formula
I2/thiosulphate/starch
↓ 2 Mole S2O32- = MV 2 mol 1 mol
I - oxidized by OA to I2 = (0.1 x 0.0282) 2Cu2+ + 4I- → I2 + 2CuI
4I- + 2Cu+ ↔ I2 + 2CuI
= 2.82 x 10-3
↓ Mole ratio (2 : 1)
I2 react with starch • 2 mole S2O32- react 1 mole I2 I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I-
(blue black colour) • 2.82 x 10-3 S2O32-- react 1.41 x 10-3 I2 1 mol 2 mol
↓
S2O32- added to reduce I2
Mole ratio ( 1 : 1)
2S2O32- + I2 ↔S4O62- + 2I- 3 2Cu2+ + 4I- → I2 + 2CuI 2 mole Cu2+ : 1 mole I2 : 2 mole S2O32-
↓ Mole = ? 1.41 x 10-3 I2 Mole ratio – 2: 1 2 mole Cu2+ 2 mole S2O32-
I2 used up – blue black
disappear
Using formula
5
Mole of Cu2+=MxV 4 Mole ratio (2 : 1) M V (Cu2+) = 2 = 1
MxV = 2.82 x 10-3 • 2 mole Cu2+ 1 mole I2 M V (S2032-) 2 1
M x 0.025 = 2.82 x 10-3 • 2.82 x 10-3 Cu2+ 1.41 x 10-3 I2 Moles of Cu2+ = 1
M = 2.82 x 10-3
0.1 x 0.0282 1
0.025
Moles of Cu2+ = 2.82 x 10-3
M = 1.13 x 10-1 M 6 % Cu in brass = mass Cu x 100%
Mass Cu = Molarity Cu x RAM mass brass
Mass Cu = (0.113 x 63.5)g Cu in 1000ml = 1.79 x 100%
= 7.18g  Cu in 1000ml 2.5
= 1.79g  Cu in 250ml = 71.8% Click here here for copper determination
 Redox Titration Calculation - % Cu in Brass

6 Brass is a copper alloy. Analysis carried out to determine copper.

Iodometric titration was performed.
Step 1 : Cu + 2HNO3 + 2H+ → Cu2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Step 2 : 4I- + 2Cu2+ → 2CuI + I2
Step 3 : I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-
Average vol S2O3 2- was 28.50ml. Na2S2O3
HNO3 and water M = 0.1M
added till 100ml 1g KI excess/starch V = 28.5ml
Cal Amt S2O32- added
Cal Conc/Mole/Mass Cu 0.456g
Cal % Cu by mass in brass brass titrated I2
Cal % error (Lit value = 44.2 % Cu) M=?
V = 100ml
M=? V = 100ml
Click here here for copper determination expt
1
2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I-
M = 0.1M Mole = ? Mole ratio – 2: 1
V = 28.5ml
Iodometric titration Using mole ratio Using formula
I2/thiosulphate/starch
↓ 2 Mole S2O32- = MV 2 mol 1 mol
I - oxidized by OA to I2 = (0.1 x 0.0285) 2Cu2+ + 4I- → I2 + 2CuI
4I- + 2Cu+ ↔ I2 + 2CuI
= 2.85 x 10-3
↓ Mole ratio (2 : 1)
I2 react with starch • 2 mole S2O32- react 1 mole I2 I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I-
(blue black colour) • 2.85 x 10-3 S2O32-- react 1.41 x 10-3 I2 1 mol 2 mol
↓
S2O32- added to reduce I2
Mole ratio ( 1 : 1)
2S2O32- + I2 ↔S4O62- + 2I- 3 2Cu2+ + 4I- → I2 + 2CuI 2 mole Cu2+ : 1 mole I2 : 2 mole S2O32-
↓ Mole = ? 1.41 x 10-3 I2 2 mole Cu2+ 2 mole S2O32-
I2 used up – blue black
Mole ratio – 2: 1
disappear
Using formula

5
Mass Cu = Mole Cu x RAM 4 Mole ratio (2 : 1) M V (Cu2+) = 2 = 1
Mass Cu = (2.85 x 10-3 x 63.5) g Cu • 2 mole Cu2+ 1 mole I2 M V (S2032-) 2 1
= 0.181 g • 2.82 x 10-3 Cu2+ 1.41 x 10-3 I2 Moles of Cu2+ = 1
0.1 x 0.0285 1
6 Mole of Cu 2+ = 2.85 x 10-3
% Cu in brass = mass Cu x 100% % error = Expt value x 100%
M V (Cu2+) = 2 = 1
mass brass Lit value
M V (S2032-) 2 1
= 0.181 x 100% = (44.2 – 39.7) x 100%
M x 0.100 = 1
0.468 44.2
0.1 x 0.0285 1
= 39.7% = 10.2%
Conc Cu2+ = 2.85 x 10-2
 Redox Titration Calculation- % purity of oxalate ion

7 Purity of sodium oxalate Na2C2O4 is determine by redox titration with standard 0.040M KMnO 4. 35.62 ml KMnO4 needed to reach end
point. Cal % w/w Na2C2O4 in sample. How equivalent point is detected ?

KMnO4
M = 0.040M
V = 35.62 ml ?
0.5116 g C2O4 2-
M=?
oxalate solution titrated
Oxidizing Reducing
Agent Agent
MnO4– reduced to Mn2+ MnO4- Fe2+
2MnO4 +- 5C2O4 2- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
M = 0.040M M= ? Cr2O72- SO2
Mole ratio – 2: 5 (+7) ON decrease ↓ (+2)
V = 35.62 ml
HNO3 I-
C2O42- oxidized to CO2
Using mole ratio Using formula
H2O2 H2S
(+3) ON increase ↑ (+4)
1 CI2 SO32-
Mole KMO4- = MV M aVa = 2
= (0.040 x 0.03562) Mb Vb 5 KIO3 Vitamin C
= 1.42 x 10-3 0.04 x 0.03562 = 2
Mole ratio (2 : 5) Mole C2O42- 5 CIO-/Cu2+ Oxalate/
• 2 mol KMO4- react 5 mol C2O4 2- Mol C2O42- = 3.55 x 10 -3 C2O42-
• 1.42 x 10-3 KMO4 -react 3.55 x 10-3 C2O42-

2 Mole  Mass
Mole x RMM = Mass Na2C2O4
3.55 x 10-3 x 134 = 0.476 g Fe

3
Mass of (expt yield) = 0.476 g
Mass of (Actual tablet) = 0.5116 g
% w/w in Na2C2O4 = 0.476 x 100 %
0.5116 4
MnO4- – In burette is purple – Turns colourless react with C2O42-
= 93 % All C2O42- used up at equivalence point – excess KMnO4- turn purple
 Redox Titration Calculation – Vitamin C quantification

8 Iodometric titration was performed on Vit C, (C6H8O6). 25ml Vit C is titrated with 0.002M KIO3 from burette,
using excess KI and starch. Average vol KIO3 is 25.5ml. Cal molarity of Vit C.

1g KI excess + starch
KIO3
added M = 0.002M
25ml transfer V = 25.5ml
Vitamin C Vit C
titrated
V = 25ml M=?
M= ? V = 25ml
1 KIO3 + 5KI + 6H+ → 3I2 + 3H2O + 6K=
M = 0.002M Mole = ?
Mole ratio – 1: 3
V = 25.5ml

Using mole ratio Using formula

2 1 mol 3 mol
?
Mole KIO3 = MV
= (0.002 x 0.0255) KIO3 + 5KI + 6H+ → 3I2 + 6K+ + 3H2O
= 5.10 x 10-5
Mole ratio (1 : 3) Oxidizing Reducing
• 1 mole KIO3 produce 3 mole I2 3C6H8O6 + 3I2 → 3C6H6O6 + 6I- + 6H+ Agent Agent
• 5.10 x 10-5 KIO3 produce 1.53 x 10-4 I2 3 mol 3 mol
MnO4- Fe2+
Mole ratio (1 :3) Cr2O72- SO2
3
1 mol KIO3 : 3 mol I2 : 3 mol C6H8O6
3C6H8O6 + 3I2 → 3C6H6O6 + 6I- + 6H+ 1 mol KIO3 3 mol C6H8O6 HNO3 I-
Mole = ? 1.53 x 10-4 Mole ratio – 3: 3
H2O2 H2S
Using formula
CI2 SO32-

4 M V (KIO3) = 1 KIO3 Vitamin C

Mole ratio (1 : 3)
• 1 mol KIO3 react 3 mol C6H8O6 M V (C6H8O6) 3 CIO-/Cu2+ Oxalate/
• 5.10 x 10-5 KIO3 react 1.53 x 10-4 C6H8O6 0.002 x 0.0255 = 1 C2O42-
Mole C6H8O6 = M x V Mole C6H8O6 3
MxV = 1.53 x 10-4 Mole C6H8O6 = 1.53 x 10-4
M x 0.025 = 1.53 x 10-4 Mole C6H8O6 = M x V
M = 1.53 x 10-4 M x V = 1.53 x 10-4
0025 M x 0.025 = 1.53 x 10-4
M = 6.12 x 10-3 M M = 1.53 x 10-4
0025
M = 6.12 x 10-3 M

Click here here to view sample Vitamin C expt

 Redox Titration H2O2 Calculation

9 25ml of undiluted H2O2 is transfer to 250ml volumetric flask. (Diluted 10x ). 25ml diluted sample was titrated with standard
0.02114M KMnO4. 28.64 ml KMnO4 needed to reach end point. Cal conc in M H2O2 sample. Assuming density is 1g/ml, calculate
% H2O2 by weight. (Theoretical value H 2O2 = 3%)

Pour into KMnO4

Volumetric flask M = 0.02114M
Water added
till 250ml
V = 28.64 ml ?
H2O2
M=?
25ml pipette solution Oxidizing Reducing
25 ml H2O2
Agent Agent
MnO4– reduced to Mn2+ MnO4- Fe2+
2MnO4 +- 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
M = 0.02114M M= ? Cr2O72- SO2
V = 28.64 ml Mole ratio – 2: 5 (+7) ON decrease ↓ (+2)
HNO3 I-
H2O2 oxidized to O2
Using mole ratio Using formula
H2O2 H2S
(-1) ON increase ↑ (0)
1 CI2 SO32-
Mole KMO4- = MV MV = 2
= (0.02114 x 0.02864) MV 5 KIO3 Vitamin C
= 6.054 x 10-4 0.02114 x 0.02864 = 2
Mole ratio (2 : 5) Mole H2O2 5 CIO-/Cu2+ Oxalate/
• 2 mol KMO4- react 5 mol H2O2 Mol H2O2 = 1.5135 x 10 -3 C2O42-
• 6.054 x 10-4 KMO4- react 1.513 x 10-3 H2O2
Stronger oxidizing agent
reduce weaker oxidizing agent
2 3 Conc H2O2 = 0.6052M
Mol H2O2 = M x V
MxV = 1.513 x 10-3 RMM H2O2 = 34
M x 0.025 = 1.513 x 10-3 Mass H2O2 = 0.6052 x 34
M = 1.513 x 10-3 = 20.60g in 1000 ml
0.025 = 2.06g in 100ml
M = 0.06052 M (Diluted sample) = 2.06%
Original sample = 0.06052 x 10
= 0.6052 M
 Redox Titration Alcohol Calculation C2H5OH

10 Alcohol in blood can be determined by redox titration with K2Cr2O7

3C2H5OH + 2Cr2O72- + 16H+ → 3CH3COOH3 + 4Cr 3+ + 11H2O
Calculate % by mass of ethanol. Explain how end point is determined?

Cr2O72-
M = 0.055M ?
V = 9.25 ml

Oxidizing Reducing
C2H5 OH Agent Agent
M=?
MnO4- Fe2+
10g of blood sample
Cr2O72- reduced to Cr3+ Cr2O72- SO2
(+7) ON decrease ↓ (+3) HNO3 I-
2Cr2O72- + 3C2H5OH + 16H+ → 3CH3COOH3 + 4Cr 3+ + 11H2O
M = 0.0550 M=? H2O2 H2S
V = 9.25ml Mole ratio – 3: 2 C2H5OH oxidized CH3COOH3
CI2 SO32-
(-2) ON increase ↑ (0)
Using mole ratio Using formula
KIO3 Vitamin C
1 Mole Cr2O7-2- = MV MV = 2 CIO-/Cu2+ Ethanol/
= (0.055 x 0.00925) MV 3 C2H4OH
= 5.08 x 10-4 0.055 x 0.0925 = 2
Mole ratio (2 : 3) MV 3
• 2 mol Cr2O72- react 3 mol C2H5OH Mol C2H5OH = 7.63 x 10 -3
• 5.08 x 10-4 Cr2O72- react 7.63 x 10-3 C2H5OH
Dichromate Chromate
Cr2O72-
Cr3+
2 Mass C2H5OH = Mol x RAM
Mass = 7.63 x 10-3 x 46
Mass = 0.351 g reduced

oxidized
3
% C2H5OH by mass = mass C2H5OH x 100% Alcohol Ethanoic acid
mass blood C2H5OH CH3COOH
= 0.351 x 100%
4
10.0 Cr2O72- – In burette is orange– Turns green react with C2H5OH
= 3.51 % All C2H5OH used up at equivalence point – excess Cr2O72- turn orange

Click here practical breath analyzer using dichromate

 Biological Oxygen Demand

Breakdown organic matter in water consumes Measure amt dissolve oxygen needed by aerobic organism to break down
oxygen by aerobic micro-organisms. • Organic matter in water sample over 5 day period
• BOD polluted water – Amt dissolve oxygen need for biological decomposition
• Measure amt O2 used for biochemical decomposition of organic matter
Lots of organic decomposition (uses O2) • Measure amt O2 used to oxidize organic to produce energy for microbes
↓
Dissolve oxygen Low ↓ used up
↓ BOD High ↑ BOD Low ↓
Biological Oxygen Demand High ↑ Dissolve O2 Low ↓ (O2 used up) Dissolve O2 High ↑ (O2 high)
↓ Level Pollution HIGH ↑ Level Pollution LOW ↓
Level Pollution is HIGH ↑ Organic waste decomposition ↑ Organic waste decomposition ↓
↓ Aquatic life die/Toxic Aquatic life thrive
Aquatic life die /Toxic
Dissolve oxygen Level -
• Indicator of clean water BOD ↑ – No good
• Level of pollution BOD ↓ - Good

Low Dissolve Oxygen, signify high O2 demand from microbes

(organic waste contamination)

Click here dissolve oxygen video

Dissolve
Oxygen ↑

BOD ↓
Click here carolina Winkler method BOD
 Excessive use fertilisers like phosphates/nitrates

Wash into river/water

Explosive growth algae/bloom Eutrophication

Eutrophication on BOD
Block sunlight for photosynthesis

Explosive growth algae/bloom

↓
Nutrient leach When die - organic decomposition
by bacteria
↓
Algae bloom Uses up dissolve oxygen
↓
Dissolve oxygen Low ↓ BOD demand HIGH ↑
↓
BOD High ↑ Water polluted

Biological Oxygen Demand

Redox titration (Winkler Method) Measure BOD

BOD index
measure dissolve O2 Iodometric titration

Iodometric titration
I2/thiosulphate/starch Water Quality Clean Lightly Moderate Severely
polluted polluted polluted
↓
Mn2+ oxidized by O2 to Mn4+ Dissolve O2, DO > 6.5 4.5 – 6.5 2.0 – 4.5 < 2.0
↓ mg/ml
Mn4+ oxidized I- to I2
BOD, mg/ml <3 3 – 4.9 5 – 15 > 15

I2 react with starch

(blue black colour)
↓
S2O32- added to reduce I2
↓
Click here on Winkler titration method I2 used up – blue black
disappear
 Biological Oxygen Demand
Redox titration (Winkler Method)
BOD index
measure dissolve O2
Water Quality Clean Lightly Moderately Severely
polluted polluted polluted
Dissolve O2, DO > 6.5 4.5 – 6.5 2.0 – 4.5 < 2.0
mg/ml
BOD, mg/ml <3 3 – 4.9 5 – 15 > 15

Redox titration Winkler Method

Click here on Winkler titration method

Dissolve O2 reacts with alkaline manganese (Mn 2+) to form (Mn4+)

Iodometric titration
I2/thiosulphate/starch Na2S2O3
↓ Water sample M = 0.05M
added 1g KI excess V = 12.5ml
Mn2+ oxidized by O2 to Mn4+ alkaline/OH-
↓ I- oxidized to I2 by Mn2+
Mn4+ oxidized I- to I2 Mn2+ salt Conc Starch added
H2SO4
shake Brown I2 sol form
I2 react with starch
O2
(blue black colour)
titrated S2O32- M=?
↓
V = 500ml
S2O32- added to reduce I2 DO bottle White ppt Mn(OH)2 White ppt dissolve in acid
↓
I2 used up – blue black 1 O2 + 4S2O32- → products
disappear M=? M = 0.05M
V = 12.5ml

1 mol 2 mol 4Mn2+ + 4OH- → 2Mn(OH)2

2Mn2+ + O2 + 4OH- → 2MnO2 + 2H2O
1 mol 2 mol
2Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2MnO(OH)2
1 mol O2 : 4 mol S2O32-
2MnO2 + 4I- + 4H+ → 4I2 + 2Mn2- + 4H2O
2 mol 4 mol
2MnO(OH)2 + 8H+ + 6I- → 2I3- + 6H2O
Mole ratio O2 : S2O32- 2 mol 2 mol
4I2 + 4S2O3 2- → 4I- + 2S4O6 2- (1 : 4)
4 mol 4 mol 1 mol O2 : 4 mol I2 : 4 mol S2O32-
1 mol O2 4 mol S2O32- 2I3- + 4S2O3 2- → 6I- + 2S4O6 2-
2 mol 4 mol
 Redox titration Winkler Method
Iodometric titration
I2/thiosulphate/starch Dissolve O2 reacts with alkaline manganese (Mn 2+) to form (Mn4+)
↓
Mn2+ oxidized by O2 to Mn4+ 500ml water tested for dissolve oxygen by adding Mn2+ in alkaline solution, followed by addition of KI and
↓ acid. I2 produced is reduced by titrating with 0.05M S2O32-. Average vol S2O32- used is 12.50ml. Calculate
Mn4+ oxidized I- to I2 dissolved oxygen in g/dm3.

I2 react with starch Na2S2O3

Water sample 1g KI excess Conc M = 0.05M
(blue black colour) added Mn2+ salt alkaline/OH- H2SO4 V = 12.5ml
↓
S2O32- added to reduce I2 I- oxidized to I2 by Mn2+
Starch added
↓
I2 used up – blue black Brown I2 sol
disappear shake form O2
M=?
titrated S2O32- V = 500ml
1 O2 + 4S2O32- → product DO bottle White ppt Mn(OH)2 White ppt dissolve in acid
M=? M = 0.05M
V = 12.5ml

1 1 mol 2 mol
2Mn2+ + O2 + 4OH- → 2MnO2 + 2H2O

2MnO2 + 4I- + 4H+ → 4I2 + 2Mn2- + 4H2O

2 mol 4 mol

4I2 + 4S2O3 2- → 4I- + 2S4O6 2- Click here on Winkler titration method

4 mol Click here on Winkler titration method
4 mol

2 3 4
Mole ratio O2 : S2O32- Mole S2O32- = MV Mole O2 = 1.56 x 10-4 mol
(1 : 4) = (0.05 x 0.0125) Mass O2 = Mole O2 x RAM
1 mol O2 : 4 mol I2 : 4 mol S2O32- = 6.25 x 10-4 Mass O2 = (1.56 x 10-4 x 32.0)g
1 mol O2 4 mol S2O32- Mole ratio (1 : 4) = (5.00 x 10-3)g in 500ml
• 1 mole O2 react 4 mole S2O32- = 0.01 g in 1000ml
1 mol O2 : 4 mol S2O32- ? 6.25 x 10-4 S2O22- = 0.01g/dm3
6.25 x 10-4 = 1.56 x 10-4
4
 Titration for IA (DCP) assessment

Acid Base Titration

Standardization Expt Acid/Base Titration Expt

Standardization NaOH Standardization HCI Determining acetylsalicylic acid Determining ethanoic acid
with primary std KHP with primary std Na2CO3 in aspirin with std NaOH in vinegar with std NaOH
Click here or here for expt` Click here for expt 4.2 Click here or here for expt` Click here for expt 4.3
Click here for more expt

Determining water crystallization

Titration bet HCI Titration bet NaOH in hydrated Na2CO3 with std HCI
with std NaOH with std HCI Click here for expt 4.4
Click here for expt 4.2a Click here for expt 4.2a

Redox Titration

Standardization Expt

Standardization KMnO4 Standardization KI/I2 Standardization KI/I2 Redox Titration Expt

with std ammonium with std with std KIO3
iron(II) sulphate sodium thiosulphate Click here for expt 4.7
Click here for expt 4.5 Click here for expt 4.7 Click here for more expt Iodine/thiosulphate (iodometric titration)

Hypochlorite (OCI-) in bleach
with iodine/thiosulphate
Click here for expt 4.8
Iron (II) determination
with std KMnO4
Click here for expt 4.6
Copper(II) determination
in brass
with iodine/thiosulphate
Click here or here for expt`
Click here for more expt
Vit C determination with
iodine/thiosulphate
Click here or here for expt
Click here more detail expt
 Redox (Oxidation and Reduction)

Reducing agent (+2) Fe oxi – ON ↑ (+3)

↓ Oxidizing Reducing
Oxidation Agent Agent
MnO4- + Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+ 4H2O
MnO4- Fe2+
Oxidizing agent
↓ (+7) Mn red - ON ↓ (+2) Reduction Oxidation
Reduction

Reducing agent (-1) Br - oxi – ON ↑ (0)

↓
Oxidation Oxidizing Reducing
Agent Agent
CI2 + 2KBr-→ 2KCI + Br2
Oxidizing agent CI2 Br-
↓
Reduction (0) CI red – ON ↓ (-1) Reduction Oxidation

Reducing agent
↓ (-3) NH3 oxi – ON ↑ (0)
Oxidizing Reducing
Oxidation
Agent Agent
3CuO + 2NH3→ 3H2O+ 3Cu + N2 CuO NH3
Oxidizing agent
↓ Reduction Oxidation
Reduction (+2) Cu red – ON ↓ (0)

Reducing agent (0) Zn oxi – ON ↑ (+2)

↓ Oxidizing Reducing
Oxidation Agent Agent
Oxidizing agent 2HCI + Zn → H2 + ZnCI2 HCI Zn
↓
Reduction Reduction Oxidation
(+1) H red – ON ↓ (0)
 Redox (Oxidation and Reduction)

Reducing agent (+2) Fe oxi – ON ↑ (+3) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation Fe 2+ → Fe2+ + e-
Increase ON ↑
MnO4 -+ 8H+ + Fe2+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+ 4H2O
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+7) Mn red - ON ↓ (+2) Gain electron
MnO4- + 5e → Mn2+ Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

Reducing agent (-1) Br - oxi – ON ↑ (0) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓ Loss electron
Oxidation 2Br - → Br2 + 2e- Increase ON ↑
CI2 + 2KBr-→ 2KCI + Br2
Oxidizing agent
Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓
(0) CI red – ON ↓ (-1) Gain electron
Reduction CI2 + 2e → 2CI-
Decrease ON ↓

Reducing agent
↓ (-3) NH3 oxi – ON ↑ (0) Reducing Agent Oxidation
Oxidation Loss electron
(NH3) -N3- → N + 3e- Increase ON ↑
3CuO + 2NH3→ 3H2O+ 3Cu +N2
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ Gain electron
(CuO) Cu2+ + 2e → Cu Decrease ON ↓
Reduction (+2) Cu red – ON ↓ (0)

Reducing agent (0) Zn oxi – ON ↑ (+2) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓ Loss electron
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- Increase ON ↑
Oxidation

Oxidizing agent 2HCI + Zn → H2 + ZnCI2 Oxidizing Agent Reduction

↓ Gain electron
2H+ + 2e → H2 Decrease ON ↓
Reduction
(+1) H red – ON ↓ (0)
 Redox (Oxidation and Reduction)
Oxidation rxn Reduction rxn

Loss electron ↓ Loss hydrogen ↓ Gain oxygen ↑ Gain ON ↑ Gain electron ↑ Gain hydrogen ↑ Loss oxygen ↓ Loss ON ↓

Reducing Agent Oxidizing Agent

Oxidation rxn Reduction rxn

lose electron

Complete full eqn

Half equations Half equations

Oxidation half eqn Zn + 2H+ → H2 + Zn2+ Reduction half eqn

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e Zn → Zn2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e → H2

lose electron 2H+ + 2e → H2 gain electron

(0) ON increase ↑ (+2) 2H+ + Zn → Zn2+ + H2 (+1) ON decrease ↓ (0)

Oxidation half eqn Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu Reduction half eqn

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e Zn → Zn2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e → Cu

lose electron
Cu2+ + 2e → Cu gain electron
(0) ON increase ↑ (+2)
Cu2+ + Zn → Zn2+ + Cu (+2) ON decrease ↓ (0)
 Redox (Oxidation and Reduction)

Complete full eqn Zn + 2HCI → H2 + ZnCI2

spectator ions spectator ions

Zn + 2H+ + 2CI- → H2 + Zn2+ + 2CI -

Complete ionic/redox eqn Zn + 2H+ → H2 + Zn2+

Half equations Half equations

Zn + 2H+ → H2 + Zn2+
Oxidation half eqn Reduction half eqn
Zn → Zn2+
+ 2e
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e → H2 2H+ + 2e → H2
lose electron gain electron
(0) ON increase ↑ (+2) 2H+ + Zn → Zn2+ + H2 (+1) ON decrease ↓ (0)

Complete full eqn Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

spectator ions

Zn + Cu2++ SO42- → Zn2+ + SO42- + Cu

Complete ionic/redox eqn Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu

Half equations Half equations

Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Oxidation half eqn Reduction half eqn

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e Zn → Zn2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e → Cu

gain electron
lose electron Cu2+ + 2e → Cu
(0) ON increase ↑ (+2) (+2) ON decrease ↓ (0)
Cu2+ + Zn → Zn2+ + Cu
 Redox (Oxidation and Reduction)

Complete full eqn Mg + PbO → Pb + MgO

spectator ions spectator ions

Mg + Pb2+ + O2- → Pb + Mg2+ + O 2-

Complete ionic/redox eqn Mg + Pb2+ → Pb + Mg2+

Half equations Half equations

Mg + Pb2+ → Pb + Mg2+
Oxidation half eqn Reduction half eqn

Mg → Mg2+ + 2e
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e Pb2+ + 2e → Pb
lose electron
lose electron Pb2+ + 2e → Pb gain electron
(0) ON increase ↑ (+2) Pb2+ + Mg → Mg2+ + Pb (+2) ON decrease ↓ (0)

Complete full eqn 2KBr + CI2 → Br2 + 2KCI

spectator ions

2K+ + 2Br- + CI2 → Br2 + 2K+ + 2CI -

Complete ionic/redox eqn 2Br- + CI2 → Br2 + 2CI-

Half equations Half equations

2Br- + CI2 → Br2 + 2CI-
Oxidation half eqn Reduction half eqn

2Br- → Br2 + 2e 2Br- → Br2 + 2e CI2 + 2e → 2CI-

gain electron
lose electron CI2 + 2e → 2CI-
(-1) ON increase ↑ (0) (0) ON decrease ↓ (-1)
CI2 + 2Br- → 2CI- + Br2
 Constructing Half and complete redox equation

Reducing agent (+2) Fe oxi – ON ↑ (+3) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation Fe 2+ → Fe2+ + e-
Increase ON ↑
MnO4 -+ 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+7) Mn red - ON ↓ (+2) Gain electron
MnO4- + 5e → Mn2+ Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

MnO4- - In acidic medium MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ 4H2O

- Strong oxidizing agent
Complete full eqn
Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

MnO4- → Mn2+
Fe2+ → Fe3+

1. Balance # O -add H2O

MnO4- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

2. Balance # H add H+
MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2++ 4H2O

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O 3. Balance # charges -add electrons Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-

x1 x5
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

+ 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equation

Reducing agent (+4) SO2 oxi – ON ↑ (+6) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation SO2 → SO42- + 2e-
Increase ON ↑
2MnO4 -+ 5SO2 + 2H2O → 2Mn2+ + 5SO4 + 2- 4H+
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+7) Mn red - ON ↓ (+2) Gain electron
MnO4- + 5e → Mn2+ Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

2MnO4- + 5SO2 + 2H2O → 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- 4H+

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

MnO4- → Mn2+ SO2 → SO42-

1. Balance # O - add H2O

MnO4- → Mn2+ + 4H2O SO2 + 2H2O → SO42-

2. Balance # H add H+ SO2 + 2H2O → SO42- + 4H+

MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2++ 4H2O

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O 3. Balance # charges - add electrons SO2 + 2H2O → SO42- + 4H+ + 2e-

x2 x5
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e- → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 5SO2 + 10H2O → 5SO42- + 20H+ + 10e-

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e- → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

+ 5SO2 + 10H2O → 5SO42- + 20H+ + 10e-
2MnO4- + 5SO2+ 2H2O → 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 4H+
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (-1) H2O2 oxi – ON ↑ (0) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation H2O2 → O2 + 2e-
Increase ON ↑
2MnO4 -+ 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+7) Mn red - ON ↓ (+2) Gain electron
MnO4- + 5e → Mn2+ Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

MnO4- → Mn2+ H2O2 → O2

1. Balance # O - add H2O

MnO4- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

2. Balance # H add H+
MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2++ 4H2O H2O2 → O2 + 2H+

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O 3. Balance # charges - add electrons

H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e-

x2 x5
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e- → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 5H2O2 → 5O2 + 10H+ + 10e-

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e- → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

+ 5H2O2 → 5O2 + 10H+ + 10e-
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (+3) NO2- oxi – ON ↑ (+5) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation NO2- → NO3- + 2e-
Increase ON ↑
Cr2O72- + 3NO2 + - 8H+ → 2Cr3+ -
+ 3NO3 + 4H2O
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+6) Cr red - ON ↓ (+3) Gain electron
Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

Cr2O72- + 3NO2- + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3NO3- + 4H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

Cr2O72-→ 2Cr3+ NO2- → NO3-

1. Balance # O - add H2O

Cr2O72- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O NO2- + H2O → NO3-

2. Balance # H add H+
Cr2O72- + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O NO2- + H2O → NO3- + 2H+

3. Balance # charges - add electrons

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O NO2- + H2O → NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-

x1 x3
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 3NO2- + 3H2O → 3NO3- + 6H+ + 6e-

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

+ 3NO2-+ 3H2O → 3NO3- + 6H+ + 6e-
Cr2O72- + 3NO2- + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3NO3- + 4H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (+2) Fe2+ oxi – ON ↑ (+3) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
Increase ON ↑
Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+6) Cr red - ON ↓ (+3) Gain electron
Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ 7H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

Cr2O72-→ 2Cr3+ Fe2+ → Fe3+

1. Balance # O - add H2O

Cr2O72- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

2. Balance # H add H+
Cr2O72- + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

3. Balance # charges - add electrons

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e

x1 x6
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 6e

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

+ 6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 6e-
Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (-1) I- oxi – ON ↑ (0) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation 2I- → I2 + 2e-
Increase ON ↑
CIO3 + - 6I- + 6H+ → 3I2 + CI- + 3H2O
Oxidizing agent
Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+5) CIO3 - red - ON ↓ (-1) Gain electron
Reduction CIO3- + 6e- → CI- Decrease ON ↓

CIO3- + 6I- + 6H+ → 3I2 + CI- + 3H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

CIO3- → CI- 2I- → I2

1. Balance # O - add H2O

CIO3- → CI- + 3H2O

2. Balance # H add H+
CIO3- + 6H+ → CI- + 3H2O

CIO3- + 6H+ + 6e- → CI- + 3H2O 3. Balance # charges - add electrons 2I- → I2 + 2e-

x1 x3
CIO3- + 6H+ + 6e- → CI- + 3H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 6I- → 3I2 + 6e-

CIO3- + 6H+ + 6e- → CI- + 3H2O

+ 6I- → 3I2 + 6e-
CIO3- + 6H++ 6I- → 3I2 + 3H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (0) Cu oxi – ON ↑ (+2) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-
Increase ON ↑
-
2NO3 + 3Cu + 8H+ → 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Oxidizing agent
Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+5) NO3 - red - ON ↓ (+2) Gain electron
Reduction NO3- + 3e- → NO Decrease ON ↓

2NO3- + 3Cu + 8H+ → 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

NO3- → NO Cu → Cu2+
1. Balance # O - add H2O
NO3- → NO + 2H2O

NO3- + 4H+ → NO + 2H2O 2. Balance # H add H+

NO3- + 4H+ + 3e- → NO + 2H2O 3. Balance # charges - add electrons Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-

x2 x3
2NO3- + 8H+ + 6e- → 2NO + 4H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 3Cu → 3Cu2+ + 6e-

2NO3- + 8H+ + 6e- → 2NO + 4H2O

+ 3Cu → 3Cu2+ + 6e-
2NO3- + 8H+ + 3Cu → 3Cu2+ +2NO + 4H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (+2) Fe oxi – ON ↑ (+3) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation Fe 2+ → Fe3+ + e-
Increase ON ↑
HNO3 + 3Fe2+ + 3H+ → 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
Oxidizing agent
Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (+5) HNO3 red - ON ↓ (+2) Gain electron
Reduction HNO3 + 3e- → NO Decrease ON ↓

HNO3 + 3Fe2+ + 3H+ → 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

HNO3 → NO Fe2+ → Fe3+

1. Balance # O - add H2O
HNO3 → NO + 2H2O

HNO3+ 3H+ → NO + 2H2O 2. Balance # H add H+

HNO3 + 3H+ + 3e- → NO + 2H2O 3. Balance # charges - add electrons Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-

x1 x3
HNO3 + 3H+ + 3e- → NO + 2H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 3Fe2+ → 3Fe3+ + 3e-

HNO3 + 3H+ + 3e- → NO + 2H2O

+ 3Fe2+ → 3Fe3+ + 3e-
HNO3 +3Fe2+ + 3H+ → 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (+2) Fe oxi – ON ↑ (+3) Reducing Agent Oxidation

↓
Loss electron
Oxidation Fe 2+ → Fe3+ + e-
Increase ON ↑
H2O2 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
Oxidizing agent
Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (-1) H2O3 red - ON ↓ (-2) Gain electron
Reduction H2O3 + e- → H2O Decrease ON ↓

H2O2 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O

Complete full eqn

Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

H2O2 → H2O
Fe2+ → Fe3+
1. Balance # O - add H2O
H2O2 → 2H2O

H2O2 + 2H+ → 2H2O 2. Balance # H add H+

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H2O 3. Balance # charges - add electrons Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-

x1 x2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H2O 4. Balance # electron transfer 2Fe2+ → 2Fe3+ + 2e-

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H2O

+ 2Fe2+ → 2Fe3+ + 2e-
H2O2 + 2Fe2+ +2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
 Constructing Half and complete redox equations

Reducing agent (+4) SO2 oxi – ON ↑ (+6)

↓ Reducing Agent Oxidation
Oxidation Loss electron
SO2 → SO42- + 2e-
Increase ON ↑
CI2 + SO2 + 2H2O → 2CI- + SO4 + 2- 4H+
Oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Reduction
↓ (0) CI2 red - ON ↓ (-1) Gain electron
CI2 + 2e → 2CI- Decrease ON ↓
Reduction

CI2 + SO2 + 2H2O → 2CI- + SO42- + 4H+

Complete full eqn
Reduction half eqn Oxidation half eqn

CI2 → 2CI- SO2 → SO42-

1. Balance # O - add H2O

SO2 + 2H2O → SO42-

2. Balance # H add H+ SO2 + 2H2O → SO42- + 4H+

3. Balance # charges - add electrons SO2 + 2H2O → SO42- + 4H+ + 2e-

CI2 + 2e- → 2CI-

x1 x1
CI2 + 2e- → 2CI- 4. Balance # electron transfer SO2 + 2H2O → SO42- + 4H+ + 2e-

CI2 + 2e- → 2CI-

+ SO2 + 2H2O → SO4 + 4H + 2e
2- + -

CI2 + SO2 + 2H2O → 2CI- + SO42- + 4H+

 IB Redox Questions

Deduce half eqn of oxidation and reduction for the following

Ca + 2H+ → Ca2+ + H2 2Fe2+ + CI2 → 2Fe3+ + 2CI- Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ → Sn4+ + 2Fe2+
0 +1 +2 0 +2 0 +3 -1 +2 +3 +4 +2

Ca → Ca2+ + 2e oxidation 2Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 2e oxidation Sn2+ → Sn4+ + 2e

2H+ + 2e → H2 reduction CI2 + 2e → 2CI- reduction 2Fe3+ + 2e → 2Fe2+
Ca + 2H+ → Ca2+ + H2 2Fe2+ + CI2 → 2Fe3+ + 2CI- Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ → Sn4+ + 2Fe2+

Substances acting as oxidizing and reducing agent

Oxidizing Agent Reducing Agent

Acidified H2O2 act as oxidizing agent
H2O2 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
- Oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+
MnO4- Fe2+
- Oxidizes I- to I2
Cr2O72- SO2 H2O2 + 2I- + 2H+ → I2 + 2H2O

HNO3 I-
Acidified MnO4- act as more powerful oxidizing agent
H2O2 H2S - Oxidizes weaker oxidizing agent
H2O2 to H2O and O2 2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
CI2 SO3 2-
- H2O2 act as reducing agent

Identify oxidizing and reducing agent for following rxn.

1 5As2O3 + 2MnO4- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5As2O5 + 8H2O 2 2NO3- + 3Cu + 8H+ → 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
reducing oxidizing oxidizing reducing
agent agent agent agent

3 Cr2O72- + 3NO2- + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3NO3- + 4H2O

oxidizing reducing
agent agent