This document summarizes key stages in human evolution and cultural development. It describes the earliest hominids like Australopithecus that were bipedal, followed by species in the Homo genus like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Around 50,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged with modern human characteristics. The Neolithic revolution around 10,000 BCE marked a shift to agriculture and domestication of animals. Early civilizations developed in places like the Indus Valley, with cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. More recently, many countries have transitioned to democratic systems of government due to factors such as increasing wealth, social equality, culture shifts, and foreign interventions.
This document summarizes key stages in human evolution and cultural development. It describes the earliest hominids like Australopithecus that were bipedal, followed by species in the Homo genus like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Around 50,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged with modern human characteristics. The Neolithic revolution around 10,000 BCE marked a shift to agriculture and domestication of animals. Early civilizations developed in places like the Indus Valley, with cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. More recently, many countries have transitioned to democratic systems of government due to factors such as increasing wealth, social equality, culture shifts, and foreign interventions.
This document summarizes key stages in human evolution and cultural development. It describes the earliest hominids like Australopithecus that were bipedal, followed by species in the Homo genus like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Around 50,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged with modern human characteristics. The Neolithic revolution around 10,000 BCE marked a shift to agriculture and domestication of animals. Early civilizations developed in places like the Indus Valley, with cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. More recently, many countries have transitioned to democratic systems of government due to factors such as increasing wealth, social equality, culture shifts, and foreign interventions.
This document summarizes key stages in human evolution and cultural development. It describes the earliest hominids like Australopithecus that were bipedal, followed by species in the Homo genus like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Around 50,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged with modern human characteristics. The Neolithic revolution around 10,000 BCE marked a shift to agriculture and domestication of animals. Early civilizations developed in places like the Indus Valley, with cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. More recently, many countries have transitioned to democratic systems of government due to factors such as increasing wealth, social equality, culture shifts, and foreign interventions.
cultural and Social Evolution HUMAN EVOLUTION- is the evolutionary process leading to the appearance of modern day humans. HOMO- is used to determine the species of human beings. HOMONIDS- is the direct ancestors of homo species. AUSTRALOPITHECUS- is the first definite homonids. They were fully bipedal which means that they could walk using their two legs. 2 groups of Australopithecus: 1. Gracile Australopithecus- A. Anamensis, A. Afarensis, A. Africanus. - Australopithecus anamensis was the earliest australopithecine species. - Autralopithecus afarensis is the most represented australopithecine species. - Australopithecus africanus was the gracile australopithecine that was discovered. 2. Robust Australopithecus- A. aethiopicus, A. robustus, A. boisei. - Australopithecus aethiopicus were the earliest and somewhat the least known of the robust austhralopithecus. - Australopithecus robustus was a new australopithecine species discovered by Robert Broom. - Australopithecus boisei was discovered by a paleonanthropologist named Louis Leakey in western Tanzania. HOMO SPECIES HOMONIDS 2 species: a. Homo habilis- appeared around 2.3 million years ago. It has a larger brain and reduced the size of molars and premolars to the Australopithecus. b. Homo rudolfensis- is somehow the same as thee features of homo habilis. HOMO ERECTUS- was the first hominid species that was distributed in the old world. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS- appeared 50,000 years ago. It was characterized ass the modern human. CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION/ AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
- In about 10,000 BCE, humans began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals like sheep, cows, and goats. This was a change from system of hunting and gathering that have sustained humans and allowed them to survive from the earliest times. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS AND THE RISE OF THE STATE Indus valley in south asia- were the early civilization started. 2 cities of indus valley: 1. Harappa 2. Mohenjo- daro INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION DEMOCRATIZATION Is the transition to a more democratic political regime. DEMOCRACY Is a system of government in which all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly. IT BECAME VERY POPULAR AND MANY COUNTRIES NOW HAVE TRANSITIONED INTO A DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL SYSTEM BECAUSE OF THE FOUR CAUSES: a. Wealth or money b. Social equality c. Culture d. Foreign interventions