Reference: Chapter 2 Spread sheet Made by : Himanshu Parikh

INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS CALCULATION Vadodara, Gujarat, India

STOICHIOMETRY email : himanshu_parikh@yahoo.com
written By : K.A GAVHANE
EXAMPLE 2.48: Calculate volume occupied by 20 kg Chrlorine gas with folliwng datas
FLUID MW KG/HR kMOLE
CL2 71 20 0.2816901408
3
R 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K) V = n R T/P
P 100 KPa V = 6.979504 m3
T 298 K
V ? m3
n 0.2816901 kMol

EXAMPLE 2.49: Calculate pressue Require of 15 kg CO2 gas with folliwng datas
FLUID MW KG/HR kMOLE
CL2 44 15 0.3409090909
3
R 8.31451 m .kP a
/(kmol.K) P = n R T/V
P ? KPa P = 1717.702 KPa
T 303 K
V 0.5 m3
n 0.3409091 kMol

EXAMPLE 2.5: Calculate Max Gas Temperature attained of 5 kg O2 gas with folliwng datas
FLUID MW KG/HR kMOLE
CL2 32 5 0.15625
3
R 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K) T = P V/n R
P 709.28 KPa T = 545.9603 K
T ? K
V 1 m3
n 0.15625 kMol

EXAMPLE 2.51: Calculate weight of 1 m3 CL2 GAS with folliwng datas

FLUID MW
CL2 71
3
R 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K) n = P V/ R T
P 101.325 KPa n = 0.040894 KMOL
T 298 K Mol wt of cl2 = 71
3
V 1 m Weight of CL2 = 2.903501 KG
n? kMol
EXAMPLE 2.51: Calculate weight of 2 m3 SO2 GAS with folliwng datas
FLUID MW
CL2 64
3
R 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K) n = P V/ R T
P 97.33 KPa n = 0.059573 KMOL
T 393 K Mol wt of cl2 = 64
V 2 m3 Weight of CL2 = 3.812655 KG
n ? kMol

EXAMPLE 2.53: Calculate Temp of gas attained for certain qty of 1 m3 gas in closed vessel and heated &
pressure should not exceed than 303.98 KPa with folliwng datas

PIV1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1 131.7 KPa P2 303.98 T2 = P2V2T1/P1V1
T1 298 K T2 ? T2 = 687.82111 K
V1 2 m3 V2 2 T2 = 414.82111 C
n 0 kMol V1-= V2 For Closed vessel

EXAMPLE 2.54: Calculate pressure to which a closed vessel should design At a given presssure and temp
and heated to 1273 K

P1 121.59 KPg PIV1/T1 = P2V2/T2

P1 222.915 KPa P2 ? P2 = P1V1T2/T1V1
T1 299 K T2 1273 P2 = 949.0662 KPa
V1 1 m3 V2 1 P2 = 847.7412 KPg
n 0 kMol V1-= V2 For Closed vessel

EXAMPLE 2.55: Calculate final volume of gas when 0.5 m3 gas is compressed so that pressure increase
by 60%.. Operation is done for a fixed mass of gas at constant temp
Basis : Initial pressure 1 Kpa
PIV1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1 1 KPa P2 1.6 TI = T2
T1 K T2 PIV1 = P2V2
V1 0.5 m3 V2 ? V2 = P1V1/P2
n 0 kMol V1-= V2 For Closed vessel V2 = 0.3125 M3
EXAMPLE 2.56: Calculate final volume of gas when 1.0 m3 gas is compressed so that pressure increase
by 85%.. Operation is done for a fixed mass of gas at constant temp
Basis : Initial pressure 1 Kpa
PIV1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1 1 KPa P2 1.85 TI = T2
T1 K T2 PIV1 = P2V2
V1 1 m3 V2 ? V2 = P1V1/P2
n 0 kMol V1-= V2 For Closed vessel V2 = 0.5405405 M3

EXAMPLE 2.57: Calculate final pressure of gas when 202.65 Kpa gas is expanded so that volume increase
by 50%.. Operation is done for a fixed mass of gas at constant temp
Basis : Initial Volume 1 m3
PIV1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1 202.65 KPa P2 ? TI = T2
T1 K T2 PIV1 = P2V2
V1 1 m3 V2 1.5 P2 = P1V1/V2
n 0 kMol V1-= V2 For Closed vessel P2 = 135.1 M3

EXAMPLE 2.58: Calculate volume occupied by 15 kg Liquid Propane when it is released to NTP
FLUID MW KG/HR kMOLE
Propane 44 15 0.3409090909
3
R 8.31451 m .kP a
/(kmol.K) V = n R T/P
P 101.325 KPa V = 7.636973 m3
T 273 K
V ? m3
n 0.3409091 kMol

EXAMPLE 2.6: Calculate Temp of gas attained for certain qty of 1 m3 gas in closed vessel and heated &
pressure should not exceed than 405.3 KPa with folliwng datas

PIV1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1 121.59 KPa P2 405.3 T2 = P2V2T1/P1V1
T1 298 K T2 ? T2 = 993.33333 K
V1 1 m3 V2 1 T2 = 720.33333 C
n 0 kMol V1-= V2 For Closed vessel
EXAMPLE 2.61: Calculate (1) Avg Moleculer weight
EXAMPLE 2.62: (2) volume occupied of mixture of gas at 405.3 Kpa & 303 K with folliwng
datas Of KMoles of gas
(3) Partial pressure of each component gas at above total pressure & temp
Given
FLUID MW kMOLE mol fraction
HCL 36.5 0.274 0.3914285714
N2 28 0.337 0.4814285714
O2 32 0.089 0.1271428571
Total Moles n = 0.700
Average Moleculer weight
Mavg = ∑_█(𝑖=1@)^𝑛▒𝑀𝑖𝑋𝑖 Mavg = 31.83571

3
R 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K)
P 405.3 KPa V = n R T/P
T 303 K V = 4.351117 m3
V ? m3
n 0.700 kMol
Equation to Calculate Partial pressure of each component
PA = XA*P = Mol fraction of each component x Total Pressure
Partial presssure of HCL= 158.646 KPa
Partial presssure of N2= 195.123 KPa
Partial presssure of O2= 51.531 KPa

EXAMPLE 2.63: Mixture of H2 & O2 contains 11.1 weight % H2

Calculate (1) Avg Moleculer weight
(2) Partial pressure of each component gas at above 100KPa pressure & 303 K temp
(3) Volume Of Gas Mixture at given presssure and temp
Basis : 100 kg Mixture

FLUID MW Kg Moles mol fraction

H2 2 11.1 5.55 0.666416510319
O2 32 88.9 2.778125 0.333583489681
Total Moles n = 100.000 8.328125 1
Average Moleculer weight
Mavg = ∑_█(𝑖=1@)^𝑛▒𝑀𝑖𝑋𝑖 Mavg = 12.0075

3
R 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K)
P 100 KPa V = n R T/P
T 303 K V = 209.8102 m3
V ? m3
n 8.328 kMol
Equation to Calculate Partial pressure of each component
 PA = XA*P = Mol fraction of each component x Total Pressure
Partial presssure of H2= 66.641651032 KPa
Partial presssure of O2= 33.358348968 KPa

EXAMPLE 2.64: Mixture of N2 & CO2 at 298 K & 101.325 Kpa has avg mol wt 31
(1) Calculate Partial pressure of each component gas

FLUID MW
N2 28
CO2 44

Mavg = ∑_█(𝑖=1@)^𝑛▒𝑀𝑖𝑋𝑖 Mavg = MN2.XN2+MCO2.XCO2

31 = MN2.XN2+MCO2.XCO2
1 = XN2+XCO2
∑▒𝑋𝑖= XCO2 = 1-XN2
1
31 = 28.XN2+44(1-XN2)
16 XN2 = 13
P 101.325 KPa XN2 = 0.8125
XCO2 = 0.1875
Equation to Calculate Partial pressure of each component
PA = XA*P = Mol fraction of each component x Total Pressure
Partial presssure of N2= 82.3265625 KPa
Partial presssure of O2= 18.9984375 KPa

EXAMPLE 2.65: Mixture of CH4 & C2H6 has avg mol wt 22.4
(1) Calculate Moles of CH4 & C2H6 in a mixture

FLUID MW
CH4 16
C2H6 30

Mavg ∑_█(𝑖=1@)^𝑛▒𝑀𝑖𝑋𝑖 Mavg MCH4.X2H6+MC2H6.XC2H6

= =
22.4 = MCH4.X2H6+MC2H6.XC2H6
1 = XCH4+XC2H6
∑▒𝑋𝑖= XCH4 =
1 1-XC2H6
22.4 = 16.XC2H6+30(1-XC2H6)
14 X2H6 = 7.6
P 101.325 KPa XC2H6 = 0.542857
XCH4 = 0.457143

CH4 Mole% = 45.714285714 %

CH4 Mole% = 54.285714286 %
Dalton's law Vapor pressure- GAS LIQ
Total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the The vapor pressure of liq
Component gases present n the gas mixture equilibrum at a given tem
P = PA+PB+PC+…. The vapor pressure of liq
Amalgate's Law equilibrum with the liqu
Total volume occupied by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the pue components volumes.
V = VA+VB+VC+… Raoult's Law
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTIAL PRESSSURE, MOL FRACTION OF COMPONENT GAS TO At a given temperature ,
TOTAL PRESSSURE equal to the product of t
Partial presssure of a component of a gas mixture is eqaul to the product of the total pressure of the pure component A
and the mole fraction of that component.
PA = XA*P Component A contained
PRESSURE % = VOLUME % = MOLE% P0A
XA
AVERAGE MOLECULER WEIGHT OF GAS MIXTURE YA
MA,MB,MC = Molecular weigh of component A,B,C etc PA
XA,XB,XC = Mass Fractions of component A,B,C etc PA
Mi = Molecular weigh of ith Component of gas YA
Xi = Mole Fraction of ith Component of gas
Mavg = MA.XA+MB.XB+MC.XC Henry's Law
The relationship betwee
∑24_█(𝑖=1@)^𝑛▒𝑀𝑖𝑋𝑖
Mavg = of the gas above the liqu
It states that mole fracti
partial pressure of the so
DENSITY OF GAS MIXTURES
HA
The idel gas equaltion for a gas mixture is XA
n = kmol of Gas Mixture PA
V = Volume of gas Mixture, m3
3
R = Universl gas constant, 8.31451 m .kPa/(kmol.K) (ATM) XA
T = Temperature K,
P = Pressure in KPa PA

PV = nRT

Density of Gas Mixture = Mass (Weight)

Volume
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = PMavg
RT
Specific Gravity of Gas = Density of the Gas
Density of the air at same T & P
FLUID MW KG/HR MOLE MOLE FRAMOLE%
HCL 36.5 100 2.739726 0.267444 26.74436
CL2 71 200 2.816901 0.274977 27.49772
SO2 64 300 4.6875 0.457579 45.75792
TOTAL FLOW 600
TOTAL MOLE 10.24413 1 100
Vapor pressure- GAS LIQUID SYSTEM
The vapor pressure of liquid is defined as the absolute pressure at which the liquid and its vapor are in
equilibrum at a given temeperature
The vapor pressure of liquid at a given temeperature is the pressure exerted by the vapour in
equilibrum with the liquid at that temeperature

Raoult's Law
At a given temperature , the equilibrium partial pressure of a components A of a solution in the vapour is
equal to the product of the mole fraction of the component A in the solution (Liquid) and the vapor pressure
of the pure component A

Component A contained in a gas liquid system in equlibrium at temperature T and Pressure P

= Vapor Pressure of Pure Liquid
= Mole Fractions of component A in the liquid phase
= Mole Fractions of Volatile component A in the Vapor phase
= Equilibrium Partial Presssure of A in Vapor phase
= XA*P0A
= PA XA*P0A
=
P P
Henry's Law
The relationship between the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid and the equilibrium partial pressure
of the gas above the liquid surface is given by a Henry's Law
It states that mole fraction os a solute gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the equilibrium
partial pressure of the solute gas above the liquid surface.

= Henry's Law costant

= Mole Fractions of component A in the liquid phase
= Equilibrium Partial Presssure of A in contact with the liquid

= 1*PA
HA
= XAHA