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上颌磨牙区新鲜拔牙创骨质条件不良的即刻种植
上颌磨牙区新鲜拔牙创骨质条件不良的即刻种植
上颌磨牙区新鲜拔牙创骨质条件不良的即刻种植
许 竞
南方医科大学口腔医院//广东省口腔医院,广东 广州 510280
Immediate implantation following tooth extraction in fresh maxillary molar socket with
poor bone quality
XU Jing
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial
Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou 510280, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the feasibility of immediate implantation after tooth extraction in the maxillary molar socket
with poor bone quality beneath the sinus. Methods We collected the data from the patients undergoing extraction of maxillary
molars with poor bone quality between the sockets and sinuses. Sinus lifting and immediate implant following the extraction
were performed simultaneously in these cases, and the primary stability of the implants, wound healing, and changes of the
sinus were observed. At 6 months after the operations, the crowns were installed on the implants. The masticatory function
was observed, and the growth of the alveolar bones and their changes after the operations were examined using micro-
computed tomography (MCT). Results We analyzed 32 extraction cases with immediate implantation in the maxillary molar
sockets with poor bone quality beneath the sinus. The average age of the patients was 59.8 years, and the length and diameter
of the implant ranged from 8.5 to 10 mm and from 4.5 to 5.5 mm, respectively. The torque force of the implants varied from
the minimum (in which cases the implants remained fixed after insertion with fingers) to the maximum of 30 N · cm. The
postoperative recovery was uneventful in all the cases and no failed or movable implants were found. At 6 months after the
operation, none of the patients showed abnormalities in the sinus, and in all the cases the crowns were successfully installed
on the implants with good recovery of the masticatory functions. Follow-up of the patients for 12 to 96 months after the
operation showed successful immediate implantation in all the cases. After the operation, the changes of the mean alveolar
ridge heights on the buccal, palatal, mesial, and distal sides of the patients were 0.8069±0.6253 mm (t=1.2904, P>0.1), 0.5272±
0.3331 mm (t=1.5836, P>0.05), 0.5416±0.4048 mm (t=1.3379, P>0.05), and 0.5172±0.3874 mm (t=1.3351, P>0.05), respectively; the
change of the alveolar ridge width was 0.5522±0.4381 mm (t=1.2604, P>0.1) mm. The dimension of the alveolar bone underwent
no significant changes after the operation in these patients. Conclusion Immediate implantation in the maxillary extraction
socket with a poor bone quality can avoid damages to the sinus and achieve good outcomes with such advantages of less
trauma, full use of the innate gingiva and alveolar ridge, and well preserved morphology of the alveolar ridge as compared
with delayed implantation.
Keywords: maxillary molars; tooth extraction; immediate implantation; maxillary sinus lifting; primary stability
前磨牙区的即刻种植应用, 已经形成了成熟的手术操作
收稿日期:
2018-01-06
基金项目:
广东省科技计划项目(2013B021800166) 规范, 取得良好而明确的效果。关于后牙区的即刻种植
作者简介:
许 竞,
硕士,
主任医师,
E-mail: xj463a2@163.com 应用资料尚不多见, 效果也不够明确。在后牙区实施即
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围愈合基台形成袖口。术后 6 月,
植体稳定性良好,
牙 轻微减少,经过统计学t检验,
显示种植前后的牙槽骨尺
龈质地坚实。影像学检查显示植体周围骨质生长良好, 寸变化不具有统计学意义(表1)。
种植后6月颊、
腭、近、
远中牙槽嵴高度以及颊腭宽度有
表1 术前及术后6月牙槽骨的变化
Tab.1 Variation of the alveolar bone at 6 months after the operation (mm)
Alveolar ridge Preoperation 6 monthes after operation Difference value Statistical value
← ← ← ←
A B C D
图1 MCT影像学资料
Fig.1 Micro-CT images of a patient before and after the operation. The images before tooth extraction show the antero-posterior (A) and
coronal (B) view of 17 (arrows) with poor bone quality at the bottom of the socket. At 6 months after the implantation, the antero-
posterior (C) and coronal (D) view of the implants at 17 (arrows) showed that the end of implants were close to the bottom of the sinus.
3 讨论 到了 30 Ncm。在骨质薄弱的新鲜拔牙创开展即刻种
3.1 即刻种植骨质条件不佳的初期稳定性 植, 种植体的选择以根状种植体首选为宜。在操作层面
即刻种植面临的主要困难是不易获得足够的初期 为克服骨床凹凸不平、骨质薄弱对于制备种植窝洞
稳定性, 其根源在于拔牙创的不良骨质条件, 尤其以磨 造成的困难, 已经有尝试在多根牙拔牙之前制备种植窝
牙区多根牙拔牙创更为显著。所谓的骨质条件不佳, 具 洞[21-23]
。其设计思路是在牙根在位时, 创造出一种平坦
体表现为骨质缺损不全、 牙槽窝骨床崎岖不平而且起伏 的操作界面, 使钻头能够平稳、 精确运作,获得良好的种
度较大、 骨质薄弱等,
使种植窝洞的制备变得极为困难, 植洞形。然而这种方法仅适用于不多的理想牙根条件,
操作时工具容易打滑形成制备偏差, 薄弱骨质在工具的 存在局限性,比如: (1)如果牙根骨质粘连紧密难以拔
震动下容易崩溃, 最终可能造成植体不良就位或缺乏初 出, 制备后再拔牙不能避免破坏薄弱的窝洞骨质, 反而
期稳定性, 导致丧失种植时机。为克服骨质条件不佳也 丧失种植洞形; (2)如果牙根松散,钻头仍然难于保持平
能够获得足够的初期稳定性, 在植体的外形设计方面开 稳运作, 而且操作中牙根可能随着钻头发生运动, 进而
展了诸多的尝试努力, 比如设计成锥形植体, 使其具有 破坏薄弱的骨质,失去种植条件; (3)牙根本身溃烂不
一定的自攻性, 更易获得牢固的初期稳定性 [15-20]
。本项 堪, 则不存在形成平坦操作界面的条件; (4)需要足够锋
研究选择根状植体, 在上颌磨牙区骨质薄弱的情况下获 利的制备钻头才能达到高效切割牙齿。本研究显示, 在
得了必要的初期稳定性, 其植入扭力在部分病例甚至达 拔牙后再进行种植窝洞地制备, 可以形成合适的种植窝
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→ →
A B
← ←
C D
图2 种植示意图
Fig.2 Procedure of implantation immediately following tooth extraction. A: Tooth 17 before
extraction (arrow); B: The socket following the extraction, and the arrow indicates the cavity
for implantation; C: Anchoring of the implant (the arrow indicates the healing abutment); D:
Crown (arrow) installation.
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