How to cite

In-Text Citation Style(Source: APA Style from Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab, 2015)

All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. In-
text citations must include the author and year of publication (e.g. Reyes, 2009).

As a general rule, use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to
describe earlier research. For example:

Reyes (2009) found or Reyes (2009) has found...

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

 Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Reyes.

 If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long
or greater within the title of a source: Sense and Sensibilities. Exceptions apply to short words
that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: New York, To Be or Not To Be.
(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: To be or not to be.)

 When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born
Cyborgs.

 Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's
Vertigo."

 Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of
Oz; Friends.

 Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited
collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing
Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

When directly quoting from a work, include the author, year of publication, and the page number
for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the
author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.Use double quotation marks (“ ”)
when quoting texts verbatim. Use single quotation marks (‘ ‘) to highlight words within a quoted
statement.. To retain only the essential ideas in a long text, ellipsis(three dots) can be used to cut very
long statements. The end quotation mark follows comma, period or other closing punctuation (text .,…”).
The page number is located outside the quotation marks, and enclosed in parentheses. No period follows
the page number.

Anent to this, Donaldson (2010) said that there is a need to train learners how to participate in the
interpersonal mode of thinking and linguistic expression that are important parts of cultural heritage.
He said: “People who cannot handle this type of language are at a ‘gross disadvantage’ in every field
of study…” (p.117)
 If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication,
and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

There is a need to train learners how to participate in the interpersonal mode of thinking and
linguistic expression that are important parts of cultural heritage. Accordingly, “people who cannot
handle this type of language are at a ‘gross disadvantage’ in every field of study…” (Donaldson,
2010, p.117)

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines.
Start the quotation on a new line indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would
begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any
subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Do not use quotation marks
The parenthetical citation comes after the closing punctuation mark.

Seminal to the discussion of genre theory is Swales’ (1990) conception that:

A genre comprises of communicative events, the members of which share some set of
communicative purposes. These purposes are recognized by the expert members of the parent
0.5” discourse community, and thereby constitute the rationale for the genre. This rationale shapes the
5 schematic structure of discourse and influences and constrains the choice of content and style.
(p.13)

Summary or paraphrase

When referring to an idea from another work, butNOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publicationand not the page number in your in-text reference. Quotation marks are not needed
for paraphrased, summarized ideas.

Source Citation

Primary Source Citation

Primary source citation includes the author and year

It is usually from these two processes that employers draw contents and construct
a distinct personality for each aspirant who will eventually be hired or rejected (Popken,
2013).

Secondary Source Citation

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your
signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source
in the parentheses.The format is: (as cited in author, year). Take note that only the secondary
source is given the author-year citation.
Responding to the changes in the world of employment, Kress (as cited in Peel,
Patterson, & Gerlach, 2000) has also listed 10-point career management skills and
effective learning skills which graduates need for the new careers of the 21 st century.
 In most cases, many applicants fail to understand linguistic conventions and even
socio-cultural expectations embedded in the process and these letdowns likely result in
the failure to get a job (Drew & Gumperz as cited in Heritage, 2012).

Citing Author(s)

A Work by Two Authors:Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each
time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the
ampersand (&) in the parentheses.

Analogous to the argument raised by Ventola (1987)and Bhatia (1993), the notion of
subgenres is different in terms of their communicative purposes and the different strategies
writers use to accomplish these purposes (as cited in Berkenkotter &Huckin, 1995).

A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the
first time you cite the source.

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal
phrase or in parentheses.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal
phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or
underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.
A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name
(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention

the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first
time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
 Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: For similar ideas from different authors, citation
of idea is preferred in order to avoid long individual citations discussing the same topic.

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they
appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.

In other studies, too, status and power (i.e. TENOR), have been shown to disrupt not
only the generic structure, but also the normal state of balance or the symmetry in
communication, that is, the equal measure of turn-takings, exchanges, interruptions, and the like.
This is reflected in the choice of words and in politeness strategies adopted in both spoken and
written genres (Brown & Levinson, 1987; Fisher & Todd, 1987; Levinson, 1987; Markova &
Foppa, 1990; Upton & Connor, 2001).

Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.
(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the
same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the
reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

In case of the same author with an important idea cited in several publications, indicate the year
of publications arranged chronologically.

Theoretically, the Systemic-Functional conception of language (developed by Halliday,

1975; 1978; 1994) espouses the role of language in the social construction of life.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords: When citing an Introduction, Preface,

Foreword, or Afterwords in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

(Funk & Kolln, 1992)

Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person

communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date
of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style
(personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date
style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal
phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no
date").

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with
tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
 Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will
help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use
the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not
numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the
paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the
Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web
pages with different pagination.

Other Styles

1. Use the full word in the text and Latin abbreviations inside parentheses or tables.

The Systemic-Functional model posits that language is systemic, that is, it offers systems
of choices (e.g., the mood system, tense-aspect system) in language. These are reflected
through register (i.e., lexicogrammatical transitivity) and subsequently gives rise to the generic
text typology (Christie, 1999; Ventola, 1987).

2. Cross-referencing must be used to guide readers, especially whenthe table / figure/chart does
not appear on the same page

Table 1 (on page 27) is a summary of the different moves of application letters as
proposed by the abovementioned researchers.

3. For acronyms, state the full term during first mention of the word and parenthetical explanation
for the use of the abbreviation/acronym in subsequent mentioning of the term
Initiated 30 years ago in applied linguistics by Robert Kaplan (n.d.), Contrastive
Rhetoric (henceforth referred as CR) is premised on the insight that different cultures
have different rhetorical tendencies.
4. Use transition markers for smoother flow of ideas and make a more cohesive presentation of
ideas

Meanwhile, researches on Languages for Specific Purposes have shown the relevance of
hedges in academic discourse in that they are used as a rhetorical device communally accepted
in the discipline in making knowledge claims. Hedges, accordingly, fulfills a function in
ascertaining scientific truth as both a product of a social and an intellectual activity. For
instance, Gosden (2010) reports that writers' perception of uncertainty realized through
modality markers constitutes 7.6 percent of grammatical subjects in scientific research papers.

5. Use words for numbers 1-9. Use figures for 10 and above, except if it is the start of a
sentence. .

6. Use word “percent” in textual presentation and the figure ( % ) in parentheses and
tabular/graphical presentation
 About 90 percent of the respondents belong to the low-income bracket while only few
respondents are in the high-income group (7%).

7. Observe parallel indentation for lists or bulleted presentation

Corollary to this, the following are some of the mapped taxonomy of hedges listed by
Salager-Meyer (1993):

1. Modal auxiliary verbs (the most straightforward and widely used means of
expressing modality in English academic writing), the most tentative ones being:
may, might, can, could, would, should:

2. Adjectival, adverbial and nominal modal phrases:

2.1. probability adjectives: e.g., possible, probable, un/likely
2.2. nouns: e.g., assumption, claim, possibility, estimate, suggestion
2.3. adverbs (which could be considered as non-verbal modals): e.g., perhaps,
possibly, probably, practically, likely, presumably, virtually.(p. 10)

8. Tenses, Voice, and Point of View

In general, foreground the research using the third person point of view. (e.. "The
results indicate ... "). Avoid using the “I”, "we”

Generally, observe the use of the following tenses/voices of the verb:

Introduction

Situation Analysis : present/past tense/present perfect

Framework of the Study: present/past tense/present perfect
Problem : past/present tense

Methodology : past tense

Discussion : present/past tensepresent/past tense/

active/passive voice

Table 2 presents the distribution of respondents…

The respondents rated the materials as highly acceptable based on… This means that
the materials can be used in the schools.

Most of the respondents at the time of the study are aged 35-40.

The data revealed that

This result suggests that…

It was found out that

Summary /Conclusions : past tense

Recommendation : simple present/future tense/modals

The developed materials may be offered to…

Teachers should be provided with

Further studies on… are encouraged