Restoration of lake by setting up a reactor for production of fertilizer (using struvite crystallization)

and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

LIST OF CONTENTS.

SL CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

NO

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 COMMENTS ON LITERATURE SURVEY 8
2.2GAP IDENTIFICATION 8
2.3 DESIGN OF REACTOR FOR 8
CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS
2.4OBJECTIVES 11

3. METHODOLOGY 11

4. EXPECTED OUTCOME 12

REFERENCE 13-14

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Restoration of lake by setting up a reactor for production of fertilizer (using struvite crystallization)
and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUTION:
Fresh water available for mankind is 2.5% out of which 87% of this fresh surface water, so
availability of fresh water for human use is very less, therefore restoration of polluted lakes
have to be done to protect the available fresh surface lakes. When restoration of polluted lakes
are done there will be increase in the amount of available fresh water, including the increase in
the ground water quantity, protection of aquatic life could be achieved.

A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, apart from any
river or other outlet that serves to feed or dra in the lake. There are 11 types of lakes out of
which Lentic Lake is a lake where water is stagnant. Most of the lakes have vanished due to
encroachment and construction activity for urban infrastructure expansion. The city once had
280-285 lakes of which 7 cannot be traced, 7 are reduced to small pools of water, 18 have been
unauthorized encroached by slums and private parties, 14 have dried up and are leased out by
the Government. 28 lakes have been used by the Bangalore Development Authority to
distribute sites and build extensions for residential areas. The remaining lakes are in fairly
advanced state of deterioration.

Restoration of lakes are done when there is excess amount of nutrients present in the lake. Lake
restoration is a broad term used for different techniques aiming to bring a lake back to or
closer to anthropogenically undisturbed conditions. Usually, lake restoration refers to
methods used inside the lake, but sometimes it also refers to measures taken outside the lake
such as reduction of the external nutrient loading by improved waste water treatment.
Eutrophication occurs mostly in lakes; eutrophication mainly occurs d ue to excessive
nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, these water bod ies are able to support an
abundance of aquatic plants. Usually, the water body will be dominated either by aquatic
plants or algae.

Restoration of lake produces sludge which can be used for fertilizer. Production of fertilizer
from sludge is done by the method called struvite crystallization. Struvite is a white crystal
which is formed in neural or mild alkali conditions. Nucleation and crystal growth are two steps
for struvite crystallization from generation to growth. The molar ratio of magnesium and
phosphate, and solution pH are the key factors to control. Struvite crystallization is used for
Phosphate fertilizer to provide sustainable phosphorus usage. It is an effective alternative
source of rock phosphate to maintain the agricultural production system. The slower
nutrient leaching loss and its fertilizer quality make struvite an ecofriendly fertilizer.

Filtration is the main step in restoration of lake. Filtration is a general term that refers to any
system or process that is used to filter out particles and pollutants from water. The main
advantages of filtration is more effective contaminant removal, multiple filtration ratings
reliability, reduced environmental impact ,increased efficiency ,easy operation is obtained.

Powdered marble wastes generated by marble industry with abundant amounts can be used as
low-cost materials to investigate the phosphate anions removal from synthetic solutions.
Marble powder is nothing but calcium carbonate since marble consists 90% of calcium
carbonate crystals in it. For pH>8 cationic species, such as Ca 2+, CaHCO 3+ and CaOH+
rendering the mineral surface positively charged. For pH > 8, negative species prevail but
concentration of the positive species is considered and is dominant. When marble powder
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and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

(calcium carbonate) is added to water at higher pH (basic condition) Calcium hydroxide form
an aggregate structure which is proposed to have involved in the removal of various water
quality parameters in this study. Calcium hydroxide surface is positive charge or electron
deficient species which induces electrostatic force of attraction with negative ions. Alkalinity in
water is due to carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides ions. Hardness in water is due presence
of ions of calcium and magnesium. These ions gets adhere on the surface of CaOH+ formed on
addition of marble powder. Hence powder, at the beginning there is decrease in concentration
and then increase. Marble powder can be used for treatment of lake water, where the results
achieved for different parameters will be within the drinking water standards.

ZLD i.e. zero liquid demand is a treatment process designed to remove all the liquid waste from
a system. The focus of ZLD is to reduce wastewater economically and produce clean water that
is suitable for reuse (e.g. irrigation), thereby saving money and being beneficial to the
environment.

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Restoration of lake by setting up a reactor for production of fertilizer (using struvite crystallization)
and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER 2.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Saraf, et.al.[5] from this paper a report had been prepared with a view to restore Dau Ka Talab,
with a proposal of beautification of this pond in durg district, Chhattisgarh. The objective of
this paper is to restore Lake Catchment. Long-term lake conservation plan is a complex
undertaking that must deal with sociology as well as biology. The decision to restore or protect
a particular lake has to be based on a thorough study of the lake, its watershed, and the
commitment oftime and money necessary for long-term management. The study recommends
that all lakes be assessed for their chemical and physical properties. From the physico-chemical
analysis conducted it is clear that the water is highly polluted with excess nutrient content.
From the experiment conducted at lab scale, the addition of marble powder enhanced in the
removal of concentration of various parameters and thus improving water quality. The
optimum dosage and contact time obtained for Kukkarahalli lake water sample was 150mg/L at
20minutes contact time whereas for Lingambudi lake it was 100mg/L at 30minutes contact
time. The concentration of total alkalinity, total hardness obtained for the optimum dosage
matched the drinking water standards. Even phosphate and nitrate concentration was reduced
up to 50%.

Teurlincx, et.al.[8] from this paper it can be inferred that external nutrient loading is the main
driver of eutrophication, affecting primary production and thereby the rest of the food web.
This has a negative impact on the ecological state of the water and its functions and services.
While the response of ecological processes to eutrophication is not likely to differ in urb an
waters compared to rural or natural waters, the sources of the nutrient loads are markedly
different. Human activities also contribute to eutrophication through runoff from recreational
areas such as golf courses, feeding of ducks and other urban wildlife, baiting and feeding by
anglers and sewage dumps from recreational boating. The residential areas in the urban
landscape also contribute strongly to the nutrient loading of urban waters, not only through
wastewater flows (both treated and untreated sewa ge water , including sewage and septic tank
overflows but also through less obvious routes such as runoff from gardens.
In contrast to the nutrient sources from agricultural lands, which are largely comprised of N and
P, urban nutrient sources may also contain large amounts of carbon (C) that is directly
deposited into the water system (e.g. feces, sewage).
Furthermore, high loading will stimulate microbial populations responsible for anaerobic
processes, including fermentation, methanogenesis, anammox and denitrification, leading to
increased CH4 emission sand increased N 2 O emission in N-rich systems.

Amico et.al.[7] from this paper odonate assemblages were assessed in the 2032 m littoral
quadrats at each site Exuviae were collected bimonthly (i.e., twice a month) between May and
August 1998 by a 1- h search at the beginning of the afternoon. This seasonal period is effective
in detecting all except small numbers of early (e.g., Pyrrhosoma nymphula) and late species
(some Aeshna). Sampling was always performed at least 5 days after the last unfavorable
weather conditions. All sampling always involved the same person.

Among the chemical data, only turbidity and conductivity varied significantly between limed
and unlimed sites, whereas pH was near- neutral or alkaline in all the lakes.

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and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

Hall et.al.[9] from this paper it can be inferred that focusing on the drivers of ecosystem
functions (e.g., vegetation, hydrology, soil, and landform), instead of individual mandated
response indicators, using the proper functioning condition (PFC) approach, as a best
management practice (BMP), in conjunction with other tools and management strategies, can
lead to pro-active policies and approaches, which support positive change in an ecosystem or
watershed, and in water quality improvement.

The North Umpqua River is a tributary to the Umpqua River, which headwaters are in the low-
relief provision of the Cascade Mountains of southwestern Oregon. This portion of the
Cascades is underlain by highly permeable Pliocene and Quaternary lava flows, which have
low rates of surface-water run on and sediment transport. Forest management prior to 1970
predominantly consisted of extensive “clear cutting”.

Maintaining viable, economically sustainable, forest or agricultural land, is a key element in

any federal, state, or local water quality protection program. Implementing a forest, or grazing
management plan, and measures to minimize water quality impairment due to forest harvesting
and associated activities, is the responsibility of the owners of the land. Therefore, land
management measures to reduce upland (i.e., forest, agricultural) NPS run should focus on
restoration of ecosystem physical functions.

Obolewski, et.al.[11] from this paper water and macroinvertebrate samples were collected in
spring, summer, autumn and winter before restoration in 2008 (i.e. T + 0) and 1, 3, 4 and 5
years after restoration (T +1, T + 3, T +4, T + 5, respectively). In T + 3 samples were not
collected in winter. Before the reconnection, water and macro invertebrate samples were
collected from two sites in the arms (sites A and C) and one in the middle part of both oxbow
lakes (sites B). After the reconnection, site A’ was added at the mouth of the newly built
upstream arm.
The increased water flow rate observed from autumn T + 0 to spring T + 1 and from autumn T
+ 3 to spring T + 4, with average flow rate values of 0.14 and 0.18 m3 s-1, respectively, was
followed by a decrease observed since the summer of T + 4, when the average flow rate was
0.05 m3 s-1.

Matyniaa, et.al.[2] from this paper recovery of phosphate(V) ions from the phosphorus mineral
fertilizers industry wastewater ran according to technological scheme presented in Fig. 1. The
reagents: wastewater (from Z.Ch. POLICE S.A., Poland, of pH 3.8 and chemical composition
presented in Table 1), magnesium chloride hexa-hydrate MgCl2 ·6H2 O and ammonium chloride
NH4 Cl, were stored in transitional tanks. These were then introduced into the mixer, where
substrates dosed in a crystalline form were dissolved in wastewater. The jet pump systems in
the crystallizers used in the presented research were designed to keep the ratio of mass stream
of suspension being the subject of suction and solution provided into jet pump’s feeding nozzle
constant. Thus jet pump’s ejection degree u was in each studied case identical, ca. 6.

The sparingly soluble salt, MgNH4 PO4 .6H2O, struvite, was produced from the phosphorus
mineral fertilizers industry wastewater. For continuous reaction crystallization of this salt
crystalline magnesium and ammonium chlorides were applied. Process was carried out in three
experimental plants. Original crystallizers with internal circulation of suspension driven by
liquid jet pump, of working volumes Vw 1.2, 15 and 36 dm3, were applied. Feeding nozzle of a
jet pump was set in a bottom of each apparatus, providing thus ascending suspension
movement in their mixing chambers. Influence of process control parameters (pH) on the
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quality of product manufactured in these crystallizers was identified experimentally.

Rahman, et.al.[1] from this paper review covers the studies conducted on the removal and
recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewaters through struvite crystallization.
Wastewater which contains a high amount of phosphorus and nitrogen would be a good source
of struvite. Struvite precipitation occurs in an equimolecular concentration of Mg2+, NHþ 4 and
PO3/4 at slightly alkaline conditions. Addition of a source of Mg is essential to maintain the
favorable condition of PO 4 and Mg. Different factors such as Mg:PO 4 molar ratio, pH, aeration
rate, reactor types, as well as P and N removal efficiencies were also discussed throughout this
review.

The pH plays an important role during the struvite precipitation process. Struvite or MAP can
be precipitated at a wide range of pH (7.0–11.5), but the suitable pH ranges between 7.5 to 9.0
Efficiency of MAP precipitation depends on the concentration and molar ratios of Mg2+, NHþ 4
, & PO 3_4 , pH, aeration rate, temperature, and presence of Ca2+ in the reacting media. The rate
of pH decrease reflects the speed of crystal growth rate and also influences the quality of
precipitated crystals. So, pH might be used as an indicator of struvite nucleation. Influent pH is
also important in transforming of NHþ4 ions into gaseous ammonia through ammonia stripping.
Air flow plays an important role in the removal of NH4 -N from the solution. Air flow agitates
the solution and creates a removal pathway for dissolved ammo nia to volatilize from the
solution.

A pilot-scale crystallization reactor continuously fed with synthetic liquors with two concentric
stainless steel meshes that were immerged in the upper section. They found that the system
combining two concentric meshes placed in the enlarged section of the pilot-scale
crystallization reactor could accumulate struvite at a rate of 7.6 g m_2 h_1 under optimum
conditions of precipitation and also to achieve 81% PO 4 removal.
Another process was also equipped with a draft type circular tube with a three-paddled
propeller. PO 4 , Mg and NH4 were added in a ratio of 1:1:1 and 1:1.2:1 in a varied pH and fixed
temperature. High-quality elongated crystals were produced through this crystallizer. It was
also found that the unit process yield was small with this process condition and thus, a lower
economic efficiency of a whole production plant was reported. Successful steady-state
operation in the continuous reaction crystallization process was found where continuous
struvite reaction crystallization process ran in original jet-pump crystallizers of various scales,
which operate successfully in a continuous regime
Struvite crystallization process is an effective eco-friendly process that removes and recovers P
and N from wastewaters. The hazardous elements in wastewaters (mainly NH4 and PO 4 ) might
be converted to a valuable resource through this process. So, the optimization of Mg molar
ratio, pH level, aeration rate, reaction time and temperature would enhance the quality as well
as production. About 90–94% P and half of the N are recovered as struvite during the
crystallization process.

Egle. et.al.[10] from this paper it can be inferred that the methodology of material flow
analysis applied to track the path of P and the selected heavymetals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni,
Pb, and Zn) fromthe source (WWTP input) to the final recovered material, wastes or other
emissions (output). In the MFA, input and output flows, possible stocks and changes in stocks
are balanced in the defined system for a defined period of one year. The goal is the
identification of transfer coefficients for the selected processes.

Due to substance transformations, this method cannot be applied to organic micropollutants

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(OMs) and pathogens. Therefore, the path of OMs and pathogens is assessed by the comparison
of the load in the reference sewage sludge and the load in the recovered material, if data are
available.

With simultaneous P removal from wastewater, approximately 90% of P is transferred into the
sewage sludge. Therefore, the recycling rate with a direct agricultural sewage sludge
application is 90% with regard to WWTP influent with simultaneous P removal from
wastewater, approximately 90% of P is transferred into the sewage sludge. Therefore, the
recycling rate with a direct agricultural sewage sludge application is 90% with regard to
WWTP influent.

Tarragó, et.al. [6] From this paper five tests of 1 h were carried out in duplicate at five up- flow
velocities (13.3, 15.4, 17.0, 22.6, 24.9 and 26.3 m h_1 ) to find out the influence of the up- flow
velocity on struvite particles’ size. The up-flow velocity was controlled by modifying the air-
flow applied at 1, 1.5, 2, 5, 7.5 and 10 L min_1 , respectively. Samples were taken periodically
(25.5, 48.5, 69.5 and 138.6 h) from the collector to determine particle size distribution through
time. In all tests, struvite crystal size, recovery efficiency and purity conditions were analyzed.
By increasing the air-flow rate (so the up- flow velocity), the density of the liquid is decreased
and a higher recirculation flow is induced, increasing the minimum theoretical equivalent
diameter that can be recovered. Theoretical approach was confirmed with the experimental
results for the different up-flow velocities tested, as only bigger particles than the minimum
theoretical equivalent diameter were recovered.
By applying higher up- flow velocities, bigger struvite particles were recovered, without
affecting recovery efficiency. Struvite particle size can be promoted up to 800–1000 lm by
operating the crystallizer in continuous mode.

Monica. et.al [3] from this paper the recrystallization of limestone at intense pressure and heat
of geologic processes results in formation of marble. Marble primarily consists of mineral
calcite (CaCO 3 ) and other minerals like clay mineral, mica, silica, iron oxide. They are
commonly called as Calcite.

When marble powder (calcium carbonate) is added to water at higher pH (basic condition)
Calcium hydroxide form an aggregate structure which is proposed to have involved in the
removal of various water quality parameters in this study. Calcium hydroxide surface is
positive charge or electron deficient species which induces electrostatic force of attraction with
negative ions. At the beginning there is decrease in concentration and then increase but this is
up to 150 mg/L and 100 mg/L as in case of Kukkarahalli lake water and Lingambudi lake
water.

When pH exceeds 9 calcite sorbs phosphorous very well. The removal of phosphorus is
achieved about 41% (Kukkarahalli Lake) and about 50% (Lingambudi Lake) with the
precipitation of hydroxyapatite.
10 CaCO3 + 6 HPO 42 + 2 H2 O Ca10 (PO 4 )6(OH) 2 + 10 HCO3

Shreyas BV. et.al.[4] from this paper it can be inferred that study was carried out twice one for
Kukkarahalli lake water sample and the other for Lingambudi lake water. Each of the jar was
filled with one litre of respective lake water sample. To this sample of water the optimum
dosage of buffer obtained from both the lakes was sprinkled in all the jars. The initial
characteristic of various parameters was measured. Each day analysis of various physico
chemical parameters like pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, phosphate and nitrate
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was determined for the stabilization period. To each jar 100 mg of marble powder was added as
in case of Lingambudi lake water and 150 mg for Kukkarahalli lake water. Each day physico-
chemical analysis was done for parameters like pH, total alkalinity, total alkalinity, total
hardness, phosphate and nitrate. The dosage of marble powder for both the lentic lakes was
determined by using Jar Test at different contact period of time.

The studies showed that Kukkarahalli lake water requires 6 days to stabilize without
undergoing mixing process at a dosage of 150mg/L. Similarly, the parameter value kept on
decreasing with increase in time and after a period of 6 days for Lingambuddi Lake. This
means Lingambudi lake water requires 6 days to stabilize without undergoing mixing process
at a dosage of 100mg/L. At 10th day the phosphate and nitrate removal efficiency was about
50-60% for both the water samples. Application of marble powder to the lake directly requires
careful examination and to get better results it must be evenly distributed throughout the lake.

2.1 COMMENTS ON LITERATURE SURVEY:

From the above listed literature reviews it can be conclude that restoration of lakes had been
adopted and has to adopt to protect lakes. In the above all literature survey water was not
purified to portable water standards.

Struvite crystallization is used for production of fertilizer from sludge, mainly phosphorous
content from sewage waste water was removed, this process is done for sewage waste water.
Chemicals like Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium chloride and Magnesium sulphate are used for
producing the crystals.

There are different types of fertilizer i.e., based on the composition of fertilizer, one of its forms
can be produced by using marble powder as a coagulant during purification of water.

2.2 GAP IDENTIFICATION:

 Restoration of lake, struvite crystallization to produce fertilizers and denitrification and
nitrification for lakes are done separately, here in this project we try to combine all three
together and make the selected lake have an environment for aquatic growth.
 In bangalore restoration of lakes is done for few lakes namely
 Kyalasanahalli lake near Anekal,
 Vabasandra lake near Bommasandra where restoration work has started, here lakes are
restored and the silt, mud is used for construction of small scale islands in the lake and
the water after restoration is not completely used for mankind i.e., the lake water is not
totally purified and it is not completely fit for irrigation , hence this water has to go on
further purification processes which can be done in this project. Here the sludge
whichever is formed after purification can be used for production of sludge using
marble powder and some organic material.
 Industrial byproducts like Fly ash, Marble powder, granite powder glass powder can be
used for generating the fertilizer.
 In any restoration of Lake Project there is no usage of a reactor, in this project a design
of reactor will be set up.
 Here a pilot scale rector will be designed for a lake.

2.3Design of Reactor for Crystallization process:

The reactor was designed and fabricated to carry out the experiment to produce the struvite
fertilizer ‹n larger quantity. The type of the reactor is blade agitator reactor consisting of two
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blades of l03mm length (total length) attached to stainless steel rod of depth 150mm and
thickness of 5mm. The blades are attached using welding at the end of the stainless steel rod.
This stainless steel rod is attached to the aluminum shaft of length 80mm, diameter of l20mm
and hollow in nature. The stainless steel rod is attached to the aluminum shaft through Allen
holes made at the bottom and threads formed inside the shaft. The aluminum shaft is connected
to the motor fixed on the plate of the reactor through the allen holes made at the top of the shaft
and the threads within it. Thus by this way the blades, stainless steel rod and aluminum shaft
were fixed to the motor.
The motor is fixed on the top of the plate using araldite (a standard epoxy adhesive gum), so
that the motor wouldn’t come out from the plate when the reactor is runned. The motor weighs
half kilograms. The whole reactor can resist this weight, as the reactor is made of Acrylic glass
material (also known as plexiglass) which can easily resist this weight.
The stainless steel weighs more than aluminum. If the total weight of all the blades, rod and
shaft reaches above the weight of a motor fixed to the reactor, results in shaking the reactor and
may also damages the whole reactor. Thus the total weight of whole blades, rod and shaft
should be minimum or less compared to the weight of the motor. Hence, to reduce the weight
under the motor, aluminum is used to make the shaft and it is hollow in nature.
The same aluminium is not used to make the rod, because lesser the weight used to rotate the
blades and mix the wastewater of 5 litres with the magnesium source of 25g, will make the rod
bend accordingly. This results in initial loss within the reactor, while bent rod won’t mix the
wastewater with magnesium sources properly. Meanwhile, the weight of the whole blades, t6d
and shaft has not exceeded the single weight of the motor,
The motor gets heated when the reactor is continuously runned. But it has no effect on the plate
or the reactor, as the melting point of the acrylic material which has been used to make the
reactor is 160°C. This material can easily bear the heat produced by the motor.
The motor which has been used in this project to rotate the blades is initially a motor of an
exhaust fan. The motor has a voltage of 220V- 250V and has a capacity of 30W power.
Initially the motor can also easily rotates to a speed of above 1 J 00rpm Without any shaft or
brides attached to it, AS the motor carries the weight of all rod, shaft and blades, the speed of
that motor is still above 500rpm. While mixing the 5 liters of wastewater with 25g of
magnesium sources, the speed of the motor still reaches above 200rpm.
A dome shape of 90mm depth is provided at the bottom of the reactor to hold or to easy the
settled precipitate formed from in the wastewater. Initially the dome shaped piece provided at’
the bottom of the reactor can hold the water up to 1 liter, i.e., it is of 1 liter capacity. All the
sediments and suspended particles will be settled on the dome shaped piece. Any shaped piece
can be provided at the bottom of the reactor, but it is not as economical as dome shaped piece.
The precipitate can be easily removed from the using this shaped piece and it also easy to clean
and maintain.
A tap is provided above the dome shaped piece to a height of 95mm from the bottom of the
reactor to ease the work of letting out supernatant from the reactor so that all the supernatant
water getting out, it is now easy to collect the precipitate manually.
The reactor is of depth 250mm, diameter of l80mm and is in cylindrical shape in nature, which
has a capacity of 7.5 liters and made of acryclic material. Electic current is must and should
require to rim the reactor. The reactor is fully known as blade agitator reactor as mentioned
previously. Acryclic glass material is used for making the reactor because of its transparent
characteristics and its minimal weight.
As the reactor can’t stand alone because of the dome shaped piece provided at it’s bottom,
it is fixed to a stand. This stand is also of acrylic material and in circular shape. It is an extra
piece attached to the bottom of the reactor to make the reactor stand firm while running and
while not running.
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The figure - 3.16, below shows the pictorial representation of the tractor which was designed
and setup, and the table - 3.16 shows the dimensions and the speculations of each materials
used in reactor for the purpose of struvite crystallization process.
The figure - 3.16, below shows the pictorial representation of the tractor which was designed
and setup, and the table - 3.16 shows the dimensions and the speculations of each materials
used in reactor for the purpose of struvite crystallization process.

Table showing the results of Ragi plant growth (finger millet) using urea as
chemical fertilizer and using struvite fertilizer.

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2.4 OBJECTIVES:
Main objective:
The main objective of the present investigation is to restore Lentic Lake by NFSC
method for production of fertilizer and continuous recycling of water.

Specific objective:
Following are the specific objectives;
 To characterize the various physicochemical characteristic of lentic lake water sample.
 To set up a reactor for recycling of water from lentic lake by NFSC method to
determine physicochemical and biological characteristic.
 To reuse the sludge as fertilizer by struvite crystallization by using marble powder as a
coagulant.
CHAPTER 3.
METHODOLOGY

 By using sampling technique as per standard norms, sample will be collected from the
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lake.
 After collection of sample physicochemical characteristics will be determined using
laboratory analysis, physical characteristics such as ph, turbidity, color, odor,
temperature, etc., and chemical characteristics such as BOD, DO, alkalinity, COD,
nitrites, iron, etc.
 An experimental set up will be prepared for a lake.
 This set up will consist of set of process where the first step is production of fertilizer
by struvite crystallization where struvite will be added for waste water and sludge will
be formed, this sludge rich in phosphorus which is further converted into fertilizer.
 Later the water which has undergone struvite crystallization will be further purified
through filtration process.
 Here water is filtered to required standards, but there will be some amount of nitrogen
form content present in the filtered water, hence it will undergo further purification
using nitrification and de- nitrification process for removal of nitrogen content in water.
 Coagulant is used for production of fertilizer which is obtained from the process of
struvite crystallization.
 By using this whole process portable water will be produced and complete ZLD will be
obtained.

CHAPTER 4.
EXPECTED OUTCOME:
 Restoration of lentic lake by NFSC method using a reactor for production of fertilizer
and continuous recycling of water will be carried out.
 Various physical-chemical will be characterized for the lentic lake water sample.
 A rector will be set up for recycling of water from the lentic lake for further purification
of water when the lake water gets contaminated.
 The produced sludge from the process will be converted into fertilizer from struvite
crystallization and by the coagulant i.e. marble powder.

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REFERENCE:

1. Md. Mukhlesur Rahman ,Mohamad Amran Mohd. Salleh, Umer Rashid ,

Amimul Ahsan , Mohammad Mujaffar Hossain , Chang Six Ra
Production of slow release crystal fertilizer from wastewaters through struvite
crystallization – A review
Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014) 7, pg-139-155.

2. Andrzej Matyniaa, Boguslawa Wierzbowskaa, Nina Hutnika, Agata Mazienczuka, Anna

Kozika, Krzysztof Piotrowskib.
Separation of struvite from mineral fertilizer industry wastewater
Procedia Environmental Sciences 18 ( 2013 ),pg-765-774.

3. Monica B and B P Shivakumar.

Treatability studies for nutrient removal using marble powder to restore Kukkarahalli
lake and Lingambudi lake of Mysuru city
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 , July -2016, pg-1839-1845.

4. Shreyas BV, Deepthi B P and Dr. K N Vishwanath.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Analysis of Stabilisation Period of Two Lentic Lake with Marble Powder.

5. MALLIKA SARAF, Dr. SINDHU J. NAIR

RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF URBAN LAKES
Volume 2,Issue 6, June -2015,pg- 315-323.

6. E. Tarragó, S. Puig , M. Ruscalleda, M.D. Balaguer, J, Colprim

Controlling struvite particles’ size using the up-flow velocity
LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17003
Girona, Catalonia, Spain, pg 819-827.

7. F. D’Amico,1,2 Ste´phanie Darblade,3 S. Avignon,4 Ste´phanie Blanc-Manel,5 and S. J.

Ormerod
Odonates as Indicators of Shallow Lake Restoration by Liming: Comparing Adult and
Larval Responses
Restoration Ecology Vol. 12 No. 3, pg-439-446.

8. Sven Teurlincx, Jan J Kuiper, Ellen CM Hoevenaar, Miquel Lurling, Robert J

Brederveld, Annelies J Veraart, Annette BG Janssen, Wolf M Mooij and LisetteN de
Senerpont Domis.
Towards restoring urban waters: understanding the main pressures
Elsevier B.V 2018 ,pg-49-58.

9. Eric S. Hall , Robert K. Hall , Joan L. Aron , Sherman Swanson , Michael J. Philbin ,
Robin J. Schafer , Tammy Jones-Lepp , Daniel T. Heggem , John Lin , Eric Wilson and
Howard Kahan .
Department of civil engineering, DSATM Page 13
Restoration of lake by setting up a reactor for production of fertilizer (using struvite crystallization)
and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

An Ecological Function Approach to Managing HarmfulCyanobacteria in Three Oregon

Lakes:Beyond Water Quality Advisories and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)
May 2019, pg-1-19.

10. L. Egle , H. Rechberger, J. Krampe , M. Zessner.

Phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater: An integrated comparative
technological, environmental and economic assessment of P recovery technologies
Science of the Total Environment 571 (2016), pg-522-542.

11. Krystian Obolewski . Katarzyna Glin´ska-Lewczuk,Małgorzata O_zgo . Aleksander

Astel.
Connectivity restoration of floodplain lakes: an assessment based on macroinvertebrate
communities
Hydrobiologia (2016), pg-23-37.

Department of civil engineering, DSATM Page 14

Restoration of lake by setting up a reactor for production of fertilizer (using struvite crystallization)
and continuous recycling of water. INNOVATION SOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT.

Department of civil engineering, DSATM Page 15