Machine Design & CAD-I

Lab Report No. 1

Introduction of CAD
What is CAD?
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the technology concerned with the use of
computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and
optimization of a design.
CAD (computer-aided design) software is used by architects, engineers,
drafters, artists, and others to create precision drawings or technical
illustrations. CAD software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-D)
drawings or three-dimensional (3-D) models.
CAD software has all but replaced the T-squares and protractors used by the
designers of yesterday in a process known as manual drafting, the traditional
'pencil on paper' approach to engineering and design.

Two-Dimensional CAD
2D CAD models are what most of us are familiar with. These models are flat,
two-dimensional drawings that provide overall dimensions, layouts, and
information needed to reproduce or build the subject. Examples of these types
of drawings are found in a variety of industries including aerospace,
architecture, automotive, cartography, civil engineering, interior design,
landscaping, and even fashion.
If you have ever built a house, you probably haven't forgotten the small fortune
you had to fork over for your floor plans. The architect you purchased them
from almost certainly used CAD to create them. This photo shows a two-
dimensional floor plan drawn with CAD software. It looks messy, but this one
image contains most of the information that a builder would need to construct
the inside of this house.
Three-Dimensional CAD
3D CAD models have uses similar to those of 2D CAD models. Then why the
distinction? A three-dimensional CAD model provides greater detail about the
individual components and assemblies of a physical object. In other words, 3D
models show you how something fits together and operates rather than just how
big it is and its overall shape. There isn't a great need for 3D modelling when it
comes to floor plans, but what about the world of mechanics? The intricate
pieces used in the automotive or manufacturing industries, for instance, might
be best represented by a 3D model such as this one.
What does CAD software enable?
 Efficiency in the quality of design
 Increase in the Engineer’s productivity
 Improve record keeping through better documentation and
communication
Today, the use of CAD has permeated almost all industries. From aerospace,
electronics to manufacturing, CAD is used in all industry verticals. Since CAD
encourages creativity and speeds up productivity, it is becoming more and more
useful as an important tool for visualization before actually implementing a
manufacturing process. That is also one of the reasons CAD training is gaining
more and more importance.

What do you use AutoCAD for?

Uses of AutoCAD helps to create blueprints for engine valves and engine spare
parts for manufacturing with accurate measurement. The designed blueprint will
be carried with the job for its complete stages of start to delivery in between
production teams, quality team and machine handling teams review the design
in case of any issues of understanding and continue machining with the
reference of blueprint drafters can be done in two types wiring diagram and
surface model diagram for use in the manufacturing, assembling, and repairing
of Parts. It’s also used for tracking the number of orders completed in a required
time span.
Applications
 Aerospace calls their final design as an assembly.
 Automotive call their final design as Parts design.
  Electrical and electronics call their final design as Blueprint and Circuit
design.
 Rail and marine call their final design as Layout or Blueprint.
 Structural and civil call their final design as Layout.

Advantages of AutoCAD
 AutoCAD as an architectural planning tool
It comes with a user-interface with built-in design lay-outs. The lay-outs
contain numerous templates specially designed for architectural planning and
building construction. The latest versions of AutoCAD come with analytical
tools. The tools can analyse the components of the building to troubleshoot
stress and load levels of building supports. AutoCAD enables architects to
design, plan, execute and analyse the strength of a building, at design stage
level.

 AutoCAD as an engineering drafting tool

You can use AutoCAD to draw accurate 2D drawings for any engineering
domain and also use AutoCAD to render to 3D models to help in
visualization of the end product. It is useful for Civil, Mechanical and
Electrical systems. It helps engineers to design, analyse and solve design
issues resulting in accurate designs.

 AutoCAD as a graphic design tool

AutoCAD has innate features that enable users to plan and map out spaces
and take advantage of the space available. It can be used simultaneously with
3D Max and various other application software’s including animation tools.

 AutoCAD in 3D Printing
For a 3D print of an object, one has to choose the object, get a virtual 3D
representation and then feed it to the 3D printer. A 3D print has its own
advantages for designers and this is where AutoCAD helps them. It ensures
file compatibility so that designs can be exported to various preferred
formats.

 AutoCAD in the fashion industry

Every pattern and design of jewellery does not come by chance; it is the
result of careful planning and designing. AutoCAD has the tools necessary
for planning intricate designs for manufacture of jewellery, toys and other
delicate objects.

 AutoCAD as industrial design tool

AutoCAD helps to reduce manufacturing costs as it saves time and efforts
required for manual designing.
The Advantages of AutoCAD Vs. Manual Drafting
When drafting designs, you have the option of doing it manually or using a
software program such as AutoCAD. While some prefer to draft manually,
AutoCAD provides you with some advantages you cannot get with a pencil
and sheet of drafting paper. If you are thinking about trying to save the
money and skip using AutoCAD, it is usually worth your time to make the
investment.
Access
One of the advantages of using AutoCAD over using regular manual drafting
techniques is that you can access your drawings from anywhere. With
AutoCAD technology, you can save your drawing on a remote server and
then access it from any computer or Internet-connected device. This can save
you from having to carry your materials around with you. If you forget to
bring your drawing with you, you can simply pull it up on a computer from
anywhere.
3D Views
Another advantage that AutoCAD has over manual drafting is the ability to
look at your drawings in 3D. While you can try to make 3D drawings, they
typically will not be as realistic as what you can see on AutoCAD. When
you use AutoCAD, you can bring your drawings to life and help your clients
see what they will be getting from a project. It helps with the visualization
process and makes your drawings appear more realistic.
Save Time
Using AutoCAD technology can provide you with a way to save a
substantial amount of time over having to draw manually. When you use
manual techniques, you must physically draw every line and make sure that
it is in the appropriate place. With AutoCAD, you can simply point and
click. If you need to change something, you can edit it very quickly. This
 allows you to get drafting projects done quicker so that you can move on to
other things.
Industry Standard
Another reason that you may want to utilize AutoCAD technology is that it
is the industry standard. AutoCAD software is used by many professionals in
the design field. If you need to send a design to someone else, you can be
certain that he will be able to access it. If you draft manually, you may not be
able to send drawings and information as easily. When you use other design
programs, others may not be able to access them.

Commands in AutoCAD
The list of commands in AutoCAD that we have studied in our week 1 and
week 2 is given as bellow:
 Line
 Construction Line
 Relative Coordinates
 Polyline
 Arc
 Pan
 Ellipse
 Hatch
 Spline
 Area
 Scale
 Units
 Construction line
 Mirror
 Hidden Lines
 Erase
 Point/Multiple point
 Plot
 Offset
Construction Line
Construction lines (also known as xlines) are temporary line work entities that
can be used as references when creating and positioning other objects or line
work. Construction lines are either circles or straight lines that extend to infinity
in both directions.

Line
With LINE, you can create a series of continuous line segments. Each segment
is a line object that can be edited separately.

Relative Coordinates
Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative coordinates
when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point.

Polyline
Creates a 2D polyline, a single object that is composed of line and arc segments.
2D polyline is a connected sequence of segments created as a single planar
object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a combination of
the two.

Arc
AutoCAD provides eleven different ways to create arcs. The different options
are used based on the geometry conditions of the design. To create an arc, you
can specify various combinations of centre, endpoint, start point, radius, angle,
chord length, and direction values.

Pan
Shifts the view without changing the viewing direction or magnification.
Position the cursor at the start location and press the left mouse button down.
Drag the cursor to the new location. You can also press the mouse scroll wheel
or middle button down and drag the cursor to pan.
Ellipse
The AutoCAD Ellipse command provides a straightforward way to draw an
ellipse: You specify the two endpoints of one of its axes and then specify an
endpoint on the other axis. Like the Arc command.

Hatch
To Hatch or Fill an Object or an Area. Click Home Tab Draw panel Hatch. On
the Properties panel Hatch Type list, select the type of hatch that you want to
use. On the Pattern panel, click a hatch pattern or fill. On the Boundaries panel,
specify the how the pattern boundary is selected

Spline
Creates a smooth curve that passes through or near a set of fit points, or that is
defined by the vertices in a control frame. SPLINE creates curves called non
uniform rational B-splines (NURBS), referred to as splines for simplicity.
Splines are defined either with fit points, or with control vertices.

Area
Select Object from this prompt and click on the boundary of Rectangle or Circle
for which you want to find the area. The area of the object will appear above
command line along with its perimeter or circumference.

Scale
Type SCALE into the command line and press Enter. Select the image you want
to scale and press Enter. Click at the base point. Press R for reference. Click at
the first point of the known dimension, then select the end point of said
dimension. Enter the "true length" of said dimension and press Enter.

Unit
Click utilities drawing setup. Click the Units tab. Under Drawing Units, select
the desired units. To scale objects that you insert into the current drawing from
drawings with different drawing units, select Scale Objects Inserted from Other
Drawings. Under Length, select a unit type and desired precision.
Text
Click Home Tab Annotation Panel Single Line Text. Specify the insertion point.
Enter a height or click to specify the height of the text. Enter an angle value or
click to specify the rotation angle. Enter the text

Plot
Click Output Tab Plot Panel Plot. Find. Select a plotter. Select paper size, plot
area, plot scale, orientation and other options. For additional options, click the
More Options button.

Move
Click the Move button on the Modify panel of the Home Tab. Select at least one
object. Press Enter when you finish selecting objects. Specify a base point by
clicking a point or typing coordinates.

Offset
Click the Offset button on the Home Tab’s Modify panel, or enter Offset and
press Enter. Type an offset distance and press Enter. Select a single object, such
as a line, a polyline, or an arc. Point to one side or the other of the object and
then click.

Point/Multiple Points
Enter MULTIPLE at the command line and you can then enter the command
that you want to use the multiple command with. For example, if you want to
draw a lot of circles in various locations and sizes or if you want to move
multiple objects in succession, enter multiple on the command line.

Mirror
Click the Mirror button on the Home Tab’s Modify panel, or enter MI and press
Enter. Select at least one object, and press Enter to end the object selection.
Specify the start of the mirror line by clicking a point or typing coordinates.

Array
Type Array in the command line or select. Select the object you would like to
array. Enter or select the centre point of rotation for the object. Select a method
of array. Enter the number of items to array. Enter the array angle. Enter the
angle between the objects.

Stretch
Specifies the portion of the object that you want to stretch. Use the polygon
option or the crossing object selection method. Press Enter when the selection is
complete. STRETCH moves only the vertices and endpoints that lie inside the
crossing selection, leaving those outside unchanged.

Break
If you want to cut an object into two pieces without removing anything, click
the Break at Point button on the Modify panel's slide out. On the Ribbon's
Home tab, click the label of the Modify panel to open its slide out, and then
click the Break button. Select a single object, such as a line, a polyline, or an
arc.
Join
Select valid objects to join to the original source object. For example, if you
selected a line as the source object, AutoCAD continues prompting for
additional adjoining lines until you press Enter to end the object selection. Press
Enter to end the command. AutoCAD joins the selected objects into a single
object.

Trim
Click Home Tab Modify Panel Trim. Find. Select the objects to serve as cutting
edges. Press Enter when you finish selecting the cutting edges. Select the
objects to trim and press Enter a second time when you finish selecting the
objects to trim.

Chamfer
Select the second object or line segment of a 2D polyline to define the chamfer.
You can also hold down the Shift key before selecting the second object or line
segment of a 2D polyline to extend or trim the selected objects to form a sharp
corner.
Fillet
A round or fillet can be created between two objects of the same or different
object types: 2D polylines, arcs, circles, ellipses, elliptical arcs, lines, rays,
splines, and x lines. If the two selected objects are on the same layer, the arc
defined is created on that layer

Explodes
Breaks a compound object into its component objects. Explodes a compound
object when you want to modify its components separately. Objects that can
be exploded include blocks, polylines, and regions, among others. The color,
line-type, and line-weight of any exploded object might change

Dimensioning
Click Annotate Tab Dimensions Panel Baseline. if prompted, select the
base dimension. Use an object snap to select the second extension line origin, or
press Enter to select any dimension as the base dimension. Use an object snap to
specify the next extension line origin.