PROFESSIONAL STANDARD

OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

q:t$A~~~OOqfkfi~(1E

Technical Specification

for Application of Architectural Glass

JGJ 113-2003

J 255-2003

Approval Department: Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China

Implementation Date: August I, 2003

 Introduction

This version is one of China's enginering construction standards in English series,

which, in compliance with the relevant procedures and stipulations, has been organized
to translate by China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization (CECS)
authorized by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) of the
People's Republic of China. On December 4, 2008, MOHURD published it by means of
Announcement of No. 177.
The English version has been translated directly from the Chinese Standard "Tech­
nical Specification for Application of Architectural Glass" JGJ 113 - 2003 published by
China Architecture &. Building Press. The copyright is owned by MOHURD. In the e­
vent of any discrepancy in the process of implementation, the Chinese version shall pre­
vail.
Many thanks should to to the organizations like china State Construction Engrg.
Corp. Ltd. who have offered strong support during the course of translation and revision
of this version, and also to the staff from the relevant standard development organiza­
tions and groups who have provided practical assistance through their hard work.
For the sake of improving its quality, any kind of constructive criticism, comments
and suggestions in association with this version is welcome. It would be greatly appreci­
ated if they could be fed back to CECS.
Post address: China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization
(CECS)
No.9, Sanlihe Rd, Haidian District
Beij ing, 100835, China
Website: www.cecs.org.cn
E-mail: cecs@mail.cin.gov.cn
The English translation was done by Lin Bing Dou Chao Deng Ke Zhang Jingbo
Hu Zhongqi
Revised by Yu Liu Liu Tao Wang Dongyan

Department of Standards and Norms,

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development
of the People's Republic of China
 Announcement of Ministry of Construction of
the People's Republic of China

No. 136

Announcement of Ministry of Construction of Publishing the

Professional Standard of "Technical Specification for

Application of Architectural Glass"

"Technical Specification for Application of Architectural Glass" has been approved

as a professional standard with a serial number of JGJ 113 - 2003, which shall be imple­
mented on August 1, 2003. Herein, 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.2.4, 8.2. 6 and
8.2. 8are compulsory provisions and must be enforced strictly. "Technical Specification
for Application of Architectural Glass" JGJ 113 - 97 shall be abolished simultaneously.
Authorized by Research Institute of Standards &. Norms of Ministry of Construc­
tion, this specification is published and distributed by China Architecture &. Building
Press.

Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China

March 28, 2003
 Foreword

According to the requirements of Document JB [2002J No. 84 issued by Ministry of

Construction (MOC), the standard revision group carried out extensive investiga tive a­
nalysis, summarized practical experiences, consulted the international and overseas ad­
vanced standards, and with the collection of extensive comments, finally get the revi­
sion of this specification.
The main revised technical contents are the following: 1. Terms and symbols;
2. Glass and installation materials; 3. Design of wind pressure resistance for glass;
4. Thermal breakage prevention of architectural glass; 5. Safety provisions for human
impact; 6. Installation; 7. Jalousie, roof glass, roof window glass; 8. Underwater
glass; 9. Indoor insulating glass brick partitions; 10. Thermal performance design of
glass.
Ministry of Construction is in charge of the administration of this specification and
the explanation of the compulsory provisions.
Chief Development Organization: China Scientific Research Institute of Architec­
tural Material (Address: No.1, Guanzhuangdongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China;
Post code: 100024).
Participation Development Organizations:
Beijing Institute of Architectural Design
Beijing Jiayu Decorating Engineering Company Limited
Velux(China) Company Limited
Guangdong Goden-glass Technical Stock Company Limited
Shanghai Yaohua Pilkinton Glass Company Limited
CSG Technology Holding Company Limited.
Chief Drafting Staffs:

Liu Zhongwei Ma Juanrong Xu You Ge Yangang

Tian Jiayu Guo Chenglin Wen Sensou Xia Weiwen

Zhan Kai Xie Limei Xiong Wei Xu Wuyi

 Contents

1 General Provisions ..
2 Terms and Symbols 2
2.1 Terms 2

2. 2 Symbols 4

3 Glass and Installation Materials 6

3. 1 Glass·.. 6

3. 2 Glass Installation Materials 6

4 Design of Wind Pressure Resistance of Glass , 8

4. 1 Method for Determining Wind Load 8

4. 2 Design of Wind Pressure Resistance 8

5 Thermal Breakage Prevention for Architectural Glass (1 0 )

5. 1 Design (10)

5. 2 Measures to Prevent Thermal Breakage of Glass (11)

6 Safety Provisions for Human Impact ·...... (1 2 )

6. 1 General Provisions (1 2 )

6.2 Selection of Glass (12)

6. 3 Measures of Protection (13)

7 Installation , '" , (1 5 )

7.1 Requirements for Installation Dimension (15)

7.2 Application of Glass Installation Material· .. ·.. ·.. · · · (17)

7.3 Installation Requirements for Lateral Displacement Resistance of Glass (19)

8 Jalousie, Roof Glass and Roof Window Glass (21)

8.1 Jalousie Glass (21)

8. 2 Roof Glass (21)

8. 3 Roof Window Glass (22)

9 Underwater Glass (23)

9. 1 Performance Requirements for Underwater Glass (23)

9.2 Calculation and Design of Underwater Glass (23)

10 Indoor Hollow Glass Brick Partitions (28)

10. 1 Material Performance Requirements .. , (28)

10.2 Requirements for Design art'd Construction (28)

11 Thermal Performance Design of Glass ...... ...... (3 1 )

• 1 •
11. 1 Thermal Transmi ttance of Glass '" (31)

11. 2 Design Criterion for Thermal Performance of Glass (31)

Appendix A Maximal AlJowable Area of Usual Variety of Glass (32)

Appendix B Calculation of Central Temperature of the Panel Tc

and Temperature of the Frame T, .. (3 7 )

Appendix C Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficient of Glass (3 9 )

Appendix D Method for Determining Emissivity and Gas Property··· .. ···· (43)

Explanation of Wording in This Specification (45)

• 2 •
 1 General Provisions

1. O. 1 This Specification is formulated with a view to ensure safety and reliability,

economy and rationality, utility and aesthetic sensibility in the application of architec­
tural glass.
1. 0.2 This Specification IS applicable to the application design and installation con­
struction.
1. O. 3 The application, design and installation of architectural glass and rna terials shall
comply not only with the requirements stipulated in this specification, but also those in
the current relevant ones of the nation.

• 1 •
 2 Terms and Symbols

2.1 Terms

2.1. 1 External installation

Installation method in which one or two surfaces of glass are exposed to the outside
of the building.
2.1.2 Internal installation
Installation method in which neither of the surfaces of glass is exposed to the out­
side of the building.
2. 1. 3 Glass frame
Structure for glass installa tion which comprises wood, metal or other dura ble rna te­
rial or their combination.
2.1.4 Rabbet
It is a part of the frame with a right-angled cross-section, in which the edge of glass
is placed.
2. 1. 5 Groove
It is a part of the frame with a concave cross-section, in which the edge of glass is
placed.
2.1.6 Bedding
Installation material in the groove, in which glass embeds.
2. 1. 7 Beador installation bead
Wooden, metallic, or other rigid material bead fixed on the rabbet, which is adopt­
ed to clamp glass.
2.1.8 Location blocks
Resilient material blocks between glass edge and rabbet, which prevent the relative
movement between glass and rabbet.
2. 1. 9 Setting blocks
Resilient material blocks between glass bottom side and rabbet, which support and
make glass stay in the median of the rabbet.
2. 1. 10 Distance pieces
Resilient material sheets between glass and vertical faces of rabbet, which prevent
the movement of glass caused by load.
2. 1. 11 Gasket
Specially formed material for embedding or fixing glass.
2 •
2. 1. 12 Fronting
Triangular installation material bar between surface of glass and front edge of rab­
bet, on the surface plate of rabbet.
2. 1. 13 Aspect ratio
The ratio of the longer side of a panel to its shorter side.
2.1.14 Span
Distance between the two supporting components; for glass with four edges simply
supported, it is the minor value of the ones corresponding to sight size.
2. 1. 15 Sight line
The dividing line of glass between the light-transmittable part and the light-tight
part covered by installation materials, after glass assembly in the frame.
2. 1. 16 Sight size
The dimension of the light-transmittable part of glass after assembly.
2.1.17 Side panels
Glass which is installed in the fixed door frame at the door opening.
2. 1. 18 Safe glass
Glass which damages safely, and does least harm to human during application or
failure, including the laminated glass which complies with the national standard Tem­
pered Glass Which Complies GB 9962, with the national standard Fire-resistant Glass
Which Complies GB 9963 with the national standard. and their Composite Product GB
15763.1.
2. 1. 19 Framed panels
All the sides of glass are wrapped continuously by supporting component which is
stiff enough.
2.1.20 Unframed panels
Glass is considered unframed panel when supporting component does not meet the
criterion of framed panels.
2. 1. 21 General annealed glass
Glass which is formed by float process, Colburn process, Fourcault process or
Pittsburgh process, and eliminate or decrease the inner stress to allowable value by heat
treating.
2. 1. 22 Exposed edges
Glass edges which have no supporting component are considered exposed edges,
excluding the case in which two adjacent pieces of glass are butt-connected by seal­
ant.
2. 1. 23 Front clearance
Distance between outer surface of glass and front vertical face of beador installation
• 3 •
bead or groove.
2. 1. 24 Back clearance
Distance between inner surface of glass and rear vertical face of beador installation
bead or groove.
2. 1. 25 Edge c1ea ranee
Distance between edge of glass and the bottom face of groove.
2. 1. 26 Edge cover
Distance between edge of glass and sight line.
2. 1. 27 Roof glass
Glass which is on the top of the building, and inclined at less than 75 degree to the
horizon tal.
2. 1. 28 Roof window
Window which is located on, and parallel to the inclined roof.
2.1.29 Heat transfer coefficient
When heat transmits through the center of glass without consideration of edge
effect. under steady-state condition, the quantity of heat through a unit area of glass
with a unit ambient temperature difference between outer and inner surface of glass heat
transfer coefficient U has a unit of Wj(m 2 • K).

2.2 Symbols

wk--Characteristic value of wind load;

[3g,--Gustiness factor;
p.,--Shape factor of wind load;
p.,--Height variation factor of wind pressure;
wo--Reference wind pressure;
Amax--Maximum allowable area of panel;
a--Adjusting factor of wind pressure resistance of glass;
ah--Thermal stress of glass;
p.l--Shadow factor;
p.2--Curtain factor;
P.3 --Glass area factor;

T,--Glass central tempera ture;

T,--Temperature of window frame;

T,--Tempera ture of glass edge;

p.~--Edge temperature factor;

u--Deflection;

p-Liquid density;

• 4
~u--Allowable value of horizontal deformation of framej
U--Heat transfer coefficient.

• 5 •
 3 Glass and Installation Materials

3.1 Glass

3.1.1 Building structures may adopt sheet glass, float glass, insulating glass, tem­
pered glass, laminated glass, coated glass, wired glass, antisolar glass, bullet resistant
glass, single-sheet fire resistant glass, etc..
3.1.2 The appearance quality and performance of architectural glass shall meet the re­
quirements of the following current national standards:
"Sheet Glass" GB 4871
"Float Glass" GB 9962
"Laminated Glass" GB 9962
"Tempered Glass" GB/T 9963
"Sealed Insulating Glass U ni t" GB 11944
"Antisolar Glass" jC/T 536
"Wired Glass" jC 433
"Bullet Resistant Glass" GB 17840
"Safety Glazing Materials in Building Fire-resistant Glass" GB 15763. 1

3. 2 Glass Installation Materials

3.2.1 Glass installation materials shall meet the requirements of the following current
na tional standards:
"Putty for Doors and Windows in Building" GB 7100
"Polyurethane Sealant in Building" jC 482
"Polysulfide Sealant in Building" jC 483
"Acrylate Sealant in Building" jC 484
"Resilient Sealant for Windows in Building" jC 485
"Silicone Sealant in Building" GB/T 14683
"Sealing Strip for Plastic Doors and Windows" GB 12002
"Rubber Building Gaskets-materials for Preformed Solid Vulcanized Structural
Gaskets-specification" GB 10711
"Code for Building Rubber Gasket, Sealing Glass Windows and Paneled Performing
Solid-vulcanized Rubber Materials" HB/T 3099
"Structural Silicone Sealants for Building" GB 16776
3.2.2 Installation materials of curtain wall glass shall meet the requirements of cur­
• 6 •
rent professional standard "Technical Code for Glass Curtain Wall Engineering" JGJ
102.
3.2.3 Setting blocks should adopt materials such as press-formed unplasticized PVC,
plasticized PVC or neoprene with Shore hardness of 80 to 90.
3.2.4 Setting blocks and spacing sheet should adopt resilient and non-adsorbent mate­
rial.

• 7 •
 4 Design of Wind Pressure Resistance of Glass

4. 1 Method for Determining Wind Load

4.1.1 Characteristic value of wind load on the architectural glass shall be calculated
according to the following formula:
(4.1.1)
Where wk--Characteristic value of wind load on the architectural glass;
j3g,--Gustiness factor, which shall be adopted according to the stipulations of
national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" GB
50009;
p.--Shape factor of wind load, which shall be adopted according to the stip­
ulations of national standard" Load Code for the Design of Building
Structures" GB 50009;
p,--Height variation factor of wind pressure, which shall be adopted ac­
cording to the stipulations of national standard "Load Code for the De­
sign of Building Structures" GB 50009;
wo--Reference wind pressure (kPa) , which shall be adopted according to the
stipulations of national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building
Structures" GB 50009.
4.1. 2 When characteristic value of wind load determined by formula (4.1. 1) is less
than 0. 75kPa, 0. 75kPa shall be taken; characteristic value of wind load for architectur­
al glass of tall buildings should be taken as the calcula tion val ue with 10% increased.

4. 2 Design of Wind Pressure Resistance

4.2. 1 Design of wind pressure resistance of glass shall comply with current profes­
sional standard "Technical Code for Glass Curtain Wall Engineering" JGJ 102.
4.2.2 Maximal allowable area of glass supported on four sides may be taken according
to Appendix A in this specification, or be calculated according to the following form ula:

When glass thickness t<6 mm, A max = °. 2 a tI. 8 (4.2.2-1)

Wk
l 6
When g Iass t h 'IC k ness t >6 mm, A max = =-a(....:..0....:..._2_t_._+_O....:..._8..;c.) (4.2.2. -2)
Wk

Where wk--Characteristic value of wind load. kPa;

Amox--Maximal allowable area of glass. m 2 I
t--Glass thickness. 70·C; for tempered glass, semi-tempered glass, wired
• 8 •
 glass, patterned glass, it is the thickness of a single sheet; for laminat­
ed glass, it is the total thickness; for insulating glass, it is the thick­
ness of thinner one of t he two sheets.
a --Adjusting factor of wind pressure resistance of glass, which shall be
taken according to Table 4. 2. 2. For laminated glass which is working
in a temperature larger than 70·e, it shall be O. 6; for tempered glass
and single-sheet fire-resistant glass, it shall be determined according to
tests; for composite glass, it shall be taken as the product of adjusting
factors of wind pressure resistance of different types of glass.
Table 4. 2. 2 Adjusting Factor of Wind Pressure Resistance of Glass a
General
Semi- Tempered Laminated Insulating Wired Patterned Single fire
Glass type annea
tempered glass glass glass glass glass resistant glass
led glass
Adjusting faetora 1.0 1.6 2. 0~3. 0 0.8 1.5 0.5 O. 6 3. 0~4. 5

4.2.3 Allowable span of glass supported on two opposite sides shall be calculated ac­
cording to the following formula:
I
L= O. 142 a 2 t (4.2.3)
1
wl
Where wk--Characteristic value of wind load, kPa;
L--Allowable span of glass, m;
t--Glass thickness, mm;
a --Adjusting factor of wind pressure resistance of glass, which shall be
taken according to Table 4. 2. 2 in this specification.

• 9 •
 5 Thermal Breakage Prevention for Architectural Glass

5.1 Design

5.1.1 During servIce period, the value of stress glass bears shall not exceed design
value of edge strength. Design value of strength of glass edge shall be adopted according
to Table 5. 1. 1.
Table S. 1. 1 Design Value of Strength of Glass Edge

Type Thickness (mm) Design value of allowable stress (MPa)

Float glass 3-12 19.5

Antisolar glass
Coated glass 15-19 17

Wired glass 6. 8. 10 10

Note, For laminated glass and insulating glass. design value of edge strength shall taken as design value of strength of
a single glass. For tempered and semi-tempered glass. it is unnecessary to carry out thermal stress design.

5. 1. 2 In the sunlight, thermal stress of architectural glass shall be calculated accord­

ing to the following formula:
I1h =0. 74Eaplpzp3P4 (T, - T.) (5.1.2)
Where I1h--Thermal stress of glass, MPa;
E--Modulus of elasticity, MPa;
a--linear expansion factor, /K;
PI --Shadow factor;
pz--Curtain factor;
p3--Area factor;
P4 --Edge temperature factor;
T,--Glass central temperature, its calculation method shall comply with
those specified in Appendix B;
T.--Temperature of window frame, its calculation method shall comply with
those specified in Appendix B.
5.1. 3 Shadow factor PI shall be taken according to Table 5. 1. 3.
5.1. 4 Curtain factor pz shall be taken according to Table 5. 1. 4.
5.1. 5 Area factor P3 shall be taken according to Table 5. 1. 5.
5.1.6 Edge temperature factor P4 shall be taken according to Table 5. 1. 6.

• 10 •
 Table 5.1.3 Shadow Factor

Shadow shape
[] Ej fj ~ [] ~
Factor 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7

Applicable to the case that shadow width is larger than 100mm. Triangle shadow on glass
such as upright column beside doors. or transom of doors and win- formed by trees. ad board.
clows, etc. etc.

Table 5. 1.4 Curtain Factor

Curtain type Thin mercery Thick mercery Jalousie

Distance between curtain and glass (mm) <100 ~IOO <100 ~IOO

Factor 1.3 I. I 1.5 1.3

Table 5. I. 5 Area Factor

Area (m') O. 5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Factor 0.95 1. 00 1. 04 1. 07 I. 09 1. 10 1. 12 1. 14 I. 16

Table 5. 1.6 Edge Temperature Factor

Window Or suspend structure

Construction form
Fixed window Suspend structure. open-able window

Putty. non-structural gasket 0.95 O. 75

Solid bead+ resilient sealing 0.80 0.65

Foam bead+ resilient sealing 0.65 0.50

Structural gasket 0.55 0.48

5.2 Measures to Prevent Thermal Breakage or Glass

5.2.1 Defects shall not be formed at the edge of glass during installation. For glass
which is subject to have thermal breakage, edge-treating of glass shall be carried out.
5.2.2 Resilient sealing materials with fine sealing performance, and gasket materials
with fine heat-insulating performance, shall be adopted during installation.
5.2.3 Distance between glass and curtain, jalousie or other shelter objects at the inner
side of glass shall not be less than 50mm.
5.2.4 Glass shall not be heated up partially.

• 11 •
 6 Safety Provisions for Human Impact

6. 1 General Provisions

6. 1. 1 Safe glass shall not be replaced by non-safe glass.

6.1.2 For safe glass, maximum allowable area shall comply with those specified in
Table 6. 1. 2-1; for general annealed glass or wired glass. maximum allowable area shall
comply with those specified in Table 6. 1. 2-2.
Table 6. 1. 2-1 Maximum Allowable Area of Safe Glass

Glass type Nominal thickness (mm) Maximum allowable area (m 2 )

4 2.0
5 3.0
Tempered glass 6 4.0
Single fire resistant glass 8 6.0
10 8.0
12 9.0

6. 52 2.0
6.38 6. 76 7.52 3.0
Laminated glass 8.38 8. 76 9.52 5.0
10.38 10.76 I!. 52 7.0
12.38 12.76 13.52 8.0

Table 6. 1. 2-2 Maximum Allowable Area of General Annealed Glass and Wired Glass

Glass type Nominal thickness (mm) Maximum allowable area (m 2 )

3 O. I
4 O. 3
5 0.5
General annealed glass 6 O. 9
8 1.8
10 2.7
12 4.5

6 0.9
Lamina ted glass 7 1.8
10 2.4

6. 1. 3 Sharp edges and corners shall not exi tat exposed edges of safe glass.

6. 2 Selection of Glass

6.2. 1 Selection of door panels and side panels shall in accordance wi th the following
requiremen ts:
1 For framed panels, safe glass which meets the requirements of Table 6. 1. 2-1 in
this specification shall be adopted; when glass area is not larger than O. 5m 2 , general an­
nealed glass and wired glass with a thickness more than 6 mm may be adopted.
• 12 •
 2 For unframed panels, tempered glass which meets the requirements of Table
6. 1. 2-1 in this specification shall be adopted, and its nominal thickness shall not be less
than 10mm.
6.2.2 Safe glass shall be adopted for internal partition.
6.2.3 Glass installed in public sites and sport sites where people assemble shall in ac­
cordance with the following requirements:
1 For framed panels, tempered glass and laminated glass which meet the require­
ments of Table 6. 1. 2-1 in this specification shall be adopted, where nominal thickness
shall not be less than 5mm for tempered glass, not be less than 6. 38mm for laminated
glass.
2 For unframed panels, tempered glass which meets the requirements of Table
6. 1. 2-1 in this specification shall be adopted, and its nominal thickness shall not be less
than 10mm.
6.2.4 Bathroom glass shall comply with the following requirements:
1 For framed panels in the following positions, safe glass which meets the re­
quirements of Ta ble 6. 1. 2-1 in this specification shall be adopted:
1) Glass used in shower partition, bathtub partition.
2) Distance between sight line of glass inner side and bathtub or shower base
shall not be larger than 500mm, and distance between sight line of glass bot­
tom side and bathtub bottom or adjacent highest floorboard shall be less than
1500mm.
2 For all the unframed glass in the bathroom except the one of doors, tempered
glass which meets the requirements of Table 6.1. 2-1 in this specification shall be adopt­
ed, and its nominal thickness shall not be less than 5mm.
3 For unframed glass door in bathroom, tempered glass with nominal thickness
not less than 10mm shall be adopted.
6.2.5 Balustrade glass shall comply with the following requirements:
1 For balustrade glass which is not subjected to horizontal load, tempered glass
and laminated glass which meet the requirements of Table 6. 1. 2-1 in this specification
shall be adopted, where nominal thickness shall not be less than 5mm for tempered
glass, and not be less than 6. 38mm for laminated glass.
2 For balustrade glass subjected to horizontal load, tempered glass or tempered
laminated glass with nominal thickness not less than 12mm shall be adopted, when glass
is located at a building height of 5m or more, tempered glass shall be adopted.

6. 3 Measures of Protection

6. 3. 1 For architectural glass installed in positions where it is prone to collision from hu­
• 13 •
mans or objects such as French windows, glass doors, glass partitions, measures or protec­
tion shall be taken.
6.3.2 According to dUrerent locations or architectural glass where it is prone to colli­
sion, measures or protection shall be taken as warning (to set conspicuous signs) or colli­
sion-prevention racilities (to set guard balustrades) etc. , respectively. For the case that
railing or humans or glass rrom high altitude probably arises, reliable guard balustrades
must be set.

• 14 •
 7 Installation

7. 1 Requirements for Installation Dimension

7.1.1 The minimum installation dimension of single glass, laminated glass shall be ac­
cordance with those specified in Table 7. 1. 1-1. The minimum installation dimension of
insulating glass shall be accordance with those specified in Table 7.1. 1-2 (Fig. 7.1. D.
Table 7. 1. I-I The minimum Installation Dimension of Single Glass. Laminated Glass (mm)

Front clearance or back clearance a

Nominal thickness
Edge cover b Edge clearance c
of glass
CD (2) <:D

3 2.0 2.5 2.5 8 3

4 2.0 2.5 2.5 8 3

5 2.0 2.5 2. 5 8 4

6 2.0 2.5 2.5 8 4

8 - 3. 0 3.0 10 5

10 - 3.0 3.0 10 5

12 - 3.0 3.0 12 5

15 - 5.0 4.0 12 8

19 - 5.0 4.0 15 10

25 - 5.0 4. 0 18 10

Note: I CD in the table is applicable to putty installation of building steel. wood doors. but not for installation of
laminated glass.
2 (2) in the table is applicable to installation of resilient filler. sealant or caulking strip materials.
3 <:D in the table is applicable to installation of performing resilient materials <such as gasket made from poly­
vinyl chloride or chloroprene rubber), Putty is suitable for glass with nominal thickness nOt lager than 6mm
and area not larger than 2m'.
4 Minimum installation dimension of laminated glass shall be selected from the table according to the sum of
nominal thickness of original sheets of glass.

• 15 •
 a a

Fig. 7. 1. 1 Installation dimension of glass

Table 7. I. 1-2 Minimum Installation Dimension of Insulating Glass (mm)

Fixed part
Insulating
Front clearance or Edge Edge clearance c
glass
back clearance a cover b Upper edge Bottom edge Side edge

3+A+3 12

4+A+4 13
S 7 6 S
S+A+S 14

6+A+6 IS

Note, A=6. 9. 12mm. is the thickness of air layer.

7.1. 2 Determining of width of rabbet and groove shall comply with the following re­
quirements:
1 Width of rabbet without beador installation bead shall be taken as the sum of
the following:
1) Back clearance a;

2) Nominal thickness of glass;

3) Front putty width or width of single-sided non-structural gasket.
Width of front putty of installation of glass without beador installation bead: for
glass with area not larger than 1m 2 , width of front putty shall not less than 10mm; for
glass with area which is larger than 1m 2 but less than 2m 2 , width of front putty shall
not less than 12mm. Front putty shall have an oblique angle of 45°.
2 Width of rabbet with beador installation bead shall be taken as the sum of the
following;
1) Sum of fron t clearance and back clearance;
2) Nominal thickness of glass;
3) Rabbet width needed for beador installation bead installation.
• 16 •
 3 Width of groove shall be taken as the sum of the following:
1) Sum of front clearance and back clearance;
2) Nominal thickness of glass.
7. 1. 3 Depth of rabbet and groove shall be the sum of edge clearance c and edge cover b.
7.1.4 Installation dimension of curtain wall glass shall comply with the requirements
stipulated in current professional standard "Technical Code for Glass Curtain Wall Engi­
neering" JGJ 102.

7. 2 Application of Glass Installation Materials

7.2.1 Glass installation materials shall be compatible with materials that come in con­
tact with them (including frame and different types of glass etc.). Selection of installa­
tion materials shall be determined by compatibility test.
7.2.2 Dimension of setting blocks shall comply with the following requirements:
1 Minimum length of each block shall be not less than 50mm;
2 Width shall be equal to glass thickness adding front clearance and back clear­
ance;
3 Thickness shall be equal to edge clearance c.
7.2.3 Dimension of location blocks shall comply with the following requirements:
1 Length shall not be less than 25mm;
2 Width shall be equal to glass thickness adding front clearance and back clear­
ance;
3 Thickness shall be equal to edge clearance c.
7.2.4 The location of setting blocks and location blocks shall comply with the follow­
ing requirements (Fig. 7.2.4):
1 When installation method of fixed-type is adopted, installation location of set­
ting blocks and location blocks shall be a quarter of side length away from rabbet cor­
ner;
2 When installation method of openable type is adopted, distance between instal­
lation location of setting blocks and location blocks and rabbet corner shall not be less
than 30mm. When hinges installed in window frame is located within the range between
30mm and a quarter of side length away from rabbet corner, the installation location of
setting blocks and location blocks shall in accord with the installation location of hinges.
3 Setting blocks and location blocks shaH not jam the drainage hole.
7.2.5 Dimension of distance pieces shall comply with the following requirements:
1 Length shall not be less than 25mm;
2 Height shall be 3mm less than the depth of rabbet or groove;
3 Thickness shall be equal to a.
• 17 •
 2

Fig. 7. 2. 4 Installation position of location block and supporting block

1-Location block, 2-Glass I 3- Frame I 4-Supporting block

7.2.6 Location of distance pieces shall comply with the following requirements:
1 Except glass putty installation, distance pieces shall be installed at the two op­
posite sides of glass, and the spacing of distance pieces shall not be larger than 300mm;
2 For beador installation bead installed with bolts Or screws, installation location
of distance pieces shall be in accord with the fixed point of beador installation bead;
3 When beador installation beads are embedded continuously into groove, the first
distance piece shall be 50mm away from groove corner, and the spacing of distance
pieces shall not be larger than 300mm;
4 Installation location of distance pieces shall not be the same as the position of
setting blocks and location blocks.
7.2.7 Putty should adopted for the installation of glass of steel, wood doors and win­
dows. Before putty installation, glass shall be positioned with glass clamp. Surface of
putty shall be flat and smooth after installation, and putty shall not be rimous after so­
lidification, and the surface shall be lacquered with protective paint in time, paint shall
reach the position 2mm above the sight line.
7.2.8 Application of plastic filler shall comply with the following requirements:
1 When installation with plastic filler, setting blocks, location blocks, distance
pieces or location clips shall be adopted.
2 Rabbet shall be fulfilled continuously during installation with flat surface, and
the plastic filler shall form a solid gasket wi thout air gap.
7.2.9 Application of sealant shall comply with the following requirements:
1 For backing material with porous surfaces, the surfaces shall be coated with
priming lacquer. Where sealant is adopted for installation of plastic doors and windows,
its applicability and compatibility shall be confirmed;
2 When installation with sealant, setting blocks, location blocks, distance pieces
18 •
or location clips shall be adopted;
3 Upper surface of sealant shall not be below rabbet, and shall be made into a
slope; bottom surface shall be 3mm b~low rabbet.
7.2.10 Application of caulking strip materials shall comply with the following require­
ments:
1 For backing material with porous surfaces, the surfaces shall be coated with
priming lacquer. Where caulking strip materials are adopted for installation of plastic
doors and windows, its applicability and compatibility shall be confirmed;
2 When caulking strip materials are adopted between two sides of glass and inner
face of rabbet, setting blocks and location blocks shall be adopted.
7.2.11 Wood bead shall be fixed with screws or studs. Screws must be adopted for
glass with large area or heavy weight. Metal bead and plastic bead shall be fixed with
screws or bol ts.

7. 3 Installation Requirements for Lateral Displacement Resistance of Glass

7.3.1 Sufficient gap space shall be reserved at four sides of glass, allowable horizontal
deformation value of frame shall be larger than deformation of frame caused by story de­
formation (Fig. 7. 3.1).

~l
Fig. 7.3. 1 General view of installation

I-Glassl 2-Groove bottom of framel 3-Glass edgel 4-Setting blocks l

5-Resilient sealing materia" 6-Gasket material I 7-Frame

7.3.2 Allowable horizontal deformation value of frame shall be calculated according to

the following formula:

(7.3.2)

Where L1u--Allowable horizontal deformation value of frame, mm;

d--Value of longitudinal gap between glass and frame, mm;
c--Value of transverse gap between glass and frame, mm;
H--Height of frame between rabbets, mm;
• 19 •
 W--Width of frame between rabbets, mm;
S--It is 2 to 3mm generally.
7.3.3 Resilient sealing materials shall be taken as sealing materials for glass installa­
tion.

• 20 •
 8 Jalousie, Roof Glass and Roof Window Glass

8. 1 Jalousie Glass

8.1.1 When characteristic value of wind load is not larger than O. 9kPa, the maximum
span of general annealed glass adopted in jalousie shall comply with those specified in
Table 8. 1. 1.
Table 8. I. I Maximum Span of General Annealed Glass Adopted in Jalousie (mm)

Width of glass 6
Nominal thickness
6«100 100<6«150 150<b«225

3 400 500 Not allowed

4 500 600 Not allowed

5 600 750 750

6 750 900 900

8. 1. 2 When characteristic val ue of wind load is larger than O. 9kPa, for general an­
nealed glass and other kinds of glass, the span shall be determined according to adjus­
ting factors of wind pressure resistance and design formula of wind pressure resistance
for glass supported on two opposite sides.
8. 1. 3 Jalousie glass installed in position where it is subject to suffer the human impact
shall comply not only with the requirements stipulated in article 8. 1. 1 or article 8. 1. 2,
but also those of the 6th chapter in this specification.

8. 2 Roof Glass

8.2.1 This section is applicable to roof glass inclined at less than 75° to the horizontal.
8. 2. 2 Roof glass supported on two sides shall be supported on the longer sides of glass.
8. 2. 3 For roof glass. safe glass must be adopted.
8. 2. 4 When the vertex of roof glass has a height more than Sm from the ground. lami­
nated glass must be adopted.
8.2.5 Design value of maximum stress of glass shall be calculated according to elastic
mechanics, which shall not exceed design val ue of strength.
8. 2. 6 For roof glass subjected to live load. the design of live load shall comply with the
following requirements:
1 For roof glass with access. live load shall be calculated respectively according to
the following worst cases:
1) In the scope with the central point of glass as the center and a diameter of
• 21 •
 lS0mm, it shall be capable of resisting live load of 1. 8kN which is normal to the
glass.
2) For residential building, it shall be capable of resisting concentrated distributed
Iive load of 1. 5kPa j for nonresidential building, it shall be capable of resisting
concentrated distributed live load of 3kPa.
2 For roof glass without access, the design of live load shall comply with the follow­
ing requirements:
1) Roof glass inclined at less than 30° to the horizontal, in the scope with the cen­
tral point of glass as the center and a diameter of lS0mm, shall be capable of re­
sisting live load of 1. 1 kN which is normal to the glass.
2) Roof glass inclined at not less than 30° to the horizontal, in the scope with the
central point of glass as the center and a diameter of lS0mm, shall be capable of
resisting live load of O. SkN which is normal to the glass.
8.2.7 Design value of strength of roof glass shall comply with the following require­
ments:
1 Design value of strength of laminated glass shall be 14MPa;
2 Design val ue of strength of tempered glass shall be 42MPa;
3 Design val ue of strength of semi-tempered laminated glass shall be 24MPa;
4 Design val ue of strength of single fire resistant glass shall be 63MPa.
8. 2. 8 For laminated glass used for roof glass, thickness of the interlayer film shall not be
less than O. 76mm.

8. 3 Roof Window Glass

8.3.1 Insulating glass should be adopted for roof window glass.

8.3.2 When the roof is inclined at larger than 75° to the horizontal, the glass perform­
ance requirements of roof window are the same as those of vertical window.
8.3.3 When the roof is inclined at an angle less than or equal to 75° to the horizontal,
and anyone of the conditions is met, safe glass must be adopted. Safe glass shall be
placed at the inner side of insulating glass.
1 Glass area is larger than 1. 5m 2 ;
2 For residential building, the center of window IS 3. 5m high from the floor
level;
3 For public building, the center of window is 3m high from the floor level.

• 22 •
 9 Underwater Glass

9. 1 Performance Requirements for Underwater Glass

9.1. 1 For underwater glass, laminated glass shall be adopted, and tempered glass
should be adopted.
9.1.2 Design of underwater glass shall meet the requirements of the following formula:
a<,fg (9. 1. 2)
Where a --Maximum design value of bending stress of glass section caused by water
pressure;

fg--Design value of strength of underwater glass.

Table 9. 1. 2 Design Value of Strength of Underwater Glass

Type Center part Edge part

Float glass 9 6

Tempered glass 50 35

9.1.3 The maximum deflection of glass panel shall not larger than 1/200 of the span;
the deflection of installation frame (the main bearing members) shall not exceed 1/500
of the span.

9.2 Calculation and Design of Underwater Glass

9.2.1 Calculation and design of side glass shall comply with the following requlre­
ments:
1 Maximum design value of bending stress and maxImum deflection of rectangle
glass supported on four sides shall be calculated according to the following formulae
(Fig. 9. 2.1-1):

(9.2.1-1)

HV (9.2.1-2)
u = a I f!.!2!:::.-­

nt 3
Where a --Maximum design value of bending stress of the central part of glass sur­
face, MPa;
u--Maximum deflection of the central part of glass surface, mm;
p--Liquid density, (water:1.00XI0 3 , sea water 1.01~1.05XI03), kg/m3 ;
H--Water depth, m;
L--Span, m;
t--Thickness of single glass layer;
• 23 •
 n--Number of single glass layers which compose laminated glass.
/31 , al--Correlation coefficient of glass side ratio, which shall be adopted accord­
ing to Table 9.2.1-1 and Table 9.2.1-2.
Water surface
~

--­ 1\
\

::r.:
>-.l
II

"
b

Fig. 9. 2. 1-1 Side glass supported on four sides

Table 9. 2.1-1 Coefficient Value fl.

~ 1.0
1.0

I. 57
1.2

I. 70
1.4

I. 87
1.6

I. 97
1.8

2.05
2.0

2.11
2.5

2.24
3.0

2. 32 2.43
4.0 6.0

2.54
10.0

2.63
00

2.76
1.2 2.00 2.24 2.43 2.57 2.68 2. 78 2.95 3.07 3.20 3.35 3.48 3.66
1.4 2.37 2.69 2.92 3.10 3.25 3.37 3.57 3.71 3.89 4.07 4.22 4.44
1.6 2.69 3.06 3.34 3.55 3.71 3.85 4.09 4.25 4.46 4.67 4.84 5.10
1.8 2.95 3.36 3.67 391 4.10 4.24 4.51 4.69 4.93 5. 16 5.35 5.63
2.0 3.15 3.60 3.94 4.20 4.40 4.56 4.84 5.05 5.30 5.55 5. 75 6.05
2. 5 3.49 4.00 4.39 4.67 4.90 5.08 5.40 5.62 5.90 6.19 6.41 6. 74
3.0 3.66 4.22 4.62 4.93 5.16 5.35 5.69 5.93 6.23 6.52 6. 76 7.11
4. 0 3.80 4. 38 4.80 5.12 5.36 5.56 5.93 6. 17 6.48 6.79 7.03 7.40
5.0 3.83 4.42 4.85 5. 17 5.42 5.62 5.98 6.23 6.54 6.85 7.10 7.48

Note:k-Ratio of the longer side to the shorter side.

Table 9.2. 1-2 Coefficient Value a,

~ 1.0
1.0

3.09
1.2

3.59
1.4

3.93
1.6

4.20
1.8

4.41
2.0

4.58
2. 5

4.88
3.0

5.09
4.0

5.34
6.0

5.60
10.0

5. 79
00

6.09
1.2 4.28 4.96 5.46 5.84 6. 14 6.36 6. 78 7.07 7.34 7.77 8.06 8.48
1.4 5.34 6.41 6.84 7.32 7.68 7.98 8.51 8.87 9.33 9.75 10.11 10.64
1.6 6.26 7.26 8.03 8.58 9.00 9.36 9.98 10.40 10.91 11. 43 11.85 12.47
1.8 7.01 8.16 8. 99 9.62 10.10 10.49 11. 19 11. 66 12.24 12.81 13.28 13.98
2.0 7. 61 8.87 9. 78 10.46 10.98 11. 40 12.17 12.68 13.31 13.94 14.45 15.20
2. 5 8.63 10.07 11. 09 11. 87 12.47 12.95 13.80 14.37 15.09 15.81 16.38 17.25
3.0 9.18 10.71 11. 81 12.62 13.26 13.77 14.69 15.29 16.05 16.82 17.43 18.35
4.0 9.62 11. 22 12.38 13.23 13.89 14.43 15.38 16.02 16.83 17.63 18.27 19.23
5. 0 9. 74 11. 36 12.51 13.38 14.06 14.60 15.57 16.22 17.03 17.84 18.48 19.46

2 Maximum design value of bending stress and maximum deflection of rectangle

glass supported on three sides shall be calculated according to the following formulae
• 24 •
 (Fig. 9. 2.1-2):

Water surface

a=L

Fig. 9. 2. 1-2 Rectangle lateral glass supported on three sides

Cen tral part of glass: (9.2.1-3)

Edge part of glass: (9.2.1-4)

Cen tral part of glass: u=a ~

HV (9.2.1-5)
2 nt3

Edge part of glass: u ,ide =a 3 ~

HV (9.2.1-6)
nt3

Where £1 sidc --Maximum design val ue of bending stress of the center of glass edge,
MPa;
usid,--Maximum deflection of the center of glass edge, mm;
{32' {33' a2' a3--Coefficient associated with glass side ratio, which shall be adopted ac­
cording to Table 9.2.1-3.
Table 9.2.1-3 Coefficient Value of /h, /h, a" al

~ Pt
0.5

0.87
0.67

I. 32
1.0

1. 99
1.5

2.72
2.0

3. 17
Central part
a, 2. 03 3.11 4.70 6.68 8.00

{33 I. 18 1. 59 1. 95 1. 85 1. 55
Edge part
a3 3.45 4.56 5.52 5.21 4.37

3 Maximum design value of bending stress and maximum deflection of circular

glass supported continuously on circumference shall be calculated according to the fol­
lowing formulae (Fig. 9. 2. 1-3):

• 25 •
 Water surface
t\
1\

Fig. 9. 2. 1-3 Circular lateral glass supported continuously on circumference

(9.2.1-7)

(9.2. 1-8)

Where L--Radius of water channel, m;

/34' a4 --Coefficient associated with glass radius, which shall be adopted accord­
ing toTtable 9.2.1-4.
Table 9.2.1-4 Coefficient Value of , •. a.

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 00

6.48 7.38 7.98 8.52 8.88 9. 24 9. 78 10.2 10.68 II. 16 12.20

49. 50 57. 60 63.45 67.80 71. 10 73.80 78. 75 82.05 86. 10 90.30 98.40

9.2.2 Calculation and design of horizontal underwater glass shall comply with the fol­
lowing requirements:
1 Maximum design value of bending stress and maximum deflection of rectangle
glass supported on four sides shall be calculated according to the following formulae
(Fig. 9. 2. 2-1):

(9.2.2-1)

u=a ~
HV (9.2.2-2)
5 nt 3
Where f3s, as--Coefficient associated with glass side ratio, which shall be adopted
according to Table 9. 2. 2-1.

-..l
II

'"
b

Fig. 9. 2. 2-1 Rectangle underwater glass supported on four sides

• 26 •
 Table 9.2.2-1 Coefficient Value of /l. , a.
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 00

2372 3.62 4.41 5.07 5.60 6.03 7. 11 7.40 7.48 7.50

6.30 8. 76 11. 10 12.87 14.52 15.75 19.04 20.00 20.13 20.27

2 Maximum design value of bending stress and maxImum deflection of circular

glass supported continuously on circumference shall be calculated according to the fol­
lowing formulae (Fig. 9. 2. 2-2) :

11=12. 2 pH;1 (9.2.2-3)

nt

u=98. 4 pH~1 (9.2.2-4)

nt

Fig. 9. 2. 2-2 Circular horizontal underwater glass supported on circumference

• 27 •
 10 Indoor Hollow Glass Brick Partitions

10.1 Material Performance Requirements

10.1.1 Specifica,tion and performance of hollow glass bricks shall be accordance with
those specified in Table 10.1. 1.
Table 10. I. 1 Specification and Performance of Hollow Glass Bricks

Specification (mm) Coefficient

Compressive Sound
of heat Weight of one Luminousness
strength reduction
conductivity block (kg) (%)
Length Width Height (MP.) index (dB)
[W/m' • k]

190 190 80 6.0 2.35 2. 4 40 81

240 115 80 4.8 2. 50 2. 1 45 77

240 240 80 6.0 2.30 4.0 40 85

300 90 100 6.0 2.55 2. 4 45 77

300 190 100 6.0 2.50 4.5 45 81

300 300 100 7.5 2. 50 6. 7 45 85

10.1.2 Metal profiles may be aluminium alloy profiles or channel steel. Aluminium al­
loy profiles shall meet the requirements of current national standard "Wrought Alumin­
ium Alloy Profiles for Architecture" GB/T 5237, channel steel shall meet the require­
ments of current national standard GB 707. Specification of metal profiles shall comply
with the following requirements:
1 For metal profiles frame used for hollow glass brick with a thickness of BOmm,
the minimum section size shall be 90mm X 50mm X 3. Omm;
2 For metal profiles frame used for hollow glass brick wi th a thickness of 1OOmm,
minimum section size shall be lOBmm X 50mm X 3. Omm.
10.1. 3 Steel bar used shall comply with those requirements specified in current pro­
fessional standard ]B 1499 for I-class steel bar.

10.2 Requirements for Design and Construction

10.2. 1 Load-carrying capacity of foundation of indoor hollow glass partitions shall

meet the requirements of load.
10.2.2 Indoor hollow glass brick partitions shall be based on the foundation reinforced
• 28 •
with two steel bars which are 6mm or 8mm in diameter, and the height of the foundation
shall not be larger than 150mm. For partitions built with hollow glass bricks which is
80mm thick, the width of the foundation shall not less than 100mm; for partitions built
with hollow glass bricks which is 100mm thick, the width of the foundation shall not
less than 120mm.
10.2.3 Dimension of non-reinforced indoor hollow glass brick partitions shall be ac­
cordance with those specified in Table 10.2.3.
Table 10.2.3 Dimension of Non-reinforced Indoor Hollow Glass Brick Partitions

Dimension of partitions (m)

Layout of brick joints
Height Length

Through ~l. 5 ~1.5

Stagger ~l. 5 ~6.0

10.2.4 When dimension of indoor hollow glass brick partition exceeds the require­
ments in Table 10. 2. 3, it shall be reinforced by steel bars which are 6mm or 8mm in di­
ameter. When only the height of the partition exceeds the stipulation, one horizontal
steel bar shall be placed in every two layers of hollow glass bricks of the vertical direc­
tion; when only the length of partition exceeds the stipulation, one vertical steel bar
shall be placed in every 3 joints of the horizontal direction. When both the height and
length exceed the stipula tion, two horizontal steel bars shall be placed in every two lay­
ers of hollow glass bricks of the vertical direction, and at least one vertical steel bar
shall be placed in every 3 joints of the horizontal direction. The projection length of each
end of steel bar into the metal profiles shall not be less than 35mm. Height of indoor
hollow glass partition which is reinforced with steel bars shall not exceed 4m.
10.2. 5 Sliding joints shall be reserved in the contact region of indoor hollow glass
brick partition with the two lateral areas of metal profiles frame, when it connects with
the building structure, and the thickness of sliding joints shall not be less than 4 mm.
Expansion joints shall be reserved in the contact region with web area of metal profiles
frame, which shall not be less than 10mm. Sliding joint shall be filled with asphalt felt
which meets the requirements of current national standard" Asphalt Oiled Felt and Pa­
per" GB 326, and expansion joint shall be filled with hard foam plastic which meets the
requirements of current national standard" Hard Polyurethane Foam Plastic for Struc­
tural Insulating" GB 10800. The locations of sliding joint and expansion joint is in the
Fig. 10. 2. 5.
10.2.6 The uppermost layer of hollow bricks shall extend into the top metal profiles
frame, and the proj ection length dimension shall not be less than 1Omm, and not be lar­
ger than 25mm. Hollow glass bricks shall be fixed wi th the web area of top metal pro­
• 29 •
files frame by wooden wedge.

Fig. 10. 2. 5 Connection section of indoor hollow glass brick partition with structural wall

I-Asphalt felt (sliding joint) I 2-Hard foam plastic (expansion joint) I 3-Resilient sealant;

4-Marl, 5-Metal profiles frame I 6-Expansion bolt; 7- Hollow glass brick; 8- Steel reinforcements

10.2.7 Joints between hollow glass bricks shall not be less than 10mm, and not be lar­
ger than 30mm;
10.2.8 Galvanized steel expansion bolts adopted to fix the metal profiles frames shall
not be less than 8mm in diameter, and the spacing shall not be larger than 500mm;
10.2.9 Masonry mortar and pointing mortar shall comply with the following require­
ments:
1 Diameter of river sand used to compound masonry mortar shall not be larger
than 3mm;
2 Diameter of river sand used to compound pointing mortar shall not be larger
than 3mm;
3 No. 325 white Porland cement which matches hollow glass bricks in color and
meets the requirements of current national standard "White Porland Cement" GB 20215
or P 32. 5-grade Porland cement which matches hollow glass bricks in color and meets
the requirements of current national standard "Porland Cement, Common Porland Ce­
ment" GB 175 shall be adopted to compound the masonry mortar;
4 Grade of masonry mortar shall be M5, the proportion of cement with river sand
shall be 1 : 1 in pointing mortar.
10.2.10 Conjugation region of metal profiles frame with structural wall and roof, and
contact region of indoor hollow glass brick partition with the two lateral areas of metal
profi les frame, shall be sealed with resilient sealant.

• 30
 11 Thermal Performance Design of Glass

11. 1 Thermal Transmittance of Glass

11.1. 1 Solar radiation energy which is conducted through one unit glass area to build­
ing inside shall be calculated according to the following formula:
qj =0. 889S.[ Cll. 1. 1)
,
Where qj--Solar radiation energy which is conducted through one unit glass area
W/m 2 ;
[--Solar radiant illumination, W/m 2 ;

S.--Shel tering coefficient, which shall be tested to determine according to

Current national standard CB/T 2680.
11. I. 2 Thermal energy which is conducted through one unit glass area shall be calcu­
lated according to the following formula:
q2=UCTo -TJ Cll.1.2)
Where q2--Thermal energy which is conducted through one unit glass area W 1m 2 ;
U-- Heat transfer coefficient, WI Cm 2 • K), its calculation method shall
comply with those specified in Appendix C;

To--Outdoor temperature, K;

Ti--Indoor temperature, K.

11. I. 3 The total energy which is conducted through one unit glass area shall be calcu­
lated according to the following formula:
q=qj +q2
Where q--Total energy which is conducted through one unit glass area,

11. 2 Design Criterion for Thermal Performance of Glass

11. 2.1 For the area where it is got in summer and warm in winter, glass with small
sheltering coefficient shall be adopted.
11. 2. 2 For the area where it is severe cold or cold, glass with small sheltering coeffi­
cien t shall be adopted.

• 31 •
 Appendix A Maximal Allowable Area of Usual Variety of Glass

A. O. 1 The maximum allowable area of common float glass supported on four sides
shall comply with those specified in Table A. O. l.
Table A. 0.1 The Maximum Allowable Area of Common Float Glass Supported on Four Sides Cm')

Characteristic value Thickness of float glass

of wind load (kPa) 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm

0.75 I. 92 3.23 4.82 6. 70 8.49 11. 68 * 15.27 *

I. 00 I. 44 2.42 3.62 5.03 6.37 8. 76 11. 45 *

I. 25 I. 15 I. 94 2.89 4.02 5.09 7.00 9.16

I. 50 0.95 I. 61 2.41 3.35 4.24 5.84 7.63

I. 75 0.82 I. 38 2.07 2.87 3.64 5.00 6.54

2.00 O. 72 I. 21 I. 81 2.51 3.18 4.38 5.72

2.25 0.64 I. 07 I. 61 2.23 2.83 3.89 5.09

2.50 0.57 0.97 I. 44 2.01 2.54 3. 50 4.58

2. 75 0.52 0.88 I. 31 I. 82 2.31 3.18 4. 16

3.00 0.48 0.80 I. 20 I. 67 2.12 2.92 3.81

3.25 0.44 O. 74 I. 11 I. 54 I. 96 2.69 3. 52

3.50 0.41 0.69 I. 03 I. 43 I. 82 2.50 3.27

3. 75 0.38 0.64 0.96 I. 34 I. 69 2.33 3.05

4.00 0.36 O. 60 0.90 I. 25 1. 59 2.19 2.86

4.25 0.33 0.57 0.85 I. 18 I. 49 2.06 2.69

4.50 0.32 O. 53 0.80 I. 11 I. 41 I. 94 2. 54

4.75 0.30 0.51 0.76 I. 05 I. 34 I. 84 2.41

5.00 0.28 0.48 O. 72 I. 00 I. 27 I. 75 2.29

Note, * represents the dimension of unconventional large glass panels in China.

A. O. 2 The maximum allowable area of semi-tempered glass supported on four sides

shall comply with those specified in Table A. O. 2.

• 32 •
 Table A. O. 2 Maximum Allowable Area of Semi-tempered Glass Supported on Four Sides <m')

Characteristic value of Thickness of semi-tempered glass

wind load (kPa) 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm

O. 75 3.08 * 5. \7 * 7.73 * 10.73 * 13. 59 * \8.69 *

I. 00 2.31 3.88 5.79 * 8.05 * 10.19 * 14.04 *
I. 25 1. 84 3. \0 4.63 6.44 * 8. \5 * \ I. 2\ *
I. 50 1. 54 2.58 3.86 5.36 6.79 * 9.34 *
I. 75 1.32 2.21 3.3\ 4.60 5.82 8.0\ *
2.00 I. \5 I. 94 2.89 4.02 5.09 7.00

2.25 1. 02 I. 72 2.57 3.57 4.353 6.23

2.50 0.92 1. 55 2.31 3.22 4.07 5.60

2. 75 0.84 I. 4\ 2. \0 2.92 3. 70 5.09

3.00 0.77 1. 29 I. 93 2.68 3.39 4.67

3.25 0.7\ I. \9 I. 78 2. 47 3. 13 4.3\

3.50 0.66 I. \0 I. 65 2. 30 2.91 4.00

3. 75 0.61 1. 03 I. 54 2. \4 2.7\ 3. 73

4.00 0.57 O. 97 I. 44 2.01 2.54 3.50

4.25 0.54 0.91 I. 36 I. 89 2.39 3.29

4.50 0.5\ 0.86 1. 28 I. 78 2.26 3. \1

4.75 0.48 0.81 1. 22 I. 69 2.14 2.95

5.00 0.46 0.77 I. \5 I. 61 2.03 2.80

A. 0.3 The maximum allowable area of insulating glass supported on four sides shall
comply with those specified in Table A. O. 3.
Table A. O. 3 Maximum Allowable Area of Insulating Glass Supported on Four Sides <m')

Characteristic value of Thickness of insulating glass (mm)

wind load (kPa) 3+3 4+4 5+5 6+6 8+8

O. 75 2.88 * 4.85 * 7.24 * 10.06 * \2.74 *

1. 00 2. \6 3.63 * 5.43 * 7.54 * 9.55 *
1. 25 I. 73 2.91 4. 34 6.03 7.64 *
I. 50 1. 44 2.42 3.62 5.03 6. 37

I. 75 1. 23 2.07 3.10 4.31 5.46

2.00 I. 08 I. 81 2.71 3.77 4.77

2.25 0.96 I. 61 2.41 3.35 4. 24

2.50 0.86 I. 45 2. 17 3.01 3.82

2.75 O. 78 1. 32 1. 97 2.74 3.47

3.00 0.72 1. 21 I. 81 2. 51 3. 18

3. 25 0.66 I. 11 I. 67 2.32 2.94

3.50 0.61 I. 03 I. 55 2. 15 2. 73

• 33 •
 Table A. O. 3 (continued)

Characteristic value of Thickness of insulating glass (mm)

wind load (kPa) 3+3 4+4 5+5 6+6 8+8

3. 75 O. 57 O. 97 1. 44 2.01 2.54

4.00 0.54 0.90 1. 35 1. 88 2.38

4.25 O. 50 0.85 I. 27 1.77 2.24

4. 50 0.48 0.80 1. 20 I. 67 2.12

4.75 0.45 O. 76 1.14 I. 58 2.01

5.00 0.43 O. 72 I. 08 I. 50 I. 91

A. O. 4 The maximum allowable area of laminated glass supported on four sides shall
comply with those specified in Table A. O. 4-1, Table A. O. 4-2 and Table A. O. 4-3.
Table A. 0.4-1 Maximum Allowable Area of Laminated Glass Supported on Four Sides
(Thickness of Film is O. 38mm) (m1 )

Characteristic value of Thickness of laminated glass

wind load (kPa) 6.38mm 8.38mm 10. 38mm 12.38mm 16.38mm

O. 75 4.99 * 7.25 * 9.86 * 12.80 * ] 9.55 ..

I. 00 3. 74 5.44 7.40 9.60 * 14.66 ..

1. 25 2.99 4.35 5.92 7.68 11. 73 *

I. 50 2.49 3.62 4.93 6.40 9.77

I. 75 2.13 3.10 4.22 5.48 8.38

2.00 I. 87 2. 72 3. 70 4.80 7. 33

2.25 I. 66 2.41 3.28 4.26 6.5]

2.50 I. 49 2.17 2.96 3.84 5.86

2. 75 1. 36 1. 97 2.69 3.49 5.33

3.00 I. 24 I. 8] 2.46 3.20 4.88

3.25 I. 15 I. 67 2.27 2.95 4.51

3.50 I. 06 I. 55 2. II 2.74 4. 19

3. 75 0.99 I. 45 I. 97 2.56 3.91

4.00 0.93 I. 36 I. 85 2.40 3.66

4.25 0.88 I. 28 I. 74 2.25 3. 45

4.50 0.83 I. 20 1. 64 2.13 3.25

4.75 O. 78 1. 14 1. 55 2.02 3.08

5.00 0.74 I. 08 I. 48 I. 92 2.93

• 34 •
 Table A. O. 4-2 Maximum Allowable Area of LamInated Glass Supported on Four Sides
(ThIckness of Film is O. 76mm) (m')

Characteristic value of Thickness of laminated glass

wind load (kPa) 6.76mm 8.76mm 10. 76mm 12.76mm 16.76mm

O. 75 5.39 * 7.72 * 10.40 * 13.39 * 20. 25 *

I. 00 4.04 5. 79 7.80 10.04 * 15.19 *
I. 25 3.23 4.63 6.24 8.03 12. 15 *
I. 50 2.69 3.86 5. 20 6.69 10.12

1. 75 2.31 3.31 4.45 5. 74 8.68

2.00 2.02 2.89 3.90 5.02 7.59

2.25 I. 79 2.57 3.46 4.46 6.75

2.50 I. 61 2.31 3.12 4.01 6.07

2. 75 I. 47 2.10 2.83 3.65 5.52

3.00 I. 34 I. 93 2.60 3.34 5.06

3.25 I. 24 I. 78 2.40 3.09 4.67

3.50 I. 15 I. 65 2.22 2.87 4.34

3. 75 I. 07 I. 54 2.08 2.67 4.05

4.00 I. 0 I I. 44 I. 95 2.51 3. 79

4.25 0.95 I. 36 I. 83 2.36 3.57

4.50 0.89 1. 28 I. 73 2.23 3.37

4. 75 0.85 I. 21 I. 64 2.11 3.19

5.00 0.80 I. 15 I. 56 2.00 3.03

Table A. O. 4-3 Maximum Allowable Area of Aamlnated Glass Supported on Four Sides
(Thickness of Film is 1.52mm)(m')

Characteristic value of Thickness of laminated glass

wind load (kPa) 7.52mm 9.52mm 11. 52mm 13.52mm 17.52mm

O. 75 6.23 * 8.70 * 11. 50 * 14.61 * 21. 68 *

I. 00 4.67 6.52 8.62 * 10.96 * 16.26 *
I. 25 3.71 5.22 6.90 8.76 * 13.01 *
I. 50 3.11 4.35 5.75 7.30 10. 84 *
I. 75 2.67 3. 73 4.93 6.26 9.29

2.00 2.33 3.26 4.31 5.48 8.13

2. 25 2.07 2.90 3. 38 4.87 7.22

2.50 1. 87 2.61 3.45 4.38 6.50

2. 75 I. 70 2.37 3. 13 3.98 5. 91

3.00 1. 55 2.17 2.87 3.65 5.42

3.25 I. 43 2.00 2.65 3. 37 5.00

• 35 •
 Table A. O. 4-3 (continued)

Characteristic value of Thickness of laminated glass

wind load (kPa) 7. 52mm 9. 52mm II. 52mm 13.52mm 17.52mm

3.50 I. 33 I. 86 2.46 3.13 4. 64

3.75 I. 24 I. 74 2. 30 2.92 4.33

4.00 I. 16 I. 63 2. 15 2.74 4.06

4.25 I. 10 I. 53 2.03 2.57 3.82

4.50 I. 03 I. 45 I. 91 2.43 3.61

4.75 0.98 I. 37 I. 81 2. 30 3.42

5.00 0.93 I. 30 1.72 2. 19 3. 25

A. O. 5 The maximum allowable area of wired glass and patterned glass supported on
four sides shall comply with those specified in Table A. O. 5.
Table A. O. 5 Maximum Allowable Area of Wired Glass and Patterned Glass Supported on Four Sides (m')

Characteristic value Thickness of wired glass Thickness of patterned glass

of wind load (kPa) 6mm IOmm 3mm 5mm

O. 75 3.35 5.84 . I. 15 2.89 •

I. 00 2.51 4.38 0.86 . 2. 17'

I. 25 2.01 3.50 0.69 I. 73

I. 50 I. 67 2.92 0.57 I. 44

I. 75 I. 43 2.50 0.49 I. 24

2.00 I. 25 2.19 0.43 I. 08

2.25 I. II I. 94 0.38 0.96

2.50 I. 00 I. 75 0.34 0.86

2.75 0.91 I. 59 0.31 O. 79

3.00 0.83 1. 46 0.28 0.72

3.25 0.77 1. 34 0.26 0.66

3.50 0.71 1. 25 0.24 O. 62

3.75 O. 67 I. 16 0.23 0.57

4.00 0.62 I. 09 0.21 0.54

4. 25 O. 59 I. 03 0.20 0.51

4.50 0.55 0.97 O. 19 0.48

4.75 O. 52 0.92 0.18 O. 45

5.00 0.50 0.87 O. 17 0.43

• 36 •
 Appendix B Calculation of Central Temperature of the

Panel T c and Temperature of the Frame T s

B. 0.1 The central temperature of single glass panel shall be calculated according to
the following form ula :
T c =a. al21 0 • a+a65t o +a. 3t; (B. a. 1)
Where 10 --Solar radiation density, W 1m 2
;

to--Outdoor temperature, ·C;

t;--Indoor temperature, ·C;
a--Solar radiation absorptivity of glass.
B. O. 2 The central temperature of laminated glass shall be calculated according to the
following formula T c :
1) When the thickness of interlaye is a. 38mm
T co = 10 (a. a12aA o +a. a118A) +a. 645t o +a. 346t; (B.a. 2-1)

T c; = 10 (a. a118A o +a. a122A) +a. 642t o +a. 357t; (B. a. 2-2)
2) When the thickness of interlayer is a. 76mm
T co = 10 (a. a121A o +a. a117A) +a. 658t o +a. 342t; (B. a. 2-3)
T ci = 10 (a. a117A o +a. a124A) +a. 636t o +a. 364t; (B. a. 2-4)
3) When the thickness of interlayer is 1. 52mm
T co = 10 (a. a122A o +a. a114A) +a. 665t o +a. 335t; (B. a. 2-5)
T c; = 10 (a. a114A o +a. a129A) +a. 622t o +a. 378t; (B. a. 2-6)

4) A o ' A; in the above formulae shall be calculated respectively according to the

following formulae:
(B. a. 2-7)
(B. a. 2-8)
Where (B. a. 2-1~B. a. 2-8)
T co--Central temperature of outdoor side glass, ·C ;
Td--Central temperature of indoor side glass, ·C ;

Ao--Total absorptivity of outdoor side glass;

A;--Total absorptivity of indoor side glass;

ao--Absorptivity of outdoor side glass;

a;--Absorptivity of indoor side glass;

<o--Transmission rate of outdoor side glass.

B. O. 3 The central temperature of insulating glass shall be calculated according to the

• 37 •
following formulae T e :
1) When the thickness of air layer is 6mm
Teo = 10 (0. 0148A o +0. 00724A) +0. 788t o +0. 212t; (B.0.3-1)
T ci = 10 (0. 0724A o +0.00207A) +0. 394t o +0. 606t; (B. O. 3-2)
2) When the thickness of air layer is 9mm

T co = 10 (0.0147A o +0. 00679A) +0. 801t o +0. 199t i (B. 0.3-3)

T ei = 10 (0. 00979A o +0. 0215A) +0. 370t o +0. 630t i (B. 0.3-4)
3) When the thickness of air layer is 12mm

Teo = 10 (0. 0150A o +0. 00625A) +0. 817t o +0. 183t; (B.0.3-5)

T ei = 10 (0. 0625A o +0. 0225A i ) +0. 340t o +0. 660t; (B. 0.3-6)

4) A o ' A in the above formulae shall be calculated respectively according to the

following formulae:
Ao =a o C1+ro • rj(l-r o • r;)] (B. 0.3-7)
A,=ai • ro/(l-ro • r) (B. O. 3-8)
Where ro--Reflectivi ty of outdoor glass;
rj--Reflectivity of indoor glass.
B. O. 4 The temperature of installation glass panel frame shall be calculated according
to the following formula T,:
T, = O. 65t o +0. 35ti (B.0.4)
Where to--Outdoor temperature, DC;
t;--Indoor temperature, DC.
B. 0.5 When the central temperature of glass and temperature of outer frame are calcu­
lated, the required meteorologic and glass parameter shall be adopted.
B. O. 6 Calculation of thermal breakage shall be carried out for east, southeast, south,
southwest and west directions.
B. 0.7 Outdoor temperature to in summer shall be taken as the highest value within one
decade, and in winter it shall be taken as the lowest value within one decade; the indoor
D
temperature ti shall be taken as the indoor set temperature, which may be 20 C in winter
D
and 25 C in summer.
B. 0.8 Before the calculation and design, meteorologic data shall be acquired from local
meteorologic department.
B. O. 9 Thermal performance of glass shall be determined according to the product
specification from manufacturer.

• 38 •
 Appendix C Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficient of Glass U

C.0.1 U Value of is a parameter which represents glass thermal transmittance. It de­

notes when heat transmits through the center of glass without consideration of edge
effect. under steady-state condition. the quantity of heat through a unit area of glass
with a unit ambient temperature difference between outer and inner surface of glass heat
transfer coefficient U has a unit of W / (m 2 • K).
C. O. 2 Fundamental formulae
1 General principle
This method is calculated based the following formula:
III 1
=-+-+- (C.O.2-l)
U he h, hi
Where he--Heat exchange coefficient of outdoor surface of glass;
hi --Heat exchange coefficient of indoor surface of glass;
ht--Interior heat transfer coefficient of multi-layer glass system.
In terior heat transfer coefficient of mul ti-layer glass system shall be calculated ac­
cording to the following formula:

(C. O. 2-2)

Where hs--Thermal conductivity of gas gap;

N--Number of gas layers;
M--Number of material layers;
dm--Thickness of each material layer;
rm--Thermal resistivity of each layer of material (thermal resistivity of glass
is 1m· K/W ).
Thermal conductivity of gas gap shall be calculated according to the following for­
mula:
hs=hg+h r : (C. O. 2-3)
Where h,--Coefficient of radiation heat conductivity of gas gap;
hg--Coefficient of heat conductivity of gas gap (including conduction and
convection) .
2 Coefficient of radiation heat conductivity h r
Coefficient of radiation heat conductivity h r is given by the following formula:
• 39 •
 1 1
h,=4 11 (-+--1)
£1 £2
-1
XT~ (c. O. 2-4)
Where 11 --Steffen-Bol tzmann constant;
£1' £2--Correction emissivity of two surfaces in the gap layer at a average abso­
lute temperature of T m.
3 Coefficient of heat conductivity of gas h g
Coefficient of heat conductivity of gas h g is given by the foIl owing formula:
,J.
hg=Nu - (C. O. 2-5)
s
Where s--Thickness of gas layer, m;
,J.--Heat conductivity of gas, W/(m· K);
Nu is Nusslet number, which is given by the foIlowing formula:
Nu=A(Gr· Pr)n (C. O. 2-6)
Where A--Constant I
Gr-Grashof number;
Pr--Prandtl number;
n--Power exponent.
For Nu<1, then Nu is taken as 1.
Grash of number shaIl be calculated according to the following formula:

Gr = 9. 81 S3 ~2 rz p (C • O. 2­ 7)
T mil

Prandtl number shall be calculated according to the foIlowing formula:

Pr=~ (C. 0.2-8).

,J.
Where ~T --Temperature difference of glass surfaces before and after the gas gap
K;
p--Gas density, kg/m 3 ;
Il--Dynamic viscosity of gas, kg/(ms);
c--Specific heat, J/(kg • K);
Tm--Average temperature of gas, K.
For vertical space, hereinto A = O. 035, n = O. 38; for horizontal condition, A =
0.16, n=O. 28; for the condition inclined at 45° degree, A=O. 10, n=O. 31 .
C. O. 3 Fundamental material property:
1 Emissivity
When coefficient of radiation heat conductivity h, is calculated, correction emissivi­
ty of surface which serves as the interface of the airtight space must be adopted £. For
the surface of common glass, the value of correction emissivity is taken as 0.837. For
the surface of coated glass, standard emissivity £n is measured with infrared spectrum in­
• 40 •
strument. (to refer to D. a. 1 in Appendix D). Correction emissivity is obtained in Table
D. a. 2 of Appendix D.
2 Gas property
The following gas properties are needed:
a) Thermal conductivity A [W/ (m • K) J;
b) Density p (kg/m 3 ) ;
c) Dynamic viscosity J1 [kg/(m· s)J;
d) Specific heat, c [J / (kg· K)].
For mixture gas, gas property is proportional to the volume percentage of gas. If in
the mixture gas adopted:
--Volume percentage of gas 1 is R, ,
--Volume percentage of gas 2 is R 2 , etc. ,
Then:
(C. a. 3)
Herein, F represents the relative property, such as: heat conductivity, density,
dynamic viscosity or specific heat.
C. O. 4 Heat exchange coefficient of exterior and interior
1 Heat exchange coefficient of outdoor surface
Heat exchange coefficient of outdoor surface he is a function of wind velocity near
glass, which can be expressed approximately by the following formula:
h e =la.a+4.1v (C.a.4-l)
Where I.J --Wind velocity.
When comparing the value of U, he can be taken as 23W /(m 2 • K).
If other value of he is adopted to satisfy particular test conditions, explanation shall
be given in the test report.
2 Heat exchange coefficient of indoor surface
Heat exchange coefficient of indoor surface hi can be expressed by the following for­
mula:
(C. a. 4-2)
Where h r is radiation heat conductivity, he convection heat conductivity.
Radiation heat conductivity of common glass surface is 4. 4W /(m 2 • K). If the cor­
rection emissivity of inner surface is some low, then radiation heat conductivity is given
by the following formula:
h =4. 4da. 837
r (C. a. 4-3)
Herein, €: is the correction emissivity of coated surface (a. 837 is the value of cor­
rection emissivity of clean, uncoated glass).
For free convection, he the value of is 3. 6W/(m 2 • K).
• 41 •
 For common vertical glass surface and free convection in general conditions,
h i =4. 4+3. 6+8. OW/(m Z • K) (C.0.4-4)
When it is adopted to compare with U of window glass, this value is standard.
If other value of hi is adopted to satisfy particular test conditions, explanation shall
be given in the test report.
C. O. 5 Reference Value
Fundamental reference value is listed below:
Thermal resistivity of glass r= 1m • K/W;
Correction emissivity of common glass surface £=0. 837;
Temperature difference of inner and outer glass surfaces 11 T= 15K;
Average temperature of window glass T m = 283K;
Steffen-Boltzmann constant (1= 5. 67 X 10- 8 W / (m Z • K);
Heat exchange coefficient of outdoor surface h c =23W /(m Z • K);
2
Heat exchange coefficient of indoor surface h Mi =8W/(m • K).
2
The value of W / (m • K) shall be denoted by U, which may has a precision with
one decimal place. For multi-layered glass which has more than one layer of gas, both
the average temperature and average temperature difference shall be determined by the
calcula tion steps in turn.

• 42 •
Appendix D Method for Determining Emissivity and Gas Property

D. 0.1 Standard emissivity €n

Standard emissivity of coated glass surface €n IS calculated according to the follow­

ing steps, with the reflection curve of spectrum measured wi th infrared spectrum instru­
ment, in the condition which is near normal incidence.
According to the 30 values of wavelength given by Table D. O. 1, corresponding
curves of reflection coefficient R n OJ are measured and the mathematic average value is
taken as the conventional reflection coefficien t in the temperature of 283K.
30

~Rn()\i)
1
R n = 30 CD. 0.1)

Standard emissivity in the temperature of 283K is given by the following formula:

CD. O. 2)
Table D. O. 1 Wavelength Used to Measure the Standard Emissivity in the Temperature of 283K (pm)

Serial number Wavelength Serial number Wavelength

1 5.5 13 12.9

2 6.7 14 13.5

3 7.4 15 14.2

4 8.1 16 14.8

5 8.6 17 15.6

6 9.2 18 16.3

7 9. 7 19 17.2

8 10.2 20 18.1

9 10. 7 21 19.2

10 11. 3 22 20.3

11 11. 8 23 21. 7

12 12.4 24 23.3

25 25.2 28 35. 7

26 27. 7 29 43.9

27 30.9 30 50.0(])<2)

<D 50 ll m is selected for the reason that it the limit wavelength, and the influence to precision brought by the approxi­
mate can be ignored.
@ If the reflection spectrum data of wavelength which is larger than 25·ll m can not be obtained, it may be replaced by
data of higher wavelength. This is effective where the reflection coefficient response curve reaches an ideal steady
state. il shall be indicated to adopt this method in the test report.

• 43 •
D. O. 2 Determination of Correction emissivity c
Correction emissivity Cn is obtained from multiplying the standard emissivity c by
the coefficient given in Table D. O. 2.
D. O. 3 Gas property
The relevant gas parameter of insulating multi-layered glass is listed in Table D. 0.3.
Table D. O. 2 Relation Between Correction Emissivity and Standard Emissivity

Standard emissivity Coefficient<D Standard emissivity Coefficien t CD

0.03 I. 22 0.5 1. 00

0.05 1. 18 0.6 0.98

O. I 1. 14 O. 7 0.96

0.2 I. 10 0.8 O. 95

0.3 I. 06 0.89 0.94

O. 4 I. 03

CD Other values may be obtained by linear interpolation or extrapolation.

Table D. O. 3 Gas Property

Temperature Density p Dynamic viscosity Heat conductivity Specific heat

Gas
T< "C) <kg!m') [1O- 5 kg!<m' s)J [1O-Zkg!<m' K)J [IO'J/kg!<m' K)J

-10 I. 326 I. 661 2. 336

0 I. 277 I. 711 2.416

Air I. 008
+10 I. 232 I. 761 2.496

+20 I. 189 I. 811 2. 576

-10 1. 829 2.038 I. 584

0 I. 762 2.101 I. 634

Argon 0.519
+10 I. 699 2. 164 1. 684

+20 1. 640 2.228 I. 734

-10 6.844 I. 383 I. 119

Sulfur 0 6.602 I. 421 I. 197

0.614
fluoride +10 6.360 I. 459 I. 275

+20 6.118 1. 497 1.354

-10 3.832 2.260 0.842

0 3.690 2.330 0.870

Krypton 0.245
+10 3.560 2. 400 0.900

+20 3.430 2.470 0.926

• 44 •
 Explanation of Wording in This Specification

1 Words used for different degree of strictness are explained as follows, in order
to mark the differences in executing the requirements of this specification:
1) Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirement:
"Must" is used for affirmation; "must not" for negation.
2) Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions:
"Shall" is used for affirmation; "shall not" for negation.
3) Words denoting a permission of a slight choice or an indication of the most
suitable choice when conditions permit:
"Should" is used for affirmation; "should not" for negation.
"May" is used to express the option available, sometimes with the conditional
permit.
2 "Shall comply with· .. " or "shall meet the requirements of,,," is used in this code
to indicate that it is necessary to comply with the requirements stipulated in other rela­
tive standards and codes.

• 45 •