3rd ISSMGE McClelland Lecture

Cyclic soil parameters for

offshore foundation design

Knut H. Andersen
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
Cyclic soil parameters for
offshore foundation design

Main goals
Cyclic contour diagram framework

Data base with contour diagrams and

correlations of required parameters
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
Wave loads: The Ekofisk Oil Storage Tank - 1973
 Wave loads, Frigg TCP2, 1977

(Beryl A & Brent B Aug 1975)

H100~ 30?m
Drammen clay JIP 1974/75
Snorre tension leg platform (1991)
Anchoring of floaters
2004:
485 suction anchors, 50 sites
2000m water depth
 Offshore wind power structures

67 m
10 m

5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1

By Per Sparrevik
 Sea protection; Oosterschelde

1986
Wave loads on harbour structures - Amalfi, Italy
Ice loading on bridge pillars; Great Belt bridge, Denmark

Low frequency 10 sec

High frequency 1 sec
1990
 Arctic; ice loads

Drawing: Per Sparrevik

Earthquakes

Photo: Amir Kaynia

 Earthquakes, slope instability
Earthquake induced
slide, El Salvador,
600 dead
Foundation design topics
Cyclic bearing capacity
Cyclic displacements
Soil stiffness in global dynamic analyses
Permanent displacements (settlements) due to
cyclic loading
─ Dissipation of pore pressure due to cyclic loading
─ Increased average shear strains

Soil reactions
Static capacity reduction due to cyclic loading
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
Cyclic soil parameters needed in design

Cyclic shear strength

Cyclic shear modulus

Permanent shear strain due to cyclic loading

Pore pressure generation

Recompression modulus

Damping

Static strength reduction due to cyclic loading

Cyclic soil parameters needed in design

Cyclic shear strength

Cyclic shear modulus

Permanent shear strain due to cyclic loading

Pore pressure generation

Recompression modulus

Damping

Static strength reduction due to cyclic loading

Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
 Cyclic loading generates pore pressure
τ
τ τa
τcy
Monotonic τ0 τcy τa
0
time

Cyclic
τcy

τa
σ’
up

Cycle N Cycle 1
Pore pressure & shear strain increase with no. of cycles
τ
τcy
Cyclic and average τa
shear stresses τ0 τcy τa
0
time

u ucy
Pore pressure ucy
generation up
0
time

γ
γcy
Cyclic, average and
permanent shear strains γcy γp
γa

time
 Shear strain definitions
τ
Cycle 1 Cycle N

γcy -> Cyclic displacements and soil

τcy stiffness for dynamic analyses
γa+γcy-> Total displacements
τa γp -> Displacements after storm
τ0

γp γ Model to follow behavior during a cycle:

Kaynia & Andersen (2015)
γcy γcy
γa
 Shear strains depend on test type and τa
DSS, τa=0 Triaxial, τa= 0 Triaxial, τa= τcy

τ τ τ
0 0 0
Time Time Time

τcy τcy
τcy
τcy τa τcy
τcy
 Shear strains are not governed by τmax
Triaxial
τ (kPa)
+50 C
B
0
A Tid
-50

Test τmax τa τcy Result

Failure (γ=15%)
A 50 0 50
10 cycles
γp=0.8%, γcy=0.3%
B 50 25 25
2500 cycles
γp=0.03%, γcy=0.02%
C 50 42.5 7.5
2500 cycles
Soil elements follow different stress paths
H
h W’

τ τ
Time
τ 0
0 τ τa
Time τa τa
DSS 0 0 Triax ext.
Triax comp. DSS
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
 No. of cycles to failure depends on τa and τcy

Drammen Clay, OCR=1 τ γ γcy

τcy
DSS τ0 τcy τa γcy γa
0 time 0 time

τ /s DSS τ /s DSS
cy u cy u

1.0 1.0

= N f γ ap / γ cy = γ ap / γ cy
0.75 0.75
N f =10
100
0.5 0.5
1000

0.25 0.25

0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τ /s DSS 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τ /s DSS
a u a u
 No. of cycles to failure depends on τa and τcy

Drammen Clay, OCR=1 τ γ γcy

τcy
DSS τ0 τcy τa γcy γa
0 time 0 time

τ /s DSS
cy u

1.5 1.0
15 = γcy (%) τa = 0 = γ ap / γ cy
3 0.75
1.0 3 15 Test 1 N f =10
1
τcy/suDSS 0.5 0.5 1 3 15 Test 2
100
0.5
1000
0.5
0.25

0.0
0
1 10 100 1000 10000 τ /s DSS
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 a u
log N
No. of cycles to failure depends on τa and τcy
Drammen Clay, OCR=1
τ γ γcy
τcy
Triaxial τ0 τcy τa γcy γa
0 time 0 time

τcy/suC
15%/15% = γa / γcy
0/15
-0.5/15 15/0.5
0.5
-15/15 Nf=10
100 15/0.1

-15/0.5 0.25
1000

τ0

-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τa/suC

 Cyclic shear strength is τf,cy= τa+τcy

DSS
15/15
τf,cy=τa+τcy = a γ / γcy
3/15 15%/1%
τ τf,cy/suDSS
τcy
Nf=1
τ0 τa 1.5 0.5/15
0 15/0.25
0/15
time 10
1.25

τcy/suDSS 100
1.0 15/0
1.0 1000
= γa γ
p / cy 0.75
0.75
Nf=10
100 0.5
0.5
1000
0.25 0.25

0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τa/suDSS 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τa/suDSS
 Cyclic shear strength is τf,cy= τa±τcy

Triaxial

τf,cy/suC 1.5
τf,cyC=τa+τcy γa / γcy= 15%/0.5% N f=1
τ 15/15
15/0.1

τcy 0.5/15
10
τ0 τa τcy 0/15
0 100 15 / 0
tid 1.0
Static Comp
τ E
f,cy = a- cy τ τ
Extension 1000
-15/15

-15/0.5 -0.5/15 Compression

0/15
-15/0.1
τcy,f/suC
15%/15% = γp γ
a / cy 0.5 Nf=1
0/15 -15 / 0
15/0.5
0.5
-0.5/15 Static Ext
-15/15 Nf=10
100 15/0.1 10
-15/0.5 0.25
1000
100
τ0 τ0
1000
τa,f/suC
τa,f/suC
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0
 Shear strains, DSS tests, N = 10 τ
Cycle 1 Cycle N

τcy

Drammen Clay, OCR=1 DSS τa

τ0

γp γ
1,00 1,00 γcy γcy
N=10
τ /suDSS N=10 τ /suDSS γa
cy cy 15 = γ (%)
cy
2.87/ 0,78 27/ 4 = γa/γcy 3
0,75 0,75 1 Failure
envelope
-0.06/ 0,25 1.07/ 0,38 5.76/ 0,58
0,5
1.04/ 0,25
0,50 0,50
Cyclic test data 0,25

0.03/ 0,52 0.35/ 0,1 0.64/ 0,08

0,25 0,1
0,25
Static test data
γa (%) = 0,25 0,5 1 2 3 5 15
0,25 0,5 1 2 3 5 15
0,00 0,00
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
τa /suDSS τa /suDSS
 Shear strains; DSS tests, N = 10 & 100

DSS

0.75
15 = γ (%) N=100
τ /suDSS 3 cy
cy 1
0.5 Failure
0.50 envelope
0.25

0.1
0.25

γa (%) = 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 5 15

0.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
τa /suDSS
 Shear strains; DSS tests, N = 10 & 100
N=10

DSS

1.5
15 = γcy (%) τa=0
3
1.0 3 15 Test 1
1
N=100 τcy/suDSS 0.5 0.5 1 3 15 Test 2
0.75

τ /suDSS
15 = γ (%)
3 cy N=100 0.5
cy 1
0.5 Failure
0.50 envelope
0.25

0.25
0.1 0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
γa (%) =
0.00
0.25 0.5 1 2 3 5 15
log N
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
τa /suDSS
 3D representation, DSS
1.0
1.0
γcy=15%
N=1, 10, 100
3
τcy,f/suDSS τcy/suDSS 1

10
100 0.5
0.5 0.5
Nf=1000
0.25

0.1
0.5 2 5
γa=0.25% 1 3 15

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
0.0
τa,f/suDSS τa/suDSS
 Shear strains; Triaxial tests, N = 10 & 100
γcy (%) = 15 5
0,5 Failure
1
0,5 N=10 Triaxial
τ /suC envelope 0,25
cy
0,1
0,25 τ
0,05 Cycle 1 Cycle N

-15 15
-4 -1,5 -0,5 -0,25 γa (%) = 0 0,25 1 τcy
0
-0,5 0 τa/suC 0,5 1
τa
τ0

0,5 γp γ
Failure γcy (%) = 15 5 N=100
τ /suC 1 γcy γcy
cy envelope 0,5
0,25 γa
0,1
0,25
0,05
-15 Drammen Clay, OCR=1
-4 -1,5 -0,5 -0,25 γa (%) = 0 0,25 1 15
0
-0,5 0 τa/suC 0,5 1
Pore pressure due to cyclic loading, DSS, N = 10
H
h W’

τ τ
Time
τ 0
0 τ τa
Time τa τa
DSS 0 0 Triax ext.
Triax comp. DSS
Use of contour diagrams

• Used directly in design

• Basis to develop constitutive models

• Check of constitutive models

• Framework for specification and interpretation

of site specific cyclic laboratory tests
NGI contour diagram - Cake version

Prepared by Ana Page

NGI contour diagram – Basket ball version

Linda Hårvik
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base and (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
Some important parameters for contour diagrams

Stress vs. strain controlled cyclic loading

Load period

Preshearing

Drained vs. undrained ∆τa

Stress controlled and strain controlled tests
give different strain contours
DSS tests with τa=0
Effect of load period - clay

Nf = f (T) for given τcy

Effect of preshearing – Sand and silt (OCR=1)

Effect may be negative

(loosening of dense sand)
if preshearing causes
large γ
 Effect of preshearing - Clay
DSS τa=0 τcy~0.5∙su

100 60
Drammen Clay Drammen Clay
75 OCR=1 up 40 OCR=4
σvc'=400 kPa σvc'=100 kPa
up (kPa)
50 20
(kPa)
25 0

0 -20
0.3 4

0.2 γcy 3
γcy
(%) 2
(%)
0.1
1

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 100 200 300 400
Number of cycles Number of cycles
Cyclic shear strength - Drained vs. undrained ∆τa

Clay: Sand & silt:

∆τa is undrained ∆τa can be drained or undrained, depending on
• variation of ∆τa with time
• drainage path
• consolidation characteristics
Cyclic shear strength - Drained vs undrained ∆τa - DSS
Dense sand, OCR=1

2.0
Undrained ∆τa 2.0
Drained ∆τa

1.5 1.5
Nf=1

τ /σvc'
τ /σvc'

Nf=1

cy
cy

1.0 1.0 10
10
25

0.5 25 0.5 100

100 1000
1000
0.0 0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
τa/σvc' τa/σvc'

Effect will be opposite for loose sand

 Cyclic shear strength - Drained vs undrained ∆τa - Triaxial
Dense sand, OCR=1
Undrained ∆τa Drained ∆τa
2 2
10 1 Nf=1
10
1.5 1,5
Nf=1
τ /σvc'

τ /σvc'
1 1
10 25
cy

cy
25
100 100
0.5 0,5
1000 1000
0 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
τa/σvc' τa/σvc'

-2.6 -0.2 0.4 1.2

Cyclic shear strength - Drained vs. undrained ∆τa

τcy/∆τa = 1.5 τcy/∆τa = 1.5

Undrained ∆τa , N=10 Drained ∆τa , N=10 Drained/Undrained

τf,cyC /σvc’ = (1.47+1.83)=3.3 τf,cyC /σvc’ = (1.05+1.25)=2.3 Compression: 0.70

τf,cyE /σvc’ = (0.5+1.2)=1.7 τf,cyE /σvc’ = (0.12+0.58)=0.7 Extension: 0.41

τf,cyDSS/σvc’ = (0.47+0.71)=1.2 τf,cyDSS/σvc’ = (0.4+0.58)=0.98 DSS: 0.82

Average ratio ~65%

 Cyclic shear strength - Drained vs. undrained ∆τa

Example: Dense sand, N=10, τcy/∆τa=1.5

P P

C DSS E C DSS E

Average τf (Drained ∆τa/Undrained ∆τa)= Average τf (Drained ∆τa/Undrained ∆τa)=

1/3∙(0.7/1.7+1/1.2+0.55/3.3) = 0.3 1/3∙(2.2/3.3+1/1.2+1.7/1.7) = 0.83

Failure defined as γ=5%

Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
 Strategy to establish cyclic contour diagrams
Find contour diagrams for similar soil from database or
establish contour diagrams from correlations
Perform monotonic test(s) and 3 cyclic tests to see if results
match with contours in existing data base
Supplement with more cyclic tests if necessary
(depends on match, consequence and if full diagrams are needed)

τcy,f/suDSS
τcy,f/suC /15
0.5 3/15 /15

15
15%/15% = γp / γcy 1.0 2

0/
0/152 15
-0.5/15 15/0.5 1 % = γp / γcy
0.5
5
15%/
0.75
Nf=10
-15/15 1
1
Nf=10
100 15/0.1 100
0.5 4 15/0.25
3
5 4 3
-15/0.5 0.25
1000
1000
Stat p 0.25
ic Ex Com
t τ0 Static
-15 /
0
E C
15 / 0 0 15/0
DSS
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τ
a,f/su
C 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 τa,f/suDSS
 Contour diagrams - Sand & silt - Examples
γ and up = f(τcy, N) DSS, Dr~65%.
DSS and triaxial with various Dr in paper.

Cyclic shear strain, γcy (%) Permanent pore pressure. up/σ’ref

0.3 0.3
15 Labels: γcy(%)
7.5 (τcy,f /σ'ref)N=10=0.19 1= u /σref'
p
(τcy,f /σ'ref)N=10=0.19
2.5 5
1 0.5
0.2 0.2
0.5
0.25 Failure line; γcy=15%

τ /σ '
τ /σ '

cy ref
cy ref

0.25

0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1
0.05

0.025
0.0 0
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
log N log N

σref ’=pa∙(σvc’/pa)n
 Contour diagrams - Sand & silt - Examples
Cyclic shear strength, Dr~65%.
Various Dr in paper.
Undrained ∆τa (%) Drained ∆τa (%)

DSS

0.6 0.6
Nγ=10%=1

Triaxial
10
25 Nγ=10%=1
100
0.4 0.4
1000 10
τ /σvc'

τ /σvc'
25
100
1000
cy

cy
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
-0.6 -0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8
τa/σvc' τa/σvc'
 Contour diagrams - Sand & silt - Examples
Average and cyclic shear strains, γa and γcy , Dr~65%, N=10.
Various Dr and N=1, 10 and 100 in paper.

Undrained ∆τa (%) Drained ∆τa (%)

DSS

0.8 0.8

Triaxial
Average Average
10
Cyclic Cyclic
0.6 0.6

2.5 1 0.5 0.25

τ /σvc'
τ /σvc'

0.4 γcy(%)=10 0.1 5 0.4 10

5
γcy(%)= 10
cy

cy
0.05 2.5
0.5 1
0.2 0.2
γa(%)= -10 1
2.5 0.1 0
-5 -2.5
-0.25 0 0.25 0.5 γa(%)= -10 -1 -0.25 0.05
0.0 0.0
-0.6 -0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8
τa/σvc' τa/σvc'
 Static shear strength correlation - Clay
DSS OCR=1
0.5
Ip<25 0.4 Static DSS Shear Strength
>10% clay content
Ip>25 n=0.9
0.4 Ip=25%
High
0.3
Mean
0.3
τ /σvc'

Low

τ /σ '
ref
0.2
f

f
0.2

0.1 0.1
For
For lowlow Ip, also
Ip, also consider
consider Figurescorrelation
10.1 and 10.2for
sand/silt
0 0
0 400 800 1200 0 20 40 60 80
σvc' (kPa) Ip (%)

σref ’=pa∙(σvc’/pa)n n=0.9: static strength of clay

n=0.1 - 0.9: static strength of sand & silt
pa=100kPa n=0.9: cyclic strength of sand, silt & clay
 Cyclic shear strength correlation - Clay

1.2
DSS N=10 1
1
τa = 0 1 1 1
1
1
1.0
~1 1 1
3.5 1 1 1
p0'
τ /suDSS

1
0.8 ~1 ~1 4
40 4
p0'
f,cy

1
p0' Labels: OCR
0.6
1 ~6 1
Best fit: 0.41*Ip**0.224

0.4
0 20 40 60
Ip (%)
 Static shear strength correlations - Sand & silt
DSS OCR=1
Static shear strength
<10% clay content 3 5 8 5 8
3
66 2 2
τ /σ ' 0 6 9
6 9 6
10 f ref n 6
6
0 6
<0.75 0.9 0 10 2 10 2
0.75-1.5 0.7
2 1 20 10 0 2
5 6 10 20
18 5 1
1.5-5 0.4 6 1
7 6 18 1 7
>5 0.1 7 20
6
7 2
Labels: Fines Content 2 20 39
39
τ /σ '

σ' =pa(σvc'/pa)n
f ref

1
ref
1 15
7 7
1 pa=100kPa 7 7 9
9
1 1
8 8
88

39 31
26 39 26
23
DSS <5% fines 30 26 45 50 DSS <5% fines
1111 26 11 11
21 30 50 21
DSS 20% fines 39 DSS 20% fines
39
DSS 35% fines DSS 35% fines
0.1
20 40 60 80 100 120
10 20 30 40
wafter (%)
Dr,after (%)
 Static shear strength correlation - Anisotropy

3
Static shear strength
2 2
20 2 <10% clay content
9 0 2 τ /σ '
0
2 f ref n
2
20 9 2 <0.75 0.9
10 3 0.75-1.5 0.7
2
2 1.5-5 0.4
20 90
1 2 2 >5 0.1
0 1 Labels: Fines Content
20 CAUC Static <10% clay

46 CAUE Static <10% clay

τ /σ '
f ref

σ' =pa(σvc'/pa)n
ref

1 1
pa=100kPa
25
40
45
24 45

DSS <5% fines

DSS 20% fines

DSS 35% fines
0.1
10 20 30 40
wafter (%)

Similar anisotropy ratios for cyclic strength

 Cyclic shear strength correlation - Sand & silt
DSS OCR=1 τa=0 N=10

10
Cyclic shear strength Cyclic shear strength
n=0.9 n=0.9
Labels: Fines Content Labels: Fines Content

DSS N=10 <10% clay 0 DSS N=10 <10% clay

0

σ' =pa(σvc'/pa) 25 2
ref
n 03 0 5
3
σ' =pa(σvc'/pa)n
ref
9 9
τ /σ '

20 20
f ref

1 pa=100kPa pa=100kPa
5 5
0 0
5 10 10 5

20 20 7 28
2 7 212
12
11 1
1
1 28 1
30
30
7 11
1 9 38 45 945 30 1 11
11 29 7 81
DSS <5% fines 11 DSS <5% fines
0 21 0 21
DSS 20% fines 23 23 DSS 20% fines
DSS 35% fines DSS 35% fines
0.1
20 40 60 80 100 12010 20 30 40
wafter (%)
Dr,after (%)
Correlations for effect of N
DSS OCR=1 τa=0
Shear strength correlation – Effect of OCR
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
 Equivalent number of cycles
Contours show behavior as function of N
with constant τa and τcy

In a storm τa and τcy vary from one wave to

the next

Storm can be transformed to an

Equivalent number of cycles of the maximum
wave, Neq , that gives the same effect as the
irregular load history
by
• Pore pressure accumulation
• Strain accumulation
 Cyclic strength and stress-strain relations

τcy/∆τa =1

Determine stress path and anisotropy by assuming:

• For limit equilibrium & finite element:
− τcy/∆τa = Pcy/Pa
− Strain compatibility at failure (Andersen & Lauritzsen, 1988)
• Special finite element (UDCAM & PDCAM; Jostad et al, 2014 & 2015)
Cyclic strength and stress-strain relations

τcy/∆τa =1
 Cyclic strength and stress-strain relations

τcy/∆τa =1

Determine stress path and anisotropy by assuming:

• For limit equilibrium & finite element:
− τcy/∆τa = Pcy/Pa
− Strain compatibility at failure (Andersen & Lauritzsen, 1988)
• Special finite element (UDCAM & PDCAM; Jostad et al, 2014 & 2015)
Presentation
When do we need cyclic soil parameters?
What parameters do we need?
How does soil behave under cyclic loading?
Cyclic contour diagram framework
─ Construction
─ Important parameters
─ Data base (diagrams and correlations with index parameters)
Application of contour diagrams in design
Calculation procedures
Slope instability due to cyclic loading
Verification by prototype observations and model tests
Verification - Brent B Condeep platform
Cyclic rotations, st.dev. (10-4 rad)
0 0.08 0.16 0.24
40 2.4

Cyclic horizontal load, st. dev. (MN)

Cyclic moment, st. dev. (MNm)

30 1.8

20 1.2

Brent B displacements
Measured rotations
10 0.6
Calculated rotations
Measured horizontal disp.
Calculated horizontal disp.
0 0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2
Cyclic horizontal displacement, st. dev. (mm)

Hs=10.3m
Calculated/Measured =1.06 (rotation) and 0.71 (horizontal)
Verification - Centrifuge tests of GBS on very dense sand

3000
End Storm 3

Cyclic horizontal load (MN)

End Storm 4

2000 End Storm 2

End Storm 1
• Ekofisk Tank characteristic Centrifuge test.
1000 GBS on very dense sand.
horizontal load: 786MN Measured seabed displ.
Calculated seabed level
• Displacements may govern rather Measured actuator level
Calculated actuator level
than capacity
0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2
• Significant negative pore pressure
Cyclic horizontal displacement (m)
underneath heel
• Cavitation during Storms 3 & 4
Centrifuge tests performed by Delft Geotechnics
Verification - Snorre TLP anchor field model tests
Verification - Snorre TLP anchor field model tests

Test Test type Predicted/measured

No. failure load
1 Monotonic 1.00
2 Cyclic 1.05
3 Cyclic 1.06
4 Cyclic 1.01

Photo: Rune Dyvik

Verification - Snorre TLP anchor field model tests

Predicted

60

Cyclic load, Pcy (kN)

40

20
Predicted low
Predicted high
Measured Test 2
Measured Test 3

0
0 1 20 0.5 10 0.5 1
Cyclic rotation Cyclic horiziontal Cyclic vertical
(10-2 rad) displacement (cm) displacement (cm)
Summary and conclusions
Cyclic soil behavior depends on
─ Stress path
─ Average and cyclic shear stresses
Contour diagrams
─ Convenient presentation form
─ Provide parameters for capacity, displacements and stiffness
─ Verified by backcalulated prototype and model test behavior
─ Basis to formulate and verify constitutive models
─ Framework to specify and interpret site specific laboratory tests
Data base
─ Contour diagrams for various soils and densities
─ Correlations with index parameters
• Static and cyclic shear strengths
• Stress-strain relations
• Gmax, friction angles, consolidation characteristics
Acknowledgement

Based on more than 4 decades of research and project

work at NGI
Cooperation with NGI colleagues
Colleagues in industry
─ Insipiring and rewarding cooperation
─ Identifying needs and challenges

Funding from Industry and Research Council of Norway

─ Project work and JIPs
Thank you for your attention!