ABSTRACT

Threshing of rice is of great importance in Asia and especially in a country like India where rice
is a staple diet for at least 70% of the population. Motorized threshing machines tend to be very
large and hence maintenance and use are difficult. This paper has been study and modification of
rice threshing machine for automation in threshing including sand sieving. A sieve is a device for
separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size
distribution of a sample, typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net. This project
focuses in design, fabrication of the mechanical part of machine and the system of the sieve
machine including rice thresher. To achieve this project objective, this sieve cum threshing
machine body structure and mechanical system needs to concern some other criteria such as
strength, safety and ergonomic design. It is the fast working process so it save the time and
human effort due to its automation. The main modification of this system is threshing in its outer
portion of sieve cylinder system which is create the automation in the system and reduce human
effort. Also due to low cost it can be used by average farmers who produce at least 80% of
India’s rice. In a way, development of rice threshing machines provides the scope of
establishment of small scale cottage industries concerned with threshing and packaging of rice
along with sand sieving.
INTRODUCTION
Sand filter machine is a machine designed to separate the particle according to their mesh size
different levels.in many industry for example the pharmaceutical, it is often desirable to
communite particulate matter. A small sieve such as used for sifting flour has very small holes.
Depending upon the types of particles to be separated, sieves with different types of holes are
used. Sieves are also used to separate stones from sand. A metallic plate or sheet, or other similar
device, with regularly spaced apertures of uniform sizes, mounted in a suitable frame or holder,
for use in separating material according to size. A number used to designate the size on a sieve,
usually the approximate number of openings per inch. The normal size of openings usually
between cross wires of a testing sieve.
Today there are various machines for performing various kinds of operations in farm as well as
for doing every work, where considering our research we have found for study i.e.” Rice
Threshing, here we found various problems that has to be noted and can be worked on. So this
problems can be framed as the machines that are used for rice threshing are required more man
power for threshing i.e. if one labour standing with rice plant for threshing behind the thresher
it’s difficult to rotate rice plant continuously in standing position with rice plant. So there need to
develop new technique or machine that can be used solve the problem mentioned above.
Currently, Ghana spends about 450 million US dollars annually on rice importation to argument
local demand. The country’s self-sufficiency in rice production stands at about 30 per cent,
leaving a shortfall of 70 percent (Amanor, 2012). However, local farmers involved in rice
production in Ghana still use outmoded means of threshing. Thus using wood logs as implement
to aid in the threshing. Aside from being labour intensive, the post-harvest losses is huge. Studies
has shown that threshing losses were higher (6.14%) when threshing was done using the
“Bambam” box (a big locally made wooden box) than when bag beating method (2.45%) was
used (Ramatoulaye,2010). The rice is one of the important crop in the word which is cultivated at
the extensive area of Iran. Yield of crop is factor which is investigated in the breading researches
usually for threshing of crop at these studies, single part thresher is used.
WHAT ARE SAND FILTERS?
Generally while preparing the concrete for construction purpose, the process of sieving and
mixing is carried out separately. These processes are carried out manually. Sieving of sand is
carried out using rectangular mesh which is inclined at certain angle. In the present sand sieving
method, the sample is subjected to horizontal or vertical movement in accordance with the
chosen method. This causes a relative motion between the particles and the sieve. Depending on
their size the individual particles either pass through the sieve mesh or retained on the sieve
surface.
Rice Threshing
The thrashing machine, or, in modern spelling, threshing machine (or simply thresher), was a
machine first invented by Scottish mechanical engineer Andrew Meikle for use in agriculture. It
was invented (c.1784) for the separation of grain from stalks and husks. For thousands of years,
grain was separated by hand with flails, and was very laborious and time consuming.
Mechanization of this process took much of the drudgery Out of farm labor. Thresher is a rice
seed thresher. Threshing is an integral part of the process in rice post-harvest management, in
which the rice that has been harvested is threshed to separate the grains from the rice straw. The
working principles of the thresher are by bearing the rice straws so that the grains will fall off.
One of the main problems faced by the farmers especially in the postharvest time is the difficulty
to carry the rice thresher to the harvest sites, in which the thresher has a big body and the field is
difficult to reach, especially in the rural areas where the fields are in the hills and the dikes are
narrow. It is inaccessible for four-wheeled vehicles to reach the sites, and thus the further
transport is conducted by manpower of at least six people using bamboos to bear the rice. To
overcome this problem, there is a need to handle the post-harvest management so that it can
reduce the difficulty in carrying the thresher so that they will have longer working hours, and
production increasing.
In this project we design and fabricate a machine for the purpose of threshing the rice and
sieving the sand. In many ways even now the rice are separated manually. Due to this manual
process in industries there is wastage of money and time. In order to avoid this wastage we have
designed the following model called sand sieving and rice thresher machine.
OBJECTIVE
 Project aims to replace the inefficient, labor intensive manual threshing process and to
automate the threshing process with including sand sieving arrangement at the required
rate with minimum damage.
 To design the thresher using Break down System for rural areas.
 To increase the thresher productivity.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
 The problem of size of sand in the market available. Need to spend more money if we
want the sand in specific size or category it will increase the budget and time to wait the
supplier preparing the goods. Now day’s people always prefer the most suitable way to
cut their cost and time.
 Threshing of rice is done manually or by renting a huge machine for work. Sometimes it
is not affordable for every farmer. So they do it manually.
 We haven’t seen any combination of machine related to such work in remote areas. The
modification will led to use of both the process within same cost.
LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Konakalla Nagasriananth , Vaitlarakesh , Pothamsettykasi Visweswarao , April

2013/43-49 , “Design and selecting the proper conveyor-belt” ,IJAET , Vol.IV, Issue II
We understood from this paper Belt conveyor is used for the transportation of material from one
location to another. Belt conveyor has high load carrying capacity, large length of conveying
path, simple design, easy maintenance and high reliability of operation. Belt has made up of
different types of material such as rubber, elastomer etc. for abrasive and dusty side belt power
transmission is very useful. This paper provide to design the conveyor system used for which
include belt speed, belt width, motor selection, belt specification, shaft diameter, pulley, gear box
selection, with the help of standards model calculation.

2) Saurabh Chauhan, August 2015,“Motor torque calculation for electric vehicle” ,

IJSTR,Vol.4,Issue08,
We learn electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. These reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is
done by an electric generator, which has much in common with a motor.

3) We learn basic about step pulley into V.B.Bhandari “design of machine element.”
We understood Step pulleys have two or more non-adjustable grooves which have different
pitches located around the same shaft. Pulleys change the speed ratio of the transmission. A step
pulley is a system of pulleys made up of many different sizes. The typical step pulley consists of
a two- to fourpulley configuration. This type of step pulley is found on equipment such as a drill
press where different operational speeds can be produced simply by changing the belt to a
different pulley size. The step pulley is always operated in pairs, and when the belt is changed on
one pulley, it is also changed on the corresponding pulley on the other side of the belt.
Material selection the project constructed will multistage sand separator and filter; equipment for
three different sand sizes. This will we can construct using a mild steel material. This is because
of the excellent high qualities of mild steel such as; durability tensile strength, high corrosion
resistance and also relative in cost compare to other special alloyed materials, like stainless steel.
4) Sugar filtration paper of Avinash Kumar Agarwal1#, Mukesh Sharma2# and L P
Tewari 3#Departments of Mechanical1 and Civil2 Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur National Sugar Institute 3 Kanpur
The study on sugar filtration plan improvement in technology, which is simple, cost-effective
and can be installed and operated by semi-skilled village level technicians and operators. The
specific technological improvements recommended and adopted by Khandsari industry include
improved suphitation process for juice clarification, usage of filter press for juice recovery from
press mud, design of crystallizers for uniform crystal formations etc. These process
modifications have led to significant improvements in sugar recovery, which has gone up to
7.5% from 5.5% as in the case of traditional Khandsari process. Enhanced recovery will make
the industry more competitive and it is hoped that the historic Indian Khandsari industry.

5) Koji Yamaguji,
The result of research work is impressive .in order to achieve the extension of thresher JEP in
west Africa, a participatory research project is of universe de lame in Togo and the local
manufacturer ,UPROMAH.Regarding the small scale farmer condition and result of design and
the technical test of the thresher JEP we recommended that the side edge cover of the grain
should be raised to avoided falling of grain and chaff in the grain outlet more test should be
conducted to ascertain why there was decrease in threshing capacity as speed went up ,the spring
speed should be doubled to avoid future breakages, very wet paddy, moisture up to 21% should
not be used as it stuck and does not allow free exit of chaff ,more different rice varieties under
different condition should focused on designing a low cost thresher.

6) Bahir dar,
The financial analysis showed that utilization of pedal and modified rice threshers have a net
benefit margin of ETB 28098 and ETB 23358 in the first year of investment. Fogera Woreda is
one the most intensive agricultural production system where three to four crop productions are
undertaken. The promotion and utilization of the modified rice thresher reduces the threshing
labour demand of an average Fogera farmer by 77.08%. Besides, farmers appreciated for home
consumption and the avoidance of hay breakage used for thatching. However, they considered it
as a low priority where weeding and planting are recently considered as major bottlenecks. This
is due to low awareness by farmers that necessitates for awareness creation and subsequent
promotion of the technology for wider adoption. Hence, wider scale promotion of the technology
is paramount importance to increase adoption and subsequently enlarge households’ income,
marketable yield and hence increase national food availability and accessibility. Hence, future
promotions should consider these limitations and incorporate the physical and quality loss to
bring to light the opportunities for adoption. Further, it could be advisable to see longer period
experiments on the thresher as fatigue may decrease optimum threshing capacity of individuals

7) Chakrabarti,
The design and fabrication of a rice threshing machine has been successfully carried out by this
work. The machine is capable of threshing, separation of stalk from rice and reduction in number
of broken rice, thereby, giving a better method of threshing than the traditional methods. All the
materials used were locally sourced.
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM
METHODOLOGY
COMPONENTS USED
AC Motor:
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is done by
an electric generator, which has much in common with a motor.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic
field and winding currents to generate force. In certain applications, such as in regenerative
braking with traction motors in the transportation industry, electric motors can also be used in
reverse as generators to convert mechanical energy into electric power.
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor
commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with alternating
current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft
producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by
permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.
We are using to ½ HP motor in this machine and it’s runnig speed is 1440RPM, THE USE of
motor in the system is to transmit the power. Here we are using a motor of half hp. This motor is
having copper windings. It is a bear motor and purchased from old market in Kolhapur.
Pulley and Belt drive
The bearing is mainly used for the rotated to the two roller. Two Pedestal bearing of 1 inch
diameter is used. The main shaft connected to motor is mounted on bearings. The bearings are
purchased from Naik and Naik Company Kolhapur.
There is pulleys are used in our project. Which is coupled with motor shaft and to pulley.

Belt Drive:
This is used to transmit the power from one place to another place. In our project it
transmit power from motor to the rotating mechanism. In our project, we are using one motor
and belt drive mechanism.
Pedestals Bearings
A pillow block usually refers to a housing with an included anti-friction bearing. A pillow block
refers to any mounted bearing wherein the mounted shaft is in a parallel plane to the mounting
surface, and perpendicular to the center line of the mounting holes, as contrasted with various
types of flange blocks or flange units. A pillow block may contain a bearing with one of several
types of rolling elements, including ball, cylindrical roller, spherical roller, tapered roller, or
metallic or synthetic bushing. The type of rolling element defines the type of pillow block. These
differ from "plumber blocks" which are bearing housings supplied without any bearings and are
usually meant for higher load ratings and a separately installed bearing.
The fundamental application of both types is the same, which is to mount a bearing safely
enabling its outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner ring. The housing is
bolted to a foundation through the holes in the base. Bearing housings may be either split type or
solid type. Split type housings are usually two-piece housings where the cap and base may be
detached, while others may be single-piece housings. Various sealing arrangements may be
provided to prevent dust and other contaminants from entering the housing. Thus the housing
provides a clean environment for the environmentally sensitive bearing to rotate free from
contaminants while also retaining lubrication, either oil or grease, hence increasing its
performance and duty cycle.

DESIGN
General Requirements of Machine Design
1. High productivity.
2. Ability to produce and provide required accuracy of shape and size and also necessary
surface finish.
3. Simplicity of design.
4. Safety and convenience of control
5. Low Cost.
 6. Good Appearance.

Design Procedure
Before we proceed to the process of manufacturing, it’s necessary to have some
knowledge about the project design essential to design the project before starting the
manufacturing. Maximum cost of producing a part of product is established originally by the
designer.
The product consists of:
1. FUNCTIONAL DESIGN.
2. PRODUCT DESIGN.
3. ENGINEERING DESIGN.
Design procedure for a product:
When a new product or their elements are to be designed, a designer may proceed as
follows:
1. Make a detailed statement of the problems completely; it should be as clear as possible & also
of the purpose for which the machine is to be designed
2. Make selection of the possible mechanism which will give the desire motion.
3. Determine the forces acting on it and energy transmitted by each element of the Machine
4. Select the material best suited for each element of the machine.
5. Determine the allowable or design stress considering all the factors that affect the Strength of
the machine part.
6. Identify the importance and necessary and application of the machine.
7 Problems with existing requirement of the machine productivity and demand
8. Determine the size of each element with a view to prevent undue distortion or breakage under
the applied load.
9. Modify the machine element or parts to agree with the past experience and judgment and to
facilitate manufacture.
10. Make assembly and detail drawings of machine with complete specification for the materials
and manufacturing methods i.e. accuracy, Surface finish etc
COST ESTIMATION
Cost estimation may be defined as the process of forecasting the expenses that must beincurred
to manufacture a product. These expenses take into a consideration all expenditure involved in a
design & manufacturing with all related service facilities such as pattern making, tool, making as
well as a portion of the General Administrative & selling costs.
PURPOSE OF COST ESTIMATING:-
1) To determine the selling price of a product for a quotation or contract so as to ensure a
reasonable profit to the company.
2) Check the quotations supplied by vendors.
3) Determine the most economical process or material to manufacture the product.
4) To determine standards of production performance that may be used to control the cost.
Basically the cost estimation is of two types : -
1) Material cost
2) Machining cost.

MATERIAL COST ESTIMATION:

Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the raw material which has to
be processed or fabricated to desired size and functioning of the components. These materials are
divided into two categories.
1) Material for Fabrication:
In this the material in obtained in raw condition and is manufactured or processed to finished size
for proper functioning of the component.
2) Standard Purchased Parts :
This includes the parts which was readily available in the market like Allen screws etc .A list in
for-chard by the estimation stating the quality, size & standard parts, the weight of raw material
and cost per kg. For the fabricated parts.
MACHINING COST ESTIMATION: -
This cost estimation is an attempt to forecast the total expenses that may include to manufacture
apart from material cost. Cost estimation of manufactured parts can be considered is judgment on
and after careful consideration which includes Labor, Material and Factory services required to
produce the required part.
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF MATERIAL COST
The general procedure for calculation of material cost estimation is :
1) After designing a project a bill of material is prepared which is divided into two
categories.
A) Fabricated components.
B) Standard purchased components.
2) The rates of all standard items are taken and added up.
3) Cost of raw material purchased taken and added up.
THIS IS DONE AS FOLLOWS: -
Dimension for each part is noted and the volume of the material is calculated by
multiplying it with specific gravity of that material to gave the weight of the component. The
density of mild steel in taken as 7.85 gm/sec.
The weight of material for each part is multiplied by the rate per kg. Of the material to give
the material cost for each component.
The summarization of all the cost of the standard products thus the cost of material to be
fabricated gives the material cost estimation of that project.
There are three categories of costs: -
A) Material cost
B) Machining cost
C) Labor cost
A) material cost : - It is again sub-divided as
a) Raw material cost and b) finished product cost
B) LABOR COST
It is the cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commission, bonus etc.) of the employees of a
concern or enterprise.
Labor cost is classified as:
1) Direct Labor Cost
2) Indirect Labor Cost
DIRECT LABOR COST
The Direct Labor Cost is the cost of labor that can be identified directly with the manufacture of
the product and allocated to cost centers or cost units. The Direct Labor is one who counters the
Direct Material into saleable product; the wages etc. of such employees constitute direct labor
cost. Direct Labor Cost may be apportioned to the unit cost of job or either on the basis of time
spend by a worker on the job or as a price for some physical measurement of product.
INDIRECT LABOR COST
It is that labor cost which cannot be allocated but which can be apportioned to or absorbed by
cost centers or cost units. This is the cost of labor that doesn’t alters the construction,
confirmation, composition or condition of direct material but is necessary for the progressive
movement and handling of product to the point of dispatch e.g. maintenance, men, helpers,
machine setters, supervisors and foremen etc.The total labor cost is calculated on the basis of
wages paid to the labor for 8 hours
PROCEDURE OF CALCULATING MACHINING COST:
1) Time taken by a particular machine for machining each and every component is
calculated including allowances for tiny set up inspection time, centering time etc.
because a component cannot have more than one operations. The machining cost is
calculated using standard working rates of machine per hours. The time taken by a
particular machine for machining every component is multiplied by the machining rate to
give the machining cost.
Therefore total cost includes: -
TOTAL COST = MATERIAL COST + MACHINING COST + LABOR COST.
SELLING COST = MANUFACTURING COST + 10% PROFIT

MANUFACTURING
The process of conversion of raw material in to finished products using the three resources as
Man, machine and finished sub-components. Manufacturing is the term by which we transform
resource inputs to create Useful goods and services as outputs. Manufacturing can also be said as
an intentional act of producing something useful. The transformation process is shown below-
 input conventional process out put

Element Transformation Useful product

Material Machines Products
Data Interpretation Knowledge
Energy Skill Services
Variable cost Fixed cost Revenue

It’s the phase after the design. Hence referring to those values we will plan.The various processes
using the following machines:-
i) Universal lathe
ii) Milling machine
iii) Grinding machine
iv) Power saw
v) Drill machine
vi) Electric arc welding machine
STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODS
Introduction: This chapter describes some of the mathematical technique used by
designers of complex structures. Mathematical models and analysis are briefly describe and
detail description is given of the finite – element method of structural analysis. Solution
techniques are presented for static, dynamic & model analysis problems. As part of the design
procedure the designer must be analyses the entire structure and some of its components. To
perform this analysis the designer will develop mathematical models of structure that are
approximation of the real structure, these models are used to determine the important parameters
in the design. The type of structural model the designer uses depends on the information that is
needed and the type of analysis the designer can perform.
Three types of structural models are
1. Rigid Members: The entire structure or parts of the structure are considered
to be rigid, hence no deformation can occur in these members.
2. Flexible members : The entire structure or parts of the structure are modelled
by members that can deform, but in limited ways. Examples of these members trusses, beams
and plates.
3. Continuum : A continuum model of structure is the most general, since few if
any mathematical assumptions about the behaviour of the structure need to be made prior to
making a continuum model. A continuum member is based on the full three – dimensional
equations of continuum models.
In selecting a model of the structure, the designer also must consider type of analysis to be
performed. Four typical analysis that designers perform are :
1. Static equilibrium: In this analysis the designer is trying to the determinethe overall forces
and moments that the design will undergo. The analysis is usually done with a rigid members
of model of structure and is the simplest analysis to perform.
2. Deformation: This analysis is concerned with how much the structure will move when
operating under the design loads. This analysis is usually done with flexible members.
3. Stress : In this analysis the designers wants a very detailed picture of where and at what level
the stresses are in the design. This analysis usually done with continuum members.
4. Frequency : This analysis is concerned with determining the natural frequencies and made
shape of a structure. This analysis can be done with either flexible members of a structure.
This analysis can be done with either flexible members or continuum members but now the
mass of the members is included in the analysis.
The subject of MACHINE DESIGN deals with the art of designing machine of structure.
A machine is a combination of resistance bodies with successfully constrained relative motions
which is used for transforming other forms of energy into mechanical energy or transmitting and
modifying available design is to create new and better machines or structures and improving the
existing ones such that it will convert and control motions either with or without transmitting
power. It is the practical application of machinery to the design and construction of machine and
structure. In order to design simple component satisfactorily, a sound knowledge of applied
science is essential. In addition, strength and properties of materials including some metrological
are of prime importance. Knowledge of theory of machine and other branch of applied
mechanics is also required in order to know the velocity. Acceleration and inertia force of the
various links in motion, mechanics of machinery involve the design.
CONCEPT IN M.D.P.
Consideration in Machine Design
When a machine is to be designed the following points to be considered: -
i) Types of load and stresses caused by the load.
ii) Motion of the parts and kinematics of machine. This deals with the
type of motion i.e. reciprocating . Rotary and oscillatory.
iii) Selection of material & factors like strength, durability, weight,
corrosion resistant, weld ability, machine ability are considered.
iv) Form and size of the components.
v) Frictional resistances and ease of lubrication.
vi) Convince and economical in operation.
vii) Use of standard parts.
viii) Facilities available for manufacturing.
ix) Cost of making the machine.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY
We have designed our machine in solid works software; here we have attached some images of
the machine which we have designed. Our machine should be 90 cm long, width 24 cm and
height is 50 cm. We have designed our machine according to our requirements. But we are ready
to apply the changes in design which we get as a result from the trial & error method. As per the
design the working procedure of the machine is as follows: Initially when we switched ON the
power supply; the motor start and the thresher rotate. The rice plant applied on the main rotating
of sieve of the machine. The rice plant can passed over the thresher then the rotating motion of
the thresher can removed the rice seeds from the plant. Similarly, the sand passes from the
rotating drum made of the mesh which allows small sand to pour outside from mesh and big sand
from another end of the drum as drum is fitted in inclined position.

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system. The
total system is designed by taking the following equipment’s.

Design of Square Pipe

Frame
240 mm

900mm

The Yield Strength

The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as
the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically (bends and not return). Prior to the
yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the
applied stress is removed. It should be provided as a specification by the supplier of the material.
The value depends on the quality of the material. In this instance the value of the yield strength
was rated at 280Mpa (mega Pascal) that of a construction quality steel.
Moment of Inertia
Also known as the second moment area, the area moment of inertia, moment of inertia of plane
area, or second area moment, is a property of a cross section that can be used to predict the
resistance of beams to bending and deflection, around an axis that lies in the cross-sectional
plane. It should be provided as a specification by the supplier of the material (see below).

Standard Table of Dimension and Properties

We need to know the distance from the centre of the tube (x-x) to the outside edge in this case
12.5mm
25 mm

12.5mm
25 mm

Solving the equation

Yield strength of steel = (moment of turning force) * (half the material thickness /second
moment of inertia)
We don’t know the amount (or ‘moment’) of turning force required to meet that of the yield
strength (bend and not return) of the steel as this is what we are trying to find out.
However, we do know that to find a ‘moment’ we multiply the force applied to a lever (extended
tube) by the distance of the lever (here it is unknown or x). So we keep these two things apart in
the equation as shown below here:
(294.3N/m2 * x) ... (Consider 30 Kg of force for frame)
The remaining known values are as follows:
Yield strength of this steel = 280Mpa
Force = 294.3N/m2
Distance = x (This is what we are trying to find out)
Half the material thickness =12.5mm
Moment of inertia = 1.72cm4

So the equation in numerical terms reads:

280Mpa = (294.3N/m2 * x) * (12.5mm / 1.72cm4 )
In the equation above you will notice (12.5mm ÷ 1.72cm4 ) we can’t divide millimetres by
centimetres so we will have to convert 1.72 cm4 to mm which is 17200mm
280 Mpa = (294.3N/m2 *x) * (12.5mm ÷17200mm) or in numbers alone:
280 = (294.3*x) * (12.5/17200)
What we are trying to do is isolate x so we can determine what it
280*17200 = (294.3*x) 12.5
280*17200=294.3*12.5* x
280*17200 = (294.3*12.5)* x
4816000 = (3678.75)* x
4816000/3678.75 = x
1309.4 = x
Or x (the yield point at which the metal will bend and not recover) = 1309.4 mm

Hence, there is chance of bending the pipe at 1309.4 mm when 30 kg (294.3N/m2) of force is
applied.
In our demo, there is maximum of 900 mm of length of pipe for Frame in no support between.
So, our design is safe as 900 is value less than 1309.4.
DESIGN OF SHAFT
SELECTING TENSILE STRENGTH FOR OUR SHAFT MATERIAL FROM
STANDARD CHART

https://www.steelhouseindia.com/en9-round-bars-manufacturer-supplier.html

 Material Used -M.S.

 Tensile Strength- 700N/mm²
 Yield strength- 350 N/mm²
 Torque- (π /16) x d3xT

Shear stress t=ultimate strength 

Factor of safety FOS=4.

t=700 /4=175N/mm²

π
 T = x d3 x t
16
π
= x d3 x 175
16
d = 7 mm
So we select diameter is 25 mm which is safe
DESIGN OF BEARING
D = 25mm
Fa = 1000 N
Fr = 2500 N
Nd = 72 rpm
Proposed bearing SKF
Required life =10000 hours
When bearing is subjected to radial as well as axial load, the values of X and Y factors are
obtained from Table 15.4 by trial and error procedure. It is observed from Table 15.4, that values
of X are constant and values of Y varies only in case when,
(Fa/Fr) > e
In this case, the value of Y varies from 1.0 to 2.0. We will assume the average value 1.5 as the
first trial value for factor Y. Therefore,
X = 0.56, Y = 1.5
From eq. (15.3),
P = X Fr + Y Fa = 0.56 (2500) + 1.5 (1000) = 2900 N
From Eq. (15.9),
L10 = 60n L10h / 106
= 60 (72) (10000) / 106
= 43.2 million rev.
From eq. (15.7)
C = P¿
= 2900 ¿
C = 10048.65N
From table 15.5, it is observed that for shaft 25 mm diameter, Bearing No. 6205 (C= 11200) is
suitable for above data. For this bearing,
Co = 6200 N
Therefore, (Fa/Fr) = (1000/2500) = 0.4
And (Fa/Co) = (1000/6200) = 0.1613
Referring to table 15.4,
e = 0.37 (approximately) and (Fa/Fr) >e
The value Y is obtained by linear interpolation,
1.4−1.2
Y = 1.4 - x (0.1613 -0.130 ) = 1.34
(0.25−0.13)
And X= 0.56

Dynamic load capacity

P = X Fr + Y Fa = 0.56 (2500) + 1.34 (1000) = 2740 N
C = P¿
= 2740 ¿ = 9494.24 N
From Table 15.5, Bearing No. 6205 (C = 11200) is suitable for above application.

To calculate the belt length

The belt is inserted on a V groove on the motor running at 1440 rpm.
The motor shaft dia is 16 mm
d =16mm.
N1 =1440 rpm
Motor pulley dia d1 = 75 mm
Whereas the pulley dia on the other side
d2 =200 mm
The Belt having dimensions
Centre Distance = 700mm
N2 = Speed of the pulley
d1 =75 mm d2 =200 mm
N1= 1440 rpm N2 =?
Using velocity ratio
d1/ d2 = N2 / N1
(75 / 200) = (N2 / 1440)
N2 = (75 x 1440) / 175
= 617.14 rpm.
To calculate the length of the belt, this is considered as open belt drive
L =2X +1.57(d2+d1) + (d2-d1) 2 / 4x
X=centre distance = 250 mm
d2 =200
d1 = 75 mm
L = 2 x 250+1.57(200+75) + (200+75)2/ (4x 250)
L = 863 mm
= 0.86
The length of the belt is approximately taken as 0.86 m

3rd Pulley Diameter: d3=75 mm

Whereas the pulley dia on the other side
d4 =200 mm
The Belt having dimensions
Centre Distance = 200mm
N4 = Speed of the pulley
d3 =75 mm d4 =200 mm
N3= 617.14 rpm N4 =?
Using velocity ratio
d3/ d4 = N4 / N3
(75 / 200) = (N2 / 617.14)
N2 = (75 x 617.14) / 200
= 231.43 rpm.
To calculate the length of the belt, this is considered as open belt drive
L =2X +1.57(d2+d1) + (d2-d1) 2 / 4x
X=center distance = 225mm
d4 =200 mm
d3 = 75 mm
L = 2 x 225+1.57(200+75) + (200+75)2/ (4x 225)
L = 813 mm
= 0.81 m
The length of the belt is approximately taken as 0.81 m

Design of bolt:-
Bolt is to be fastened tightly also it will take load due to rotation.
Stress for C-25 steel ft =120 N /mm2. Std nominal diameter of bolt is 8 mm.
Let us check the strength: -
Also initial tension in the bolt when belt is fully tightened.
P = 1420 d N
P = 1420 x 8 N
P = 1420 d N
P = 11360 N
Therefore the total load on bolts
P = 11360 + 500 N
P = 11860 N
Being the four bolts the load is shared as
P= 11860/4
=2965 N.
Also,
2965 = (Π /4 dc2 ) x ft
2965 = (Π /4 ) (8x 0.84)2 ) x ft
ft = 83.59 N / mm2
The induced ft 83.59 N / mm2 is less than the maximum ft 120 N /mm2 hence our design is safe.

Manufacturing Process
1. Designing
2. Welding
3. Fitting
4. Testing
5. Assembling
 6. Electrification
7. Soldering

Plant and machinery required

1. Machine shop
2. Welding and fabrication shop
3. Drilling machine
4. Lathe machine
5. Testing machines
Manpower required
1. Skilled manpower is required for demonstration as it requires testing, running,
reading and observation.
2. Manufacturing must be done by skilled operators.
3. Electronic knowledge person must require.
WORK PLAN
STAGE 1: Collecting the Materials
Basic structure is designed for model purpose.
AC motor brought from an electrical spare shop. After completing these works the frame would
be designed in welding work shop
STAGE 2: Fabrication of Components
The following components are fabricated for this machine
Steel Rod
It is used make threshing rods.
Bolt and Nut
It is used to connect the linkages and used to fix linkages on the frame.
Steel Frame
It is used hold whole parts of this machine. It is made by using M.S rectangular pipes and sheets.

STAGE 3: Process for Fabrication

Metal Cutting
The circular shaft are cut for our required dimension by using metal cutter. The circular shaft
acts as a crusher for our machine. Metal cutter cuts all material to required dimension.
Drilling
Drilling is used to screwing the screw through the drilling. To tight the linkages, the screw is
screwing through the drilling and helps to fix the linkages.
Welding
In welding process, the electric arc is used to melt the two metals and joint them
permanently. Electrode is used to produce electric arc .The gap between electrode and metal is
3mm. If welding is overlapped, it affects the quality of metal joint. It is used to inter connect the
columns.
STAGE 4: Assembling the Components
All the components are assembled in a correct manner. Then is will be re checked again and
undergoes to the painting process properties of mild steel
FABRIACTION
Steps in Fabrication
1. Collecting raw materials
2. Cutting in to desired size
3. Fabricating pipe to form a frame
4. Mounting the motor.
5. Fitting electronic circuit and programming
6. Take trial run

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
A. Metal cutting: Metal cutting or machining is the process of by removing unwanted material
from a block of metal in the form of chips. Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the
material that is processed. Usually, the portion that is fractured away is in small sized pieces,
called chips. Common cutting processes include sawing, shaping (or planning), broaching,
drilling, grinding, turning and milling. Although the actual machines, tools and processes for
cutting look very different from each other, the basic mechanism for causing the fracture can be
understood by just a simple model called for orthogonal cutting. In all machining processes, the
work piece is a shape that can entirely cover the final part shape. The objective is to cut away the
excess material and obtain the final part. This cutting usually requires to be completed in several
steps – in each step, the part is held in a fixture, and the exposed portion can be accessed by the
tool to machine in that portion. Common fixtures include vise, clamps, 3-jaw or 4-jaw chucks,
etc. Each position of holding the part is called a setup. One or more cutting operation may be
performed, using one or more cutting tools, in each setup. To switch from one setup to the next,
we must release the part from the previous fixture, change the fixture on the machine, clamp the
part in the new position on the new fixture, set the coordinates of the machine tool with respect
to the new location of the part, and finally start the machining operations for this setup.
Therefore, setup changes are time-consuming and expensive, and so we should try to do the
entire cutting process in a minimum number of setups; the task of determining the sequence of
the individual operations, grouping them into (a minimum number of) setups, and determination
of the fixture used for each setup, is called process planning.
 These notes will be organized in three sections: (i) Introduction to the processes, (ii) The
orthogonal cutting model and tool life optimization and (iii) Process planning and machining
planning for milling.
B. Sawing: Cold saws are saws that make use of a circular saw blade to cut through various types
of metal, including sheet metal. The name of the saw has to do with the action that takes place
during the cutting process, which manages to keep both the metal and the blade from becoming
too hot. A cold saw is powered with electricity and is usually a stationary type of saw machine
rather than a portable type of saw. The circular saw blades used with a cold saw are often
constructed of high speed steel. Steel blades of this type are resistant to wear even under daily
usage. The end result is that it is possible to complete a number of cutting projects before there is
a need to replace the blade. High speed steel blades are especially useful when the saws are used
for cutting through thicker sections of metal. Along with the high speed steel blades, a cold saw
may also be equipped with a blade that is tipped with tungsten carbide. This type of blade
construction also helps to resist wear and tear. One major difference is that tungsten tipped
blades can be re-sharpened from time to time, extending the life of the blade. This type of blade
is a good fit for use with sheet metal and other metallic components that are relatively thin in
design.

WELDING
A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined
together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces (metal or plastic) according to a
particular geometry. There are five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society:
butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee. These configurations may have various configurations at the joint
where actual welding can occur.
Welded joints and their advantages:
Welding is a very commonly used permanent joining process. Thanks to great advancement in
welding technology, it has secured a prominent place in manufacturing machine components. A
welded joint has following advantages:
I. Compared to other type of joints, the welded joint has higher efficiency. An efficiency > 95
% is easily possible.
II. Since the added material is minimum, the joint has lighter weight.
III. Welded joints have smooth appearances.
IV. Due to flexibility in the welding procedure, alteration and addition are possible.
V. It is less expensive.
VI. Forming a joint in difficult locations is possible through welding.

The advantages have made welding suitable for joining components in various machines and
structures. Some typically welded machine components are listed below.
 Pressure vessels, steel structures.
 Flanges welded to shafts and axles.
 Crank shafts
 Heavy hydraulic turbine shafts
 Large gears, pulleys, flywheels
 Gear housing
 Machine frames and bases
 Housing and mill-stands.
Types of welded joints:
Welded joints are primarily of two kinds
a. Lap or fillet joint: obtained by overlapping the plates and welding their edges. The fillet
joints may be single transverse fillet, double transverse fillet or parallel fillet joints

b. Butt joints: formed by placing the plates edge to edge and welding them. Grooves are
sometimes cut (for thick plates) on the edges before welding. According to the shape of the
grooves, the butt joints may be of different types, e.g.,
 Square butt joint
 Single V-butt joint, double V-butt joint
  Single U-butt joint, double U-butt joint
 Single J-butt joint, double J-butt joint
 Single bevel-butt joint, double bevel butt joint

There are other types of welded joints, for example,

Basic Welding types and their symbols

After welding is done the surface is properly finished. The contour of the welded joint may be
flush, concave or convex and the surface finish may be grinding finish, machining finish or
chipping finish.
D. OPERATION: Several welding processes are based on heating with an electric arc, only a
few are considered here, starting with the oldest, simple arc welding, also known as shielded
metal arc welding (SMAW) or stick welding. In this process an electrical machine (which may
be DC or AC, but nowadays is usually AC) supplies current to an electrode holder which carries
an electrode which is normally coated with a mixture of chemicals or flux. An earth cable
connects the work piece to the welding machine to provide a return path for the current. The
weld is initiated by tapping ('striking') the tip of the electrode against the work piece which
initiates an electric arc. The high temperature generated (about 6000oC) almost instantly
produces a molten pool and the end of the electrode continuously melts into this pool and forms
the joint. The operator needs to control the gap between the electrode tip and the work piece
while moving the electrode along the joint. In the shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW)
the 'stick' electrode is covered with an extruded coating of flux. The heat of the arc melts the flux
which generates a gaseous shield to keep air away from the molten pool and also flux ingredients
react with unwanted impurities such as surface oxides, creating a slag which floats to the surface
of the weld pool. This forms a crust which protects the weld while it is cooling. When the weld is
cold the slag is chipped off. The SMAW process cannot be used on steel thinner than about 3mm
and being a discontinuous process it is only suitable for manual operation[5]. It is very widely
used in jobbing shops and for onsite steel construction work. A wide range of electrode materials
and coatings are available enabling the process to be applied to most steels, heat resisting alloys
and many types of cast iron. E. Drilling: Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or
enlarge a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool,
often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at rates from hundreds to
thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the workpiece, cutting
off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled. F. Drilling operation: The geometry of the
common twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex; it has straight cutting teeth at the bottom
these teeth do most of the metal cutting, and it has curved cutting teeth along its cylindrical
surface. The grooves created by the helical teeth are called flutes, and are useful in pushing the
chips out from the hole as it is being machined. Clearly, the velocity of the tip of the drill is zero,
and so this region of the tool cannot do much cutting. Therefore it is common to machine a small
hole in the material, called a center-hole, before utilizing the drill. Center-holes are made by
special drills called center-drills; they also provide a good way for the drill bit to get aligned with
the location of the center of the hole. There are hundreds of different types of drill shapes and
sizes; here, we will only restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills. Common drill bit
materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel, Titanium Nitride coated steel); for cutting
harder materials, drills with hard inserts, e.g. carbide or CBN inserts, are used; In general, drills
for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle, while those for cutting hard and brittle
materials have larger point angle; If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be machined is
large, then we need a special guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very long; such
operations are called gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of few mm or
more, and L/D ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of guns; Drilling is not useful
for very small diameter holes (e.g. < 0.5 mm), since the tool may break and get stuck in the work
piece; - Usually, the size of the hole made by a drill is slightly larger than the measured diameter
of the drill – this is mainly because of vibration of the tool spindle as it rotates, possible
misalignment of the drill with the spindle axis, and some other factors; For tight dimension
control on hole diameter, we first drill a hole that is slightly smaller than required size (e.g. 0.25
mm smaller), and then use a special type of drill called a reamer. Reaming has very low material
removal rate, low depth of cut, but gives good dimension accuracy.
G. Inspection: Critical appraisal involving examination, measurement, testing, gauging, and
comparison of materials or items. An inspection determines if the material or item is in proper
quantity and condition, and if it conforms to the applicable or specified requirements. Inspection
is generally divided into three categories: (1) Receiving inspection, (2) In-process inspection, and
(3) Final inspection. In quality control (which is guided by the principle that "Quality cannot be
inspected into a product") the role of inspection is to verify and validate the variance data; it does
not involve separating the good from the bad.
H. Assembly: An assembly line is a manufacturing process (most of the time called a progressive
assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly
moves from work station to work station where the parts are added in sequence until the final
assembly is produced. By mechanically moving the parts to the assembly work and moving the
semi-finished assembly from work station to work station, a finished product can be assembled
much faster and with much less labor than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece for
assembly.
COST ESTIMATION

SR No Particulars Cost in Rs.

1 AC Motor 4000
2 Square Pipe 2000
3 Belt 460
4 Pulley 3” 400
5 Pulley 8” 740
6 Pedestal Bearings 1300
7 MS Shaft 1650
8 Steel Mesh 400
9 8 mm MS Rod 800
10 25 x 5 MS Flat 600
11 26 Gauge Sheet Metal 1500
12 Bolts 200
Process Cost
1 Drilling 100
2 Grinding/Filling 25
3 Welding 800
4 Greasing 25
Other Cost
1 Project Report (Design) 1000
2 Miscellaneous 300
Total 16300/-
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
 The current consumption is very low.
 It can be utilized for separation of mass produced different types of nuts in a single turn
and also other solid mixtures with different sizes of mesh involvement.
 Simple in construction and easy to use.
 It can be used for paddy separation with the involvement of fan at the base of table.
 Now days, separation of different sizes of solid material is need of hours, this project can
be used for separation of different sizes of solid only by changing mesh of required size.
 Substance industry: resin, pigment, industrial medicine, cosmetic, coatings.
 This machine is fast working process compare to traditional method and simple rice
threshing machine.
 This machine required less man power and labor due to its automation. It is not required
skilled worker as an operator.
 It is easy to operate.
 More efficient compare to traditional method.
 It reduce labor cost and save time.
 Individual operator can operate this machine

APPLICATION
 For home uses.
 And also for small scale industries.
 It is used by Farmers, as it is very useful equipment for threshing.
 The germination rate of the seeds is increased.
 Different types of Crops can be threshed.
 It is economical and hence a poor farmer also can afford it.
Scope of future work:
We are working on our machine which can also work on solar energy. We are also trying to
make our machine in such a way that it should go to a proper destination and threshing
automatically.

Conclusion:
We have been able to design and develop Sand sieving and rice threshing machine which is
operated by single motor. Combination of two application is main parameter of this system
which give automation in rice threshing and sand sieving. This system reduce human effort,
labor cost and time.it produced large amount of output compare to human labor.
REFERENCES
1) Konakalla Nagasriananth , Vaitlarakesh , Pothamsettyka Sivisweswarao , April 2013/43-49 ,
“Design and selecting the proper conveyor-belt” ,IJAET , Vol.IV, Issue II
2) Saurabhchauhan, Augest 2015, “Motor torque calculation for electric vehicle”, IJSTR, Vol.4,
Issue 08.
3) Culp, R., Wesner, G., & Culp, G. (1978). Advanced Wastewater Treatment. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Company.
4) Sugar filtration paper of Avinash Kumar Agarwal1#, Mukesh Sharma2 and L P Tewari
3#Departments of Mechanical1 and Civil2 Engineering Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur National Sugar Institute3 Kanpur.
5) Zhao Xiaoyu et.ai., "Based On Matlab Electrically Operated Windshield Wiper Systems
Design Method Research" Third International Conference on Measuring Technology and
Mechatronics Automation, 2011, pp. 621- 624.
6) Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association (CEMA). “Belt Conveyors for Bulk
Materials” pp. 200-205.
7) Pravin M. Singrua,*, Jayant P. Modak, “Dynamics of arm of a flat belt drive pulley with
explanation of belt flutter”.
8) ASME. 1995. Design of Transmission Shafting. American Society of Mechanical
Engineering, New York, NY, USA.
9) Ahmad Hanafie, A.Haslindah, Muh. Fadhli. 2015. Pengembangan Mesin Perontok Padi
(Combine Harverter) yang Ergonomis Untuk Meningkatkan Produksi, Majalah Teknik
Industri, Vol. 22/No.1/Juni 2015, ISSN. 14107015, Hal. 67-72.
Book References
10) Design of shaft concept In Design of machine element by Susmitha (K L University)
11) Steel Exchange India Ltd “Belt conveyor,” AP,India.
12) Design Data Book by PSG college of Technology