1. Dwell on the notion of phrasal verbs in English.

We use phrasal verbs in everyday language rather than formal language. There are
two-part verbs: unsplittable, splittable, no (without) object.
Unsplittable: verb + preposition. We cannot put the object between the verb and
preposition: come across – сталкиваться, встретиться, run through - пробегать,
get over - преодолевать, look into- заглянуть, расследовать. The police looking
into the robbery – полиция расследует это ограбление
Splittable: verb + adverb particle. We can put the object between the verb and
particle, or after the particle. If the object is a pronoun eg. me, us, him we put it
between the verb and the particle: our teacher told us off because we were noisy;
carry out - выполнять, turn off - выключить, pick up – подбирать
No object: verb + adverb particle (these verbs don’t have an object): Stop showing
on! – не будь выскочкой! What is going on?
There are three-part verbs: unsplittable
Verb + adverb particle + preposition. The object always come after preposition: I’m
really looking forward to see you. We’ve come up against a problem – столкнуться
2. Speak on the semantics of phrasal verbs.
We use phrasal verbs in everyday language rather than formal language. There are
two-part verbs: unsplittable, splittable, no (without) object.
Unsplittable: verb + preposition. We cannot put the object between the verb and
preposition: come across – сталкиваться, встретиться, run through - пробегать,
get over - преодолевать, look into- заглянуть, расследовать. The police looking
into the robbery – полиция расследует это ограбление
Splittable: verb + adverb particle. We can put the object between the verb and
particle, or after the particle. If the object is a pronoun eg. me, us, him we put it
between the verb and the particle: our teacher told us off because we were noisy;
carry out - выполнять, turn off - выключить, pick up – подбирать
No object: verb + adverb particle (these verbs don’t have an object): Stop showing
on! – не будь выскочкой! What is going on?
There are three-part verbs: unsplittable
Verb+ adverb particle + preposition. The object always come after preposition: I’m
really looking forward to see you. We’ve come up against a problem –
столкнуться
3. Speak about modals: ability, obligation (present/ future).
The ability include: can, can’t, cannot in the present and to be able to in the future.
Can’t is the negative, with cannot as a formal and written form. There is no third
person –s form. Questions forms are can I, can you.
 Can / can’t is used to describe ability or luck of it, what is allowed or not allowed –
you can look at the animals in the zoo but you can’t touch them. Use with a future
meanings and with verbs of perception: here, see, taste etc. – sorry, but I can’t come
to the party next week. I can smell gas.
To be able to used instead of can – many animals are able to see in the dark. And
used instead of can in the future – we hope to be able to visit you next week.

The obligation include: have / has to, must, mustn’t, should, ought to, need to
Have / has to is used to describe what is necessary – baby bird have to learn how to
fly or they won’t survive. There is no third person –s form. Question form is must I,
must you etc.

Must is used to describe something we personally think is necessary and important

to do - Sorry, I really must go now! We use mustn't when we think an action is
against the rules - You mustn't throw things in the science lab.

Should and ought to are used to say what we think is right or correct, or is a good
idea in your opinion, to give advic. This is not as strong as must - You should pay
more attention. I think you should study biology next year.

Ought to / ought not to has the same meaning as should / should not.
Need to is used with the same meaning as have to - You need to work harder.
4. Speak about modals: ability, obligation (past).
Past ability: could, couldn't, was / were able to. Could / couldn't are past forms of
can / can't. Could not is used in formal speech and writing.

Could / couldn’t is used to describe past ability or what was allowed or not allowed
- We don't know how fast Ancient Greek athletes could run. Women couldn't
compete or watch the ancient Olympic Games.

We can use was / were able to in the place of could / couldn't to describe past ability
in general - He tried hard but wasn't able to win the race. We use was / were able to,
not could / couldn't, when we mean that we could do something and we actually did
it - One runner fell badly, but fortunately was able to finish the race.

Past obligation: had to, didn't have to. Had to /didn't have to are past forms of have
to and must. It is used to describe past obligation, for both must and have to -
Athletes who cheated in the Olympic Games had to pay for a statue of the god Zeus.
Of course, in ancient times athletes didn't have to take drugs tests.

5. Speak about modals: possibility, uncertainty, certainty (present/ future).

Possibility and uncertainty:
 Use may, might, could + bare infinitive
 to describe things that will possibly happen - The next earthquake may/might /
could happen tomorrow.
Use may not and might not + bare infinitive
 to describe things that will possibly not happen in the future - The next earthquake
may not / might not happen for another fifty years. It's impossible to predict
Possibility:
Use can + bare infinitive
 to describe a possibility in general, but not with a future time reference - During an
earthquake, people can suffer injuries when parts of buildings fall into the
Certainty:
Use will + bare infinitive
 when we are certain something will happen in the future - During a strong
earthquake, some older buildings will collapse.
Use must + bare infinitive
 when we are certain something is true (usually with be),or when we suppose what
a situation is like - You've done a lot of work. You must feel really tired (= I'm sure
you do.)
Negative certainty:
Use can't + bare infinitive
 when we are certain something is not true (usually with be) or impossible - That
can't be an earthquake! We don't have earthquakes here!
6. Speak about modals: possibility, uncertainty, certainty (past).
Use could, may, might + have + past participie
 to describe things that possibly happened in the past - scientists now believe that
ice may have shaped the surface of the planet Mars.

Use could, might + have + past participie

 to make a contrast between what was possible in the past and what actually
happened - It was lucky you didn't light the gas. It could have exploded.
 to criticize someone's actions - You might have told me the bus left at 3.001 I
missed
Use can't have + past participle
 when we are certain something was not true – I still haven't heard from Peter. He
can't have got my message.
Use must have + past participle
 when we are certain something was true – Congratulations on your exam results.
You must have been really pleased when you heard the news.

Use could, may and might and could have, may have, might have
 in conditional sentences, when the results are not certain - !f you heat the solution
too quickly, it may / might / could explode.
7. Speak about modals: request, permission, offer, suggestion, advice.
 Request.
A request is a way of politely asking someone to do something. The kind of request
we use depends on where we are, who we are talking to, and what we want the
person to do. Polite: can you help me with the computer? More polite: could you
help me with the computer? Responses: sure / of course / no problem.
Asking permission.
We ask permission when we want to be allowed to do something. Polite: can I leave
early? More polite: could I leave early? Responses: yes, you can / no, you can’t /
that’s all right / sorry, no.
Making offers.
We make an offer when we ask if someone wants us to do something, or say that we
will do it - shall I turn off the light? Making an offer can also mean asking someone
if they want something - would you like a glass of water?
Making suggestion and giving advice.
I suggestion is an idea about what we or other people could do - let’s go to the
library and look it up. Giving advice involves telling another people what they
should do - I think you should make a decision now.
8. Dwell on -ing forms in English.
When we use it as a noun, we can also call it a gerund, and when we use it as an
adjective or verb, we also call present participle, though it is often difficult to decide
which is which.
verbs of feeling and opinion followed by –ing. These verbs include: admit, avoid,
consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel, like, finish, can't help etc. – Having a
healthy lifestyle involves following a balanced diet which means eating a variety of
fruit and vegetables and avoiding too many sweet or fatty foods, and also taking
regular exercises.

Expressions with

 expressions with –ing. expressions with it’s: it's no good, it's no use, it's not worth
- It's not worth taking an umbrella.
 expressions with spend: spend (one's) time, spend (quality) time - Anna spent a lot
of time researching her project.
 expressions with like: We can use-ing and to-infinitive after like - 1don 't like
getting up early. I don’t like to get up early.

prepositions followed by –ing. We use the -ing form after a preposition. A

preposition can follow a verb or an adjective: be interested in, apologize for, be used
 to, specialize in, succeed in etc. - Are you interested in joing in a tennis club? I must
apologize for arriving late.

-ing form as a subject. We can use –ing form as a noun subject: adding and
subtracting decimals is similar to adding and subtracting whole numbers.
9. Speak about infinitive and to- and bare infinitives.
Verbs followed by bare infinitive: make and let (make/ let + object+ bare infinitive)
- My parents don't let me hold noisy parties. Factory owners made young children
work twelve hours a day. Would rather ('d rather) - Do you want to watch a DVD?
No, I'd rather play cards.

Verbs followed by to-infinitive: aim, fail, intend, learn, how, long, manage etc. -
Please try to arrive punctually at 8.30.

Verbs followed by to-infinitive, or that-clause: decide, expect, hope, promise,

threaten, warm - We decided to leave early.

Verbs followed by an object and to-infinitive: advise, allow, dare, encourage etc. -
Tom's mother taught him to cook.

Verbs followed by to-infinitive, or –ing: begin, start, hate, like, love - After an hour,
the spectators began leaving / to leave the stadium.

Adjectives followed by to-infinitive:

 These can describe how someone feels about something, for example: afraid,
anxious, ashamed - Peter was determined to pass the exam.
 We can give an opinion about something, using adjectives difficult,
amusing, boring - It's easy to fall over on the ice.
 Adjectives can be used in phrases with be, for example: be supposed to, be
expected to - Sorry, but you 're not allowed to wait here.

10. Dwell on some cases of use of the bare infinitive.

Verbs followed by bare infinitive: make and let (make/ let + object+ bare infinitive)
- My parents don't let me hold noisy parties. Factory owners made young children
work twelve hours a day. Would rather ('d rather) - Do you want to watch a DVD?
No, I'd rather play cards.

11. Dwell on some cases of use of the to- infinitive.

Verbs followed by to-infinitive: aim, fail, intend, learn, how, long, manage etc. -
Please try to arrive punctually at 8.30.
 Verbs followed by to-infinitive, or that-clause: decide, expect, hope, promise,
threaten, warm - We decided to leave early.

Verbs followed by an object and to-infinitive: advise, allow, dare, encourage etc. -
Tom's mother taught him to cook.

Verbs followed by to-infinitive, or –ing: begin, start, hate, like, love - After an hour,
the spectators began leaving / to leave the stadium.

Adjectives followed by to-infinitive:

 These can describe how someone feels about something, for example: afraid,
anxious, ashamed - Peter was determined to pass the exam.
 We can give an opinion about something, using adjectives difficult,
amusing, boring - It's easy to fall over on the ice.
 Adjectives can be used in phrases with be, for example: be supposed to, be
expected to - Sorry, but you 're not allowed to wait here.

12. Speak about the verbs of feeling and opinion followed by –ing.
These verbs include: admit, avoid, consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel, like,
finish, can't help etc. – Having a healthy lifestyle involves following a balanced diet
which means eating a variety of fruit and vegetables and avoiding too many sweet
or fatty foods, and also taking regular exercises.

13. Dwell on the expressions with –ing.

 expressions with it’s: it's no good, it's no use, it's not worth - It's not worth taking
an umbrella.
 expressions with spend: spend (one's) time, spend (quality) time - Anna spent a lot
of time researching her project.
 expressions with like: We can use-ing and to-infinitive after like - 1don 't like
getting up early. I don’t like to get up early.

14. Dwell on the prepositions followed by –ing.

We use the -ing form after a preposition. A preposition can follow a verb or an
adjective: be interested in, apologize for, be used to, specialize in, succeed in etc. -
Are you interested in joing in a tennis club? I must apologize for arriving late.

15. Speak about the use of there-construction

Use there + be

 to say that something exists or doesn't exist - There's a diagram on page 36.
 to describe numbers or amounts: There was a lot of rain last night.
  in some expressions: There's no point in waiting.

Use there

 With appear and seem: There appears / seems to be a problem.

 with modals: There can't/ could / might / must / should be an answer.
 to refer to place: Who lives there?