ANIMAL DIVISION

February 27, 2020

Dr. Johnny A. Ching

Animal

 Invertebrates
 Vertebrates
o Asymmetry
o Radial
o Bilateral
 Acoelomate Acoelomate
 Pseudocoelomate
 Coelomate - Porifera – Platihelminthes
- No body cavity
Urochordata and Cephalochordata
Coelomate
- Invertebrates
- Under phylum chordate - Annelida – Chordata
- They have notochord - A.k.a Eucoelomate
o It remained - True body cavity
o Not replaced by vertebral column
Psuedocoelomate
Note: Notochord is a cartilaginous skeletal rod
- Nematoda
supporting the body in all embryonic and some
- False body cavity or no true cavity
adult chordate animals.

Subphylum vertebrata

- Vertebrates with backbone

- It has notochord in its embryonic stage but
was replaced with vertebral column.

Sponges

- Do not possess any body symmetry

(asymmetrical)

Cnidaria

- Radial symmetry
- balanced distribution of duplicate body parts
or shapes within the body of an organism
(Radial Symmetry)

Platyhelminthes to Chordata

- all exhibit bilateral symmetry

- balanced distribution of duplicate body parts
or shapes within the body of an organism.
(Bilateral Symmetry)

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ANIMAL TISSUES
February 27, 2020
Dr. Johnny A. Ching

Animal Tissues are different from plant tissues.

TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

1. Epithelial Tissues
- Cells performing common functions
- Protects the organs (External
surface and internal lining)
2. Connective Tissues
- Plants fundamental tissues
counterpart
- Binds structures together, connects
organs
3. Muscular Tissues TYPES AS TO SHAPES OF THE CELLS
- Gross movement and contraction
4. Nervous Tissues  Squamous
- Reception, interpretation, and - Flat cells
transmission of stimuli. - Present in thin organs
- Lining of mouth and esophagus
_______________________________________  Cuboidal
- Cube-shaped vells
Plants & Animals - Lining of kidney tubules
- Eukaryotic Cells  Columnar
- 5 kingdom Scheme - Rectangular-shaped or pillar-
- Both are multicellular shaped with nuclei usually located
near the bottom of each cell
- 8 kingdom scheme
- Lining of the trachea and small
- Unicellular plants (Algae)
intestines
Meristematic Plant Tissues
TYPES AS TO STRUCTURE OR NUMBER OF
- Continuous growth CELLS
- Plants are Perennial because or
 Simple
M.T.
- All cells have basement membrane
*Perennial - lasting or existing for a long or - Exposed to the surface
apparently infinite time; enduring or continually - Blood vessels, ducts, and digestive
recurring. tract
- Composed of one (1) layer
_______________________________________

Epithelial Tissues Surface

- Covering of external surface or lining

of internal surface
- Continuous layer of compactly
arrange cells

Basement

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  Stratified
- Multilayer
- Not all have basement membrane Basement
- Not all exposed to the surface
- Organs subjected to friction or
pressure
- Skin, vagina, esophagus
-

Surface

TYPES AS TO FUNCTION

 Glandural
- Covering/internal lining of the glands
- For secretion or gland secretion
- Enzymes/hormones
 Sensory
- Covering and protection of the sense
These cells aren’t
exposed to the organs
surface and don’t - ToBasement
receive stimuli
have basement - Transmission of impulses
membrane.
- For sensation
- Connected with sensory neurons
 Pseudostratified
- All cells are in contact with the - Sense organ, skin, retina, tongue
basement membrane but not all  Germinal
reach the surface - For reproduction
- Lining of the respiratory tract, - Sex organs, lining of the ovary and
urethra of males testes

___________________________________
Surface Ex. Blood Vessels – simple squamous glandural
epithelial tissue

___________________________________

Connective Tissues

- Communication link of the organs

- Fills up the bodies in animals
- Binds organs or structures together
- Support and protection
- It has 2 components:
 Fibers – solid component
embedded in the matrix

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  Matrix – intercellular
materials
TYPES AS TO ARRANGEMENT OF FIBERS IN
THE MATRIX
 Loose Connective Tissues
- Loose arrangement of fibers in the
matrix
- Cells are farther apart separated by
jelly-like matrix with white collagen
fibers (for flexibility and strength)
and yellow collagen fibers (for
elasticity)
- Fewer
Basement
 Dense (fibrous) Connective Tissues
- Contains many collagen fibers that
are packed closely together
- Irregular DCT – Cartilage + Dermis
of skin
- Regular DCT – Tendons +
Ligaments
 Specialized Connective Tissues
Basement
TYPES OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Mesenchyme
- During embryonic development
- Undifferentiated
 Adipose Tissue (fat)
- Acts as cushion for the body
- Excess carbohydrates
- Storage of fats
For the other types of LCT (hindi nabanggit ni Doc),
nasa page 214 ng book
___________________________________
Excess Carbohydrates
- Converted into glucose for
energy (if active)
- if not active, carbohydrates will
be converted into glycogen
(stored in the liver)
- Glycogen can be easily
converted into glucose
- With the help of insulin, glycogen
converted into fatty acids which
circulates to other parts of the
body and stored as fats in
adipose tissue.
- Fats cannot be converted into
glucose
___________________________________
TYPES OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 Irregular Arranged Dense Connective
Tissues
- Occurs in sheets
- Dermis of skin, cartilage, fascia
 Regular Arranged Dense Connective
Tissues
- With densely packed fibers parallel
to each other
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 - Tendon, ligaments, aponeuroses - Compromises most of the skeleton
- Composed of cells (osteocytes)
TYPES OF SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE
TISSUES

Muscular Tissues

- Gross movement of body

- For contraction to produce
movement

 Blood
- Fibers in CT = blood cells
(erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
thrombocytes) in blood
- Matrix in CT = plasma (a fluid
intercellular substance) in blood
- Connects different organs by
supplying oxygen and collecting
waste
 Cartilage
- Can easily be decomposed TYPES AS TO STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
compared to the skeleton
- Skeleton during embryonic stage  Skeletal Muscle
- Striated voluntary muscle
Composed of cells (chondrocytes) located in small - Striated strips appearance
spaces called lacunae with collagenous or elastic - Found attached to the skeleton
fibers responsible for the voluntary
movement of the body
 Hyaline Cartilage
 Visceral Muscle
- Homogenous matrix with collagen fibers
- Smooth involuntary muscle
- Bones with joints, nose, larunx, trachea, and
- Contraction
bronchi.
- Smooth
- Tapered ends (fusiform)
 Elastic Cartilage
- Matrix with elastic fibers - Found in internal organs which bring
about involuntary movements in
- External ear, Auditory tube, epiglottis, larynx,
these organs
adam’s apple
 Cardiac Muscle
 Fibrocartilage - Special muscle
- Little matrix with large collagenous fibers - Striated involuntary muscle
parallel to each other - Found in the walls of the heart bring
- Tendons and ligaments about the involuntary contraction of
- In between the vertebral bones (intervertebral the organ
disc) (for more infos including the cell types and sizes, read pages 212-219)

 Bones or osseous tissues Nervous Tissues

- Rigid form of connective tissues
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 - For reception of stimuli, transmission  Multipolar Neuron
of impulse, and transmission of - Several dendrites and one axon
responses - Ventral horns of the gray matter of
- Consist of neuroglia and neurons the spinal cord

TYPES AS TO FUNCTION

 Sensory Neurons
- Sense organs
- Receive different stimuli
- Transmit impulses from sensory
receptors of the sense organ to
nerve center (CNS)
 Associative or Adjustor Neuron
(Interneuron)
- Connects sensory and motor
neurons
- Located in the nerve center
- Cells of the CNS (brain and spinal
cords)
- Responsible of integration and
interpretation
- Creation of necessary response
 Motion or Motor Neurons
- Transmit impulses from the nerve
center to the effectors (muscles of
glands)

OTHER GROUP OF CELLS THAT ARE IN THE

CNS

 Neuroglia
- Supporting cells for the nourishment,
protection and insulation of the
neurons
- Undergo cell division, thus may
cause brain tumor
- Glial cells
- Have nothing to do with the nervous
tissues’ functions

TYPES AS TO NUMBER OF PROTOPLASMIC

PROCESSES

 Unipolar Neuron
- With only one protoplasmic process
- Found in dorsal root ganglion of the
spinal cord
 Bipolar Neuron
- Two protoplasmic process (axon and
dendrites)
- Retina of the eye
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