42

soils, there is a possibility that the soil may close in on the sleeve pipe, in spite of
the clearance provided by the collar, and thereby interfere with accurate determina
tion of skin friction on the collar.

IN kg/cm"
POINTRESISTANCE SKINFRICTION
IN kg

I I bi Ml" PUIUCl - Bll.«l«UI

!lt1 THAVAUl , »»HIU
, JUNI, «U*U|T
, |MI

DIAGRAMS OBTAINED WITH DE BEER SOUNDING ROD

FIG. 16-C

A recent improvement of sounding rods used in Holland and Belgium consists

in connecting the top of the rod to the sleeve pipe by means of a coupling with a
hydraulic or electrical dynamometer for measuring the point resistance. The force
from the jack is applied to this coupling and determined by another dynamometer.
The skin friction is the difference between the two forces measured or the distance
between the two depth-force diagrams obtained. With this arrangement it is possible
to advance the cone and sleeve pipe concurrently and to obtain continuous diagrams
for the point resistance and skin friction. Furthermore, the cone is provided with a
tapered sleeve which prevents reduction of the lateral pressure above the cone as
well as entrance of soil into the space between the sleeve pipe and the rod and cone.

Another method for determination of point resistance and specific skin fric
tion has been developed byOstenfeld (957), but it should be classified as a field test
ing method rather than a method of exploration since the tests are performed in a
4-l/2-in. cased bore hole. The testing equipment consists of a pipe with6.1-cm out
side diameter, a flat piston with 4. 8 -cm diameter, and a piston rod. It resembles a
piston sampler but is not used for obtaining samples. After being seated on the