Faculty

 of  Civil  Engineering  

Universi5  Teknologi  MARA  Pulau  Pinang  

SOLID  WASTE  MANAGEMENT  

Classifica:on  of  Solid  Waste

Municipal,  Hazardous,  Industrial  &  Special  Waste

Sources  of  Solid  Waste

Characteriza:on  &  Proper:es  of  Solid  Waste  

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 Iden:fy  various  types  of  solid  waste  and  
their  sources  
 

Characterize  and  classify  the  type,  sources  

and  composi:on  of  municipal  solid  wastes    

FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
Faculty  of  Civil  Engineering  
Universi5  Teknologi  MARA  Pulau  Pinang  

EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  

CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
 SOLID WASTE
Useless and unwanted products in the solid state  

human and animal activities

Moeller, 2005
Defined as any garbage, refuse, sludge from waste treatment plant, water
supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other materials,
including solid, liquid, semisolid, contained gaseous resulting from
industrials, commercials, mining and agricultural operations from community
activities
FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
 One of the three major environmental
problems in Malaysia

23000 tones of waste /day

30,000 tones of waste by the year
2020

Population &
Waste Development
ONLY 5% of the waste is being recycled
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
UNIVERSITI  TEKNOLOGI  MARA  PULAU  PINANG   CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
Faculty  of  Civil  Engineering  
Universi5  Teknologi  MARA  Pulau  Pinang  

EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  

CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
 Waste  Sources  

Waste  Proper5es  

Waste  Classifica5on  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
UNIVERSITI  TEKNOLOGI  MARA  PULAU  PINANG   CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
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 Waste from domestic municipal.
Contains of garbage (food waste) and rubbish.
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 solvents acid, heavy metals, pesticides, and chemical
sludges
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Rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special
waste and hazardous
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Requires special handling and disposal to protect human
health or the environment.
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
UNIVERSITI  TEKNOLOGI  MARA  PULAU  PINANG   CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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 Table  1:  Sources  and  Types  of  Solid  Wastes  within  a  Community  
Source   Typical  facili:es,  ac:vi:es,  loca:ons  where   Types  of  solid  wastes  
wastes  are  generated  
Residen5al     Single  and  mul5family  dwellings   Food  wastes,  paper,  cardboard,  plas5cs,  tex5les,  leather,  yard  
wastes,  wood,  glass,  metals,  ashes,  special  wastes  (e.g.,  bulky  
items,  consumer  electronics,  white  goods,  ba[eries,  oil,  5res),  
and  household  hazardous  wastes    
Commercial     Stores,  hotels,  restaurants,  markets,  office   Paper,  cardboard,  plas5cs,  wood,  food  wastes,  glass,  metals,  
buildings,  etc.     special  wastes,  hazardous  wastes    
Industrial   Light  and  heavy     Housekeeping  wastes,  packaging,  food  wastes,  construc5on  and  
manufacturing,  fabrica5on,  construc5on  sites,   demoli5on  materials,  hazardous  wastes,  ashes,  special  wastes  
power  and  chemical  plants    
Ins5tu5onal     Schools,  hospitals,  prisons,  government   Same  as  commercial    
centers    
Construc5on  and   New  construc5on  sites,  road  repair,   Wood,  steel,  concrete,  dirt,  etc.    
Demoli5on     renova5on  sites,  demoli5on  of  buildings,  
broken  pavement    
Municipal     Street  cleaning,  landscaping,  parks,  beaches,   Street  sweepings;  landscape  and  tree  trimmings;  general  wastes  
Services   other  recrea5onal  areas,  water  and   from  parks,  beaches,  and  other  recrea5onal  areas;  sludge    
(excluding   wastewater  treatment  plants    
treatment  
facili5es)    
Agricultural   Field  and  row  crops,  orchards,  vineyards,   Spoiled  food  wastes,  agricultural  wastes,  rubbish,  hazardous  
dairies,  feedlots,  farms,  etc.     waste  

Process     Heavy  and  light  manufacturing,  refineries,   Industrial  process  wastes,  scrap  materials,  off-­‐specifica5on  
chemical  plants,  power  plants,  mineral   products,  slag,  tailings    
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UNIVERSITI  TEKNOLOGI  extrac5on   and  
MARA  PULAU   processing  
PINANG   CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
Faculty  of  Civil  Engineering  
Universi5  Teknologi  MARA  Pulau  Pinang  

EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  

CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my  
FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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Individual Components
Components of MSW and their relative distribution
Adequate for the characterization of solid waste for most application.

Particle Size
The particle size of the component materials in solid waste is of
importance in the recovery of material, especially with mechanical means
such as trommel screens and magnetic separators.
Ability to pass sieve.

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 WASTE  

1 2
1 2
3 4
1 3 4 1

Separated FOOD WASTE

component WOOD
PAPER Separate to
should be CARDBOARD individual
compacted RUBBER component
tightly GLASS
ETC

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Moisture Content
Important when solid waste is composed or subjected to anaerobic
decomposition in sanitary landfills

To subject an organic matter to composting and anaerobic digestion, the

water content must be put at the optimum.

Wet Moisture Content Dry Moisture Content

Pw (%) = [(Mw –Md) / Mw] x100 Pd (%) = [(Md –Md) / Md] x100

*Obtain the dry mass of solid waste

by dried in an oven at 77oC for 24
hour

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Density
Expressed on as-compacted or as-discarded basis

Compaction Ratio, r r = ρc / ρd Compactor Machine

To reduce the volume of the solid waste
Two Compaction Ratio before final disposal.
Compactor machines compaction ratio
Final Disposal Compaction can vary from 2 to 4.
1
Ratio
Landfill
Compactor Machine Compacted densities can vary from 297 to
2
Compaction Ratio 891 kg/m3.
Generally, 475 – 594 kg/m 3 can be
achieved in landfills with a moderate
compaction effort.
A poorly compacted landfill can achieve
only about 297 kg/m3 .

FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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Important in evaluating alternative processing and energy recovery points

Proximate Analysis
Moisture (loss at 105oC for 1 hour)
Volatile matter (loss on ignition at 950oC)
Ash (residue after burning)
Fixed carbon (reminder)

Ultimate Analysis
Percentage of C, H, O, N, S & ash

Heating Value
Energy

FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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Faculty  of  Civil  Engineering  
Universi5  Teknologi  MARA  Pulau  Pinang  

EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  

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 Urbanization

Generation Increase in
Population industrials
growth of Solid
manufacturing
Waste

Modernization

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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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 Runoff

Ventilation Leaching

Insects, birds,
Plant uptake rats, flies and
animals

Soil Direct
adsorption, Points of dumping of
storage &
biodegrading
Contact untreated
waste

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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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FACULTY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING   EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  
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Faculty  of  Civil  Engineering  
Universi5  Teknologi  MARA  Pulau  Pinang  

EC221  BACHELOR    OF  ENGINEERING  (HONS.)  CIVIL  (INFRASTRUCTURE)  

CEW543  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFRASTRUCTURE  ENGINEERING  
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 Proper management of solid waste

Involving public in plans for waste treatment and disposal

Provide the public accurate, useful information about the whole projects,
including the risks and maintain formal communication with public

Educate people on different ways of handling waste.

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 Waste minimization is a process of reducing waste produce by
individuals, communities and companies, which reduces the impact of
chemical wastes on the environment to the greatest extent.

Household level of proper segregation of waste, recycling and reuse.

Process and product substitution e.g. use paper bag instead of plastic
bags

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