KPI Optimization: LTE Call Drop Rate

One of the most important KPI is the LTE Call Drop Rate. Every network is striving to improve this KPI and it has become
more important in LTE since the introduction of VoLTE. In simple words, a call drop in LTE means that a user’s ongoing
session is dropped requiring the user to initiate a new connection to resume services. At the eNB level, this can be seen as
an abnormal release which is verified from the cause code inside the Context Release message.

Common Causes for Call Drops

Like other KPIs, the call drop is also divided into two broad categories

 Radio Induced Drops

 MME Induced Drops

1. Radio Induced Call Drops

Ø  DL RLC Retransmissions

The most common drop pegged under Radio issues is the drop due to RLC retransmissions. If a network has a maximum of
16 RLC retransmissions for downlink, the eNB will send a message 16 times at the RLC layer and if the UE is unable to
decode it or send an acknowledgement, the eNB will consider this a RLF. Some vendors initiate a UE Context Release at
this point resulting in an abnormal release and a call drop. Some vendors wait for a bit longer (an internal timer) for the UE
to initiate RRC ReEstablishment and if there is no RRC ReEstablishment then the eNB will release abnormally and radio
induced call drop will be pegged.
 The difference between the DL and UL RLC Retransmissions is that in case of DL retransmissions, the eNB knows that the
UE has lost the radio connection, so it can release the resources and peg a radio induced call drop. But in case of UL RLC
retransmissions, the eNB usually does not know that the UE has reached RLF conditions and will only find this out when the
UE sends a RRC ReEstablishment Request.

 Optimization

This issue is mostly due to coverage and quality problems. So, the best way to sort this out is to improve radio conditions
which is usually done with physical optimization. Increasing RLC retransmission threshold to a higher value might also help
in reducing this issue.

Ø  Handover Execution Failure

Consider a scenario, where UE tries to perform a handover and fails. In this case, the UE will wait for a specific time as per
T304 and once T304 expires, it will initiate a RRC ReEstablishment with the cause value of Handover failure. Now, if this
RRC ReEstablishment also fails and the UE is unable to get a connection, the source eNB will release the context after
expiry of the internal timer. This is the X2 Reloc Overall Timer and the cause of this release will be X2 Reloc Overall Expiry.
Such a case is pegged under call drop due to Handover failure.
 Optimization

The most common issue for this kind of failure is when the target cell is very far away such that when the UE initiates
handover on the target cell, it is at a distance beyond the cell radius. So, the target cell fails to decode the dedicated RACH
properly for this UE and it results in a handover failure. So, in this case, either increase the cell radius of the target cell or
downtilt it so that it does not overshoot beyond its planned radius. This can also happen in areas where there are large
water bodies as signals easily tend to get reflected over water. In such cases, either forbid handovers to such cells or add
offsets for those cells to make handovers difficult.

Ø  Drop Due to No Response

If an eNB sends a signalling message for instance RRC Reconfiguration then it expects a response from the UE. If the UE
does not send a RRC Reconfiguration Complete message to the eNB and the internal timer on the eNB expires, then the
eNB initiates a release. This timer is usually a large value, so such a drop is rare. If such drops are seen then verify that the
eNB’s internal timer is not set to a very small value.

Point to note is that RRC Reconfiguration for mobility command is excluded from this mechanism as the UE needs to send
its response to the target cell and not to the source cell.

Ø  Other Optimization Work-Arounds

The value of UE Inactivity timer also plays an important part in the calculation of Call Drop Rate. The expiry of this timer
means that the UE has been inactive for some time and the eNB releases it. The UE goes to idle mode and the eNB pegs a
normal release. The Call Drop Rate is ratio of total abnormal releases to the total normal releases. So, if the UE Inactivity
timer is a small value, there will be a greater number of normal releases which can artificially reduce the CDR. In short,
while benchmarking two different networks, it is important to verify that they have the same UE Inactivity Timer value so that
they can be compared properly.

However, reducing the inactivity timer can cause an increase in RRC signalling so it should not be reduced excessively.

2. MME Induced Drops

The MME drops are usually caused by radio issues but they are pegged under MME drops because the eNB has no way of
knowing that the drop was caused by a radio issue. Lets understand with help of different cases that are pegged under
MME induced drops.
Ø  Uplink RLC Retransmission Issue

Consider a UE that experienced RLF due to maximum number of uplink RLC retransmission. Such a UE will initiate a RRC
ReEstablishment procedure to regain its radio link. Now this RRC ReEstablishment can be to the serving cell and in that
case, it is usually successful since the serving cell already has the UE’s context. However, this RRC ReEstablishment can
also be sent to another cell from eNB2 that does not belong to the source eNB (eNB1). In this case, if eNB2 is a neighbor of
the eNB1 so it will try to fetch the context for this UE from eNB1 and based on that it will accept the RRC ReEstablishment.
However, if the eNB2 is not a neighbor then it will reject the RRC ReEstablishment. From the UE’s perspective this will be
considered a call drop but at the eNB1, the eNB still does not know that this UE has experienced RLF. Now, the UE will
initiate a new RRC Connection at the eNB2 and based on that the eNB2 will forward S1 Initial UE Message to the MME.
MME will check the UE and it will find out that this UE’s context already exists on the eNB1 so it will send a UE Context
Release to the eNB1 and then it will send S1 Initial Context Setup Request to the eNB2. The eNB1 will consider this a MME
induced drop since the eNB1 still holds the UE’s context and a release from MME is considered abnormal. However, in
reality, such a release is caused by a failure over the radio interface but the eNB1 does not have this knowledge.
 Optimization

Increasing the uplink RLC retransmission threshold can help reduce such failures. For instance, if the RLC retransmission
count threshold is increased from 8 to 16, then the RLC will retransmit 16 times instead of 8 times which will increase the
probability that the eNB might be able to decode the message and prevent RLF.

Ø  N310 PDCCH Decoding Failures

If the UE is unable to decode PDCCH in DL for N310 consecutive intervals, the UE will initiate a RRC ReEstablishment.
N310 indicates an interval of 200 PDCCH decoding failures. Simply put, if the UE fails to decode PDCCH for 200ms, it will
be considered one N310. However, from here onwards, it is a sliding window with 10ms granularity. So, if the N310 value is
2 then it means that if the UE fails to decode PDCCH for 210 ms, it will have exceeded the configured N310 threshold.
Once, N310 has been exceeded, the UE starts timer T310 and if the UE is unable to retain the connection (still unable to
decode PDCCH) before T310 expires, the UE will initiate RRC ReEstablishment. Let’s understand with an example.
Consider N310 of 11 and T310 of 500ms, then the UE will initiate RRC Connection ReEstablishment after 800 ms (N310 =
(200 + (10*10)) = 300ms + T310 = 500ms).

Again, in this case, if the UE receives a RRC ReEstablishment Rejection from the eNB2, then the UE will initiate a new
RRC Connection. Once the RRC Connection is setup, the eNB2 will send a S1 Initial UE Message to the MME and
consequently, MME will send a UE Context Release Command to the eNB1 since MME already has the context of this UE
against eNB1 and in order to process Initial Context Setup on eNB2, it has to release the context on eNB1.
 Optimization

Such issues can be reduced by increasing the N310 & T310 value. For instance, if the value of N310 is increased from 2 to
6 and T310 is increased from 500ms to 1000ms, then the UE will wait longer and there is more chance that N311 will be
triggered. N311 is the In-Sync value and so it is the opposite of N310. T310 stops if N311 is triggered. If N311 is 1 then it
means that UE needs 100ms of successful PDCCH decoding to stop T310. So, there is a higher probability of triggering
N311 if the value of N310 and T310 is big. But the user perception can be impacted so it should be tuned accordingly.

Ø  Handover Drop Due To MME

Another drop that is pegged under MME is the handover induced drop. As described before, the HO failure induced drop is
pegged under radio due to X2 Reloc Overall Timer expiry. However, if the UE fails the handover then it tries RRC
ReEstablishment after T304 expires and if that also fails then the UE will try a new RRC Connection. Once again, the new
eNB will send a S1 Initial UE Message to the MME and MME will send a UE Context Release to the source eNB resulting in
a Handover Drop due to MME. The main difference between handover failure pegged in radio and MME is the time the UE
takes to initiate the new RRC Connection. If the UE initiates a new RRC connection before the source eNB’s X2 Reloc
Overall Timer expiry then it will be pegged under MME drop while if the UE is unable to initiate a new RRC Connection in
time, the source eNB will release the context due to X2 Reloc Overall Timer expiry resulting in a radio drop.

Moreover, such an issue is usually observed when the UE tries RRC ReEstablishment on a third eNB which was not the
target. It can also happen if the Inter-RAT handover fails and the UE retries RRC ReEstablishment on another eNB.
 The point to understand is that in this case, the eNB is expecting a UE Context Release from the target eNB over X2. So, if
it gets a UE Context Release Command from the MME, the eNB will consider this abnormal and it will peg it under MME
drop.

 Optimization

Since the issue is related to handover failure, the specific neighbors should be identified and actions should be taken to
resolve the issue with them.

Also, optimization of neighbors and verifying that functional X2 links are present for all the neighbors can greatly reduce the
RRC ReEstablishment rejections since most of these rejections are caused due to absence of X2 links. Increasing the timer
T301 can also reduce RRC ReEstablishment failures but it can also increase the delay from UE’s perspective, so it should
not be increased excessively.