4.

1 Work Measurement: Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to

establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined
level of performance.
4.2 Performance Rating: Performance rating is the step in the work measurement in
which the analyst observes the worker's performance and records a value
representing that performance relative to the analyst's concept of standard
performance.[4]
PR=(Normal Time)/(Observed Time)
4.3 Normal Time: The time required by a trained worker to perform a task at a
normal pace.
Normal time = [Average observed time] x [Performance rating factor]
= OT * PR
4.4 Observed Time: The time it takes an operator to perform a task when being
observed for time study purposes.
OT=(∑▒X)/n
4.5 Standard Time: standard time is the time required by an average skilled
operator, working at a normal pace, to perform a specified task using a prescribed
method.
Standard Time, ST = NT + (NT * Allowance)
4.6 Time Study: Time study is a structured process of directly observing and
measuring human work using a timing device to establish the time required for
completion of the work by a qualified worker when working at a defined level of
performance.
4.7 Allowances: Allowances in time study can be defined as the extra time figures
which are to be added to the basic time of an operation to account for personnel
desires, delays, fatigue of operators, any special situation and the policies of
the firm or organization. Standard time of a job is obtained by adding various
allowances to the basic or normal time of the job.

5.0 Methodology:
All the job information had been Obtained and recorded.
A Plan had made to design the bag.
The operation had been Break down into elements.

Determine the number of cycles to be observed.

The job had been checked to perform efficiently before setting the time
standard.
6. The required operation for each job was performed by maintaining a sequence:
ScalingCuttingfolding Joining Handle making Handle joining
7. The time had measured for each job element using stop watch.
8. The standard time had calculated.

6.0 Experimental Data:

6.1 Given Informations:
Bag Specification:
Length = 12 inch
Width = 7 inch
Side Width = 5 inch
Performance Reating, PR = 120%
Allawance = 30%

6.2 Data Table:

Table-1: Various Operations and Their Required Time of Given Jobs
Sl NO Operation Name Bag-1 (sec) Bag-2 (sec) Bag-3 (sec) Mean (sec)
1 Scaling 330 290 210 276.6
2 Cutting 220 340 230 263.3
3 Folding 401 250 200 283.6
4 Joining 325 282 220 275.6
5 Handle Making 45 42 38 41.6
6 Handel Joining 40 52 35 42.3
Total Avg Time: 1183

6.3 Graph:
Time takes for each operation:

Fig-1: Time v Operations

Time takes for each bag:

Fig-2: Total time for each Bag

7.0 Calculation:

Observe Time (OT) = 1183 sec

Normal Time (NT) = OT * PR [PR=120%]
= 1183 * 120%
= 1183 * 1.2
= 1419.6 sec
Standard Time (ST) = NT + (NT * Allowance) [Allowance = 30%]
= 1419.6 + (1419.6 * 0.3)
= 1845.48 sec
= 30 min 45 sec
8.0 Result:
The standard time for making each bag is 30 min 45 sec.
9.0 Findings and Limitations:
9.1 Following are the findings of time study:
1. It helps to achieve the smooth production flow with minimum interruptions.
2. It helps to reduce the cost of the product by eliminating waste and
unnecessary operations.
3. Better worker-management relations.
4. Meets the delivery commitment.
5. Reduction in rejections and scrap and higher utilisation of resources of
the organization.
6. Helps to achieve better working conditions.
9.2 Following are the limitations of time study:
Standards cannot be established by this technique on jobs which are not well
defined.
In situations where it is difficult to define quality precisely standards and
production incentives may cause deterioration in quality levels.
Time study is applicable only where the work is visible. So, it can be
applied only in manual job and for thinking portions of the job.
Only specific types of jobs which have identifiable starting and ending
points can be timed accurately.
10.0 Discussion: The experiment was performed to determine by direct observation,
the quantum of human work in a specified task and hence to establish the standard
time, within which an average worker working at a normal place should complete the
task using a specified method. Creating training opportunity for the workers about
time study, comfortable environment in the workplace, maintain standards every-time
can increase the skill of workers, increases the performance rating of workers
which is essential for productivity improvement.
11.0 Conclusion: Work measurement should be carried out by industrial and business
area to increase productivity. Before conducting time study, it is much necessary
to select the worker that qualified and experienced to perform a specific task or
operation at normal pace. The worker should know the standardized method to
accomplish task or operation. The performance rating factor and allowance factor
that used in this report are based on our performance of us in lab. Time standard
as a result of time study may be used for cost control, scheduling and wage and
budget estimation.
Referance:
[1] Ishwar Bhiradi1 , B.K.Singh2, “Work Measurement Approach For Productivity
Improvement In A Heavy Machine Shop”, 5 th International & 26th All India
Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2014) December
12th–14th, 2014, IIT Guwahati, Assam, India, 2014.
[2] A. Freivalds, “Niebel’s Methods, Standard, and Work Design,” McGraw-Hill, 2009.
[3] A. Karanjkar, “Manufacturing and Operations Management”, Nıralı Prakashan,
2008.
[4] Groover, Mikell P. Work Systems and Methods, measurement, and Management of
Work. Pearson Education International, 2007.