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Unit 2 Grammar PDF
Unit 2 Grammar PDF
TESOL UNIT 2
Study of the English Language
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Recommended grammar textbooks
Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage, 4th edition. United Kingdom: Oxford
University Press, 2017.
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WHAT IS GRAMMAR?
the study of
form/structure;
a means of
involves syntax communicating linked to
(the rules for communicative
sentence information; the
more context, the functions based on
structure) and less grammar a speaker's
morphology (the intention
rules for word required
formation)
Types of pronouns
TYPES OF PRONOUNS EXAMPLES
Personal pronouns: Subject pronouns (I, we, you, they, he,
something or someone already she, it): used as the subject of a verb
mentioned Object pronouns (me, us, you, them, him,
her, it): used as an object of a verb
Possessive pronouns: show who a mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, its, ours
person or thing belongs to
Demonstrative pronouns: used to point this, that, these, those
to or identify a noun or other pronoun
Reflexive pronouns: the object of myself, herself, yourself, yourselves,
the verb when the person or thing ourselves, himself, itself
affected by an action is the one
doing it
ITS VS IT’S
its = possessive pronoun [the house and its furniture; the government and its policies]
it’s = it is [It’s a pleasure to meet you. = It is a pleasure to meet you. It’s cold. = It is cold. ]
Types of adjectives
referred to
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qualitative
colour
classifying a small red brick
adjective adjective
cottage
FORM EXAMPLE
One-syllable adjective: add -er or -est nicer - nicest
Two-syllable adjective ending in ‘y’: prettier – prettiest
add -er or -est after (‘y’ usually turns
into ‘i’)
Two-syllable adjective not ending in more charming – the most charming
‘y’: add ‘more’ or ‘the most’ in front
Three+ syllable adjective: add more beautiful – the most beautiful
‘more’ or ‘the most’ in front more expensive – the most expensive
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What adverbs do
Adverbs modify
adjectives
other modifiers
other adverbs
Types of adverbs
Indefinite articles: a or an
refer to something The house on the corner is mine. (not any house, the
or someone one on the corner)
already
mentioned, or that
is clear to the I am going to the Shakespeare play. (not any play, the
reader or listener: Shakespeare one).
make a statement
The definite article about all the things
the is used to belonging to one My favorite animal is the dog.
type (countable
nouns only):
the people of a country (the English, the Italian)
The indefinite
articles a and NEVER "a love"
an are not used with
single, countable NEVER "a rice"
nouns:
NEVER "a coffee"
We use “a” before a word that starts with a consonant (a book, a house, a pirate), and we use
“an” before a word that starts with a vowel (an apple, an egg, an ogre). This is a phonetic
rule, i.e. it is easier to say ”an apple” than it would be to say ”a apple”. However, there are
a few exceptions:
1.1 Use “an” in front of “h” when the “h” is not pronounced (and consequently sounds
like a vowel): an heir, an honour, an hour.
1.2 Use “a” in front of “u” when it is pronounced like “you”: a unicorn, a usual
answer, a universe.
1.3 Use “an” in front of abbreviations and acronyms when the first letter starts with a
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Quantifiers are a class of determiners and are used to show quantity, i.e. they answer the
question “how much?” of something or “how many?” things or people we are referring to.
any
some
much
any
little
all
several
a few
enough
a lot of
no
both
many – Yes –
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Prepositions are basically words that show the relationship or connection between two other
words or phrases. Some of the most common prepositions—and usually the ones ESL/EFL
students learn first—are prepositions of place and time, such as in, on, under, in front,
behind, beneath, between, beside, next to, at, etc.
The sugar is in the kitchen. (shows the relationship between “sugar” and “kitchen”)
The game is at 5 pm. (shows the relationship between “game” and “5pm”)
The party is on Saturday. (shows the relationship between “party” and “Saturday”)
Prepositions of place: Notice that in is usually used for enclosed spaces, on is usually used for
surfaces, and at is usually used for a specific point.
Prepositions of time: Notice that at is used for a precise time, in is used for months, years
and other long periods of time, and on is used for days and dates.
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Conjunctions
Conjunctions are JOINERS. They connect ideas. They allow us to make longer, more complex
sentences. Remember that the word conjunction comes from the base conjoin.
and
so
but
although
therefore
because
while
or
yet
and many, many more.
or what is happening to it
watch
base
eat
watched
in one FORM simple past
ate
watched
Verbs can be past participle
eaten
Modal verbs
ask permission
Phrasal verbs
timetable or schedule
Present A: He is speaking. action taking place in at the moment,
Progressive N: He is not speaking. the moment of just, just now,
Q: Is he speaking? speaking Listen!, Look!,
now, right now
action taking place only
for a limited period of
time
action arranged for the
future
Simple Past A: He spoke. action in the past taking yesterday, 2
N: He did not speak. place once, never or minutes ago, in
Q: Did he speak? several times 1990, the other
actions taking place one day, last Friday
after another if sentence type II
action taking place in (If I talked, …)
the middle of another
action
Past A: He was speaking. action going on at a while, as long as
Progressive N: He was not certain time in the past
speaking. actions taking place at
Q: Was he speaking? the same time
action in the past that is
interrupted by another
action
Present A: He has spoken. putting emphasis on already, ever, just,
Perfect N: He has not the result never, not yet, so
Simple spoken. action that is still going far, till now, up to
Q: Has he spoken? on now
action that stopped
recently
finished action that has
an influence on the
present
action that has taken
place once, never or
several times before the
moment of speaking
Present A: He has been putting emphasis on all day, for 4 years,
Perfect speaking. the course or since 1993, how
Progressive N: He has not been duration (not the result) long?, the whole
speaking. action that recently week
Q: Has he been stopped or is still going
speaking? on
finished action that
influenced the present
Past A: He had spoken. action taking place already, just,
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speaking?
Conditional A: He would speak. action that might take if sentences type II
I Simple N: He would not place (If I were you,
speak. I would go home.)
Q: Would he speak?
Conditional A: He would be action that might take
I speaking. place
Progressive N: He would not be putting emphasis on
speaking. the course/duration of
Q: Would he be the action
speaking?
Conditional A: He would have action that might have if sentences type III
II Simple spoken. taken place in the past (If I had seen that,
N: He would not have I would have
spoken. helped.)
Q: Would he have
spoken?
Conditional A: He would have action that might have
II been speaking. taken place in the past
Progressive N: He would not have puts emphasis on
been speaking. the course / duration of
Q: Would he have the action
been speaking?
The simple
present tense is
used to
Talk about facts or things that are
generally true
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The simple past tense
A plan or intention
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The past continuous tense
The future
perfect tense is
used to talk
about
Something expected to happen or to be
true at some point in the future
about
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Temporary situations
The past perfect continuous tense
The future
perfect
continuous tense
is used to talk
about Something expected to happen or to be
true at some point in the future
temporarily
Most tenses perform more than one function, so teach them gradually, and
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Teach contractions when teaching a verb tense to help students sound much
more natural when speaking.
English verb tense forms
You will have been You will not have been Will you have been?
He/She/It will have been He/She/It will not have been Will he/she/it have been?
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We will have been We will not have been Will we have been?
You will have been You will not have been Will you have been?
They will have been They will not have been Will they have been?
Conditional
I would be I would not be Would I be?
You would be You would not be Would you be?
He/She/It would be He/She/It would not be Would he/she/it be?
We would be We would not be Would we be?
You would be You would not be Would you be?
They would be They would not be Would they be?
Conditional Perfect
I would have been I would not have been Would I have been?
You would have been You would not have been Would you have been?
He/She/It would have been He/She/It would not have Would he/she/it have been?
been
We would have been We would not have been Would we have been?
You would have been You would not have been Would you have been?
They would have been They would not have been Would they have been?
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MODULE 5: OTHER IMPORTANT FORMS
The imperative
The imperative
Conditionals
a
Second conditional: a hypothetical condition +
result
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• The boy kicked the ball. = The subject (boy) performs the
Active voice action.
used when
Direct speech
provides •information as stated originally by a speaker
MODULE 6: LEXIS
Root, affix, prefix, suffix
COMMON PREFIXES
Prefix Definition Examples
anti- against anticlimax
de- opposite devalue
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COMMON SUFFIXES
Suffix Definition Examples
-able, -ible is; can be affordable, sensible
-al, -ial having characteristics of universal, facial
-ed past tense verbs; adjectives the dog walked, the walked dog
-en made of golden
-er, -or one who; person connected teacher, professor
with
-er more taller
-est the most tallest
-ful full of helpful
-ic having characteristics of poetic
-ing verb forms; present sleeping
participles
-ion, -tion, - act; process submission, motion, relation,
ation, edition
-tion
-ity, -ty state of activity, society
Compound words
Compound
adjectives • two words come together to make an adjective
British
Prevailing English or Follow
usage at the dictionary
American
time? English? spelling!
MODULE 7: LEXIS - LANGUAGE APPROPRIACY AND FREQUENCY, IDIOMS, AND
SLANG
Which English? What about teaching expressions and colloquial language?
No to slang
Don’t teach slang out of context!
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