Computer Networks Lab Manual On Computer Networks (08CSL67) & VIVA VOCE Questions

Computer Networks
Lab Manual
On
Computer Networks (08CSL67)
&
VIVA VOCE Questions
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology and
Engineering
Part A
(Network Simulator -2)
WIRED PROGRAM
1. Simulate a three nodes point-to-point network with duplex links between
them. Set the queue size and vary the bandwidth and find the number of
packet dropped.
2. Simulate a four node point-to-point network, and connect the links as

follows: n0-n2, n1-n2 and n2-n3. Apply TCP agent between n0-n3 and
UDP n1-n3. Apply relevant applications over TCP and UDP agents
changing the parameter and determine the number of packets by
TCP/UDP.
3. Simulate the different types of Internet traffic such as FTP and Telnet over
a network, Plot congestion window and analyze the throughput.
4. Set up the Lan network with 10 nodes, duplex-link node 5 to node 6 is

1Mb and 10ms. N1(source) and N8(sink), N7(source) and N3(sink). Plot
congestion window for different source/destination.
5. Set up the following topology with 6 nodes, and demonstrate the working
of routing in Distance working. The link between 1 and 4 breaks at 1.0ms
and comes up at 3.0ms. Assume that the source node 0 transmits packets
to node 5. Plot the congestion window when TCP sends packets via 4, 5,
6. Assume your own parameters for bandwidth and delay.
6. Consider a client and a server. The server is running a FTP application

over TCP. The client sends a request to download a file of size 10 MB
from the server. Write a TCL script to simulate this scenario. Let node n0
be the server and node n1 be the client. TCP packet size is 1500 Bytes.
7. Set up the following topology and analyze the DROPTAIL and RED queue
performance. Also plot the congestion window for TCP connections. Write
your observation on TCP performance. Bandwidth and delay from each
source to the intermediate node are 10Mbps and 10ms respectively.
Bandwidth and delay for the bottleneck link are 7kpbs and 20ms
respectively. Assume that each FTP starts at random.
8. Set up the following topology and demonstrate the working of multicast

routing protocol. Plot the congestion window for the source node and write
your observation on protocol performance. Assume your own parameters
for bandwidth and delay
Part B
(Network Simulator -2)
WIRELESS PROGRAM
1. Set up a 2-node wireless network. Analyze TCP performance for this
scenario with DSDV as routing protocols.
2. Set up 3-node wireless network with node N1 between N0 and N2. As the
nodes N0 and N2 moves towards each other they exchange packets. As they
move out of each other’s range they drop some packets. Analyze TCP
performance for this scenario with AODV, DSDV and DSR as routing
protocols.
3. Set up a 6-node wireless network; analyze TCP performance when nodes

are static and mobile.
4. Set up a 25-node ad hoc network. Analyze TCP performance for this

scenario with AODV, DSDV and DSR as routing protocols.
5. Write a TCL script to simulate the following scenario. Consider six nodes, (as
shown in the figure below) moving within a flat topology of 700m x 700m. The
initial positions of nodes are: n0(150, 300), n1(300, 500), n2(500, 500), n3
(300, 100), n4(500, 100) and n5(650, 300) respectively. A TCP connection is
initiated between n0 (source) and n5 (destination) through n3 and n4 i.e., the
route is 0-3-4-5. At time t = 3 seconds, the FTP application runs over it. After
time t = 4 seconds, n3(300,100) moves towards n1(300, 500) with a speed of
5.0m/sec and after some time the path breaks. The data is then transmitted
with a new path via n1 and n2 i.e., the new route is 0-1-2-5. The simulation
lasts for 60 secs. In the above said case both the routes have equal cost.
Use DSR as the routing protocol and the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol.
6. 6.Simulate simple ESS and with transmitting nodes in wireless LAN by

simulation and determine the performance with respect to transmission of
packet.
7. 7.Set up a wireless network with mobile nodes, induce 1 to 10% error to the
network using uniform error model. Plot the congestion window for TCP
connections. Write your observation on TCP performance as error increases
in the network.
8. 8. Set up a wireless network with mobile nodes; provide energy to the nodes
using Energy Model. Assume initial energy as 100. Analyze the performance
of TCP.
STEPS TO INSTALL NS2 ON LINUX:
1. in root - create a directory ns2

2. copy .tar file into this folder[ns-allinone-2.31.tar.gz]
3. type at the prompt [root@lacalhost~]#cd ns2 … that is get into ns2 folder
4. #tar –zxvf ns-allinone-2.31.tar.gz …. This is to unzip the files
5. now get into ns-allinone-2.31 i.e # cd ns-allinone-2.31
6. # ./install … this command is used to install ns2. takes time : 10-15 mins
7. # cd .. [go to root]
8. #ls –a [ to see hidden files]
9. vi .bash_profile
10. copy pathset file to this to set the path , in this :wq to save and quit
11. for first time installation type # source .bash_profile( otherwise OS does it)
12. type on the prompt ns. - #ns if we get % symbol, then ns is installed
properly, press ctrl+C
a. type the tcl code in gedit, and save your filename with extension .tcl
b. to view example, you can use,
ns-allinone-2.31/ns-2.31/sample
or
ns-allinone-2.31/ns-2.31/tcl/ex
a. to run the animator type : nam namefile.nam

b. to view the trace file : gedit out.tr
Procedure to execute all network Simulation Programs
Step 1 : Deploy the required number of nodes.
Step 2 : Create the links among the deployed nodes.
Step 3 : Attach the specific Agents on to the corresponding nodes.
Step 4 : Link the source agent with respective destination agent.
Step 5 : Application should be associated with the source agents.
Step 6 : Set the time for simulation.
Step 7 : Save the Simulation program as <filename>.ns
Step 8 : Run the Simulation using ns command

Ex:- $ns filename.ns
Step 9 : Check for the trace file (<filename>.tr) generated.
Step 10: Measure the required performance using suitable filters.

PART A
1. Simulate a three nodes point-to-point network with duplex links

between them. Set the queue size and vary the bandwidth and find the
number of packet dropped.
Solution:
Aim: To understand and design the point-to-point network structure. Also here
we realize that changing the queue size and the bandwidth will have its effect on
the flow of data.
Theory:
 Create a simulator object.
 We open a file for writing that is going to be used for the “nam” trace data.
 We now attach the agent to the nodes.
 Now we attach the application to run on top of these nodes
 We now connect the agent and the application for its working
 Set the simulation time
 The next step is to add a 'finish' procedure that closes the trace file and
starts nam.
Save the following program as ex1.tcl
set ns [new Simulator]
set tf [open ex1.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tf
set nf [open ex1.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $nf
set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0

$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n2 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ns at 1.5 "$ftp start"
$ns at 10.0 "finish"
proc finish {} {
global ns tf nf
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $nf
puts "running nam..."
exec nam ex1.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns run
Expected output: Animated 3 node structure is displayed. We need to see the

trace file to understand what has happened to the data flow.
2. Simulate a four node point-to-point network, and connect the links as
follows: n0-n2, n1-n2 and n2-n3. Apply TCP agent between n0-n3 and
UDP n1-n3. Apply relevant applications over TCP and UDP agents
changing the parameter and determine the number of packets by
TCP/UDP.
Solution :
Aim: to understand and design the point-to-point network structure. Also here we
understand the working of TCP and UDP transport protocol.
Theory:
starts nam.

$ns trace-all $tf

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]


$cbr1 attach-agent $udp

proc finish {} {
global ns tf nf
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $nf
exec nam ex2.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns run
To calculate number of packet dropped by TCP and udp we need to write awk
script.
Save the below program as ex2.awk

BEGIN {
tcp_count=0;
udp_count=0;
}
{
if ( $1 == "d" && $5 == "tcp")
tcp_count ++;
if ( $1 == "d" && $5 == "cbr")

udp_count ++;
}
END {
printf("Number of packet dropped in TCP %d\n", tcp_count);
printf("Number of packet dropped in UDP %d\n", udp_count);
}
To run the awk script you need to execute the command shown bellow on the
terminal.
awk –f ex2.awk ex2.tr

trace file to understand what has happened to the data flow.
3. Simulate the different types of Internet traffic such as FTP and Telnet
over a network, Plot congestion window and analyze the throughput.
Solution :
Aim: to understand and design TCP Applications like FTP and Telnet. Here we
see that the throughput of both the application vary depending on the data size
Theory:
starts nam.

$ns trace-all $tf

set cwind [open win3.tr w]
set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
$ftp attach-agent $tcp0

set telnet [new Application/Telnet]
$telnet attach-agent $tcp1
$ns at 1.5 "$telnet start"
proc plotWindow {tcpSource file} {

global ns
set time 0.01
set now [$ns now]
set cwnd [$tcpSource set cwnd_]
puts $file "$now $cwnd"
$ns at [expr $now+$time] "plotWindow $tcpSource $file" }
$ns at 2.0 "plotWindow $tcp0 $cwind"
proc finish {} {
global ns tf nf cwind
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $nf

puts "FTP PACKETS.."
puts "Telnet PACKETS.."
exec nam ex3.nam &
exec xgraph win3.tr &
exit 0
}
$ns run
trace file to understand what has happened to the data flow depending on the
application used.
4. Set up the Lan network with 10 nodes, duplex-link node 5 to node 6 is

1Mb and 10ms. N1(source) and N8(sink), N7(source) and N3(sink). Plot
congestion window for different source/destination.
Solution :
Aim: to understand and design the LAN network structure. Here we set different
application and see how congestion occurs and plot the same.
Theory:
 Add Procedure to plot congestion window graph.
starts nam.
Save the following program as ex4.tcl.

$ns trace-all $tf
set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
set n6 [$ns node]
set n7 [$ns node]
set n8 [$ns node]
set n9 [$ns node]
set n10 [$ns node]
set lan [$ns newLan "$n0 $n1 $n2 $n3 $n4 $n5 $n6 $n7 $n8 $n9 $n10 " 10Mb
2ms LL Queue/DropTail Channel]

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

$ns at 1.0 "$ftp0 start"


global ns
set time 0.01
set now [$ns now]
proc finish {} {
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $nf
exec nam ex4.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns run
Expected output: Animated 11node structure is displayed. Congestion window
will show the performance of TCP..
5. Set up the following topology with 6 nodes, and demonstrate the

working of routing in Distance working. The link between 1 and 4
breaks at 1.0ms and comes up at 3.0ms. Assume that the source node 0
transmits packets to node 5. Plot the congestion window when TCP
sends packets via 4, 5, 6. Assume your own parameters for bandwidth
and delay.
Solution :
Aim: To understand the working o distance vector routing.
Theory:
starts nam.

$ns trace-all $tf

$ns color 1 Blue

$ns color 2 Red
proc finish {} {
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $nf
exec nam ex5.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns rtproto DV
set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient up
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n4 orient up-left
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n5 orient up-left
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n5 orient right-up

$tcp set fid_ 1

$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n1 $n4

$ns rtmodel-at 3.0 up $n1 $n4

global ns
set time 0.01
set now [$ns now]
$ns at 1.0 "plotWindow $tcp $cwind"
$ns run

nam file as well as the trace file to understand what has happened to the data
flow.
6. Consider a client and a server. The server is running a FTP application

over TCP. The client sends a request to download a file of size 10 MB
from the server. Write a TCL script to simulate this scenario. Let node
n0 be the server and node n1 be the client. TCP packet size is 1500
Bytes.
Solution:
Aim: To understand the working of a client and a server, when transmitting

10MB file from server to the client.
Theory:
starts nam.
#Create a ns simulator
#Open the NS trace file

set tracefile [open ex6.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
#Open the NAM trace file
set namfile [open ex6.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
#Create 2 nodes
set s [$ns node]
set c [$ns node]
$ns color 1 Blue
#Create labels for nodes

$s label "Server"
$c label "Client"
#Create links between nodes

$ns duplex-link $s $c 10Mb 22ms DropTail
#Give node position (for NAM)

$ns duplex-link-op $s $c orient right
#Setup a TCP connection for node s(server)

$ns attach-agent $s $tcp0
$tcp0 set packetSize_ 1500
#Setup a TCPSink connection for node c(client)

$ns attach-agent $c $sink0
#Setup a FTP Application over TCP connection

$tcp0 set fid_ 1
proc finish { } {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exec nam ex6.nam &
exec awk -f ex6transfer.awk ex6.tr &
exec awk -f ex6convert.awk ex6.tr > convert.tr &
exec xgraph convert.tr -geometry 800*400 -t "bytes_received_at_client" -x
"time_in_secs" -y "bytes_in_bps" &
}

$ns at 15.0 "$ftp0 stop"
$ns run
Save the following awk script as ex6transfer.awk
# AWK script to calulate the time required to transfer the 10 MB file from the
server to client
BEGIN {
count=0;
time=0;
total_bytes_sent =0;
total_bytes_received=0;
}
{
if ( $1 == "r" && $4 == 1 && $5 == "tcp")
total_bytes_received += $6;
if($1 == "+" && $3 == 0 && $5 == "tcp")

total_bytes_sent += $6;
}
END {
system("clear");
printf("\n Transmission time required to transfer the file is %f",$2);
printf("\n Actual data sent from the server is %f Mbps",
(total_bytes_sent)/1000000);
printf("\n Data Received by the client is %f Mbps\n",
(total_bytes_received)/1000000);
}
Save the following awk script as ex6convert.awk
# AWK Script to convert the downloaded file into MB

BEGIN {
count=0;
time=0;
}
{
if ( $1 == "r" && $4 == 1 && $5 == "tcp")
{
count += $6;
time=$2;
printf("\n%f\t%f",time,(count)/1000000);
}
}
END {
}
Expected output: Animated 2 node structure is displayed with the node labeled
as client and server. We need to make use of the awk script to calculate the time
required to transfer the 10 MB file from the server to client and duration for
converting downloaded file into MB.
7. Set up the following topology and analyze the DROPTAIL and RED
queue performance. Also plot the congestion window for TCP
connections. Write your observation on TCP performance. Bandwidth
and delay from each source to the intermediate node are 10Mbps and
10ms respectively. Bandwidth and delay for the bottleneck link are
7kpbs and 20ms respectively. Assume that each FTP starts at random.
N
2
@
N 2 N N
3 0 1
N
4
Solution :
Aim: To analyze the DROPTAIL and RED queue performance.

Theory:
starts nam.
set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]

$ns trace-all $tf
set file [open cong w]




$ns at 3.0 "finish"
proc plot-window {agent file} {

global ns
set time 0.10
set now [$ns now]
set cwnd[$agent set cwnd_]
puts $file â€œ$now $cwndâ€
$ns at [expr $now+$time] â€œplot-window $agent $fileâ€
}
proc finish {} {
global ns tf nf
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $nf

puts "TCP PACKETS.."
exec nam ex7.nam &

exit 0
}
$ns run
8. Set up the following topology and demonstrate the working of multicast
routing protocol. Plot the congestion window for the source node and
write your observation on protocol performance. Assume your own
parameters for bandwidth and delay.
N1
N0 N2
N3
Aim: To understand the working of multicast routing protocol and observe the
protocol performance by plotting congestion window.
Theory:
 The next step is to add a 'finish' procedure.
#Create an event scheduler wit multicast turned on
set ns [new Simulator -multicast on]
#$ns multicast
#Turn on Tracing
set tf [open mcast.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tf
# Turn on nam Tracing

set fd [open mcast.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $fd
# Create nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
set n6 [$ns node]
set n7 [$ns node]
# Create links
# Routing protocol: say distance vector

#Protocols: CtrMcast, DM, ST, BST
set mproto DM
set mrthandle [$ns mrtproto $mproto {}]
# Allocate group addresses

set group1 [Node allocaddr]
set group2 [Node allocaddr]
# UDP Transport agent for the traffic source

$udp0 set dst_addr_ $group1
$udp0 set dst_port_ 0
# Transport agent for the traffic source

$udp1 set dst_addr_ $group2
$udp1 set dst_port_ 0
# Create receiver
set rcvr1 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $rcvr1
$ns at 1.0 "$n5 join-group $rcvr1 $group1"



$ns at 4.0 "$n5 leave-group $rcvr1 $group1"


# Schedule events
$ns at 9.5 "$cbr1 stop"

$ns at 9.5 "$cbr2 stop"
proc finish {} {
global ns tf fd
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
close $fd
exec nam mcast.nam &
exit 0
}
# For nam
# Group 0 source
#$udp0 set fid_ 1
#$n0 color red
$n0 label "Source 1"
# Group 1 source
#$udp1 set fid_ 2
#$n1 color green
$n1 label "Source 2"
#Colors for packets from two mcast groups

$ns color 1 red
$ns color 2 green
$n5 label "Receiver 1"

$n5 color blue
$n6 color blue
$n7 color blue
$ns run
To find Throughput for any wired program, save the bellow programs as
thrpt.awk
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
last = 0
tcp_sz = 0
cbr_sz = 0
total_sz = 0
}
{
action = $1;
time = $2;
from = $3;
to = $4;
type = $5;
pktsize = $6;
flow_id = $8;
src = $9;
dst = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;
if (type == "tcp" && action == "r" && to == "3" )
tcp_sz += pktsize
#if (type == "cbr" && action == "r" && to == "3" )

# cbr_sz += pktsize
# total_sz += pktsize
}
END {
print time, ( tcp_sz * 8 / 1000000)
# print time , (tcp_sz * 8 / 1000000 ), ( total_sz * 8 / 1000000)
}
PART B
1. Set up a 2-node wireless network. Analyze TCP performance for this

scenario with DSDV as routing protocols.
Save the following program as 001.tcl
#Setting the Default Parameters
################################################################
##
# Setting the Default Parameters #
################################################################
##
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue
#set val(ifq) CMUPriQueue
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(mac) Mac/802_11
set val(ll) LL
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna
set val(x) 500
set val(y) 500
set val(nn) 2
set val(stop) 20.0
set val(rp) DSDV
set ns_ [new Simulator]
set tracefd [open 001.tr w]

$ns_ trace-all $tracefd
set namtrace [open 001.nam w]

$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)
set prop [new $val(prop)]
set topo [new Topography]

$topo load_flatgrid $val(x) $val(y)
create-god $val(nn)
#Node Configuration
$ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \

-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-channelType $val(chan) \
-topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
#Creating Nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {incr i} {
set node_($i) [$ns_ node]
$node_($i) random-motion 0
}
#Initial Positions of Nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {

$ns_ initial_node_pos $node_($i) 40
}
#Topology Design
$ns_ at 1.1 "$node_(0) setdest 310.0 10.0 20.0"

#Generating Traffic

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $tcp0
$ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $sink0
$ns_ connect $tcp0 $sink0
$ns_ at 1.0 "$ftp0 start"
$ns_ at 18.0 "$ftp0 stop"
#Simulation Termination

$ns_ at $val(stop) "$node_($i) reset";
}
$ns_ at $val(stop) "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt"
puts "Starting Simulation..."
$ns_ run
2.Set up 3-node wireless network with node N1 between N0 and N2. As the
nodes N0 and N2 moves towards each other they exchange packets. As
they move out of each other’s range they drop some packets. Analyze TCP
performance for this scenario with AODV, DSDV and DSR as routing
protocols.

#set val(ifq) CMUPriQueue
set val(ll) LL
set val(x) 500
set val(y) 400
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 3
set val(stop) 60.0
set val(rp) AODV



create-god $val(nn)
#Node Configuration

-llType $val(ll) \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
#Creating Nodes
}

$node_(0) set x_ 5.0
$node_(0) set y_ 5.0
$node_(0) set z_ 0.0
$node_(1) set x_ 490.0

$node_(1) set y_ 285.0
$node_(2) set x_ 150.0

$node_(2) set y_ 240.0

}
#Topology Design



#Generating Traffic

}

$ns_ run
Repeat the simulation for AODV and DSR Routing protocols.
Output: Demonstration of wireless network, Analysis of routing protocols.

3.Set up a 6-node wireless network; analyze TCP performance when nodes
are static and mobile.

set val(ll) LL
set val(x) 500
set val(y) 500
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 25
set val(stop) 100.0
set val(rp) AODV
#set val(sc) "mob-25-50"
set val(cp) "tcp-25-8"



set god_ [create-god $val(nn)]
#Node Configuration

-llType $val(ll) \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
#Creating Nodes
}
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } { incr i } {

set xx [expr rand()*500]
set yy [expr rand()*400]
$node_($i) set X_ $xx
$node_($i) set Y_ $yy

}
#puts "Loading scenario file..."

#source $val(sc)
puts "Loading connection file..."
source $val(cp)

}

$ns_ run
4.Set up a 25-node ad hoc network. Analyze TCP performance for this

scenario with AODV, DSDV and DSR as routing protocols.

#set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue
set val(ifq) CMUPriQueue
set val(ll) LL
set val(x) 500
set val(y) 500
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 25
set val(stop) 100.0
set val(rp) DSR
set val(sc) "mob-25-test"



#Node Configuration

-llType $val(ll) \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
#Creating Nodes
#$node_($i) random-motion 0
}

}
puts "Loading scenario file..."

source $val(sc)
source $val(cp)

}

$ns_ run
Repeat the simulation for AODV and DSR Routing protocols.

5. Write a TCL script to simulate the following scenario. Consider six
nodes, (as shown in the figure below) moving within a flat topology of
700m x 700m. The initial positions of nodes are: n0(150, 300), n1(300, 500),
n2(500, 500), n3 (300, 100), n4(500, 100) and n5(650, 300) respectively. A
TCP connection is initiated between n0 (source) and n5 (destination)
through n3 and n4 i.e., the route is 0-3-4-5. At time t = 3 seconds, the FTP
application runs over it. After time t = 4 seconds, n3(300,100) moves
towards n1(300, 500) with a speed of 5.0m/sec and after some time the path
breaks. The data is then transmitted with a new path via n1 and n2 i.e., the
new route is 0-1-2-5. The simulation lasts for 60 secs. In the above said
case both the routes have equal cost. Use DSR as the routing protocol and
the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol.
1 2
0 5
3 4

set val(ll) LL
set val(x) 700
set val(y) 700
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 6
set val(stop) 60.0
set val(rp) DSR



#Node Configuration

-llType $val(ll) \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
#Creating Nodes
}
$node_(0) set X_ 150.0

$node_(0) set Y_ 300.0
$node_(0) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(1) set X_ 300.0

$node_(1) set Y_ 500.0
$node_(2) set X_ 500.0

$node_(2) set Y_ 500.0
$node_(3) set X_ 300.0

$node_(3) set Y_ 100.0
$node_(4) set X_ 500.0

$node_(4) set Y_ 100.0
$node_(5) set X_ 650.0

$node_(5) set Y_ 300.0
}
#Topology Design
#Generating Traffic

}

$ns_ run
Output: Demonstration of wireless network, Analysis of DSR routing protocol.
6. Simulate simple ESS and with transmitting nodes in wireless LAN by

simulation and determine the performance with respect to transmission of
packet.
Solution :
Aim: to understand and design the wireless LAN network structure. We

understand the default setting required to simulate the wireless LAN.
Theory:
 Initialize the default values to see the wireless LAN working.
starts nam.
Save the following program as 006.tcl.
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;#channel type

set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;#radio-propagation model
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;#network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;#MAC type
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;#interface queue type
set val(ll) LL ;#link layer type
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;#antenna model
set val(ifqlen)50 ;#max packet in ifq
set f [open ex8.tr w]

$ns trace-all $f
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $nf 100 100
$ns node-config -llType $val(ll) \

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
set lan [$ns newLan "$n0 $n1 $n2 $n3 $n4 $n5" 0.5Mb 30ms LL Queue/DropTail
Mac/802_11 Channel/WirelessChannel]



proc finish {} {
global ns f nf
$ns flush-trace
close $f
close $nf
exec nam ex8.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns run

trace file to understand what has happened to the data flow and packet dropped.
7. Set up a wireless network with mobile nodes, induce 1 to 10% error to

the network using uniform error model. Plot the congestion window for
TCP connections. Write your observation on TCP performance as error
increases in the network.

set val(ll) LL
set val(x) 500
set val(y) 500
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 5
set val(stop) 50.0
set val(rp) AODV



create-god $val(nn)
#Node Configuration
-llType $val(ll) \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON \
-IncomingErrProc "uniformErr" \
-OutgoingErrProc "uniformErr"
proc uniformErr {} {
set err [new ErrorModel]
$err unit pkt
$err set rate_ 0.01
return $err
}
#Creating Nodes
}

}
#Topology Design

#Generating Traffic


}

$ns_ run
8.Set up a wireless network with mobile nodes; provide energy to the

nodes using Energy Model. Assume initial energy as 100. Analyze the
performance of TCP.

set val(ll) LL
set val(x) 500
set val(y) 500
set val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 25
set val(stop) 100.0
set val(rp) DSR
set val(energymodel) EnergyModel
set val(initialenergy) 100
set val(sc) "mob-25-test"



#Node Configuration

-llType $val(ll) \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON \
-energyModel $val(energymodel) \
-idlePower 0.005 \
-rxPower 1.0 \
-txPower 5.0 \
-sleepPower 0.0001 \
-transitionPower 0.002 \
-transitionTime 0.005 \
-initialEnergy $val(initialenergy)
#Creating Nodes
}

}
puts "Loading scenario file..."

source $val(sc)
source $val(cp)

}

$ns_ run
VIVA Questions
1. What is Simulator?
2. Name different Networking Simulators?
3. Explain Difference between Simulator and Emulator?
4. What is TCP?
5. What are the applications that run on TCP?
6. What is UDP?
7. What are the applications that run on UDP?
8. Explain difference between connection-oriented and

connectionless protocols?
9. What is Ping?
10. What is the size of Ping packet?
11. Why do a network require ping packet?
12. What is LAN?
13. What are the different topologies that can be used in LAN?
14. What is subnet?
15. How do we measure the performance of a network?
16. What is congestion window?
17. What is difference between wired and wireless network?
18. What is throughput of network?
19. How do we measure the performance of a network?
20. How simulation can be used to design real time network?

Computer Networks Lab Manual On Computer Networks (08CSL67) & VIVA VOCE Questions

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Computer Networks

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

2. Simulate a four node point-to-point network, and connect the links as

4. Set up the Lan network with 10 nodes, duplex-link node 5 to node 6 is

6. Consider a client and a server. The server is running a FTP application

8. Set up the following topology and demonstrate the working of multicast

3. Set up a 6-node wireless network; analyze TCP performance when nodes

4. Set up a 25-node ad hoc network. Analyze TCP performance for this

6. 6.Simulate simple ESS and with transmitting nodes in wireless LAN by

1. in root - create a directory ns2

a. to run the animator type : nam namefile.nam

Step 1 : Deploy the required number of nodes.

Step 2 : Create the links among the deployed nodes.

Step 3 : Attach the specific Agents on to the corresponding nodes.

Step 4 : Link the source agent with respective destination agent.

Step 5 : Application should be associated with the source agents.

Step 6 : Set the time for simulation.

Step 7 : Save the Simulation program as <filename>.ns

Step 8 : Run the Simulation using ns command

Step 9 : Check for the trace file (<filename>.tr) generated.

Step 10: Measure the required performance using suitable filters.

1. Simulate a three nodes point-to-point network with duplex links

Save the following program as ex1.tcl

set ns [new Simulator]

set tf [open ex1.tr w]

set nf [open ex1.nam w]

set n0 [$ns node]

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$ns at 1.5 "$ftp start"

$ns at 10.0 "finish"

Expected output: Animated 3 node structure is displayed. We need to see the

Save the following program as ex2.tcl

set ns [new Simulator]

set tf [open ex2.tr w]

set nf [open ex2.nam w]

set n0 [$ns node]

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 2ms DropTail

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$ns at 0.1 "$ftp start"

$ns at 10.0 "finish"

Save the below program as ex2.awk

if ( $1 == "d" && $5 == "cbr")

awk –f ex2.awk ex2.tr

Expected output: Animated 4 node structure is displayed. We need to see the

Save the following program as ex3.tcl

set ns [new Simulator]

set tf [open ex3.tr w]

set nf [open ex3.nam w]

set cwind [open win3.tr w]

set n0 [$ns node]

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail

$ns at 1.2 "$ftp start"

set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]

$ns at 1.5 "$telnet start"

$ns at 10.0 "finish"

proc plotWindow {tcpSource file} {

puts "running nam..."