Electricity and Magnetism I.

(Review of Vector Analysis

—definition of a vector
Operations for vectors
—addition, subtraction. (methods: graphical, component)
—multiplication
a) by scalar-- changes length of vector, parallel to original vector
-distributive
b) scalar • dot product of two vectors
defn. A • B = A B cos
-physically: component of vector in direction of another vector.
-distributive and commutative
-if dot product of two non-zero vectors is zero, vectors are
way to test if two vectors are perpendicular
-angle between two vectors in component form = cos -1[(A • B)/(A B)]

c) vector • cross product of two vectors

defn. A × B = A B sin n^
direction of n^ found by right hand rule.
physically: two vector quantities combine to give a third vector quantity
-area of parallelogram with the two vectors determining sides
-distributive, but not commutative
-if cross product of two non-zero vectors is zero, vectors are ||
way to test if two vectors are parallel
-cross product also lets you find vector to plane (i.e., 2 vectors)

Example: Problem 1.4

Find the angle between the body diagonals of a cube.
Let’s pick a cube with one corner at the origin and the opposite corner at (1,1,1). Length of
side is one unit long.

Let one body diagonal (A) go from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) hence A 1x̂ 1ŷ 1ẑ ,

let the other body diagonal (B) go from (0, 0, 1) to (1, 1, 0) hence B 1x̂ 1ŷ 1ẑ
The magnitude of A = the magnitude of B = 3 .

A • B = 1 + 1 - 1 = 1 but this is also equal to 3 • 3 cos

Solving for gives =70.5 .

Triple Products
Scalar Product
A • (B × C)
-result is scalar quantity, represents volume of parallelpiped formed by A, B, C
A • (B × C) = B • (C ×A) = C • (A × B)
 Vector Product
A × (B × C) = B(A • C) - C(A • B)
A must-do exercise is to prove the above rule by evaluating both sides of the equation
and verifying that the two sides are equal.

Transformation of a Vector
—help to define the vector. “direction”
—converting a vector from one coordinate system to another.
i.e., rotation about x-axis
—how the vector transforms from unprimed to primed coordinate system
Useful trig identities
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ± sin A sin B

z A
in 1st Ay = A cos , Az = A sin
θ´
in 2nd´ Ay´ = A cos ´, Az´ = A sin ´ ´= -

θ Ay´ = A cos cos + A sin sin = Ay cos + Az sin

y
Az = A sin cos + A cos sin = Az cos - Ay sin
Ax´ Rxx Rxy Rxz Ax
Ay´ cos sin Ay
Ay´ Ryx Ryy Ryz Ay
Az´ sin cos Az
Az´ Rzx Rzy Rzz Az
3
Ai´ Rij Aj
j 1

Vector Calculus
—differentiate a vector
dA lim A lim A( ) A( )
d 0 0
can apply to each of the components
dA dAx dAy dAz
^x ^y ^z
d d d d
Differential
dA dAx^x dAy^y dAz^z
or dr dx ^x dy ^y dz ^z => change the position a little bit
—change x, y, z
Gradient of a Scalar
—Scalar function of position. (z = z(x, y)
—rate of change of that function. hill-cliff example
T(x, y, z) => scalar field => temp in room

T T T
dT dx dy dz d r displace from original pt.
x y z see above for d r .

what dT looks like

dr
a dot product
T^ T^ T^
T <= x y z
x y z
dT ds • T => gradient of T
Physical Significance of Gradient.
—change in scalar when dotted with displacement
—points in direction of max increase

direction of gradient maximum rate of change of function

^
normal vector n to surface.

^n T
| T|

Other differential Operators

[del operator => operates on a function]

^x ^y ^z
x y z
Combine it with other vectors

Ax Ay Az
• A
x y z
how much vector spreads out. -- divergence.
 curl

^x ^y z

×A
x y z
Ax Ay Az
How much the function curls around a point.

Second Derivatives

Laplacian
2
= •
2 2 2
=
x2 y2 z2
zero curl and zero divergence
combine these in several ways.
product rules
2nd Derivative
1) • ( T) => Laplacian
2
= •
2 2 2
=
x2 y2 z2

T T
2) x ( T) =>
x y y x

3) ( • ^v ) => not Laplacian

4) • ( × ^v ) = 0
5) × ( × ^v )