LESSON 3:

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS :

SCIENCE, HEALTH AND POLITICS

Introducon:

Genec engneerng !"# $een %t! t!e !u&"n #ocet' #nce #e(ec)e
#e(ec)e $reedng %"# ntroduced to !u&"n*nd
!u&"n*nd "nd %!en "n&"(# %ere do&e#c"ted+
do&e#c"ted+

Yet,
Yet, t!e roce## o- genec "(ter"on# # "(( $ut n"tur"(+It %"# n ./0. t!"t t!e ter& genec engneerng %"# coned $' 1"c* 2(("&#on, " ut!or o- t!e

#cence con no)e( dr"gon4# #("nd 5St"$(e Ford 67789+ T!roug! connuou# #e"rc! -or de)e(o&ent, genec engneerng no (onger #t"'ed n #cence

con no)e(+ It $ec"&e " re"(t' n #cence ("$or"tore#+ T!e gener"( roce## o- genec engneerng # t!e de($er"te &"nu("on o- t!e org"n#&#

gene#, %!ere t &"' n)o()e tr"n#-er o- gene# -ro& ot!er org"n#&#+

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

GMO # t!e ter& u#ed -or "n org"n#&# cre"ted t!roug! genec
genec engneerng+ T!e %or(d He"(t! Org"n"on 52HO, 67.89 dene# GMO "# "n

org"n#&#, et!er ("nt, "n&"( or &cro org"n#&#, n %!c! t!e genec &"ter"( 5DNA9 !"# $een "(tered n " %"' t!"t doe# not occur n"tur"((' $'

&"ng or n"tur"( reco&&end"on+

T!e genec engneerng roce## on " ("nt

;"cter" <DNA e=tr"con > #o("on <c(ot!ng > de#gnng gene# <tr"n#-or&"on <ce(( > ##ue cu(ture <("nt $reedng+ T!e de)e(o&ent o- GMO# %"#

erce)ed to !e( n t!e "d)"nce&ent o- tec!no(og' -or t!e $enet o- !u&"n# n d?erent ndu#tre# (*e
(*e "grcu(ture "nd &edcne+

GMOS n -ood "nd Agrcu(tur"( Indu#e#

T!e center -or Ecogenec# "nd En)ron&ent"( He"(t! 5 CEEH, 67.3 9 dened t!e -o((o%ng ru(e# o- GMOS n t!e -ood "nd Agrcu(tur"( Indu#tre#+

.+ PEST RESISTANCE <Genec"((' &oded ("nt# to re##t cert"n e#t+ @An e="&(e # ;t corn, T!e DNA 5 geno&e 9 o- t!e ;t corn !"# $een &oded

%t! t!e gene o- ;"c((u# t!urng(en##, " #o( $"cteru& t!"t roduce# roten# %!c! # to=c to corn $orer# 5 %or&# 9+

6+ IRBS RESISTANCE <Genec"((' &oded ("nt# to ne##t cert"n )ru#e#+ @An e="&(e # GM ""'" or r"n$o% ""'"+ T!e ""'" rng#ot )ru#

5 PRS 9 # *no%n to $e detr&ent"( to ""'" ("nt#+ T!e roten o- PRS !"# ntroduced to t!e ""'" ("nt t!roug! ("nt ##ue %!c* turned out to

$e re##t"nt to t!e )ru# t#e(-+ T!e e?ect %"# (*e t!e )"ccne# !u&"n# !")e "g"n#t nuen"+

3+ HER;ICIDE TOLERANCE <Genec"((' &oded ("nt# to to(er"te !er$"de+ @An e="&(e # roundu re"d' #"'$e"n, g('!o#"te, "n !er$"de -or

%eed# %"# ntroduce to #"'$e"n# &"*ng t# to(er"nt to t!e !en$"de t#e(-+ For&er# t!en c"n #r"' t!e !en$"de *((ng t!e %eed# $ut not t!e

#"'$e"n#+

8+ FORTIFICATION <Fored %t! cert"n &ner"(#+ @An e="&(e # Go(den Rce+ ;et" c"rotene " recur#or o- )t"&n A, %"# ntroduced t!roug!

$o#'nt!e## gene# to t!e rce, &"*ng t!e rce gr"n# -ored %t! )t"&n A+

0+ COSMETIC PRESERATION <Re##t n"tur"( d#co(or"on @An e="&(e # Arcc A(e+ T!e "(e )"ret' %"# genec"((' &oded to #ure## t!e

$ro%nng o- "(e due to #uerc"( d"&"ge+

+ INCREASE GRO2TH RATE <A genec"((' &oded org"n#& t!"t !"# !g!er 'e(d n gro%t! t!"n nor&"( #ece#+ @A n e="&(e # "guAd)"nt"ge

#"(&"n+ A gene -o"& "n oce"n out "n ee(<(*e #! %"# ntroduce to "cc C!noo* #"(&on, &"*ng t!e #"(&on gro% -"#ter t!"n t# nor&"( r"te+

GMO# n Non Food# Cro# "nd M croorg"n#&#

croorg"n#&# Genec"((' Moded 5GMO#9 n non -ood cro# " nd #o&e &croorg"n#&# n)o()e
n)o()e t!e -o((o%ng+
.+F(o%er Producon< GMO# n o%er roducon one #een n &oded co(or "nd e=tended )"#e (-e o- o%er#+ E=+;(ue Ro#e#

6+P"er Producon< &oded c!"r"cter#c# o- tree# -or !ger 'e(d o- "er roducon+ E=+ Po("r tree#

3+P!"r&"ceuc"( roducon#< &oded ("nt# to roduce !"r&"ceuc"( roduct#+ E=+ Per%n*(e ("nt#

8+;ore&ed"on< u#e o- &oded ("nt# t!"t c"n "###t n t!e $ore&ed"on o- o((uted #te#+ E=+ S!ru$ to$"cco

0+En'&e "nd Drug roducon< u#e o- &oded &croorg"n#&# t!"t c"n roduce en'&e# -or -ood roce##ng "nd roce##ng+ E=+ CGT"#e,

c'c(o&"(tode=trn, g('co#'(tr"n#-er"#e

+GMO# n t!e &edc"( e(d< genec engneerng # ("'ng " #gnc"nt ro(e -ro& d"gno## to tre"t&ent o- !u&"n<dre"ded d#e"#e+ E=+ Hu&u(n

;ent# o- GMO4S

#tude# #!o% #o&e o- t!e otenc"( $enet# o- GMO4#+

<Hg!er ecenc' n -"r&&g %t! t!e u#e o- e#cde#!er$cde < to(er"nt GMO cro# t!ere %(( $e (e#" u#e o- !er$cde#e#cde# "nd (o%er co#t

-or ("$or "nd cu()"on+

< Incre"#r n !"r)e#t < GNO cro# re##t"nt# to e#t "nd de#e"#e# &e"n# ncre"#e n otenc"( gro%t! "nd !"r)e#t+

< Contro( n -er(t' < contro((ng t!e urt' o- t!e !'$rd #eed# 5GMO #eed#9 en#ure !g!er 'e(d#+

< Incre"#e n -ood roce##ng < "(tered c!"r"cterc# o- GMO cro# !e( e"#e -ood roce##ng+

< I&ro)e de#r"$(e c!"r"cter#c# < GMO# o?er (onger #!e(- (-e en!"nce co(or "nd t"#* en!"nce roducon or reduc"on o- en'&e# "nd ot!er

&oded c!"r"cter#c# o- ("nt# "n&"(# "nd &cro or"n#&

<Nutron"( "nd !"r&"cenc"( en!"nce&ent < GMO cro# (*e &"e -ored %t! ('#ne "nd go(den rce -ored %t! )t"&n A "nd ron

Poten"( R#*# o- GMO4#

 De#te t!e ro&#ng c("&# o- GMO4#+ T!e oonent# o- GMO4# c("& ot!er%#e

 Oo#te o- GMO4# !")e t!e ?+ M"or Concern#

.+ Snce genec engneerng # #(( " 'oung $r"nc! o- #cence+ T!ere "re n"deu"te #tude# on t!e e?ect# o- GMO4# to !u&"n# "nd t!e en)ron&ent+

6+ Genec engneerng ro&ote# &ut"on n org"n#&# %!c! t!e (ong ter& # #(( un*no%n+

3+ Hu&"n con#u&on o- GMO4# &g!t !")e t!e ?+ E?ect#:

More "((ergc re"con#< GMO -ood &"' trgger &ore "((ergc re"con#, &ore #o cre"te ne=t one# "# #de e?ect# o- t!e genec "(ter"on+

Gene &ut"on< GMO -ood &"' de)e(o "$nor&"(e# "nd &ut"on, &ore t!"n t!e de#red roduct o- t!e gene "(ter"on+

An$oc re##t"nce< GMO -ood cont"n# "n$oc< re##t"nt gene#J T!# &"' c"u#e d#e"#e< C"u#ng $"cter" (*e(' to $e &ore "n$oc re##t"nt

too, ncre"#ng t!e o##$(t' o- #(de #re"d o- t!e d#e"#e+

 &"' !")e )"red en)ron&ent"( &"ct# due to GMO4# nter"con "nd re(e"#e n t!e n"tur"( en)ron&ent+

Poten"( Hu&"n He"(t! R#*# c"u#ed $' GMO4#

 A &"or concern n t!e u#e "nd con#u&on o- GMO4# # t# e?ect on !u&"n $eng#+, r&"r(' on !u&"n !e"(t!, #o&e oten"( !u&"n !e"(t! r#*#

"re dened 5A*!tor, 677.9 #uc! "#J

 Con#u&on o- GMO4# &"' !")e "d)er#e e?ect# #nce t t not n"tur"((' or org"nc"((' roduced+

 Con#u&on o- GMO4# &"' cte# t!e $"("nce o- e=#ng &cro org"n#&# n t!e !u&"n dge#)e #'#te&+

 Producon o- to=n# &"' $e detr&ent"( to !u&"n !e"(t!, "nd

 Producon o- "((ergen# &"' !")e "d)er#e e?ect# on !u&"n# n t!e P!(ne#, t!e Sure&e Court !"# ru(ed "g"n#t t!e u#e o- egg("nt, "not!er

genec"((' &oded cro 5Ong!!o, 67.9

 Ot!er Poten"( r#*# t!"t r"#e M"or Concern "re:

 Hu&"n Gene&e Proect 5HGP9< M"ng o- !u&"n gene# to ro)de -r"&e%or* -or re#e"rc! "nd #tude# n t!e e(d o- &edcne+

 Mut"on o- genec"((' engnered &cro org"n#&# genec"((' &oded $"cter" "nd )ru#e# &"' &ut"te to $eco&e &ore re##t"nt or )ru(ent t!"t

&"' c"u#e &ore dre"d-u( d#e"#e# -or !u&"n $eng#+

C("&ng< t!e "#e=u"( reroducon o- " n org"n#& u#ng "rent ce(( t!roug! genec engneerng

Scen#t "nd &edc"( r"coner# %ou(d dente(' connue to #e"rc! -or %"'# to re#er)e ()e#+ Genec engneerng # erce)ed to t!e one o- t!e

*e'# to t!# )enture+ Gene t!er"' "nd gene "(ter"on "re ro&#ng %"'# to &ro)e !u&"n !e"(t!<condon+