Unit 4 Biodiesel

SOURCES OF BIO DIESEL

The sources are classified into two types:

1. Edible
2. Non edible

EDIBLE RESOURCES: Edible oils are not recommended for production of Biodiesel because it
can cause starvation of some edible oils. Government also suggested not to use edible oils for the
Biodiesel production purpose. Some of the common edible oil used for the production of Biodiesel
are Soybean, Rapessed, Sunflower, Palm, Pea nut, Corn, Camelinast, Canola, Cotton, Pumpkin
etc.

NON EDIBLE RESOURCES: There are more than hundred non edible resources were already
found and many researchers are working on that and still the resources are increasing. Some of the
non edible resources are mentioned. Some of the names are locally available and these technical /
Botonical names are not identified/ known. These are Actinodaphne, Hookeri, Adinanthera
Pavonina, Aegle Marmelos, Aleurites Montana, Anona Squamosal, Aphanamixes Polystachya,
Aleurires Fordii, Agremone, Mexicana, Azadirachta Indica, Balanites, Roxburghii, Bassia
Butyraceae, Bauhinia Purpurea, Bauhinia Variegate,Bombaxceiba,Butea Frondosa, Bonducella,
Calophyllum Elatum, Canarium Strictum, Cannabis Sativa, Capparis Grandis, Cilantros
Paniculatus, Choloxylon Swietenia, Citrullus Colosynthesis, Diospyros Candoleana, Garcinia
Cambogia, Gacinia Indica, Garcinia Morella, Gentum Ula, Gynocardia Odorata, Heynea Trijuga,
Holarrhena Antidysentirica, Hydnocarpus Integrifolia, Hydnocarpus Laurifolia, Hydnocarpus
Wightiana, Jatropa Curcas, Kingiod endron Pinnatum, Litsea Species, Madhuca Indica, Madhuca
Longifolia, Madhuca Malabarica, Mallotus Philippinensis, Meia Azedarach, Mesua Ferrea,
Michelia Champaca, Mimusops Elengi, Moringa Oleifera, Myristica Canarica, Myristica
Malabarica Palaquium Pinnata, Prinsepia Utilis, Pterospermum Acerifolium, Putranjiva
Roxburghii, Randia Dumetorum, Sapium Sebifrum, Schleichera Oleosa, Semecarpus Anacardium,
Taraktogenos Kurzi, Terminalia Bellerica, Terminalia Chebula, Thespesia Populnea, Thevetia
Nerifolia, Triumfetta Barramia, Vateria Indica,Wrightia Tomentosa, Xylia Xylocarpa etc.

Production of Biodiesel from Non edible oil (Seeds).

Major non edible oil source are the seeds or oil seeds. These oil seed are extracted from the plant.
These seeds are prepared to make free from impurities such as mud, stone, timber etc. Depending
upon the hardness of cover it is processed for different types of oil extractors. Once oil is produced
which will majorly contains moisture. This moisture has to be removed by heating at around 100-
120° C for 15 to 20 minute. We are having different process for production of Biodiesel out of
which the economical and best method is transesterification. The general procedure involved in
production of Biodiesel is shown in Figure. 4.1.
FREE FATTY ACID TEST
Free Fatty Acids (FFA) are the result of the breakdown of oil or biodiesel. FFA% is usually used
to describe the FFA content of oils, we can use the same titration procedure we use to titrate to
determine FFA%.

FFA%
FFA% is the weight to weight ratio of FFA found in an oil sample. The weight of an oil sample
divided into the weight of the FFA in that sample.
To calculate FFA% from a titration value the formula is:
(𝑣−𝑏)∗𝑁∗28.2
FFA % =
𝑤

Where,

𝑣 is the volume in ml of titration solution in ml

b is the volume in ml of the blank ml
N is the normality of the titration solution

𝑤 is the weight of the sample of oil in grams

Figure 4.1 Flow chart of Biodiesel production from non-edible oil seeds

Transesterification process
Commonly oils or fats are esters of saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with the
trihydric alcohol glyceride. These esters are called triglycerides, which can react with alcohol in
the presence of a catalyst, a process known as transesterification. The simplified form of its
chemical reaction is presented in equation
Where R1, R2, R3 are long-chain hydrocarbons, sometimes called fatty acid chains. Normally,
there are five main types of chains in oils and fats: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic.
When the triglyceride is converted stepwise to diglyceride, mono-glyceride, and finally to glycerol,
1 mol of fatty ester is liberated at each step usually, methanol is the preferred alcohol for producing
biodiesel because of its low cost.

Oils and fats may contain small amounts of water and free fatty acids (FFA). For an alkali-
catalyzed transesterification, the alkali catalyst that is used will react with the FFA to form soap
shows the saponification reaction of the catalyst (sodium hydroxide) and the FFA, forming soap
and water.

Blends of Biodiesel
Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly
distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as
the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix:

 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100, While

 20% biodiesel, 80% petro diesel is labeled B20
 5% biodiesel, 95% petro diesel is labeled B5
 2% biodiesel, 98% petro diesel is labeled B2.

Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only minor
modifications, although certain manufacturers do not extend warranty coverage if equipment is
damaged by these blends. The B6 to B20 blends are covered by the ASTM D7467 specification.
Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications
to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Most biodiesel user’s purchase finished B20 or
lower blends from their petroleum distributors or biodiesel marketers. In this case, the distributor
is responsible for ensuring that the biodiesel has been properly blended and that the cold flow
properties of the finished blend will provide satisfactory performance for the area and time of year.
Specify in your purchase contract or agreement that the fuel must meet certain low-temperature
operability requirements. Biodiesel blending procedures depend on a variety of factors, including
the volume of B100 required to make the blend, the finished blend level, the volume of blended
products being sold, tank and space availability, equipment and operational costs, and customer
requirements for blends, both now and in the future. Biodiesel is a fuel for diesel applications only
and is not to be blended with gasoline.

MODIFICATIONS OF ENGINE FOR USING BIODIESEL AS FUEL

There is no modification is required for maximum number of Biodiesel but still based on researcher
recommendation few modification we can incorporate to avoid the problems. The following
modifications are helpful in running engine with Biodiesel as a fuel for CI engine.
 2 to 3° retardation of injection timing.
  Replacement of all natural rubber seals with synthetic oils due to solvent characteristics of
biodiesel.
 Additional heating device before supply to engine to avoid clouding and to reduce
viscosity.
 More fuel filters should be used in parallel to avoid blockage.
 Modified or extra fuel injectors should be provided.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATAGES OF USING BIO DIESEL AS A ALTERNATIVE

FUEL FOR CI ENGINE
ADVANTAGES:

 It is portable readily availability.

 Higher combustion efficiency and lower sulfur content.
 Lower okes osmotic content.
 Higher ethane number (>47).
 Higher biodegradability.
 Domestic origin which would help to reduce countries dependency on imported petroleum.
 Better lubricating properties.
 Its more oxygen content improves the combustion process leads to decreased level of tail
pipe pollution emission.
 It is nontoxic.
 Risk of handling, transporting, storing bio diesel are must lower than that of petroleum
diesel.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Biodiesel cost is 1.5-3 times more than fossils diesel.

 Higher viscosity lower energy content.
 Higher cloud point and pour point.
 Fuel freezing in cold weather.
 Degradation of fuel under storage for pro longed periods.
 Inner layer deposition inside of tank, hoses etc.
 Gum formation due to oxidation and polymerization during storage and combustion.
 Oil thickening and carbon deposits.
 Bio diesel is not comparative with fossils diesel.
Under current economic conditions where the positive externalities such as impact on the
environments, employments, climate change and trade balance.
Blends of Biodiesel
Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly
distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as
the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix:

 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100, While

 20% biodiesel, 80% petro diesel is labeled B20
 5% biodiesel, 95% petro diesel is labeled B5
 2% biodiesel, 98% petro diesel is labeled B2.

Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only minor
modifications, although certain manufacturers do not extend warranty coverage if equipment is
damaged by these blends. The B6 to B20 blends are covered by the ASTM D7467
specification.]Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine
modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Most biodiesel user’s purchase
finished B20 or lower blends from their petroleum distributors or biodiesel marketers. In this case,
the distributor is responsible for ensuring that the biodiesel has been properly blended and that the
cold flow properties of the finished blend will provide satisfactory performance for the area and
time of year. Specify in your purchase contract or agreement that the fuel must meet certain low-
temperature operability requirements. Biodiesel blending procedures depend on a variety of
factors, including the volume of B100 required to make the blend, the finished blend level, the
volume of blended products being sold, tank and space availability, equipment and operational
costs, and customer requirements for blends, both now and in the future. Biodiesel is a fuel for
diesel applications only and is not to be blended with gasoline.