Breast Cancer

Compiled By :
Yuliani Utami
PO.71.20.3.18.0777
Lecturer On Subject :
Suramto Kuncoro M.Pd

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

PALEMBANG HEALTH POLYTECHNIC
PRODI NURSING LUBUKLINGGAU
SCHOOL YEAR 2019/2020
 PREFACE

Assalamu’alaikumWr. Wb.

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished
writing the paper entitled “Breast Cancer” right in the calculated time.
The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr.
SuramtoKuncoro, M.Pd. as lecturer in English.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but
with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also
realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the
process of writing this paper. Hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all.
The writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content.
Then the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in
perfecting the next paper. Last but not the least hopefully, this paper can helps
the readers to gain more knowledge about English.

Wassamu’alaikumWr. Wb.

LubukLinggau, 18 Noveember 2019

Penulis

 
 Breast Cancer

Han-Byoel Lee1, Wonshik Han1,2

Abstract

Gastrointestinal tract duplications are uncommon congenital abnormalities. By

definition, they are located in or adjacent to the wall of part of the
gastrointestinal tract, have smooth muscle in their walls, and are lined by
alimentary tract mucosa. The lining mucosa is not necessarily that of the
adjacent segment of the gastrointestinal tract. The only clinically important
ectopic tissues are gastric mucosa and pancreatic tissue. Although ectopic
gastric mucosa is found in duplications at all levels of the gastrointestinal tract,
it is most prevalent (43%) in esophageal duplications. Peptic ulcer within this
ectopic tissue can account for unusual, often misleading symptoms. Ectopic
pancreatic tissue is most common (37%) in gastric duplications and is
associated with pancreatitis and elevated amylase levels. Detection of associated
vertebral anomalies is a helpful clue in the radiographic diagnosis of
duplications. Barium studies usually reveal an intraluminal, intramural, or
extrinsic mass, and ultrasonography (US) demonstrates its cystic nature. When
US findings are inconclusive, computed tomography can be used to show the
true nature, location, and extent of the lesion, as well as associated vertebral
anomalies and possible other duplications. Technetium-99m pertechnetate
scintigraphy provides definitive evidence of a duplication when it contains
ectopic gastric mucosa and is particularly useful for suspected esophageal,
duodenal, and small bowel lesions.
CHAPTER I

1.1 Background of the paper

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), previously classified as
benign or malignant smooth muscle tumours, are the most common
mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs express a
growth factor receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, termed KIT.
Mutations of KIT are common in malignant GISTs and lead to
constitutional activation of tyrosine kinase function, which causes
cellular proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. GISTs are
notoriously unresponsive to chemotherapy and, until the recent
introduction of the KIT inhibitor imatinib, there has been no effective
therapy for advanced, metastatic disease.
 CHAPTER II

2.1 Methods and Results

Methods: Retrospective review of all GID at 2 pediatric hospitals
from 1980-2002 was conducted. Results: Seventy-three patients
(M43:F30) were identified: 21 neonates, 28 infants (1 to 24 months),
15 children (1 to 10 years), 9 adolescents (≥11 years). GID location
by frequency was ileum (31.5%), ileocaecal valve (30.2%),
duodenum (9.6%), stomach (8.2%), jejunum (8.2%), colon (6.8%),
and rectum (5.5%). In neonates and infants, vomiting and distension
were the most common presentations. Volvulus, caused by a
duplication, occurred in 23.8% of neonates and caused the death of
one neonate. Intussusception was identified in 10.9% of patients. In
older children and adolescents, pain and vomiting were the most
common associations. Six of these patients were being treated for
Crohn's disease, with the diagnosis of duplication made at
laparotomy. Eighteen patients had a prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound
scan, with 77.2% of these asymptomatic after birth. Most prenatal
diagnoses occurred after 1991 (77.8%). When comparing an earlier
period (1980 to 1991; 29 patients) with the current (1992 to 2002; 44
patients), a greater proportion of the latter patients were asymptomatic
(36.4 v 13.8%) and had a lower incidence of complications
(volvulus/intussusception).
 CHAPTER III
3.1 conclusion
GID can lead to life-threatening complications. Prenatal diagnosis
should lead to expeditious postnatal investigation and treatment
before the onset of symptoms or complications. GID in older children
can mimic Crohn's disease. Laparoscopy/laparotomy should be
considered in patients with atypical Crohn's disease or when the
diagnosis of an intraabdominal mass is unclear.