discussion for several projects are

HVDC TRANSMISSION USING mentioned. The underlying technology

VOLTAGE of VSC based HVDC systems, its
SOURCE CONVERTERS (VSC) Characteristics and the working principle
of VSC based HVDC system are also
presented. This paper concludes with a
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF brief set of guidelines for choosing VSC
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY based HVDC systems
in today’s electricity
system development.
Presented by: INTRODUCTION

The development of power

semiconductors, especially
I.GUNNESH K.VAMSI KRISHNA IGBT's
II/IV B.Tech EEE II/IV B.Tech EEE has
9493313170 8801133454 led to the small
Gunnesh.raja@gmail.com
vamsikothuru@gmail.com power
HVDC
transmission based on Voltage Source
ABSTRACT Converters
R (VSCs).
apid developments in the field of power The
electronic devices with turn off VSC based HVDC
capability like insulated gate bipolar installations has several advantages
transistors compared to conventional
(IGBT) HVDC
and gate turn off transistors such as, independent control of active
(GTO), and reactive power, dynamic voltage
makes the support
voltage source converters
at the converter bus
(VSC)
getting more and more attractive for for enhancing stability possibility
High voltage direct current transmission
to feed to weak
(HVDC). AC systems
This new innovative technology or even passive loads, reversal of power
provides substantial technical and without changing the polarity of
economical advantages for direct
applications compared to conventional dc voltage (advantageous in
HVDC transmission systems based on
thyristor technology. VSC Application multi terminal dc systems) and no
for HVDC systems of high power rating requirement of fast communication
(up to 200MW) which are currently in
between the two converter stations .Each
converter station is composed of a
VSC.
The amplitude and phase angle of the
converter
AC
output voltage can be
controlled simultaneously to achieve
rapid, independent control of active and
reactive power in all four quadrants. The
control of both active and reactive power
is bi-directional and
continuous across the
operating range. For active power
balance, one of the
converters operates on dc voltage control
and other converter on active power
control. When dc line power
is
zero, the
two
converters can function as independent
STATCOMs.
Each
VSC
has a minimum of three controllers for
regulating active and reactive power
outputs of individual
VSC. VOLTAGE SOURCE
CONVERTERS FOR HVDC
The world of converters may be divided
in to two groups that are to be
distinguished by their operational
principle. One group needs an
AC
system to operate and called as line
commutated coverters.Conventional
HVDC
systems employ line commutated
converters. The second group of
converters does not need an
AC
system to operate and is therefore called
as self commutated converters.
Depending on the design of the
DC
circuits this group can be further
divided in to
current source converters
and
voltage source converters
. A current source converter operates
with a smooth DC current provided by a
reactor, while a
VSC
operates with a smooth DC voltage
provided by storage capacitor. Among
the self commutated converters it is
especially the VSC that has big history
in the lower power range for industrial
drive applications.
Diagrammatic Representation of
VSC-HVDC
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE
The
basic function of a VSC
is to convert the DC voltage of the
capacitor into AC voltages. Fig 2
illustrates the basic operating principle.
The polarity of the DC voltage of the
converter is defined by the polarity of
the diode rectifier. The IGBT can be
switched on at any time by appropriate
gate voltages. However if one IGBT of a
branch is switched on, the other IGBT
must have been switched off before to
prevent a short circuit of storage
capacitor. Reliable storage converter
inter lock function will preclude
unwanted switching IGBT.
Alternating switching the IGBT’s of one
phase module as shown successively
connects the AC terminals of the VSC to
the positive tapping and negative tapping
of the DC capacitor. This results in a
stair stepped AC voltage comprising two
voltage levels +Vdc/2 and -Vdc/2. A
VSC as shown is there fore called a 2
level converter.
Due to switching frequency, that is
considerably higher than the
AC
system power frequency the wave shape
of the converter AC current will be
controlled to vary sinusoidal. This is
achieved by special
Pulse Width Modulation.
Besides the 2 level converters, so called
3 level converters have been used for
high power applications.
A three level VSC
provides significant better performance
regarding the
total harmonic
voltage distortion
(THD).However, the more complex
converter layout resulting in the larger
footprint and higher investment costs
makes 2 level technology the preferred
solution for
HVDC
from
today’s
point of view.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
A converter for interconnecting two
electric networks to transmit electric
power from one network to the other,
each network being coupled to a
respective power generator station. The
converter, having an AC side and a DC
side, includes a bridge of semiconductor
switches with gate turn-off capability
coupled to a control system to produce a
bridge voltage waveform having a
fundamental Fourier component at the
frequency of the electric network
coupled to the AC side of the converter.
The control system includes three inputs
for receiving reference signals allowing
to control the frequency, the amplitude
and the phase angle of the fundamental
Fourier component with respect to the
alternating voltage of the network
coupled to the AC side of the converter.
Through appropriate feedback loops, the
converter may be used to maintain at a
The VSC based HVDC transmission
system
mainly consists of two converter stations
connected by a dc cable. Usually the
magnitude
of AC output voltage of converter is
controlled
by
Pulse width
modulation (PWM
) with
out
changing the magnitude of DC voltage.
predetermined level the power flowing
therethrough or to keep at a preset value
the voltage across the DC terminals of
the converter and, in both cases, to
maintain the frequency synchronism
between the fundamental Fourier
component and the alternating voltage of
the network coupled to the DC side of
the converter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VSC-
HVDC
The principal characteristic of
VSC-HVDC transmission
is its ability to independently control the
reactive and real power flow at each of
the AC
systems to which it is connected, at the
Point of Common Coupling
(PCC).
In contrast to line-commutated
HVDC
transmission, the polarity of the DC link
voltage remains the same with the DC
current being reversed to change the
direction of power flow.
VSC-HVDC Transmission System
Model
The 230 kV, 2000 MVA AC
systems (AC system1 and AC system2
subsystems) are modeled by damped L-
R equivalents with an angle of 80
degrees at fundamental frequency (50
Hz) and at the third harmonic. The VSC
converters are three-level bridge blocks
using close to ideal switching device
model of IGBT/diodes. The relative ease
with which the IGBT can be controlled
and its suitability for high-frequency
switching has made this device the better
choice over GTO and thyristors. Open
the Station 1 and Station 2 subsystems to
see how they are built.
HARMONICS IN VOLTAGE
SOURCE CONVERTERS (VSC)
Like all power electronic
converters, VSC’s
generate harmonic voltages and currents
in the
AC
and
DC
systems connected. In a simplified
manner, from the
AC
system, a
VSC
can be considered a harmonic current
source connected in parallel to the
storage capacitor .This behavior is just
opposite to those of conventional line
commutated converters. Harmonics
generated depends on

the station topology (e.g. 6 pulse or 12
pulse)

switching frequency of
IGBT’S

pulse pattern applied Using 12 pulse
configuration instead of 6 pulse will
improve harmonic conditions both on
AC and DC side. Characteristic AC side
harmonics will have the ordinal numbers
Vac =
12n+1; n=1, 2………
Characteristic DC harmonics will have
the ordinal numbers
Vdc=12n; n=1, 2………..
All harmonics will be cancelled out
under ideal conditions. Due to its
inherent harmonic elimination
capability, the harmonic interface of
VSC converter
is rather small in comparison to the
conventional line commutated
converters.However, harmonic filters
might be necessary on the AC and DC
sides depending on the harmonic
performance requirements both for AC
and DC sides, AC system harmonic
impedance, DC line/cable impedance
and loss evaluation.
VSC HVDC has the following
advantages

No need for short circuit power for
commutation. Can even operate against
black Networks.
 (VSC)
rather than line commutated converters.
Can operate without communication HVDC Light offers advantages due to
between stations. the possibility to independently control
 both active and reactive power HVDC
Light employs Insulated Gate Bipolar
Can operate to control the power transistors (IGBTs), plus other important
continuously in one direction. technological developments:
 

No change of Voltage polarity when the High voltage valves wit

power direction is changed. This makes
easier to make multi-terminal schemes.

Possibility to use robust and
economically extruded cables for both
land and sea. 
Small converters that reduce the
requirement for space.

VSC based HVDC does not add short
circuit power, so there is a great freedom
in choice of topology and
interconnection points.
 pulse width modulation (PWM
A substantial reduction in system losses,
mainly due to the elimination of the
transformer and related equipment.
Losses could be reduced by up to 25%.
 fundamental frequency voltage in a
Other environmental benefit, e.g. the
new motor is epoxy-free and therefore
easy to recycle.
APPLICATION’S
OF HVDC
TRANSMISSION USING VSC
HVDC Light
is a recent technology that utilizes
Voltage Source Converters
h series-connected IGBTs

Compact, dry, high
-voltage dc capacitors

High capacity control system

Solid dielectric DC cable
In the
HVDC Light transmission
schemes, the switching of the IGBT
valves follows a
) pattern. This switching control allows
simultaneous adjustment of the
amplitude and phase angle of the
converter AC output voltage with
constant dc, PWM pattern and the
Voltage Source Converter
.
With these two independent control
variables, separate active and reactive
power control loops can be used for
regulation. With these two independent
control variables, separate active and
reactive power control loops can be used
for regulation.
MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
HVDC LIGHT AND
CONVENTIONAL
MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
HVDC LIGHT AND
CONVENTIONAL

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have presented the

analysis of
High voltage DC transmission using
VSC
, the number of advantages associated
with implementing VSC-based designs
for HVDC applications that result in
systems with high reliability and
superior operating performance; these
benefits including economic,
environmental or technical aspects. Of
particular note today is the ability to
control power flow and prevent
propagation of severe disturbances, thus
limiting blackout extension. This ability
to maintain in dependence of
interconnected networks can be of prime
importance when the two systems have
different regulatory procedures, notably
if two counties, and also technically if
the load frequency control regimes are
not compatible .These properties are
further enhanced by using
HVDC Light
which gives independent control of
reactive power at both stations, in
addition to
active power flow control.